What is interesting? Exploring the appraisal structure of interest

Emotion

Volumn 5, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 89-102

  Silvia, Paul J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA AT GREENSBORO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ATTENTION; CLINICAL ARTICLE; COMPREHENSION; COPING BEHAVIOR; DECISION MAKING; EMOTION; FEMALE; HUMAN; KOLMOGOROV SMIRNOV TEST; MALE; MOTIVATION;

ADAPTATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; APTITUDE; AROUSAL; ART; ATTENTION; CHOICE BEHAVIOR; EMOTIONS; EXPLORATORY BEHAVIOR; FEMALE; HUMANS; INDIVIDUALITY; LEARNING; MALE; MOTIVATION; PATTERN RECOGNITION, VISUAL; PROBLEM SOLVING; SET (PSYCHOLOGY);

EID: 15244344192     PISSN: 15283542     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/1528-3542.5.1.89     Document Type: Article

References (107)

1. Ainley, M., Hidi, S., & Berndorff, D. (2002). Interest, learning, and the psychological processes that mediate their relationship. Journal of Educational Psychology, 94, 545-561.
2. Aitken, P. P. (1974). Judgments of pleasingness and interestingness as functions of visual complexity. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 103, 240-244.
3. Arnold, F. (1910). Attention and interest: A study in psychology and education. New York: Macmillan.
4. Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman.
5. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
6. Berlyne, D. E. (1960). Conflict, arousal, and curiosity. New York: McGraw-Hill.
7. Berlyne, D. E. (1963). Complexity and incongruity variables as determinants of exploratory choice and evaluative ratings. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 17, 274-290.
8. Berlyne, D. E. (1967). Arousal and reinforcement. In D. Levine (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation (Vol. 15, pp. 1-110). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
9. Berlyne, D. E. (1971). Aesthetics and psychobiology. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
10. Berlyne, D. E. (1974a). The new experimental aesthetics. In D. E. Berlyne (Ed.), Studies in the new experimental aesthetics (pp. 1-25). Washington, DC: Hemisphere Publication Services.
11. Berlyne, D. E. (1974b). Verbal and exploratory responses to visual patterns varying in uncertainty and in redundancy. In D. E. Berlyne (Ed.), Studies in the new experimental aesthetics (pp. 121-158). Washington, DC: Hemisphere Publication Services.
12. Berlyne, D. E., Craw, M. A., Salapatek, P. H., & Lewis, J. L. (1963). Novelty, complexity, incongruity, extrinsic motivation, and the GSR. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 66, 560-567.
13. Berlyne, D. E., & Peckham, S. (1966). The semantic differential and other measures of reaction to visual complexity. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 20, 125-135.
14. Bonanno, G. A., & Keltner, D. (2004). Brief report: The coherence of emotion systems: Comparing "on-line" measures of appraisal and facial expressions, and self-report. Cognition & Emotion, 18, 431-444.
15. Bragg, B. W. E., & Crozier, J. B. (1974). The development with age of verbal and exploratory responses to sound sequences varying in uncertainty level. In D. E. Berlyne (Ed.), Studies in the new experimental aesthetics (pp. 91-108). Washington, DC: Hemisphere Publication Services.
16. Brown, L. T., & Farha, W. (1966). Some physical determinants of looking time under three instructional sets. Perception and Psychophysics, 1, 2-4.
17. Byrum, J. (Ed.). (1998). Generator, 8(2). Cleveland, OH: Generator Press.
18. Camras, L. A., Meng, Z., Ujiie, T., Dharamsi, S., Miyake, K., Oster, H., et al. (2002). Observing emotion in infants: Facial expression, body behavior, and rater judgments of responses to an expectancy-violating event. Emotion, 2, 179-193.
19. Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1981). Attention and self-regulation. New York: Springer-Verlag.
20. Cedrus Corporation. (2002). SuperLab Pro (Version 2.0) [Computer software]. San Pedro, CA: Author.
21. Chen, P. Y., & Popovich, P. M. (2002). Correlation: Parametric and nonparametric measures. (Sage University Paper Series on Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences, Series No. 07-139). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
22. Costa, P. T., Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
23. Crozier, J. B. (1974). Verbal and exploratory responses to sound sequences varying in uncertainty level. In D. E. Berlyne (Ed.), Studies in the new experimental aesthetics (pp. 27-90). Washington, DC: Hemisphere Publication Services.
24. Cupchik, G. C. (1988). The legacy of Daniel E. Berlyne. Empirical Studies of the Arts, 6, 171-186.
25. Day, H. I. (1968). The importance of symmetry and complexity in the evaluation of complexity, interest and pleasingness. Psychonomic Science, 10, 339-340.
26. Day, H. I. (1971). The measurement of specific curiosity. In H. I. Day, D. E. Berlyne, & D. E. Hunt (Eds.), Intrinsic motivation: A new direction in education (pp. 99-112). Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
27. Dewey, J. (1913). Interest and effort in education. Boston: Riverside.
28. Ekman, P. (1992). An argument for basic emotions. Cognition & Emotion, 6, 169-200.
29. Ellsworth, P. C. (2003). Confusion, concentration, and other emotions of interest: Commentary on Rozin and Cohen (2003). Emotion, 3, 81-85.
30. Ellsworth, P. C., & Scherer, K. R. (2003). Appraisal processes in emotion. In R. J. Davidson, K. R. Scherer, & H. H. Goldsmith (Eds.), Handbook of affective sciences (pp. 572-595). New York: Oxford University Press.
31. Ellsworth, P. C., & Smith, C. A. (1988a). From appraisal to emotion: Differentiating among unpleasant feelings. Motivation and Emotion, 2, 301-331.
32. Ellsworth, P. C., & Smith, C. A. (1988b). Shades of joy: Patterns of appraisal differentiating positive emotions. Cognition & Emotion, 2, 301-331.
33. Evans, D. R., & Day, H. I. (1971). The factorial structure of responses to perceptual complexity. Psychonomic Science, 27, 357-359.
34. Francès, R. (1976). Comparative effects of six collative variables on interest and preference in adults of different educational levels. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 33, 62-79.
35. Fredrickson, B. L. (1998). What good are positive emotions? Review of General Psychology, 2, 300-319.
36. Furnham, A., & Walker, J. (2001). Personality and judgments of abstract, pop art, and representational paintings. European Journal of Personality, 15, 57-72.
37. Gendolla, G. H. E., & Koller, M. (2002). Surprise and motivation of causal search: How are they affected by outcome valence and importance? Motivation and Emotion, 25, 327-349.
38. Hare, F. G. (1974). Artistic training and responses to visual and auditory patterns varying in uncertainty. In D. E. Berlyne (Ed.), Studies in the new experimental aesthetics (pp. 159-168). Washington, DC: Hemisphere Publication Services.
39. Harris, K. (2001). Elamentations. Charlottesville, VA: Xtant Books.
40. Hekkert, P., & van Wieringen, P. C. W. (1996). The impact of level of expertise on the evaluation of original and altered versions of post-impressionistic paintings. Acta Psychologica, 94, 117-131.
41. Hidi, S. (1990). Interest and its contribution as a mental resource for learning. Review of Educational Research, 60, 549-571.
42. Hill, C., & Selby, S. (Eds.). (2000). Score, Issue 15. Moscow, ID: Score Press.
43. Huth, G. (1990). Ghostlight. Port Charlotte, FL: Runaway Spoon Press.
44. Izard, C. E. (1977). Human emotions. New York: Plenum Press.
45. Izard, C. E., & Ackerman, B. P. (2000). Motivational, organizational, and regulatory functions of discrete emotions. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland-Jones (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (2nd ed., pp. 253-264). New York: Guilford Press.
46. Judd, C. M., & McClelland, G. H. (1989). Data analysis: A model-comparison approach. New York: Harcourt Brace & Jovanovich.
47. Kashdan, T. B., Rose, P., & Fincham, F. D. (2004). Curiosity and exploration: Facilitating positive subjective experiences and personal growth opportunities. Journal of Personality Assessment, 82, 291-305.
48. Keltner, D., & Shiota, M. N. (2003). New displays and new emotions: A commentary on Rozin and Cohen (2003). Emotion, 3, 86-91.
49. Kenny, D. A., Kashy, D. A., & Bolger, N. (1998). Data analysis in social psychology. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (4th ed., Vol. 1, pp. 233-265). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
50. Krapp, A. (1999). Interest, motivation and learning: An educational-psychological perspective. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 14, 23-40.
51. Kuppens, P., Van Mechelen, I., Smits, D. J. M., & De Boeck, P. (2003). The appraisal basis of anger: Specificity, necessity, and sufficiency of components. Emotion, 3, 254-269.
52. Langsdorf, P., Izard, C. E., Rayias, M., & Hembree, E. A. (1983). Interest expression, visual fixation, and heart rate changes in 2- to 8-month-old infants. Developmental Psychology, 19, 375-386.
53. Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. New York: Oxford University Press.
54. Lazarus, R. S. (2001). Relational meaning and discrete emotions. In K. R. Scherer, A. Schorr, & T. Johnstone (Eds.), Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research (pp. 37-67). New York: Oxford University Press.
55. Libby, W. L., Jr., Lacey, B. C., & Lacey. J. L. (1973). Pupillary and cardiac activity during visual attention. Psychophysiology, 10, 270-294.
56. MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., Hoffman, J. M., West, S. G., & Sheets, V. (2002). A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects. Psychological Methods, 7, 83-104.
57. MacLeod, S. (1999). The life of Haifisch. Lawrence, KS: Broken Boulder Press.
58. McCrae, R. R. (1996). Social consequences of experiential openness. Psychological Bulletin, 120, 323-337.
59. Millis, K. (2001). Making meaning brings pleasure: The influence of titles on aesthetic experience. Emotion, 1, 320-329.
60. Morin, G. (2003). A penny dreadful. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Insomniac Press.
61. Nathanson, D. L. (1992). Shame and pride: Affect, sex, and the birth of the self. New York: Norton.
62. Nunnally, J. C. (1981). Explorations of exploration. In H. I. Day (Ed.), Advances in intrinsic motivation and aesthetics (pp. 87-129). New York: Plenum Press.
63. Nunnally, J. C., & Lemond, L. C. (1973). Exploratory behavior and human development. Advances in Child Development and Behavior, 8, 59-109.
64. Oatley, K., & Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1996). The communicative theory of emotions: Empirical tests, mental models, and implications for social interaction. In L. L. Martin & A. Tesser (Eds.), Striving and feeling (pp. 363-393). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
65. Ortony, A., Clore, G. L., & Collins, A. (1988). The cognitive structure of emotions. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
66. Parkinson, B. (1995). Ideas and realities of emotion. London: Routledge.
67. Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (Eds.). (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. New York: Oxford University Press.
68. Rawlings, D., Twomey, F., Burns, E., & Morris, S. (2002). Personality, creativity, and aesthetic preference: Comparing psychoticism, sensation seeking, schizotypy, and openness to experience. Empirical Studies of the Arts, 16, 153-178.
69. Reeve, J. (1993). The face of interest. Motivation and Emotion, 17, 353-375.
70. Reeve, J., & Nix, G. (1997). Expressing intrinsic motivation through acts of exploration and facial displays of interest. Motivation and Emotion, 21, 237-250.
71. Roseman, I. J. (2001). A model of appraisal in the emotion system: Integrating theory, research, and applications. In K. R. Scherer, A. Schorr, & T. Johnstone (Eds.), Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research (pp. 68-91). New York: Oxford University Press.
72. Roseman, I. J., & Evdokas, A. (2004). Appraisals cause experienced emotions: Experimental evidence. Cognition & Emotion, 18, 1-28.
73. Roseman, I. J., & Smith, C. A. (2001). Appraisal theory: Overview, assumptions, varieties, controversies. In K. R. Scherer, A. Schorr, & T. Johnstone (Eds.), Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research (pp. 3-19). New York: Oxford University Press.
74. Rosenberg, E., & Ekman, P. (1994). Coherence between expressive and experiential systems in emotion. Cognition & Emotion, 8, 201-229.
75. Rozin, P., & Cohen, A. B. (2003). High frequency of facial expressions corresponding to confusion, concentration, and worry in an analysis of naturally occurring facial expressions of Americans. Emotion, 3, 68-75.
76. Russell, P. A. (2003). Effort after meaning and the hedonic value of paintings. British Journal of Psychology, 94, 99-110.
77. Russell, P. A., & Milne, S. (1997). Meaningfulness and the hedonic value of paintings: Effects of titles. Empirical Studies of the Arts, 15, 61-73.
78. Sansone, C., & Smith, J. L. (2000). Interest and self-regulation: The relation between having to and wanting to. In C. Sansone & J. M. Harackiewicz (Eds.), Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation (pp. 341-372). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
79. Savickas, M. L., & Spokane, A. R. (Eds.). (1999). Vocational interests. Palo Alto, CA: Davies-Black.
80. Scherer, K. R. (1997). Profiles of emotion-antecedent appraisal: Testing theoretical predictions across cultures. Cognition & Emotion, 11, 113-150.
81. Scherer, K. R. (1999). On the sequential nature of appraisal processes: Indirect evidence from a recognition task. Cognition & Emotion, 13, 763-793.
82. Scherer, K. R. (2001a). Appraisal considered as a process of multilevel sequential checking. In K. R. Scherer, A. Schorr, & T. Johnstone (Eds.), Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research (pp. 92-120). New York: Oxford University Press.
83. Scherer, K. R. (2001b). The nature and study of appraisal: A review of the issues. In K. R. Scherer, A. Schorr, & T. Johnstone (Eds.), Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research (pp. 369-391). New York: Oxford University Press.
84. Schiefele, U. (1999). Interest and learning from text. Scientific Studies of Reading, 3, 257-279.
85. Schiefele, U., Krapp, A., & Winteler, A. (1992). Interest as a predictor of academic achievement: A meta-analysis of research. In K. A. Renninger, S. Hidi, & A. Krapp (Eds.), The role of interest in learning and development (pp. 183-212). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
86. Schorr, A. (2001). Appraisal: The evolution of an idea. In K. R. Scherer, A. Schorr, & T. Johnstone (Eds.), Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research (pp. 20-34). New York: Oxford University Press.
87. Schraw, G., & Lehman, S. (2001). Situational interest: A review of the literature and directions for future research. Educational Psychology-Review, 13, 23-52.
88. Selby, S. (2003). Problem pictures. San Francisco: SINK Press.
89. Silvia, P. J. (2001). Interest and interests: The psychology of constructive capriciousness. Review of General Psychology, 5, 270-290.
90. Silvia, P. J. (2003). Self-efficacy and interest: Experimental studies of optimal incompetence. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 62, 237-249.
91. Silvia, P. J. (in press). Exploring the psychology of interest. New York: Oxford University Press.
92. Smith, C. A., & Ellsworth, P. C. (1985). Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 813-838.
93. Smith, C. A., & Kirby, L. D. (2001). Toward delivering on the promise of appraisal theory. In K. R. Scherer, A. Schorr, & T. Johnstone (Eds.), Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research (pp. 121-138). New York: Oxford University Press.
94. Snyder, C. R., Harris, C., Anderson, J. R., Holleran, S. A., Irving, L. M., Sigmon, S. T., et al. (1991). The will and the ways: Development and validation of an individual-differences measure of hope. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 570-585.
95. Spielberger, C. D., & Starr, L. M. (1994). Curiosity and exploratory behavior. In H. F. O'Neil Jr., & M. Drillings (Eds.), Motivation: Theory and research (pp. 221-243). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
96. Tan, E. S. (2000). Emotion, art, and the humanities. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland-Jones (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (2nd ed., pp. 116-134). New York: Guilford Press.
97. Thiede, K. W. (1999). The importance of accurate monitoring and effective self-regulation during multitrial learning. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 6, 662-667.
98. Thiede, K. W., & Dunlosky, J. (1999). Toward a general model of self-regulated study: An analysis of selection of items for study and self-paced study time. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 25, 1024-1037.
99. Tomkins, S. S. (1962). Affect, imagery, consciousness: Vol. 1, The positive affects. New York: Springer-Verlag.
100. Topel, A. (2002). Unwritten. Charlottesville, VA: Xtant Books.
101. Walker, E. L. (1980). Psychological complexity and preference: A hedge-hog theory of behavior. New York: Brooks/Cole.
102. Walker, E. L. (1981). The quest for the inverted U. In H. I. Day (Ed.), Advances in intrinsic motivation and aesthetics (pp. 39-70). New York: Plenum Press.
103. Watson, D. (2000). Mood and temperament. New York: Guilford Press.
104. Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070.
105. Weiner, B. (1985). An attributional model of achievement motivation and emotion. Psychological Review, 92, 548-573.
106. Wherry, R. J. (1984). Contributions to correlational analysis. New York: Academic Press.
107. Wright, R. A., & Kirby, L. D. (2001). Effort determination of cardiovascular response: An integrative analysis with applications in social psychology. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 33, 255-307.