Advanced glycation end products and diabetic retinopathy

Current Medicinal Chemistry

Volumn 20, Issue 26, 2013, Pages 3234-3240

  Chen, M ^a   Curtis, T M ^a   Stitt, A W ^a  

^a QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY BELFAST   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Advanced glycation end product; Advanced lipoxidation end product; Diabetic retinopathy; Fusion protein; Inflammation; Inhibitor; Oxidative stress; Receptor for advanced glycation endproduct

Indexed keywords

ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCT; ADVANCED LIPOXIDATION END PRODUCT; AMINOGUANIDINE; CARBOHYDRATE DERIVATIVE; ENDOTHELIN 1; GLUCOSE; PYRIDOXAMINE; SUPEROXIDE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VASCULOTROPIN;

ARTICLE; BASEMENT MEMBRANE; CATABOLISM; DIABETES CONTROL; DIABETIC RETINOPATHY; ENDOTHELIUM CELL; GLYCATION; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PEROXIDATION; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; RETINA CAPILLARY; RETINITIS;

ANIMALS; DIABETIC RETINOPATHY; GLYCOSYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION END PRODUCTS, ADVANCED; HUMANS;

EID: 84883257025     PISSN: 09298673     EISSN: 1875533X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/09298673113209990025     Document Type: Article

References (92)

1. Aiello, L.P.; Gardner, T.W.; King, G.L.; Blankenship, G.; Cavallerano, J.D.; Ferris, F.L. 3rd; Klein, R. Diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care, 1998, 21(1), 143-156.
2. Romero-Aroca, P.; Sagarra-Alamo, R.; Basora-Gallisa, J.; Basora-Gallisa, T.; Baget-Bernaldiz, M.; Bautista-Perez, A. Prospective comparison of two methods of screening for diabetic retinopathy by nonmydriatic fundus camera. Clin. Ophthalmol., 2010, 4, 1481-1488.
3. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-Term complications in insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus. N. Engl. J. Med., 1993, 329, 977-986.
4. Schram, M.T.; Chaturvedi, N.; Schalkwijk, C.; Giorgino, F.; Ebeling, P.; Fuller, J.H.; Stehouwer, C.D. EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study: Vascular risk factors and markers of endothelial function as determinants of inflammatory markers in type 1 diabetes: the EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study. Diabetes Care, 2003, 26(7), 2165-2173.
5. Kohner, E.M.; Patel, V.; Rassam, S.M. Role of blood flow and impaired autoregulation in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes, 1995, 44(6), 603-607.
6. Chowdhury, T.A.; Hopkins, D.; Dodson, P.M.; Vafidis, G.C. The role of serum lipids in exudative diabetic maculopathy: is there a place for lipid lowering therapy? Eye (Lond)., 2002, 16(6), 689-693.
7. Kim, L.A.; D'Amore, P.A. A brief history of anti-VEGF for the treatment of ocular angiogenesis. Am. J. Pathol., 2012, 181(2), 376-379.
8. Gardiner, T.A.; Archer, D.B.; Curtis, T.M.; Stitt, A.W. Arteriolar involvement in the microvascular lesions of diabetic retinopathy: implications for pathogenesis. Microcirculation, 2007, 14(1), 25-38.
9. D'Amore, P.A. Vascular endothelial cell growth factor-a: not just for endothelial cells anymore. Am. J. Pathol., 2007, 171(1), 14-18.
10. Saint-Geniez, M.; Maharaj, A.S.; Walshe, T.E.; Tucker, B.A.; Sekiyama, E.; Kurihara, T.; Darland, D.C.; Young, M.J.; D'Amore, P.A. Endogenous VEGF is required for visual function: evidence for a survival role on muller cells and photoreceptors. PLoS One, 2008, 3(11), e3554.
11. Saint-Geniez, M.; D'Amore, P.A. Development and pathology of the hyaloid, choroidal and retinal vasculature. Int. J. Dev. Biol., 2004, 48(8-9), 1045-1058.
12. Wild, S.; Roglic, G.; Green, A.; Sicree, R.; King, H. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care, 2004, 27(5), 1047-1053.
13. Antonetti, D.A.; Barber, A.J.; Bronson, S.K.; Freeman, W.M.; Gardner, T.W.; Jefferson, L.S.; Kester, M.; Kimball, S.R.; Krady, J.K.; LaNoue, K.F.; Norbury, C.C.; Quinn, P.G.; Sandirasegarane, L.; Simpson, I.A. JDRF Diabetic Retinopathy Center Group: Diabetic retinopathy: seeing beyond glucose-induced microvascular disease. Diabetes, 2006, 55(9), 2401-2411.
14. Ewing, F.M.; Deary, I.J.; Strachan, M.W.; Frier, B.M. Seeing beyond retinopathy in diabetes: electrophysiological and psychophysical abnormalities and alterations in vision. Endocr. Rev., 1998, 19(4), 462-476.
15. Tzekov, R.; Arden, G.B. The electroretinogram in diabetic retinopathy. Surv. Ophthalmol., 1999, 44(1), 53-60.
16. Klemp, K.; Sander, B.; Brockhoff, P.B.; Vaag, A.; Lund-Andersen, H.; Larsen, M. The multifocal ERG in diabetic patients without retinopathy during euglycemic clamping. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 2005, 46(7), 2620-2626.
17. Phipps, J.A.; Fletcher, E.L.; Vingrys, A.J. Paired-flash identification of rod and cone dysfunction in the diabetic rat. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 2004, 45(12), 4592-4600.
18. Simo, R.; Hernandez, C. European Consortium for the Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy (EUROCONDOR): Neurodegeneration is an early event in diabetic retinopathy: therapeutic implications. Br. J. Ophthalmol., 2012, 96(10), 1285-1290.
19. Monnier, V.M.; Sell, D.R.; Genuth, S. Glycation products as markers and predictors of the progression of diabetic complications. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 2005, 1043, 567-581.
20. Thorpe, S.R.; Baynes, J.W. Maillard reaction products in tissue proteins: new products and new perspectives. Amino Acids, 2003, 25(3-4), 275-281.
21. Thornalley, P.J.; Langborg, A.; Minhas, H.S. Formation of glyoxal, methylglyoxal and 3-deoxyglucosone in the glycation of proteins by glucose. Biochem. J., 1999, 344 Pt 1, 109-116.
22. Glomb, M.A.; Pfahler, C. Amides are novel protein modifications formed by physiological sugars. J. Biol. Chem., 2001, 276(45), 41638-41647.
23. Kilhovd, B.K.; Giardino, I.; Torjesen, P.A.; Birkeland, K.I.; Berg, T.J.; Thornalley, P.J.; Brownlee, M.; Hanssen, K.F. Increased serum levels of the specific AGE-compound methylglyoxal-derived hydroimidazolone in patients with type 2 diabetes. Metabolism, 2003, 52(2), 163-167.
24. Aldini, G.; Dalle-Donne, I.; Facino, R.M.; Milzani, A.; Carini, M. Intervention strategies to inhibit protein carbonylation by lipoxidation-derived reactive carbonyls. Med. Res. Rev., 2007, 27(6), 817-868.
25. Uchida, K.; Kanematsu, M.; Morimitsu, Y.; Osawa, T.; Noguchi, N.; Niki, E. Acrolein is a product of lipid peroxidation reaction. Formation of free acrolein and its conjugate with lysine residues in oxidized low density lipoproteins. J. Biol. Chem., 1998, 273(26), 16058-16066.
26. Zhang, X.; Lai, Y.; McCance, D.R.; Uchida, K.; McDonald, D.M.; Gardiner, T.A.; Stitt, A.W.; Curtis, T.M. Evaluation of N (epsilon)-(3-formyl-3,4- dehydropiperidino)lysine as a novel biomarker for the severity of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetologia, 2008, 51(9), 1723-1730.
27. Furuhata, A.; Nakamura, M.; Osawa, T.; Uchida, K. Thiolation of protein-bound carcinogenic aldehyde. An electrophilic acroleinlysine adduct that covalently binds to thiols. J. Biol. Chem., 2002, 277(31), 27919-27926.
28. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Anonymous Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). Lancet, 1998, 352(9131), 854-865.
29. Sugiyama, S.; Miyata, T.; Ueda, Y.; Tanaka, H.; Maeda, K.; Kawashima, S.; Van Ypersele de Strihou, C; Kurokawa, K. Plasma levels of pentosidine in diabetic patients: an advanced glycation end product. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 1998, 9(9), 1681-1688.
30. Ono, Y.; Aoki, S.; Ohnishi, K.; Yasuda, T.; Kawano, K.; Tsukada, Y. Increased serum levels of advanced glycation end-products and diabetic complications. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract., 1998, 41(2), 131-137.
31. Wagner, Z.; Wittmann, I.; Mazak, I.; Schinzel, R.; Heidland, A.; Kientsch-Engel, R.; Nagy, J. N(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)lysine levels in patients with type 2 diabetes: role of renal function. Am. J. Kidney Dis., 2001, 38(4), 785-791.
32. Losada, M.; Alio, J.L. Malondialdehyde serum concentration in type 1 diabetic with and without retinopathy. Doc. Ophthalmol., 1996, 93(3), 223-229.
33. Monnier, V.M.; Mustata, G.T.; Biemel, K.L.; Reihl, O.; Lederer, M.O.; Zhenyu, D.; Sell, D.R. Cross-linking of the extracellular matrix by the maillard reaction in aging and diabetes: an update on "a puzzle nearing resolution". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 2005, 1043, 533-544.
34. Monnier, V.M.; Bautista, O.; Kenny, D.; Sell, D.R.; Fogarty, J.; Dahms, W.; Cleary, P.A.; Lachin, J.; Genuth, S. Skin collagen glycation, glycoxidation, and crosslinking are lower in subjects with long-Term intensive versus conventional therapy of type 1 diabetes: relevance of glycated collagen products versus HbA1c as markers of diabetic complications. DCCT Skin Collagen Ancillary Study Group. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Diabetes, 1999, 48(4), 870-880.
35. Genuth, S.; Sun, W.; Cleary, P.; Sell, D.R.; Dahms, W.; Malone, J.; Sivitz, W.; Monnier, V.M.; DCCT Skin Collagen Ancillary Study Group. Glycation and carboxymethyllysine levels in skin collagen predict the risk of future 10-year progression of diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy in the diabetes control and complications trial and epidemiology of diabetes interventions and complications participants with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes, 2005, 54(11), 3103-3111.
36. Yu, Y.; Thorpe, S.R.; Jenkins, A.J.; Shaw, J.N.; Sochaski, M.A.; McGee, D.; Aston, C.E; Orchard, T.J.; Silvers, N.; Peng, Y.G.; McKnight, J.A.; Baynes, J.W.; Lyons, T.J; DCCT/EDIC Research Group. Advanced glycation end-products and methionine sulphoxide in skin collagen of patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia, 2006, 49(10), 2488-2498.
37. Monnier, V.M.; Sell, D.R.; Strauch, C.; Sun, W.; Lachin, J.M.; Cleary, P.A.; Genuth, S; the DCCT Research Group. The association between skin collagen glucosepane and past progression of microvascular and neuropathic complications in type 1 diabetes. J. Diabetes Complications, 2013, 27(2), 141-149.
38. Stitt, A.W. Advanced glycation: an important pathological event in diabetic and age related ocular disease. Br. J. Ophthalmol., 2001, 85(6), 746-753.
39. Schalkwijk C.G.; Ligtvoet, N.; Twaalfhoven, H.; Jager, A.; Blaauwgeers, H.G.; Schlingemann, R.O.; Tarnow, L.; Parving, H.H.; Stehouwer, C.D.; van Hinsbergh, V.W. Amadori albumin in type 1 diabetic patients: correlation with markers of endothelial function, association with diabetic nephropathy, and localization in retinal capillaries. Diabetes, 1999, 48(12), 2446-2453.
40. Stitt, A.W.; Li, Y.M.; Gardiner, T.A.; Bucala, R.; Archer, D.B.; Vlassara, H. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) co-localize with AGE receptors in the retinal vasculature of diabetic and of AGE-infused rats. Am. J. Pathol., 1997, 150(2), 523-531.
41. Stitt, A.W.; Moore, J.E.; Sharkey, J.A.; Murphy, G.; Simpson, D.A.; Bucala, R.; Vlassara, H.; Archer, D.B. Advanced glycation end products in vitreous: Structural and functional implications for diabetic vitreopathy. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 1998, 39(13), 2517-2523.
42. Hammes, H.P.; Alt, A.; Niwa, T.; Clausen, J.T.; Bretzel, R.G.; Brownlee, M.; Schleicher, E.D. Differential accumulation of advanced glycation end products in the course of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetologia, 1999, 42(6), 728-736.
43. Murata, T.; Nagai, R.; Ishibashi, T.; Inomuta, H.; Ikeda, K.; Horiuchi, S. The relationship between accumulation of advanced glycation end products and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in human diabetic retinas. Diabetologia, 1997, 40(7), 764-769.
44. Hammes, H.P.; Martin, S.; Federlin, K.; Geisen, K.; Brownlee, M. Aminoguanidine treatment inhibits the development of experimental diabetic retinopathy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A, 1991, 88(24), 11555-11558.
45. Karachalias, N.; Babaei-Jadidi, R.; Ahmed, N.; Thornalley, P.J. Accumulation of fructosyl-lysine and advanced glycation end products in the kidney, retina and peripheral nerve of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Biochem. Soc. Trans., 2003, 31(Pt 6), 1423-1425.
46. Yong, P.H.; Zong, H.; Medina, R.J., Limb, G.A.; Uchida, K.; Stitt, A.W.; Curtis, T.M. Evidence supporting a role for N-(3-formyl-3,4-dehydropiperidino) lysine accumulation in Muller glia dysfunction and death in diabetic retinopathy. Mol. Vis., 2010, 16, 2524-2538.
47. Biedermann, B.; Skatchkov, S.N.; Brunk, I.; Bringmann, A.; Pannicke, T.; Bernstein, H.G.; Faude, F.; Germer, A.; Veh, R.; Reichenbach, A. Spermine/spermidine is expressed by retinal glial (Muller) cells and controls distinct K+ channels of their membrane. Glia, 1998, 23(3), 209-220.
48. Tomitori, H.; Usui, T.; Saeki, N.; Ueda, S.; Kase, H.; Nishimura, K.; Kashiwagi, K.; Igarashi, K. Polyamine oxidase and acrolein as novel biochemical markers for diagnosis of cerebral stroke. Stroke, 2005, 36(12), 2609-2613.
49. Mokini, Z.; Marcovecchio, M.L.; Chiarelli, F. Molecular pathology of oxidative stress in diabetic angiopathy: role of mitochondrial and cellular pathways. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract., 2010, 87(3), 313-321.
50. Zheng, L.; Kern, T.S. Role of nitric oxide, superoxide, peroxynitrite and PARP in diabetic retinopathy. Front. Biosci., 2009, 14, 3974-3987.
51. Du, Y.; Miller, C.M.; Kern, T.S. Hyperglycemia increases mitochondrial superoxide in retina and retinal cells. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 2003, 35(11), 1491-1499.
52. Kowluru, R.A.; Odenbach, S. Effect of long-Term administration of alpha-lipoic acid on retinal capillary cell death and the development of retinopathy in diabetic rats. Diabetes, 2004, 53(12), 3233-3238.
53. Kowluru, R.A.; Kowluru, V.; Xiong, Y.; Ho, Y.S. Overexpression of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase in mice protects the retina from diabetes-induced oxidative stress. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 2006, 41(8), 1191-1196.
54. Chen, B.H.; Jiang, D.Y.; Tang, L.S. Advanced glycation endproducts induce apoptosis involving the signaling pathways of oxidative stress in bovine retinal pericytes. Life Sci., 2006, 79(11), 1040-1048.
55. Hughes, S.J.; Wall, N.; Scholfield, C.N.; McGeown, J.G.; Gardiner, T.A.; Stitt, A.W.; Curtis, T.M. Advanced glycation endproduct modified basement membrane attenuates endothelin-1 induced [Ca2+]i signalling and contraction in retinal microvascular pericytes. Mol. Vis. 2004, 10, 996-1004.
56. Liu, B.; Bhat, M.; Padival, A.K.; Smith, D.G.; Nagaraj, R.H. Effect of dicarbonyl modification of fibronectin on retinal capillary pericytes. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2004, 45(6), 1983-1995.
57. Miller, A.G.; Smith, D.G.; Bhat, M.; Nagaraj, R.H. Glyoxalase I is critical for human retinal capillary pericyte survival under hyperglycemic conditions. J. Biol. Chem., 2006, 281(17), 11864-11871.
58. Chibber, R.; Molinatti, P.A.; Rosatto, N.; Lambourne, B.; Kohner, E.M. Toxic action of advanced glycation end products on culturedretinal capillary pericytes and endothelial cells: relevance to diabetic retinopathy. Diabetologia, 1997, 40(2), 156-164.
59. Stitt, A.W.; McGoldrick, C.; Rice-McCaldin, A.; McCance, D.R.; Glenn, J.V.; Hsu, D.K.; Liu, F.T.; Thorpe, S.R.; Gardiner, T.A. Impaired retinal angiogenesis in diabetes: role of advanced glycation end products and galectin-3. Diabetes, 2005, 54(3), 785-794.
60. Padayatti, P.S.; Jiang, C.; Glomb, M.A.; Uchida, K.; Nagaraj, R.H. High concentrations of glucose induce synthesis of argpyrimidine in retinal endothelial cells. Curr. Eye Res., 2001, 23(2), 106-115.
61. Lecleire-Collet, A.; Tessier, L.H.; Massin, P.; Forster, V.; Brasseur, G.; Sahel, J.A.; Picaud, S. Advanced glycation end products can induce glial reaction and neuronal degeneration in retinal explants. Br. J. Ophthalmol., 2005, 89(12), 1631-1633.
62. Berner, A.K.; Brouwers, O.; Pringle, R.; Klaassen, I.; Colhoun, L.; McVicar, C.; Brockbank, S.; Curry, J.W.; Miyata, T.; Brownlee, M.; Schlingemann, R.O.; Schalkwijk, C.; Stitt, A.W. Protection against methylglyoxal-derived AGEs by regulation of glyoxalase 1 prevents retinal neuroglial and vasodegenerative pathology. Diabetologia, 2012, 55(3), 845-854.
63. Miller A.G.; Tan, G.; Binger, K.J.; Pickering, R.J.; Thomas, M.C.; Nagaraj, R.H.; Cooper, M.E.; Wilkinson-Berka, J.L. Candesartan attenuates diabetic retinal vascular pathology by restoring Glyoxalase-I function. Diabetes, 2010, 59(12), 3208-3215.
64. Tang, J.; Kern, T.S. Inflammation in diabetic retinopathy. Prog. Retin. Eye Res., 2011, 30(5), 343-358.
65. Kvarnhammar, A.M.; Cardell, L.O. Pattern-recognition receptors in human eosinophils. Immunology, 2012, 136(1), 11-20.
66. Barlovic, D.P.; Soro-Paavonen, A.; Jandeleit-Dahm, K.A. RAGE biology, atherosclerosis and diabetes. Clin. Sci. (Lond), 2011, 121(2), 43-55.
67. Joussen, A.M.; Poulaki, V.; Le, M.L.; Koizumi, K.; Esser, C.; Janicki, H.; Schraermeyer, U.; Kociok, N.; Fauser, S.; Kirchhof, B.; Kern, T.S.; Adamis, A.P. A central role for inflammation in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. FASEB J., 2004, 18(12), 1450-1452.
68. Ahmed, N. Advanced glycation endproducts-role in pathology of diabetic complications. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract., 2005, 67(1), 3-21.
69. Hori, O.; Brett, J.; Slattery, T.; Cao, R.; Zhang, J.; Chen, J.X.; Nagashima, M.; Lundh, E.R.; Vijay, S.; Nitecki, D. The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is a cellular binding site for amphoterin. Mediation of neurite outgrowth and coexpression of rage and amphoterin in the developing nervous system. J. Biol. Chem., 1995, 270(43), 25752-25761.
70. Zong, H.; Ward, M.; Madden, A.; Yong, P.H.; Limb, G.A.; Curtis, T.M.; Stitt, A.W. Hyperglycaemia-induced pro-inflammatory responses by retinal Muller glia are regulated by the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE). Diabetologia, 2010, 53(12), 2656-2666.
71. Zeng, X.X.; Ng, Y.K.; Ling, E.A. Neuronal and microglial response in the retina of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Vis. Neurosci., 2000, 17(3), 463-471.
72. Mamputu, J.C.; Renier, G. Signalling pathways involved in retinal endothelial cell proliferation induced by advanced glycation end products: inhibitory effect of gliclazide. Diabetes Obes. Metab., 2004, 6(2), 95-103.
73. Moore, T.C.; Moore, J.E.; Kaji, Y.; Frizzell, N.; Usui, T.; Poulaki, V.; Campbell, I.L.; Stitt, A.W.; Gardiner, T.A.; Archer, D.B.; Adamis, A.P. The role of advanced glycation end products in retinal microvascular leukostasis. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 2003, 44(10), 4457-4464.
74. Canning, P.; Glenn, J.V.; Hsu, D.K.; Liu, F.T.; Gardiner, T.A.; Stitt, A.W: Inhibition of advanced glycation and absence of galectin-3 prevent blood-retinal barrier dysfunction during shortterm diabetes. Exp. Diabetes Res., 2007, 2007, 51837.
75. Inagaki, Y.; Yamagishi, S.; Okamoto, T.; Takeuchi, M.; Amano, S. Pigment epithelium-derived factor prevents advanced glycation end products-induced monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 production in microvascular endothelial cells by suppressing intracellular reactive oxygen species generation. Diabetologia, 2003, 46(2), 284-287.
76. Mitamura, Y.; Takeuchi, S.; Matsuda, A.; Tagawa, Y.; Mizue, Y.; Nishihira, J. Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 in the vitreous of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmologica., 2001, 215(6), 415-418.
77. Hernandez, C.; Segura, R.M.; Fonollosa, A.; Carrasco, E.; Francisco, G.; Simo, R. Interleukin-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and IL-10 in the vitreous fluid of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Diabet. Med. 2005, 22(6), 719-722.
78. Sasaki, N.; Toki, S.; Chowei, H.; Saito, T.; Nakano, N.; Hayashi, Y.; Takeuchi, M.; Makita, Z. Immunohistochemical distribution of the receptor for advanced glycation end products in neurons and astrocytes in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res., 2001, 888(2), 256-262.
79. Wang, J.; Li, G.; Wang, Z.; Zhang, X.; Yao, L.; Wang, F.; Liu, S.; Yin, J.; Ling, E.A.; Wang, L.; Hao, A. High glucose-induced expression of inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species in cultured astrocytes. Neuroscience, 2012, 202, 58-68.
80. Brownlee, M.; Vlassara, H.; Kooney, A.; Ulrich, P.; Cerami, A. Aminoguanidine prevents diabetes-induced arterial wall protein cross-linking. Science, 1986, 232(4758), 1629-1632.
81. Bolton, W.K.; Cattran, D.C.; Williams, M.E.; Adler, S.G.; Appel, G.B.; Cartwright, K.; Foiles, P.G.; Freedman, B.I.; Raskin, P.; Ratner, R.E.; Spinowitz, B.S.; Whittier, F.C.; Wuerth, J.P; ACTION I Investigator Group. Randomized trial of an inhibitor of formation of advanced glycation end products in diabetic nephropathy. Am. J. Nephrol., 2004, 24(1), 32-40.
82. Khalifah, R.G.; Baynes, J.; Hudson, B.G. Amadorins: novel post-Amadori inhibitors of advanced glycation reactions. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1999, 257(2), 251-258.
83. Stitt, A.W.; Gardiner, T.A.; Alderson, N.L.; Canning, P.; Frizzell, N.; Duffy, N.; Boyle, C.; Januszewski, A.S.; Chachich, M.; Baynes, J.W.; Thorpe, S.R. The AGE inhibitor pyridoxamine inhibits development of retinopathy in experimental diabetes. Diabetes, 2002, 51(9), 2826-2832.
84. Bhatwadekar, A.; Glenn, J.V.; Figarola, J.L.; Scott, S.; Gardiner, T.A.; Rahbar, S.; Stitt, A.W. A new advanced glycation inhibitor, LR-90, prevents experimental diabetic retinopathy in rats. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2008, 92(4), 545-547.
85. Burcham, P.C.; Kaminskas, L.M.; Fontaine, F.R.; Petersen, D.R.; Pyke, S.M. Aldehyde-sequestering drugs: tools for studying protein damage by lipid peroxidation products. Toxicology, 2002, 181-182, 229-236.
86. Curtis, T.M.; Hamilton, R.; Yong, P.H.; McVicar, C.M.; Berner, A.; Pringle, R.; Uchida, K.; Nagai, R.; Brockbank, S.; Stitt, A.W. Muller glial dysfunction during diabetic retinopathy in rats is linked to accumulation of advanced glycation end-products and advanced lipoxidation end-products. Diabetologia, 2011, 54(3), 690-698.
87. Burcham, P.C.; Fontaine, F.R.; Kaminskas, L.M.; Petersen, D.R.; Pyke, S.M. Protein adduct-Trapping by hydrazinophthalazine drugs: mechanisms of cytoprotection against acrolein-mediated toxicity. Mol. Pharmacol., 2004, 65(3), 655-664.
88. Hamann, K.; Shi, R. Acrolein scavenging: a potential novel mechanism of attenuating oxidative stress following spinal cord injury. J. Neurochem., 2009, 111(6), 1348-1356.
89. Druey, J.; Marxer, A. Hypotensive hydrazinophthalazines and related compounds. J. Med. Pharm. Chem., 1959, 1(1), 1-21.
90. Burcham, P.C.; Raso, A.; Thompson, C.A. Toxicity of smoke extracts towards A549 lung cells: role of acrolein and suppression by carbonyl scavengers. Chem. Biol. Interact., 2010, 183(3), 416-424.
91. Barile, G.R.; Pachydaki, S.I.; Tari, S.R.; Lee, S.E.; Donmoyer, C.M.; Ma, W.; Rong, L.L.; Buciarelli, L.G.; Wendt, T.; Horig, H.; Hudson, B.I.; Qu, W.; Weinberg, A.D.; Yan, S.F.; Schmidt, A.M. The RAGE axis in early diabetic retinopathy. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 2005, 46(8), 2916-2924.
92. Li, G.; Tang, J.; Du, Y.; Lee, C.A.; Kern, T.S. Beneficial effects of a novel RAGE inhibitor on early diabetic retinopathy and tactile allodynia. Mol. Vis., 2011, 17, 3156-3165.