Human cognitive specializations

Evolution of Nervous Systems

Volumn 4, Issue , 2007, Pages 509-528

  Subiaul, F ^a   Barth, J ^a   Okamoto Barth, S ^a   Povinelli, D J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LOUISIANA AT LAFAYETTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Causality; Cognitive specializations; Folk physics; Gaze following; Humans; Imitation; Intentional communication; Primates; Self awareness; Self recognition; Social learning; Theory of mind

Indexed keywords

EID: 84882924049     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B0-12-370878-8/00034-3     Document Type: Chapter

References (202)

1. Abravanel E., Sigafoos A.D. Exploring the presence of imitation during early infancy. Child Dev. 1984, 55:381-392.
2. Alcock J. The Triumph of Sociobiology 2001, Oxford University Press.
3. Amsterdam B. Mirror self-image reactions before age two. Dev. Psychobiol. 1972, 5(4):297-305.
4. Anderson J.R. The monkey in the mirror: A strange conspecific. Self-Awareness in Animals and Humans: Developmental Perspectives 1994, 315-329. Cambridge University Press. S.T. Parker, R.W. Mitchell, M.L. Boccia (Eds.).
5. Anderson J.R., Sallaberry P., Barbier H. Use of experimenter-given cues during object-choice tasks by capuchin monkeys. Anim. Behav. 1995, 49:201-208.
6. Anderson J.R., Montant M., Schmitt D. Rhesus monkeys fail to use gaze direction as an experimenter-given cue in an object-choice task. Behav. Process. 1996, 37:47-55.
7. Atkins C.K., Klein E.D., Zentall T.R. Imitative learning in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) using the bidirectional control procedure. Anim. Learn. Behav. 2002, 30(3):275-281.
8. Barth J., Povinelli D.J., Cant J.G.H. Bodily origins of SELF. The Self and Memory 2004, 11-43. Psychology Press. D. Beike, L. Lampinen, D.A. Behrend (Eds.).
9. Barth J., Reaux J.E., Povinelli D.J. Chimpanzees' (Pan troglodytes) use of gaze cues in object-choice tasks: Different methods yield different results. Anim. Cogn. 2005, 8:84-92.
10. Bates E., Carlson-Lunden V., Bretherton I. Perceptual aspects of tool using in infancy. Infant Behav. Dev. 1980, 3:127-140.
11. Bertenthal B.I., Fischer K.W. The development of self-recognition in the infant. Dev. Psychol. 1978, 14:44-50.
12. Bitterman M.E. Toward a comparative psychology of learning. Am. Psychol. 1960, 23:655-664.
13. Bitterman M.E. The comparative analysis of learning. Science 1975, 188:699-709.
14. Boakes R. From Darwin to Behaviorism: Psychology and the Minds of Animals 1984, Cambridge University Press.
15. Boesch C., Boesch H. Tool use and tool making in wild chimpanzees. Folia Primatol. 1990, 54:86-89.
16. Bräuer J., Call J., Tomasello M. All great ape species follow gaze to distant locations and around barriers. J. Comp. Psychol. 2005, 119(2):145-154.
17. Brown A.L. Domain-specific principles affect learning and transfer in children. Cognitive Sci. 1990, 14:107-133.
18. Butterworth G., Cochran E. Towards a mechanism of joint visual attention in human infancy. Int. J. Behav. Dev. 1980, 3:253-272.
19. Butterworth G., Jarrett N. What minds have in common is space: Spatial mechanisms serving joint visual attention in infancy. Br. J. Dev. Psychol. 1991, 9:55-72.
20. Bygott D. Agonistic behavior and dominance among wild chimpanzees. The Great Apes 1979, 405-427. Benjamin Cummings. D. Hamburg, E. McCown (Eds.).
21. Byrne R.W. Machiavellian intelligence. Evol. Anthropol. 1997, 5:289-311.
22. Call J., Tomasello M. The production and comprehension of referential pointing by orangutans, Pongo pygmaeus. J. Comp. Psychol. 1994, 108:307-371.
23. Call J., Tomasello M. Use of social information in the problem solving of orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) and human children (Homo sapiens). J. Comp. Psychol. 1995, 109:308-320.
24. Call J., Agnetta B., Tomasello M. Cues that chimpanzees do and do not use to find hidden objects. Anim. Cogn. 2000, 3:23-34.
25. Call J., Carpenter M., Tomasello M. Copying results and copying actions in the process of social learning: Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and human children (Homo sapiens). Anim. Cogn. 2005, 8:151-163.
26. Carpenter M., Tomasello M., Savage-Rumbaugh S. Joint attention and imitative learning in children, chimpanzees, and enculturated chimpanzees. Soc. Dev. 1995, 4:217-237.
27. Carpenter M., Nagell K., Tomasello M. Social cognition, joint attention, and communicative competence from 9 to 15 months of age. Monogr. Soc. Res. Child Dev. 1998, (4, no. 255):63.
28. Carpenter M., Akhtar N., Tomasello M. Fourteen-through 18-month-old infants differentially imitate intentional and accidental actions. Infant Behav. Dev. 1998, 21:315-330.
29. Chamove A.S. Failure to find rhesus observational learning. J. Behav. Sci. 1974, 2:39-41.
30. Chance M.R.A. Attention structure as a basis of primate rank orders. Man 1967, 2:503-518.
31. Cheney D.L., Seyfarth R.M. Attending to behaviour versus attending to knowledge: Examining monkey's attribution of mental states. Anim. Behav. 1990, 40:742-753.
32. Chomsky N. The development of grammar in child language: Formal discussion. Monogr. Soc. Res. Child Dev. 1964, 29:35-39.
33. Clayton N.S., Dickinson A. Episodic-like memory during cache recovery by scrub jays. Nature 1998, 295:272-274.
34. Clayton N.S., Griffiths D.P., Emery N.J., Dickinson A. Elements of episodic-like memory in animals. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci 2001, 356(1413):1438-1491.
35. Corkum V., Moore C. The development of joint attention in infants. Joint Attention: Its Origins and Role in Development 1995, 61-85. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. C. Moore, P.J. Dunham (Eds.).
36. Darwin C. The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex 1871/1982, Modern Library.
37. D'Entremont B., Hains S.M.J., Muir D.W. A demonstration of gaze following in 3- to 6-month-olds. Infant Behav. Dev. 1997, 20:569-572.
38. De Waal F.B.M. Chimpanzee Politics: Power and Sex among Apes 1982, Johns Hopkins University Press.
39. Diamond A. Developmental time course in human infants and infant monkeys, and the neural bases of, inhibitory control in reaching. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1990, 608:637-669.
40. Emery N.J., Lorincz E.N., Perrett D.I., Oram M.W., Baker C.I. Gaze following and joint attention in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). J. Comp. Psychol. 1997, 111:286-293.
41. Fawcett T.W., Skinner A.M., Goldsmith A.R. A test of imitative learning in starlings using a two-action method with an enhanced ghost control. Anim. Behav. 2002, 64:547-556.
42. Fitch M.T., Hauser M.D. Computational constraints on syntactive processing in a nonhuman primate. Science 2004, 303:377-380.
43. Fujita K., Kuroshima H., Asai S. How do tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) understand causality involved in tool use?. J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Behav. Process. 2003, 19:233-242.
44. Gallup G.G. Chimpanzees: Self-recognition. Science 1970, 167:86-87.
45. Gallup G.G. Self recognition in primates: A comparative approach to the bidirectional properties of consciousness. Am. Psychol. 1977, 32:329-338.
46. Gallup G.G. Self-awareness and the emergence of mind in primates. Am. J. Primatol. 1982, 2:237-248.
47. Garcia J., Kimeldorf D.J. Temporal relationship within the conditioning of a saccharine aversion through radiation exposure. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 1957, 50:180-183.
48. Garcia J., McGowan B.K., Erwin F.R., Koelling R.A. Cues: Their relative effectiveness as a function of the reinforcer. Science 1968, 160:794-795.
49. Garcia J., Hankins W.G., Rusiniak K.W. Flavor aversion studies (letter). Science 1976, 192:265-267. (letter).
50. Gardner R.A., Gardner B.T. Teaching sign language to a chimpanzee. Science 1969, 165:664-672.
51. Gergeley G., Bekkering H., Király J. Development psychology: Rational imitation in pereverbal infants. Nature 2002, 415(6873):55.
52. Gomez J.C. Visual behavior as a window for reading the minds of others in primates. Natural Theories of Mind: Evolution, Development and Simulation of the Everyday Mindreading 1991, 330-343. Blackwell. A. Whiten (Ed.).
53. Goodall J. The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior 1986, Harvard University Press.
54. Hains S.M.J., Muir D.W. Infant sensitivity to adult eye direction. Child Dev. 1996, 67:1940-1951.
55. Hare B. Can competitive paradigms increase the validity of experiments on primate social cognition?. Anim. Cogn. 2001, 4:269-280.
56. Hare B., Tomasello M. Chimpanzees are more skilful in competitive than in cooperative tasks. Anim. Behav. 2004, 68:571-581.
57. Hare B., Call J., Tomasello M. Chimpanzees know what conspecifics do and do not see. Anim. Behav. 2000, 59:771-785.
58. Hare B., Call J., Tomasello M. Do chimpanzees know what conspecifics know?. Anim. Behav. 2001, 61:139-151.
59. Hare, B., Call, J., and Tomasello, M. Chimpanzees deceive a human competitor by hiding. Cognition (in press).
60. Hauser M.D. Artifactual kinds and functional design features: What a primate understands without language. Cognition 1997, 64:285-308.
61. Hauser M.D. Knowing about knowing: Dissociations between perception and action systems over evolution and during development. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 2003, 1001:79-103.
62. Hauser M.D., Kralik J., Botto-Mahan C. Problem solving and functional design features: Experiments on cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus). Anim. Behav. 1999, 57:565-582.
63. Hauser M.D., Miller C.T., Liu K., Gubta R. Cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) fail to show mirror-guided self-exploration. Am. J. Primatol. 2001, 53:131-137.
64. Hauser M.D., Pearson H.M., Seelig D. Ontogeny of tool-use in cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus): Innate recognition of functionally relevant fatures. Anim. Behav. 2002, 64:299-311.
65. Hauser M.D., Santos L.R., Spaepen G.M., Pearson H.M. Problem solving, inhibition and domain-specific experience: Experiments on cottontop tamarins (Saguinus oedipus). Anim. Behav. 2002, 64:387-396.
66. Hayes C. The Ape in Our House 1951, Harper.
67. Heyes C.M. Theory of mind in nonhuman primates. Behav. Brain Sci. 1997, 21:101-114.
68. Heyes C.M., Dawson G.R., Nokes T. Imitation in rats: Initial responding and transfer evidence. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. 1992, B 45:229-240.
69. Hodos W., Campbell C.B.G. Scala naturae: Why is there no theory in comparative psychology?. Psychol. Rev. 1969, 76:337-350.
70. Hodos W., Campbell C.B.G. The scala naturae revisited: Evolutionary scales and anagenesis in comparative psychology. J. Comp. Psychol. 1991, 105:211-221.
71. Hood B.M. Gravity rules for 2-4-year olds?. Cognitive Dev. 1995, 10:577-598.
72. Hood B.M., Hauser M.D., Anderson L., Santos L.R. Gravity biases in a non-human primate?. Dev. Sci. 1999, 2:35-41.
73. Horner V., Whiten A. Causal knowledge and imitation/emulation switching in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and children (Homo sapiens). Anim. Cogn. 2005, 8(3):164-181.
74. Horowitz A.C. Do humans ape? Or do apes human? Imitation and intention in humans (Homo sapiens) and other animals. J. Comp. Psychol. 2003, 117:325-336.
75. Huang C., Charman T. Gradations of emulation learning in infants' imitation of actions on objects. J. Exp. Child Psychol. 2005, 92:276-302.
76. Hume D. A Treatise of Human Nature, vols 1-2. Dent 1739-1740/1911, A.D. Lindsay (Ed.).
77. Hyatt C.W., Hopkins W.D. Self-awareness in bonobos and chimpanzees: A comparative perspective. Self-Awareness in Animals and Humans: Developmental Perspectives 1994, Cambridge University Press. S.T. Parker, R.W. Mitchell (Eds.).
78. Iacoboni M., Woods R.P., Brass M., Bekkering H., Mazziotta J.C., Rizzolatti G. Cortical mechanisms of human imitation. Science 1999, 286:2526-2528.
79. Itakura S. An exploratory study of gaze-monitoring in non-human primates. Jpn. Psychol. Res. 1996, 38:174-180.
80. Itakura S., Anderson J.R. Learning to use experimenter-given cues during an object-choice task by a capuchin monkey. Cah. Psychol. Cognit. 1996, 15:103-112.
81. Itakura S., Tanaka M. Use of experimenter-given cues during object choice tasks by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), and orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus), and human infants (Homo sapiens). J. Comp. Psychol. 1998, 112:119-126.
82. Johnson D.B. Altruistic behavior and the development of the self in infants. Merrill-Palmer Q. 1982, 28:379-388.
83. Kamil A.C. Adaptation and cognition: Knowing what comes naturally. Animal Cognition 1984, 533-544. Lawrence Erlbaum Assosciates. H.L. Roitblat, T.G. Bever, H.S. Terrace (Eds.).
84. Kaminsky J., Call J., Tomasello M. Body orientation and face orientation: Two factors controlling apes' behavior from humans. Anim. Cogn. 2004, 7(4):216-223.
85. Karin-D'Arcy R., Povinelli D.J. Do chimpanzees know what each other see? A closer look. Int. J. Comp. Psychol. 2002, 15:21-54.
86. Karmiloff-Smith A. Beyond Modularity: A Developmental Perspective on Cognitive Science 1992, Cambridge.
87. Kehler J.H. A letter. NEM 1911, 3:203-204.
88. Kellogg W.N., Kellogg L.A. The Ape and the Child 1967, Hafner.
89. Klein E.D., Zentall T.R. Imitation and affordance learning by pigeons. J. Comp. Psychol. 2003, 117(4):414-419.
90. Köhler W. The Mentality of Apes 1925, Liveright.
91. Kralik J.D., Hauser M.D. A nonhuman primates' perception of object relations: Experiments on cottontop tamarins, Saguinus oedipus. Anim. Behav. 2002, 63:419-435.
92. Krause M., Fouts R. Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) pointing: Hand shapes, accuracy and the role of gaze. J. Comp. Psychol. 1997, 111:330-336.
93. Leavens D.A., Hopkins W.D., Bard K.A. Indexical and referential pointing in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). J. Comp. Psychol. 1996, 110:346-353.
94. Ledbetter D.H., Basen J.A. Failure to demonstrate self-recognition in gorillas. Am. J. Primatol. 1982, 2:307-310.
95. Lethmate J., Dücker G. Untersuchungen zum Selbsterkennen im Spiegel bei Orang-Utans und einigen anderen Affenarten (Studies on mirror self-recoguition by orangutans and some other primate species). Z. Tierpsychol. 1973, 33:248-269.
96. Lewontin R.C., Rose S., Kamin L. Not in Our Genes: Biology, Ideology, and Human Nature 1985, Pantheon Books.
97. Limongelli L., Boysen S.T., Visalberghi E. Comprehension of cause-effect relations in a tool-using task by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). J. Comp. Psychol. 1995, 109:18-26.
98. Lockard R.B. Reflections on the fall of comparitive psychology: Is there a message for us all?. Am. Psychol. 1971, 26:168-179.
99. Macphail E. The comparative psychology of intelligence. Behav. Brain Sci. 1987, 10:645-656.
100. Matsuzawa T. Chimpanzee intelligence in nature and captivity: Isomorphism of symbol-use and tool-use. Great Ape Societies 1996, Cambridge University Press. W.C. McGrew, L.F. Marchant, T. Nishida (Eds.).
101. Matsuzawa T. Primate foundations of human intelligence: A view of tool use in non-human primates and fossil hominids. Primate Origins of Human Cognition and Behavior 2001, Springer. T. Matsuzawa (Ed.).
102. Mayr E. The Growth of Biological Thought: Diversity, Evolution, and Inheritance 1985, Harvard University Press.
103. Mayr E. What Evolution Is 2001, Basic Books.
104. McGrew W.C. Chimpanzee Material Culture 1992, Cambridge University Press.
105. McGrew W.C. Tools compared: The material of culture. Chimpanzee Cultures 1994, Harvard University Press. R. Wrangham, W.C. McGrew, F. de Waal, P. Heltne (Eds.).
106. McGrew W.C. The nature of culture: Prospects and pitfalls of cultural primatology. The Tree of Origin: What Primate Behavior Tells us About Human Social Evolution 2001, Harvard University Press. F. de Waal (Ed.).
107. Meltzoff A.N., Moore K.M. Imitation of facial and manual gestures by human neonates. Science 1977, 198:75-78.
108. Menzel E.W. Communication about the environment in a group of young chimpanzees. Folia Primatol. 1971, 15:220-232.
109. Menzel E.W. A group of chimpanzees in a one-acre field. Behavior of Non-Human Primates 1974, Academic Press. A.M. Shrier, F. Stollnitz (Eds.).
110. Menzel E.W., Halperin S. Purposive behavior as a basis for objective communication between chimpanzees. Science 1975, 189:652-654.
111. Michotte A. The Perception of Causality 1962, Methuen.
112. Mitani J.C. Demographic influences on the behavior of chimpanzees. Primates 2006, 47(1):6-13.
113. Moll H., Tomasello M. 12- and 18-month-olds follow gaze behind barriers. Dev. Sci. 2004, 7:F1-F9.
114. Munakata Y., Santos L.R., Spelke E.S., Hauser M.D., O'Reilly R.C. Visual representation in the wild: How rhesus monkeys parse objects. J. Comp. Psychol. 2001, 13:44-58.
115. Myowa-Yamakoshi M., Matsuzawa T. Factors influencing imitation in manipulatory actions in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). J. Comp. Psychol. 1999, 113:128-136.
116. Myowa-Yamakoshi M., Tomonaga M., Tanaka M., Matsuzawa T. Imitation in neonatal chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Dev. Sci. 2004, 7:437-442.
117. Nagell K., Olguin R., Tomasello M. Processes of social learning in the tool use of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and human children (Homo sapiens). J. Comp. Psychol. 1993, 107:174-186.
118. Nishida T. Social behaviour and relationship among wild chimpanzees of the Mahali Mountains. Primates 1970, 11:47-87.
119. Okamoto S., Tomonaga M., Ishii K., Kawai N., Tanaka M., Matsuzawa T. An infant chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) follows human gaze. Anim. Cogn. 2002, 5:107-114.
120. Okamoto S., Tanaka M., Tomonaga M. Looking back: The 'representational mechanism' of joint attention in an infant chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). Jpn. Psychol. Res. 2004, 46:236-245.
121. Parker S.T., Gibson K. Object manipulation, tool use and sensorimotor intelligence as feeding adaptations in cebus monkeys and great apes. J. Hum. Evol. 1977, 6:623-641.
122. Parker S.T., Gibson K.R. A developmental model for the evolution of language and intelligence in early hominids. Brain Sci. 1979, 2:367-408.
123. Patterson F., Linden E. The Education of Koko 1981, Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
124. Patterson F.G.P., Cohn R.H. Self-recognition and self-awareness in lowland gorillas. Self-Awareness in Animals and Humans: Developmental Perspectives 1994, 273-290. Cambridge University Press. S.T. Parker, R.W. Mitchell, M.L. Boccia (Eds.).
125. Pinker S. The Language Instinct 1994, Harper Collins.
126. Povinelli D.J. The unduplicated self. Adv. Psychol. 1995, 112:161-192.
127. Povinelli D.J. Folk Physics for Apes: The Chimpanzee's Theory of How the World Works 2000, Oxford University Press.
128. Povinelli D.J. Behind the ape's appearance: Escaping anthropocentrism in the study of other minds. Daedalus Winter 2004, 29-41.
129. Povinelli D.J., Cant J.G.H. Arboreal clambering and the evolution of self-conception. Q. Rev. Biol. 1995, 70:393-421.
130. Povinelli D.J., Dunphy-Lelii S. Do chimpanzees seek explanations? Preliminary comparative investigations. Can. J. Exp. Psychol. 2001, 55:93-101.
131. Povinelli D.J., Eddy T.J. Chimpanzes: Joint visual attention. Psychol. Sci. 1996, 7:129-135.
132. Povinelli D.J., Eddy T.J. Factors influencing young chimpanzee's (Pan troglodytes) recognition of attention. J. Comp. Psychol. 1996, 110:336-345.
133. Povinelli D.J., Eddy T.J. What young chimpanzees know about seeing. Monogr. Soc. Res. Child Dev. 1996, 61.
134. Povinelli D.J., Eddy T.J. Specificity of gaze-following in young chimpanzees. Br. J. Dev. Psychol. 1997, 15:213-222.
135. Povinelli D.J., Preuss T.M. Theory of mind: Evolutionary history of a cognitive specialization. Trends Neurosci. 1995, 18:418-424.
136. Povinelli D.J., Vonk J. Chimpanzee minds: Suspiciously human?. Trends Cogn. Sci. 2003, 7:157-160.
137. Povinelli D.J., Vonk J. We don't need a microscope to explore the chimpanzee mind. Mind Lang. 2004, 19:1-28.
138. Povinelli D., Nelson K., Boysen S. Comprehension of role reversal in chimpanzees: Evidence of empathy?. Anim. Behav. 1992, 43:633-640.
139. Povinelli D.J., Landau K.R., Perilloux H.K. Self-recognition in young children using delayed versus live feedback: Evidence of a developmental asynchrony. Child Dev. 1996, 67:1540-1554.
140. Povinelli D.J., Gallup G.G., Eddy T.J., Bierschwale D.T. Chimpanzees recognize themselves in mirrors. Anim. Behav. 1997, 53:1083-1088.
141. Povinelli D.J., Bierschwale D.T., Cech C.G. Comprehension of seeing as a referential act in young children, but not juvenile chimpanzees. Br. J. Dev. Psychol. 1999, 17:37-60.
142. Povinelli D.J., Landry A.M., Theall L.A., Clark B.R., Castille C.M. Development of young children's understanding that the recent past is causally bound to the present. Dev. Psychol. 1999, 35:1426-1439.
143. Povinelli D.J., Bering J., Giambrone S. Chimpanzee 'pointing': Another error of the argument by analogy?. Pointing: Where Language, Culture, and Cognition Meet 2003, 35-68. Lawrence Erlbaum Assosciates. S. Kita (Ed.).
144. Premack D., Premack A.J. Moral belief: Form versus content. Mapping the Mind: Domain Specificity in Congnition and Culture 1994, 149-168. Cambridge University Press. L.A. Hirschfeld, S.A. Gelman (Eds.).
145. Rizzolatti G., Camarda G., Fogassi L., Gentilucci M., Luppino G., Matelli M. Functional organization of inferior area 6 in the macaque monkey. II: Area F5 and the control of distal movements. Exp. Brain Res. 1988, 71:491-507.
146. Rizzolatti G., Fadiga L., Fogassi L., Gallese V. From mirror neurons to imitation: Facts and speculations. The Imitative Mind: Development, Evolution and Brain Bases 2002, Cambridge University Press. W. Prinz, A.N. Meltozoff (Eds.).
147. Rochat P. The Infant's World 2001, Harvard University Press.
148. Rose S., Kamin L.J., Lewontin R.C. Not in Our Genes: Biology, Ideology and Human Nature 1984, Random House.
149. Rumbaugh D.M. Comparative psychology and the great apes: Their competence in learning, language and numbers. Psychol. Rec. 1990, 40(1):15-39.
150. Santos L.R., Hauser M.D. A non-human primate's understanding of solidity: Dissociations between seeing and acting. Dev. Sci. 2002, 5:F1-F7.
151. Santos L.R., Ericson B., Hauser M.D. Constraints on problem solving and inhibition: Object retrieval in cotton-top tamarins. J. Comp. Psychol. 1999, 113:1-8.
152. Santos L.R., Miller C.T., Hauser M.D. Representing tools: How two non-human primate species distinguish between the functionality relevant and irrelevant features of a tool. Anim. Cogn. 2003, 6:269-281.
153. Savage-Rumbaugh E.S. Ape Language: From Conditioned Response to Symbol 1986, Columbia University Press.
154. Scaife M., Bruner J.S. The capacity for joint visual attention in the infant. Nature 1975, 253:265-266.
155. Schwartz B.L. Do animals have episodic memory?. The Missing Link in Cognition: Origins of Self-Reflective Consciousness 2005, 225-241. Oxford University Press. H.S. Terrace, J. Metcalfe (Eds.).
156. Schwartz B.L., Evans S. Social and cognitive factors in chimpanzee and gorilla mirror behavior and self-recognition. Self-Awareness in Animals and Humans: Developmental Perspective 1994, 189-206. Cambridge University Press. S.T. Parker, R.W. Mitchell, M.L. Boccia (Eds.).
157. Schwartz B.L., Evans S. Episodic memory in primates. Am. J. Primatol. 2001, 55:71-85.
158. Schwartz B.L., Colon M.R., Sanchez I.C., Rodriguez I.A., Evans S. Single-trial learning of 'what' and 'who' information in a gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla): Implications for episodic memory. Anim. Cogn. 2002, 5:85-90.
159. Schwartz B.L., Meissner C.A., Hoffman M., Evans S., Frazier L.D. Event memory and misinformation effects in a gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). Anim. Cogn. 2004, 7:93-100.
160. Schwartz B.L., Hoffman M.L., Evans S. Episodic-like memory in a gorilla: A review and new findings. Learn. Motiv. 2005, 36:226-244.
161. Seligman M.E.P. On the generality of the laws of learning. Psychol. Rev. 1970, 77:406-418.
162. Shettleworth S. Cognition, Evolution, and Behavior 1997, Oxford University Press.
163. Shillito D.J., Gallup G.G., Beck B.B. Factors affecting mirror behaviour in western lowland gorillas, Gorilla gorilla. Anim. Behav. 1999, 57:999-1004.
164. Spelke E.S. Initial knowledge: Six suggestions. Cognition 1994, 50:431-445.
165. Spelke E.S. Nativism, empiricism, and the origins of knowledge. Infant Behav. Dev. 1997, 21:181-200.
166. Suarez S.D., Gallup G.G. Self-recognition in chimpanzees and orangutans, but not gorillas. J. Hum. Evol. 1981, 10:175-188.
167. Subiaul F. Cognitive Imitation in Monkeys and Children 2004, Columbia University, Unpublished doctoral dissertation.
168. Subiaul F., Cantlon J., Holloway R., Terrace H. Cognitive imitation in rhesus macaques. Science 2004, 305:407-410.
169. Terrace, H. S. 1979. Nim. Alfred A. Knopf.
170. Terrace H.S., Petitto L.A., Sanders R.J., Bever T.G. Can an ape create a sentence?. Science 1979, 206:891-902.
171. Thompson D.E., Russell J. The ghost condition: Imitation versus emulation in young children's observational learning. Dev. Psychol. 2004, 40(5):882-889.
172. Thorndike E.L. Animal intelligence: An experimental study of the associative processes in animals. Psychol. Rev. Monogr. Suppl. 1898, 2:8.
173. Thorpe W.H. Lemming and Instinct in Animals 1956, Methuen.
174. Tomasello M. The Cultural Origins of Human Cognition 1999, Harvard University Press.
175. Tomasello M., Call J. Primate Cognition 1997, Oxford University Press.
176. Tomasello M., Kruger G.B., Farrar M., Evans A. The development of gestural communication in young chimpanzees. J. Hum. Evol. 1985, 14:175-186.
177. Tomasello M., Savage-Rumbaugh E.S., Kruger A.C. Imitative learning of objects by chimpanzees, enculturated chimpanzees, and human children. Child Dev. 1993, 64:1688-1705.
178. Tomasello M., Call J., Hare B. Five primate species follow the visual gaze of conspecifics. Anim. Behav. 1998, 55:1063-1069.
179. Tomasello M., Hare B., Agnetta B. Chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, follow gaze direction geometrically. Anim. Behav. 1999, 58:769-777.
180. Tomonaga M. Attending to the others' attention in macaques: Joint attention or not?. Primate Res. 1999, 15:425.
181. Tulving E. Elements of Episodic Memory 1983, Oxford University Press.
182. Tulving E. Memory: Performance, knowledge, and experience. Eur. J. Psychol. 1989, 1:3-26.
183. Tulving E., Markowitsch H.J. Episodic and declarative memory: Role of the hippocampus. Hippocampus 1998, 8:198-204.
184. van Schaik C.P., Ancrenaz M., Borgen G., et al. Orangutan cultures and the evolution of material culture. Science 2003, 299:102-105.
185. Visalberghi E. Tool use in Cebus. Folia Primatol. 1990, 54:146-154.
186. Visalberghi E. Success and understanding in cognitive tasks: A comparison between Cebus apella and Pan troglodytes. Int. J. Comp. Psychol. 1997, 18:811-830.
187. Visalberghi E., Limongelli L. Lack of comprehension of cause-effect relations in tool-using capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). J. Comp. Psychol. 1994, 108:15-22.
188. Visalberghi E., Limongelli L. Acting and understanding: Tool use revisited through the minds of capuchin monkeys. Reaching Into Thought. The Minds of the Great Apes 1996, 57-79. Cambridge University Press. A.E. Russon, K.A. Bard (Eds.).
189. Visalberghi E., Tomasello M. Primate causal understanding in the physical and psychological domains. Behav. Process. 1998, 42:189-203.
190. Visalberghi E., Trinca L. Tool use in capachin monkeys: Distinguishing between performing and understanding. Primates 1989, 30:511-521.
191. Visalberghi E., Fragszy D.M., Savage-Rumbaugh E.S. Performance in a tool-usng task by common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), bonobos (Pan paniscus), an orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus), and capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). J. Comp. Psychol. 1995, 109:52-60.
192. Vygotsky L.S. Thought and Language 1962, MIT Press.
193. Walraven V., Elsacker L., Verheyen R. Reactions of a group of pygmy chimpanzees (Pan paniscus) to their mirror-images: Evidence of self-recognition. Primates 1995, 36:145-150.
194. Wasserman E.A. Comparative psychology returns: A review of Hulse, Fowler, and Honig's cognitive precesses in animal behavior. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 1981, 35:243-257.
195. Westergaard G.C. Structural analysis of tool-use by tufted capuchins (Cebus apella) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Anim. Cogn. 1999, 2:141-145.
196. Westergaard G.C., Fragaszy D.M. The manufacture and use of tools by capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). J. Comp. Psychol. 1987, 101:159-168.
197. Whiten A., Byrne R.W. The manipulation of attention in primate tactile deception. Machavellian Intelligence: Social Expertise and the Evolution of Intellect in Monkeys, Apes and Humans 1988, 211-223. Oxford University Press. R.W. Byrne, A. Whiten (Eds.).
198. Whiten A., Ham R. On the nature and evolution of imitation in the animal kingdom: Reappraisal of a century of research. Advances in the Study of Behavior 1992, 239-283. Academic Press. P.B. Slater, J.S. Rosenblatt, C. Beer, M. Milinsky (Eds.).
199. Whiten A., Custance D.M., Gomez J.C., Teixidor P., Bard K.A. Imitative learning of artificial fruit processing in children (Homo sapiens) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). J. Comp. Psychol. 1996, 110:3-14.
200. Whiten A., Goodall J., McGrew W.C., et al. Cultures in chimpanzee. Nature 1999, 399:682-685.
201. Wilson E.O. Sociobiology: The New Synthesis 1975/2000, Harvard University Press.
202. Woodruff G., Premack D. Intentional communication in the chimpanzee: The development of deception. Cognition 1979, 7:333-362.