메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 8, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 198-204

Episodic and declarative memory: Role of the hippocampus

Author keywords

Anterograde amnesia; Declarative memory; Episodic memory; Hippocampus; Memory systems; Organization of memory

Indexed keywords

ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA; HIPPOCAMPUS; HUMAN; MEMORY; NEUROANATOMY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TEMPORAL LOBE;

EID: 0031808924     PISSN: 10509631     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1063(1998)8:3<198::AID-HIPO2>3.0.CO;2-G     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (952)

References (69)
  • 1
    • 0028364246 scopus 로고
    • Memory consolidation and the medial temporal lobe: A simple network model
    • Alvarez P, Squire LR. Memory consolidation and the medial temporal lobe: a simple network model. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994;91:7041-7045.
    • (1994) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.91 , pp. 7041-7045
    • Alvarez, P.1    Squire, L.R.2
  • 2
    • 0029990059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term depression in hippocampus
    • Bear MF, Abraham WC. Long-term depression in hippocampus. Ann Rev Neurosci 1996;19:437-462.
    • (1996) Ann Rev Neurosci , vol.19 , pp. 437-462
    • Bear, M.F.1    Abraham, W.C.2
  • 3
    • 0030634171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Memory for items and memory for relations in the procedural/declarative memory framework
    • Cohen NJ, Poldrack RA, Eichenbaum H. Memory for items and memory for relations in the procedural/declarative memory framework. Memory 1997;5:131-178.
    • (1997) Memory , vol.5 , pp. 131-178
    • Cohen, N.J.1    Poldrack, R.A.2    Eichenbaum, H.3
  • 4
    • 0029680369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The hippocampus: A "working memory" structure? The effect of hippocampel sclerosis on working memory
    • Cowey CM, Green S. The hippocampus: a "working memory" structure? The effect of hippocampel sclerosis on working memory Memory 1996;4:19-30.
    • (1996) Memory , vol.4 , pp. 19-30
    • Cowey, C.M.1    Green, S.2
  • 5
    • 0031002333 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Remembering and knowing the past: A case study of isolated retrograde amnesia
    • Dalla Barba G, Mantovan MC, Ferruzza E, Denes G. Remembering and knowing the past: a case study of isolated retrograde amnesia. Cortex 1997;33:143-154.
    • (1997) Cortex , vol.33 , pp. 143-154
    • Dalla Barba, G.1    Mantovan, M.C.2    Ferruzza, E.3    Denes, G.4
  • 6
    • 0023607983 scopus 로고
    • Semantic amnesia with preservation of autobiographic memory. A case report
    • DeRenzi E, Liotti M, Nichelli P. Semantic amnesia with preservation of autobiographic memory. A case report. Cortex 1987;23:575-597.
    • (1987) Cortex , vol.23 , pp. 575-597
    • DeRenzi, E.1    Liotti, M.2    Nichelli, P.3
  • 7
    • 0030988561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How big is human memory or on being just useful enough
    • Dudai Y. How big is human memory or on being just useful enough. Learn Mem 1997;3:341-365.
    • (1997) Learn Mem , vol.3 , pp. 341-365
    • Dudai, Y.1
  • 8
    • 0028295604 scopus 로고
    • Memory impairment in schizophrenia: A comparison with that observed in the Alcoholic Korsakoff syndrome
    • Duffy L, O'Carroll R. Memory impairment in schizophrenia: a comparison with that observed in the Alcoholic Korsakoff syndrome. Psychol Med 1994;24:155-165.
    • (1994) Psychol Med , vol.24 , pp. 155-165
    • Duffy, L.1    O'Carroll, R.2
  • 10
    • 0030831972 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How does the brain organize memories?
    • Eichenbaum H. How does the brain organize memories? Science 1997a;277:330-332.
    • (1997) Science , vol.277 , pp. 330-332
    • Eichenbaum, H.1
  • 11
    • 0030636251 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Declarative memory. insights from cognitive neurobiology
    • Eichenbaum H. Declarative memory. insights from cognitive neurobiology. Ann Rev Psychol 1997b;48:547-572.
    • (1997) Ann Rev Psychol , vol.48 , pp. 547-572
    • Eichenbaum, H.1
  • 12
    • 0027951233 scopus 로고
    • Two functional components of the hippocampel memory system
    • Eichenbaum H, Otto T, Cohen NJ. Two functional components of the hippocampel memory system. Behav Brain Sci 1994;17:449-518.
    • (1994) Behav Brain Sci , vol.17 , pp. 449-518
    • Eichenbaum, H.1    Otto, T.2    Cohen, N.J.3
  • 14
    • 0027362499 scopus 로고
    • Neuropsychological and SPECT scan findings during and after transient global amnesia: Evidence for the differential impairment of remote episodic memory
    • Evans J, Wilson B, Wraight EP, Hodges JR. Neuropsychological and SPECT scan findings during and after transient global amnesia: evidence for the differential impairment of remote episodic memory. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1993;56:1227-1230.
    • (1993) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.56 , pp. 1227-1230
    • Evans, J.1    Wilson, B.2    Wraight, E.P.3    Hodges, J.R.4
  • 16
    • 0029906664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain activity during memory retrieval. The influence of imagery and semantic cueing
    • Fletcher PC, Shallice T, Frith CD, Frackowiak RSJ, Dolan RJ. Brain activity during memory retrieval. The influence of imagery and semantic cueing Brain 1996;119:1587-1596.
    • (1996) Brain , vol.119 , pp. 1587-1596
    • Fletcher, P.C.1    Shallice, T.2    Frith, C.D.3    Frackowiak, R.S.J.4    Dolan, R.J.5
  • 17
    • 0026551965 scopus 로고
    • Amnesia for complex naturalistic scenes and for objects following fomix transection in the rhesus monkey
    • Gaffan D. Amnesia for complex naturalistic scenes and for objects following fomix transection in the rhesus monkey. Eur J Neurosci 1992;4:381-388.
    • (1992) Eur J Neurosci , vol.4 , pp. 381-388
    • Gaffan, D.1
  • 18
    • 0001105437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Episodic and semantic memory and the role of the not-hippocampus
    • Gaffan D. Episodic and semantic memory and the role of the not-hippocampus. Trends Cogn Sci 1997;1:246-248.
    • (1997) Trends Cogn Sci , vol.1 , pp. 246-248
    • Gaffan, D.1
  • 19
    • 0000555366 scopus 로고
    • Collins A, Gathercole S, Morris P, eds. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum
    • Gardiner JM, Java RI. In: Collins A, Gathercole S, Morris P, eds. Theories of memory. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum 1993;168-188.
    • (1993) Theories of Memory , pp. 168-188
    • Gardiner, J.M.1    Java, R.I.2
  • 21
    • 0029946212 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of the episodic memory deficit in early Alzheimer'e disease: Evidence from the doors and people test
    • Greene JD, Baddeley AD, Hodges JR. Analysis of the episodic memory deficit in early Alzheimer'e disease: evidence from the doors and people test. Neuropsychologia 1996;34:537-551.
    • (1996) Neuropsychologia , vol.34 , pp. 537-551
    • Greene, J.D.1    Baddeley, A.D.2    Hodges, J.R.3
  • 22
    • 0029563599 scopus 로고
    • On the acquisition of new declarative knowledge in amnesia
    • Hamann SB, Squire LR. On the acquisition of new declarative knowledge in amnesia Behav Neurosci 1995;109:1027-1044.
    • (1995) Behav Neurosci , vol.109 , pp. 1027-1044
    • Hamann, S.B.1    Squire, L.R.2
  • 23
    • 0029786867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hippocampal lesions impair memory for location but not color in passerine birds
    • Hampton RR, Shettleworth SJ. Hippocampal lesions impair memory for location but not color in passerine birds. Behav Neurosci 1996;110: 831-835.
    • (1996) Behav Neurosci , vol.110 , pp. 831-835
    • Hampton, R.R.1    Shettleworth, S.J.2
  • 24
    • 0027508418 scopus 로고
    • The role of repetition and associative interference in new semantic learning in amnesia
    • Hayman CAG, Macdonald CA, Tulving E. The role of repetition and associative interference in new semantic learning in amnesia. J Cogn Neurosci 1993;5:375-389.
    • (1993) J Cogn Neurosci , vol.5 , pp. 375-389
    • Hayman, C.A.G.1    Macdonald, C.A.2    Tulving, E.3
  • 25
    • 0029941640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Episodic memory deficit in elderly adults with suspected delusional disorder
    • Herlitz A, Forsell Y. Episodic memory deficit in elderly adults with suspected delusional disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996;93:355-361.
    • (1996) Acta Psychiatr Scand , vol.93 , pp. 355-361
    • Herlitz, A.1    Forsell, Y.2
  • 26
    • 0027934094 scopus 로고
    • Some comments on the special cognitive functions claimed for the hippocampus
    • Horel JA. Some comments on the special cognitive functions claimed for the hippocampus. Cortex 1994;30:269-280.
    • (1994) Cortex , vol.30 , pp. 269-280
    • Horel, J.A.1
  • 27
    • 0031282249 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Memory formation: The sequence of biochemical events in the hippocampus and its connection to activity in other brain structures
    • Izquierdo I, Medina JH. Memory formation: the sequence of biochemical events in the hippocampus and its connection to activity in other brain structures. Neurobiol Learn Mem 1997;68:285-316.
    • (1997) Neurobiol Learn Mem , vol.68 , pp. 285-316
    • Izquierdo, I.1    Medina, J.H.2
  • 29
    • 0029461082 scopus 로고
    • Memory and consciousness an appreciation of Claparedé and recognition et moiité
    • Kihlstrom JE Memory and consciousness an appreciation of Claparedé and recognition et moiité Consciouaness and Cognition 1995;4:379-386.
    • (1995) Consciouaness and Cognition , vol.4 , pp. 379-386
    • Kihlstrom, J.E.1
  • 30
    • 0029301499 scopus 로고
    • Remembering and knowing: Two different expressions of declarative memory
    • Knowlton BJ, Squire LR. Remembering and knowing: Two different expressions of declarative memory. J Exp Psychol [Learn Mem Cogn] 1995;21:699-710.
    • (1995) J Exp Psychol [Learn Mem Cogn] , vol.21 , pp. 699-710
    • Knowlton, B.J.1    Squire, L.R.2
  • 31
    • 0030824005 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recalling routes around London: Activation of the right hippocampus in taxi drivers
    • Maguire EA, Erackowiak RSJ, Frith CD. Recalling routes around London: Activation of the right hippocampus in taxi drivers. J Neurosci 1997;17:7103-7110.
    • (1997) J Neurosci , vol.17 , pp. 7103-7110
    • Maguire, E.A.1    Erackowiak, R.S.J.2    Frith, C.D.3
  • 32
    • 0029561473 scopus 로고
    • Which brain regions are critically involved in the retrieval of old episodic memory?
    • Markowitsch HJ. Which brain regions are critically involved in the retrieval of old episodic memory? Brain Res Rev 1995;21:117-127.
    • (1995) Brain Res Rev , vol.21 , pp. 117-127
    • Markowitsch, H.J.1
  • 33
    • 0027486453 scopus 로고
    • Mnestic performance profile of a bilateral diencephalic infarct patient with preserved intelligence and severe amnesic disturbances
    • Markowitsch HJ, von Cramon DY, Schuri U. Mnestic performance profile of a bilateral diencephalic infarct patient with preserved intelligence and severe amnesic disturbances. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 1993a;5:627-652.
    • (1993) J Clin Exp Neuropsychol , vol.5 , pp. 627-652
    • Markowitsch, H.J.1    Von Cramon, D.Y.2    Schuri, U.3
  • 35
    • 0029340352 scopus 로고
    • Why there are complementary learning systems in the hippocampus and neocortex: Insights from the successes and failures of connectionist models of learning and memory
    • McClelland JL, McNaughton BL, O'Reilly RC. Why there are complementary learning systems in the hippocampus and neocortex: insights from the successes and failures of connectionist models of learning and memory. Psychol Rev 1995;102:419-457.
    • (1995) Psychol Rev , vol.102 , pp. 419-457
    • McClelland, J.L.1    McNaughton, B.L.2    O'Reilly, R.C.3
  • 36
    • 0028952295 scopus 로고
    • Recovered consciousness: A hypothesis concerning modularity and episodic memory
    • Moscovitch M. Recovered consciousness: a hypothesis concerning modularity and episodic memory. J Clin Exper Neuropsychol 1995;17:276-290.
    • (1995) J Clin Exper Neuropsychol , vol.17 , pp. 276-290
    • Moscovitch, M.1
  • 37
    • 0030004842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What have ablation studies told us about the neural substrates of stimulus memory?
    • Murray EA. What have ablation studies told us about the neural substrates of stimulus memory? Semin Neurosci 1996;8:13-22.
    • (1996) Semin Neurosci , vol.8 , pp. 13-22
    • Murray, E.A.1
  • 38
    • 0029085464 scopus 로고
    • The role of the hippocampus in declarative memory: A comment on Zola-Morgan, Squire, and Ramus 1994
    • Nadel L. The role of the hippocampus in declarative memory: a comment on Zola-Morgan, Squire, and Ramus 1994. Hippocampus 1995;5: 232-239.
    • (1995) Hippocampus , vol.5 , pp. 232-239
    • Nadel, L.1
  • 39
    • 0031010522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Betula prospective cohort study: Memory, health, and aging
    • Nilsson L-G, Backman L, Emgrund K, Nyberg L. The Betula prospective cohort study: memory, health, and aging. Aging Cogn 1997;1:1-36.
    • (1997) Aging Cogn , vol.1 , pp. 1-36
    • Nilsson, L.-G.1    Backman, L.2    Emgrund, K.3    Nyberg, L.4
  • 40
    • 1542471418 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PET studies of encoding and retrieval: The HERA model
    • Nyberg L, Cabeza R, Tulving E. PET studies of encoding and retrieval: the HERA model. Psychonom Bull Rev 1996;3:135-148.
    • (1996) Psychonom Bull Rev , vol.3 , pp. 135-148
    • Nyberg, L.1    Cabeza, R.2    Tulving, E.3
  • 41
    • 7144259320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional brain imaging of episodic and semantic memory
    • Nyberg L, McIntosh AR, Tulving E. Functional brain imaging of episodic and semantic memory. J Mol Med 1997;19:863-870.
    • (1997) J Mol Med , vol.19 , pp. 863-870
    • Nyberg, L.1    McIntosh, A.R.2    Tulving, E.3
  • 42
    • 0025515727 scopus 로고
    • Childhood amnesia and distinctions between forms of memory: A comment on Wood, Brown, and Felton
    • Ostergaard A, Squire LR. Childhood amnesia and distinctions between forms of memory: a comment on Wood, Brown, and Felton. Brain Cogn 1990;14:127-133.
    • (1990) Brain Cogn , vol.14 , pp. 127-133
    • Ostergaard, A.1    Squire, L.R.2
  • 43
    • 0029319324 scopus 로고
    • Episodic memory and autonoetic consciousness: Developmental evidence and a theory of childhood amnesia
    • Pemer J, Ruffman T. Episodic memory and autonoetic consciousness: developmental evidence and a theory of childhood amnesia. J Exp Child Psychol 1995;59:516-548.
    • (1995) J Exp Child Psychol , vol.59 , pp. 516-548
    • Pemer, J.1    Ruffman, T.2
  • 44
    • 0031194330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A dynamic role of the medial temporal lobe during retrieval of declarative memory in man
    • Petersson KM, Elfgren C, Ingvar M. A dynamic role of the medial temporal lobe during retrieval of declarative memory in man. Neuroimage 1997;6:1-11.
    • (1997) Neuroimage , vol.6 , pp. 1-11
    • Petersson, K.M.1    Elfgren, C.2    Ingvar, M.3
  • 45
    • 0024530048 scopus 로고
    • Childhood events recalled by children and adults
    • Pillemer DB, White SH. Childhood events recalled by children and adults. Adv Child Dev Behav 1989;21:297-340.
    • (1989) Adv Child Dev Behav , vol.21 , pp. 297-340
    • Pillemer, D.B.1    White, S.H.2
  • 46
    • 0031029366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive maps beyond the hippocampus
    • Redish AD, Touretzky DS. Cognitive maps beyond the hippocampus. Hippocampus 1997;7:15-35.
    • (1997) Hippocampus , vol.7 , pp. 15-35
    • Redish, A.D.1    Touretzky, D.S.2
  • 47
    • 0001821388 scopus 로고
    • Explaining dissociations between implicit and explicit measures of retention: A processing account
    • Roediger III HL, Craik FIM, eds. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
    • Roediger III HL, Weldon MS, Challis BH. Explaining dissociations between implicit and explicit measures of retention: a processing account. In: Roediger III HL, Craik FIM, eds. Varieties of memory and consciousness: Essays in honour of Endel Tulving Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1989:3-42.
    • (1989) Varieties of Memory and Consciousness: Essays in Honour of Endel Tulving , pp. 3-42
    • Roediger III, H.L.1    Weldon, M.S.2    Challis, B.H.3
  • 48
    • 0030513563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A theory of hippocampal function in memory
    • Rolls ET. A theory of hippocampal function in memory. Hippocampus 1996;6:601-620.
    • (1996) Hippocampus , vol.6 , pp. 601-620
    • Rolls, E.T.1
  • 49
    • 0002507358 scopus 로고
    • Memory, amnesia, and frontal lobe dyrfunction
    • Schacter DL. Memory, amnesia, and frontal lobe dyrfunction. Psychobiology 1987;15:21-36.
    • (1987) Psychobiology , vol.15 , pp. 21-36
    • Schacter, D.L.1
  • 50
    • 0001947435 scopus 로고
    • What are the memory systems of 1994?
    • Schacter DL, Tulving E, eds. Cambridge, MA: MTT Press
    • Schacter DL, Tulving E. What are the memory systems of 1994? In: Schacter DL, Tulving E, eds. Memory systems 1994. Cambridge, MA: MTT Press, 1994:1-38.
    • (1994) Memory Systems 1994 , pp. 1-38
    • Schacter, D.L.1    Tulving, E.2
  • 52
    • 0001868778 scopus 로고
    • Memory, hippocampus, and brain systems
    • Gazzaniga MS, ed. Cambridge, MA: MLT Press
    • Squire LR, Knowlton B. Memory, hippocampus, and brain systems. In: Gazzaniga MS, ed. The cognitive neurosciences. Cambridge, MA: MLT Press, 1995;825-837.
    • (1995) The Cognitive Neurosciences , pp. 825-837
    • Squire, L.R.1    Knowlton, B.2
  • 53
    • 0030446577 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure and function of declarative and nondeclarative memory systems
    • Squire LR, Zola SM. Structure and function of declarative and nondeclarative memory systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:13515-13522.
    • (1996) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.93 , pp. 13515-13522
    • Squire, L.R.1    Zola, S.M.2
  • 54
    • 84974061247 scopus 로고
    • Functional distinctions within the medial temporal lobe memory system: What is the evidence?
    • Squire LR, Zola-Morgan S, Alvarez P. Functional distinctions within the medial temporal lobe memory system: What is the evidence? Behav Brain Sci 1994;17:495-496.
    • (1994) Behav Brain Sci , vol.17 , pp. 495-496
    • Squire, L.R.1    Zola-Morgan, S.2    Alvarez, P.3
  • 56
    • 0022608025 scopus 로고
    • The hippocampal memory indexing theory
    • Teyler TJ, DiScenna P. The hippocampal memory indexing theory. Behav Neurosci 1986;100:147-154.
    • (1986) Behav Neurosci , vol.100 , pp. 147-154
    • Teyler, T.J.1    DiScenna, P.2
  • 57
    • 0000838862 scopus 로고
    • Episodic and semantic memory
    • Tulving E, Donaldson W, eds. New York: Academic Press
    • Tulving E. Episodic and semantic memory. In: Tulving E, Donaldson W, eds. Organization of memory. New York: Academic Press, 1972:381-403.
    • (1972) Organization of Memory , pp. 381-403
    • Tulving, E.1
  • 59
    • 84971138762 scopus 로고
    • Relations among components and processes of memory
    • Tulving E. Relations among components and processes of memory. Behav Brain Sci 1984;7:257-268.
    • (1984) Behav Brain Sci , vol.7 , pp. 257-268
    • Tulving, E.1
  • 60
    • 0002061686 scopus 로고
    • Human memory
    • Andersen P, Hvalby O, Paulsen O, Hökfelt B, eds. Amsterdam: Elsevier
    • Tulving E. Human memory. In Andersen P, Hvalby O, Paulsen O, Hökfelt B, eds. Memory. concepts - 1993: basic and clinical aspects, Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1993a:27-45.
    • (1993) Memory. Concepts - 1993: Basic and Clinical Aspects , pp. 27-45
    • Tulving, E.1
  • 62
    • 0002345920 scopus 로고
    • Organization of memory: Quo vadis?
    • Gazzaniga MS, ed. Cambridge, MA MLT Press
    • Tulving E. Organization of memory: Quo vadis? In: Gazzaniga MS, ed. The cognitive neurosciences. Cambridge, MA MLT Press, 1995;839-847.
    • (1995) The Cognitive Neurosciences , pp. 839-847
    • Tulving, E.1
  • 65
    • 0028122853 scopus 로고
    • Acquisition of generic memory in amnesia
    • Verfaellie M, Cermak LS. Acquisition of generic memory in amnesia. Cortex 1994;3:293-303.
    • (1994) Cortex , vol.3 , pp. 293-303
    • Verfaellie, M.1    Cermak, L.S.2
  • 66
    • 0031137941 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toward a theory of episodic memory: The frontal lobes and autonoetic consciousness
    • Wheeler M, Stuss DT, Tulving E. Toward a theory of episodic memory: the frontal lobes and autonoetic consciousness. Psychol Bull 1997;121: 331-354.
    • (1997) Psychol Bull , vol.121 , pp. 331-354
    • Wheeler, M.1    Stuss, D.T.2    Tulving, E.3
  • 67
    • 0028788379 scopus 로고
    • Dense amnesia in a professional musician following herpes simplex virus encephalitis
    • Wilson BA, Baddeley AD, Kapur N. Dense amnesia in a professional musician following herpes simplex virus encephalitis. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 1995;17:668-681.
    • (1995) J Clin Exp Neuropsychol , vol.17 , pp. 668-681
    • Wilson, B.A.1    Baddeley, A.D.2    Kapur, N.3
  • 68
    • 0024669298 scopus 로고
    • Long-term follow-up of a childhood amnesic syndrome
    • Wood FB, Brown IS, Felton RH. Long-term follow-up of a childhood amnesic syndrome. Brain Cogn 1989;10:76-86.
    • (1989) Brain Cogn , vol.10 , pp. 76-86
    • Wood, F.B.1    Brown, I.S.2    Felton, R.H.3
  • 69
    • 0031467575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dissociation between semantic and autobiographical memory: A case report
    • Yasuda K, Watanabe O, Ono Y. Dissociation between semantic and autobiographical memory: a case report. Cortex 1997;33:623-638.
    • (1997) Cortex , vol.33 , pp. 623-638
    • Yasuda, K.1    Watanabe, O.2    Ono, Y.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.