Stem Cells and Hepatocyte Transplantation

Zakim and Boyer's Hepatology

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 157-170

  Gupta, Sanjeev ^a  

^a ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84882559998     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-1-4377-0881-3.00011-5     Document Type: Chapter

References (200)

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5. Inada M, et al. Phenotype reversion in fetal human liver epithelial cells identifies the role of an intermediate meso-endodermal stage before hepatic maturation. J Cell Sci 2008, 121:1002-1013.
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18. Haridass D, et al. Repopulation efficiencies of adult hepatocytes, fetal liver progenitor cells, and embryonic stem cell-derived hepatic cells in albumin-promoter-enhancer urokinase-type plasminogen activator mice. Am J Pathol 2009, 175:1483-1492.
19. Basma H, et al. Differentiation and transplantation of human embryonic stem cell-derived hepatocytes. Gastroenterology 2009, 136:990-999.
20. Si-Tayeb K, et al. Highly efficient generation of human hepatocyte-like cells from induced pluripotent stem cells. Hepatology 2010, 51:297-305.
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25. Sandhu JS, et al. Stem cell properties and repopulation of the rat liver by fetal liver epithelial progenitor cells. Am J Pathol 2001, 159:1323-1334.
26. Cantz T, et al. Quantitative gene expression analysis reveals transition of fetal liver progenitor cells to mature hepatocytes after transplantation in uPA/RAG-2 mice. Am J Pathol 2003, 162:37-45.
27. Khan AA, et al. Peritoneal transplantation of human fetal hepatocytes for the treatment of acute fatty liver of pregnancy: a case report. Trop Gastroenterol 2004, 25:141-143.
28. Kubota H, Reid LM Clonogenic hepatoblasts, common precursors for hepatocytic and biliary lineages, are lacking classical major istocompatibility complex class I antigen. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000, 97:12132-12137.
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34. Menthena A, et al. Bone marrow progenitors are not the source of expanding oval cells in injured liver. Stem Cells 2004, 22:1049-1061.
35. Michalopoulos GK Liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy: critical analysis of mechanistic dilemmas. Am J Pathol 2010, 176:2-13.
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38. Lagasse E, et al. Purified hematopoietic stem cells can differentiate into hepatocytes in vivo. Nature Med 2000, 6:1229-1234.
39. Jiang Y, et al. Pluripotency of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adult marrow. Nature 2002, 418:41-49.
40. Wang X, et al. Kinetics of liver repopulation after bone marrow transplantation. Am J Pathol 2002, 161:565-574.
41. Krause DS, et al. Multi-organ, multi-lineage engraftment by a single bone marrow-derived stem cell. Cell 2001, 105:369-377.
42. Newsome PN, et al. Human cord blood-derived cells can differentiate into hepatocytes in the mouse liver with no evidence of cellular fusion. Gastroenterology 2003, 124:1891-1900.
43. Azuma H, et al. Robust expansion of human hepatocytes in Fah-/-/Rag2-/-/Il2rg-/- mice. Nat Biotechnol 2007, 25:903-910.
44. Bissig KD, et al. Human liver chimeric mice provide a model for hepatitis B and C virus infection and treatment. J Clin Invest 2010, 120:924-930.
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46. Aldeguer X, et al. Interleukin-6 from intrahepatic cells of bone marrow origin is required for normal murine liver regeneration. Hepatology 2002, 35:40-48.
47. Baba S, et al. Commitment of bone marrow cells to hepatic stellate cells in mouse. J Hepatol 2004, 40:255-260.
48. Mikula M, et al. Immortalized p19ARF null hepatocytes restore liver injury and generate hepatic progenitors after transplantation. Hepatology 2004, 39:628-634.
49. Sokhi RP, Rajvanshi P, Gupta S Transplanted reporter cells help in defining onset of hepatocyte proliferation during the life of F344 rats. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2000, 279:G631-G640.
50. Muraca M, et al. Intraportal hepatocyte transplantation in the pig: hemodynamic and histopathological study. Transplantation 2002, 73:890-896.
51. Mito M, Kusano M Hepatocyte transplantation in man. Cell Transplant 1993, 2:65-74.
52. Strom SC, et al. Hepatocyte transplantation as a bridge to orthotopic liver transplantation in terminal liver failure. Transplantation 1997, 63:559-569.
53. Fox IU, Roy Chowdhury J Hepatocyte transplantation. J Hepatol 2004, 40:878-886.
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57. Horslen SP, et al. Isolated hepatocyte transplantation in an infant with a severe urea cycle disorder. Pediatrics 2003, 111:1262-1267.
58. Muraca M, et al. Hepatocyte transplantation as a treatment for glycogen storage disease type 1a. Lancet 2002, 359:317-318.
59. Sokal EM, et al. Hepatocyte transplantation in a 4-year-old girl with peroxisomal biogenesis disease: technique, safety, and metabolic follow-up. Transplantation 2003, 76:735-738.
60. Dhawan A, et al. Hepatocyte transplantation for inherited factor VII deficiency. Transplantation 2004, 78:1812-1814.
61. Mas VR, et al. Engraftment measurement in human liver tissue after liver cell transplantation by short tandem repeats analysis. Cell Transplant 2004, 13:231-236.
62. Cheng K, Gupta S Quantitative tools for assessing fate of transplanted human stem/progenitor cells in chimeric mice. Xenotransplantation 2009, 16:145-151.
63. Penuelas I, et al. Positron emission tomography imaging of adenoviral-mediated transgene expression in liver cancer patients. Gastroenterology 2005, 128:1787-1795.
64. Bohnen NI, et al. Use of indium-111-labeled hepatocytes to determine the biodistribution of transplanted hepatocytes through portal vein infusion. Clin Nucl Med 2000, 25:447-450.
65. Schneider A, et al. Intraportal infusion of 99mtechnetium-macro-aggregrated albumin particles and hepatocytes in rabbits: assessment of shunting and portal hemodynamic changes. Transplantation 2003, 75:296-302.
66. Bumgardner GL, et al. MHC-identical heart and hepatocyte allografts evoke opposite immune responses within the same host. Transplantation 2002, 74:855-864.
67. Reddy B, et al. The effect of CD28/B7 blockade on alloreactive T and B cells after liver cell transplantation. Transplantation 2001, 71:801-811.
68. Slehria S, et al. Hepatic sinusoidal vasodilators improve transplanted cell engraftment and ameliorate microcirculatory perturbations in the liver. Hepatology 2002, 35:1320-1328.
69. Gupta S, et al. Cell transplantation causes loss of gap junctions and activates GGT expression permanently in host liver. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2000, 279:G815-G826.
70. Gupta S, et al. Entry and integration of transplanted hepatocytes in liver plates occur by disruption of hepatic sinusoidal endothelium. Hepatology 1999, 29:509-519.
71. Joseph B, et al. Kupffer cells participate in early clearance of syngeneic hepatocytes transplanted in the rat liver. Gastroenterology 2002, 123:1677-1685.
72. Wilhelm A, et al. Acute impairment of hepatic microcirculation and recruitment of nonparenchymal cells by intrasplenic hepatocyte transplantation. J Pediatr Surg 2004, 39:1214-1219.
73. Malhi H, et al. Cyclophosphamide disrupts hepatic sinusoidal endothelium and improves transplanted cell engraftment in rat liver. Hepatology 2002, 36:112-121.
74. Krohn N, et al. Hepatocyte transplantation-induced liver inflammation is driven by cytokines-chemokines associated with neutrophils and Kupffer cells. Gastroenterology 2009, 136:1806-1817.
75. Gupta S, et al. Position-specific gene expression in the liver lobule is directed by the microenvironment and not by the previous cell differentiation state. J Biol Chem 1999, 274:2157-2165.
76. Gupta S, Rajvanshi P, Lee C-D Integration of transplanted hepatocytes in host liver plates demonstrated with dipeptidyl peptidase IV deficient rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995, 92:5860-5864.
77. Sigot V, et al. A simple and effective method to improve intrasplenic rat hepatocyte transplantation. Cell Transplant 2004, 13:775-781.
78. Katayama S, et al. Size-dependent in vivo growth potential of adult rat hepatocytes. Am J Pathol 2001, 158:97-105.
79. Ise H, et al. Effective hepatocyte transplantation using rat hepatocytes with low asialoglycoprotein receptor expression. Am J Pathol 2004, 165:501-510.
80. Walldorf J, et al. Expanding hepatocytes in vitro before cell transplantation: donor age-dependent proliferative capacity of cultured human hepatocytes. Scand J Gastroenterol 2004, 39:584-593.
81. Held PK, et al. In vivo correction of murine hereditary tyrosinemia type i by varphiC31 integrase-mediated gene delivery. Mol Ther 2005, 11:399-408.
82. Wang J, et al. Fas siRNA reduces apoptotic cell death of allogeneic-transplanted hepatocytes in mouse spleen. Transplant Proc 2003, 35:1594-1595.
83. Enami Y, et al. Hepatic stellate cells promote hepatocyte engraftment in rat liver after prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase inhibition. Gastroenterology 2009, 136:2356-2364.
84. Gupta S, et al. Integration and proliferation of transplanted cells in hepatic parenchyma following d-galactosamine-induced acute injury in F344 rats. J Pathol 2000, 190:203-210.
85. Gagandeep S, et al. Transplanted hepatocytes engraft, survive and proliferate in the liver of rats with carbon tetrachloride-induced cirrhosis. J Pathol 2000, 191:78-85.
86. Rajvanshi P, et al. Efficacy and safety of repeated hepatocyte transplantation for significant liver repopulation in rodents. Gastroenterology 1996, 111:1092-1102.
87. Shafritz DA, Oertel M Model systems and experimental conditions that lead to effective repopulation of the liver by transplanted cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2010 Jan 18, [Epub ahead of print].
88. Chen SJ, Tazelaar J, Wilson JM Selective repopulation of normal mouse liver by hepatocytes transduced in vivo with recombinant adeno-associated virus. Hum Gene Ther 2001, 12:45-50.
89. Gupta S, et al. Transplanted hepatocytes proliferate differently after CCl4 treatment and hepatocyte growth factor infusion. Am J Physiol 1996, 276:G629-G638.
90. Oren R, et al. Role of thyroid hormone in stimulating liver repopulation in the rat by transplanted hepatocytes. Hepatology 1999, 30:903-913.
91. Guo D, et al. Liver repopulation after cell transplantation in mice treated with retrorsine and carbon tetrachloride. Transplantation 2002, 73:1818-1824.
92. Gordon GJ, Coleman WB, Grisham JW Temporal analysis of hepatocyte differentiation by small hepatocyte-like progenitor cells during liver regeneration in retrorsine-exposed rats. Am J Pathol 2000, 157:771-786.
93. Yamanouchi K, et al. Hepatic irradiation augments engraftment of donor cells following hepatocyte transplantation. Hepatology 2009, 49:258-267.
94. Gorla GR, Malhi H, Gupta S Polyploidy associated with oxidative DNA injury attenuates proliferative potential of cells. J Cell Sci 2001, 114:2943-2951.
95. Malhi H, et al. Cell transplantation after oxidative hepatic preconditioning with radiation and ischemia-reperfusion leads to extensive liver repopulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002, 99:13114-13119.
96. Dandri M, et al. Repopulation of mouse liver with human hepatocytes and in vivo infection with hepatitis B virus. Hepatology 2001, 33:981-988.
97. Mercer DF, et al. Hepatitis C virus replication in mice with chimeric human livers. Nature Med 2001, 7:927-933.
98. Dandri M, et al. Chronic infection with hepatitis B viruses and antiviral drug evaluation in uPA mice after liver repopulation with tupaia hepatocytes. J Hepatol 2005, 42:54-60.
99. Aldeguer X, et al. Interleukin-6 from intrahepatic cells of bone marrow origin is required for normal murine liver regeneration. Hepatology 2002, 35:40-48. (Ref.45).
100. Alison MR Characterization of the differentiation capacity of rat-derived hepatic stem cells. Semin Liver Dis 2003, 23:325-336. (Ref.2).
101. Azuma H, et al. Robust expansion of human hepatocytes in Fah-/-/Rag2-/-/Il2rg-/- mice. Nat Biotechnol 2007, 25:903-910. (Ref.42).
102. Baba S, et al. Commitment of bone marrow cells to hepatic stellate cells in mouse. J Hepatol 2004, 40:255-260. (Ref.46).
103. Badve S, et al. An antigen reacting with das-1 monoclonal antibody is ontogenically regulated in diverse organs including liver and indicates sharing of developmental mechanisms among cell lineages. Pathobiology 2000, 68:76-86. (Ref.21).
104. Basma H, et al. Differentiation and transplantation of human embryonic stem cell-derived hepatocytes. Gastroenterology 2009, 136:990-999. (Ref.19).
105. Bilir BM, et al. Hepatocyte transplantation in acute liver failure. Liver Transpl 2000, 6:32-40. (Ref.68).
106. Bissig KD, et al. Human liver chimeric mice provide a model for hepatitis B and C virus infection and treatment. J Clin Invest 2010, 120:924-930. (Ref.43).
107. Bohnen NI, et al. Use of indium-111-labeled hepatocytes to determine the biodistribution of transplanted hepatocytes through portal vein infusion. Clin Nucl Med 2000, 25:447-450. (Ref.63).
108. Bumgardner GL, et al. MHC-identical heart and hepatocyte allografts evoke opposite immune responses within the same host. Transplantation 2002, 74:855-864. (Ref.65).
109. Cantz T, et al. Quantitative gene expression analysis reveals transition of fetal liver progenitor cells to mature hepatocytes after transplantation in uPA/RAG-2 mice. Am J Pathol 2003, 162:37-45. (Ref.25).
110. Chen SJ, Tazelaar J, Wilson JM Selective repopulation of normal mouse liver by hepatocytes transduced in vivo with recombinant adeno-associated virus. Hum Gene Ther 2001, 12:45-50. (Ref.87).
111. Cheng K, Gupta S Quantitative tools for assessing fate of transplanted human stem/progenitor cells in chimeric mice. Xenotransplantation 2009, 16:145-151. (Ref.61).
112. Cheng K, et al. Switching of mesodermal and endodermal properties in hTERT-modified and expanded fetal human pancreatic progenitor cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2010, 1:6. (Ref.9).
113. Chinzei R, et al. Embryoid-body cells derived from a mouse embryonic stem cell line show differentiation into functional hepatocytes. Hepatology 2002, 36:22-29. (Ref.16).
114. Dabeva MD, et al. Proliferation and differentiation of fetal liver epithelial progenitor cells after transplantation into adult rat liver. Am J Pathol 2000, 156:2017-2031. (Ref.27).
115. Dandri M, et al. Repopulation of mouse liver with human hepatocytes and in vivo infection with hepatitis B virus. Hepatology 2001, 33:981-988. (Ref.95).
116. Dandri M, et al. Chronic infection with hepatitis B viruses and antiviral drug evaluation in uPA mice after liver repopulation with tupaia hepatocytes. J Hepatol 2005, 42:54-60. (Ref.97).
117. Darwish AA, et al. Permanent access to the portal system for cellular transplantation using an implantable port device. Liver Transpl 2004, 10:1213-1215. (Ref.61).
118. Dhawan A, et al. Hepatocyte transplantation for inherited factor VII deficiency. Transplantation 2004, 78:1812-1814. (Ref.59).
119. Duan Y, et al. Differentiation and enrichment of hepatocyte-like cells from human embryonic stem cells in vitro and in vivo. Stem Cells 2007, 25:3058-3068. (Ref.17).
120. Enami Y, et al. Hepatic stellate cells promote hepatocyte engraftment in rat liver after prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase inhibition. Gastroenterology 2009, 136:2356-2364. (Ref.82).
121. Fausto N Liver regeneration and repair: hepatocytes, progenitor cells, and stem cells. Hepatology 2004, 39:1477-1487. (Ref.1).
122. Fisher RA, Strom SC Human hepatocyte transplantation: worldwide results. Transplantation 2006, 82:441-449. (Ref.11).
123. Fox IU, Roy Chowdhury J Hepatocyte transplantation. J Hepatol 2004, 40:878-886. (Ref.52).
124. Gagandeep S, et al. Transplanted hepatocytes engraft, survive and proliferate in the liver of rats with carbon tetrachloride-induced cirrhosis. J Pathol 2000, 191:78-85. (Ref.84).
125. Gordon GJ, Coleman WB, Grisham JW Temporal analysis of hepatocyte differentiation by small hepatocyte-like progenitor cells during liver regeneration in retrorsine-exposed rats. Am J Pathol 2000, 157:771-786. (Ref.91).
126. Gorla GR, Malhi H, Gupta S Polyploidy associated with oxidative DNA injury attenuates proliferative potential of cells. J Cell Sci 2001, 114:2943-2951. (Ref.93).
127. Guo D, et al. Liver repopulation after cell transplantation in mice treated with retrorsine and carbon tetrachloride. Transplantation 2002, 73:1818-1824. (Ref.90).
128. Gupta S, et al. Integration and proliferation of transplanted cells in hepatic parenchyma following d-galactosamine-induced acute injury in F344 rats. J Pathol 2000, 190:203-210. (Ref.83).
129. Gupta S, et al. Cell transplantation causes loss of gap junctions and activates GGT expression permanently in host liver. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2000, 279:G815-G826. (Ref.68).
130. Gupta S, et al. Entry and integration of transplanted hepatocytes in liver plates occur by disruption of hepatic sinusoidal endothelium. Hepatology 1999, 29:509-519. (Ref.69).
131. Haridass D, et al. Repopulation efficiencies of adult hepatocytes, fetal liver progenitor cells, and embryonic stem cell-derived hepatic cells in albumin-promoter-enhancer urokinase-type plasminogen activator mice. Am J Pathol 2009, 175:1483-1492. (Ref.18).
132. Held PK, et al. In vivo correction of murine hereditary tyrosinemia type i by varphiC31 integrase-mediated gene delivery. Mol Ther 2005, 11:399-408. (Ref.80).
133. Horslen SP, et al. Isolated hepatocyte transplantation in an infant with a severe urea cycle disorder. Pediatrics 2003, 111:1262-1267. (Ref.56).
134. Inada M, et al. Stage-specific regulation of adhesion molecule expression segregates epithelial stem/progenitor cells in fetal and adult human livers. Hepatol Int 2008, 2:50-62. (Ref.4).
135. Inada M, et al. Phenotype reversion in fetal human liver epithelial cells identifies the role of an intermediate meso-endodermal stage before hepatic maturation. J Cell Sci 2008, 121:1002-1013. (Ref.5).
136. Ise H, et al. Effective hepatocyte transplantation using rat hepatocytes with low asialoglycoprotein receptor expression. Am J Pathol 2004, 165:501-510. (Ref.78).
137. Jang YY, et al. Hematopoietic stem cells convert into liver cells within days without fusion. Nature Cell Biol 2004, 6:532-539. (Ref.55).
138. Jiang Y, et al. Pluripotency of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adult marrow. Nature 2002, 418:41-49. (Ref.38).
139. Joseph B, et al. Kupffer cells participate in early clearance of syngeneic hepatocytes transplanted in the rat liver. Gastroenterology 2002, 123:1677-1685. (Ref.70).
140. Katayama S, et al. Size-dependent in vivo growth potential of adult rat hepatocytes. Am J Pathol 2001, 158:97-105. (Ref.77).
141. Keene CD, et al. Neural differentiation and incorporation of bone marrow-derived multipotent adult progenitor cells after single cell transplantation into blastocyst stage mouse embryos. Cell Transplant 2003, 12:201-213. (Ref.48).
142. Khan AA, et al. Peritoneal transplantation of human fetal hepatocytes for the treatment of acute fatty liver of pregnancy: a case report. Trop Gastroenterol 2004, 25:141-143. (Ref.26).
143. Kobayashi N, et al. Prevention of acute liver failure in rats with reversibly immortalized human hepatocytes. Science 2000, 287:1258-1262. (Ref.58).
144. Krause DS, et al. Multi-organ, multi-lineage engraftment by a single bone marrow-derived stem cell. Cell 2001, 105:369-377. (Ref.40).
145. Krohn N, et al. Hepatocyte transplantation-induced liver inflammation is driven by cytokines-chemokines associated with neutrophils and Kupffer cells. Gastroenterology 2009, 136:1806-1817. (Ref.73).
146. Kubota H, Reid LM Clonogenic hepatoblasts, common precursors for hepatocytic and biliary lineages, are lacking classical major histocompatibility complex class I antigen. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000, 97:12132-12137. (Ref.27).
147. Lagasse E, et al. Purified hematopoietic stem cells can differentiate into hepatocytes in vivo. Nature Med 2000, 6:1229-1234. (Ref.37).
148. Lee JB, et al. Comparative characteristics of three human embryonic stem cell lines. Mol Cell 2005, 19:31-38. (Ref.14).
149. Li H, et al. The Ink4/Arf locus is a barrier for iPS cell reprogramming. Nature 2009, 460:1136-1139. (Ref.10b).
150. Malhi H, et al. Cyclophosphamide disrupts hepatic sinusoidal endothelium and improves transplanted cell engraftment in rat liver. Hepatology 2002, 36:112-121. (Ref.72).
151. Malhi H, et al. Cell transplantation after oxidative hepatic preconditioning with radiation and ischemia-reperfusion leads to extensive liver repopulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002, 99:13114-13119. (Ref.94).
152. Malhi H, et al. Isolation of human progenitor liver epithelial cells with extensive replication capacity and differentiation into mature hepatocytes. J Cell Sci 2002, 115:2679-2688. (Ref.20).
153. Mas VR, et al. Engraftment measurement in human liver tissue after liver cell transplantation by short tandem repeats analysis. Cell Transplant 2004, 13:231-236. (Ref.60).
154. Menthena A, et al. Bone marrow progenitors are not the source of expanding oval cells in injured liver. Stem Cells 2004, 22:1049-1061. (Ref.33).
155. Mercer DF, et al. Hepatitis C virus replication in mice with chimeric human livers. Nature Med 2001, 7:927-933. (Ref.96).
156. Michalopoulos GK Liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy: critical analysis of mechanistic dilemmas. Am J Pathol 2010, 176:2-13. (Ref.34).
157. Mikula M, et al. Immortalized p19ARF null hepatocytes restore liver injury and generate hepatic progenitors after transplantation. Hepatology 2004, 39:628-634. (Ref.47).
158. Muller-Borer BJ, et al. Adult-derived liver stem cells acquire a cardiomyocyte structural and functional phenotype ex vivo. Am J Pathol 2004, 165:135-145. (Ref.32).
159. Muraca M, et al. Hepatocyte transplantation as a treatment for glycogen storage disease type 1a. Lancet 2002, 359:317-318. (Ref.57).
160. Muraca M, et al. Intraportal hepatocyte transplantation in the pig: hemodynamic and histopathological study. Transplantation 2002, 73:890-896. (Ref.49).
161. Nagata H, et al. Route of hepatocyte delivery affects hepatocyte engraftment in the spleen. Transplantation 2003, 76:732-734. (Ref.63).
162. Newsome PN, et al. Human cord blood-derived cells can differentiate into hepatocytes in the mouse liver with no evidence of cellular fusion. Gastroenterology 2003, 124:1891-1900. (Ref.41).
163. Nierhoff D, et al. Purification and characterization of mouse fetal liver epithelial cells with high in vivo repopulation capacity. Hepatology 2005, 42:130-139. (Ref.29).
164. Ohashi K, et al. Functional life-long maintenance of engineered liver tissue in mice following transplantation under the kidney capsule. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2010, 4:141-148. (Ref.62).
165. Okita K, Ichisaka T, Yamanaka S Generation of germline-competent induced pluripotent stem cells. Nature 2007, 448:313-317. (Ref.15).
166. Penuelas I, et al. Positron emission tomography imaging of adenoviral-mediated transgene expression in liver cancer patients. Gastroenterology 2005, 128:1787-1795. (Ref.62).
167. Petersen BE, et al. Bone marrow as a potential source of hepatic oval cells. Science 1999, 284:1168-1170. (Ref.36).
168. Reddy B, et al. The effect of CD28/B7 blockade on alloreactive T and B cells after liver cell transplantation. Transplantation 2001, 71:801-811. (Ref.66).
169. Sandhu JS, et al. Stem cell properties and repopulation of the rat liver by fetal liver epithelial progenitor cells. Am J Pathol 2001, 159:1323-1334. (Ref.24).
170. Sato N, et al. Maintenance of pluripotency in human and mouse embryonic stem cells through activation of Wnt signaling by a pharmacological GSK-3-specific inhibitor. Nature Med 2004, 10:55-63. (Ref.22).
171. Saxena R, Theise N Canals of Hering: recent insights and current knowledge. Semin Liver Dis 2004, 24:43-48. (Ref.31).
172. Schneider A, et al. Intraportal infusion of 99mtechnetium-macro-aggregrated albumin particles and hepatocytes in rabbits: assessment of shunting and portal hemodynamic changes. Transplantation 2003, 75:296-302. (Ref.64).
173. Sell S, Leffert HL Liver cancer stem cells. J Clin Oncol 2008, 26:2800-2805. (Ref.7).
174. Shafritz DA, Oertel M Model systems and experimental conditions that lead to effective repopulation of the liver by transplanted cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2011, 43:198-213.
175. Sigot V, et al. A simple and effective method to improve intrasplenic rat hepatocyte transplantation. Cell Transplant 2004, 13:775-781. (Ref.76).
176. Si-Tayeb K, et al. Highly efficient generation of human hepatocyte-like cells from induced pluripotent stem cells. Hepatology 2010, 51:297-305. (Ref.21).
177. Slehria S, et al. Hepatic sinusoidal vasodilators improve transplanted cell engraftment and ameliorate microcirculatory perturbations in the liver. Hepatology 2002, 35:1320-1328. (Ref.67).
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