Nanotechnology for cartilage and bone regeneration

Nanomedicine: Technologies and Applications

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 571-598

  Zhang, L G ^a   Li, J ^a   Lee, J D ^a  

^a The George Washington University   (United States)

Author keywords

Cartilage; Nanomaterials; Stem cells; Tissue engineering

Indexed keywords

BIOMIMETICS; BONE; CARTILAGE; CELL ENGINEERING; DEFECTS; NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS; STEM CELLS; TISSUE; TISSUE ENGINEERING;

BONE DEFECT; BONE REGENERATION; BONE REPAIR; BONE TISSUE; CLINICAL PROBLEMS; HUMAN CARTILAGE; PHYSIO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES; RECENT PROGRESS;

TISSUE REGENERATION;

EID: 84881111044     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1533/9780857096449.4.571     Document Type: Chapter

References (146)

1. AAOS The Burden of Musculoskeletal Diseases in the United States 2009, Available from, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, accessed 31 March 2011. http://www.boneandjoint-burden.org/.
2. Abarrategi A., Gutierrez M.C., Moreno-Vicente C., Hortiguela M.J., Ramos V., Lopez-Lacomba J.L., Ferrer M.L., del Monte F. Multiwall carbon nanotube scaffolds for tissue engineering purposes. Biomaterials 2008, 29:94-102.
3. Alexander H., Migliaresi C. Composites. Biomaterials Science: An Introduction to Materials in Medicine 2004, 181-197. Academic Press, Waltham, MA. B.D. Ratner, A.S. Hoffman, F.J. Schoen, J.E. Lemons (Eds.).
4. Ashton B.A., Allen T.D., Howlett C.R., Eaglesom C.C., Hattori A., Owen M. Formation of bone and cartilage by marrow stromal cells in diffusion chambers in vivo. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 1980, 151:294-307.
5. Athanasiou K.A., Darling E.M., Hu J.C. Articular Cartilage Tissue Engineering 2009, Morgan & Claypool, San Rafael, CA.
6. Aydelotte M.B., Greenhill R.R., Kuettner K.E. Differences between sub-populations of cultured bovine articular chondrocytes. II. Proteoglycan metabolism. Connective Tissue Research 1988, 18:223-234.
7. Aydelotte M.B., Kuettner K.E. Differences between sub-populations of cultured bovine articular chondrocytes. I. Morphology and cartilage matrix production. Connective Tissue Research 1988, 18:205-222.
8. Bell E. Tissue engineering: a perspective. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 1991, 45:239-241.
9. Belytschko T., Black T. Elastic crack growth in finite elements with minimal remeshing. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1999, 45:610-620.
10. Blunk T., Sieminski A.L., Gooch K.J., Courter D.L., Hollander A.P., Nahir M., Langer R., Vunjak-Novakovic G., Freed L.E. Differential effects of growth factors on tissue-engineered cartilage. Tissue Engineering 2002, 8:73-84.
11. Bobacz K., Erlacher L., Smolen J., Soleiman A., Graninger W.B. Chondrocyte number and proteoglycan synthesis in the aging and osteoarthritic human articular cartilage. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2004, 63:1618-1622.
12. Branemark P.I., Adell R., Albrektsson T., Lekholm U., Lundkvist S., Rockler Osseointegrated titanium fixtures in the treatment of edentulousness. Biomaterials 1983, 4:25-28.
13. Buckwalter J.A. Articular cartilage: injuries and potential for healing. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 1998, 28:192-202.
14. Budyn E., Hoc T. Multiple scale modeling for cortical bone fracture in tension using X-FEM. Revue Europenne de Mcanique Numrique (European Journal of Computational Mechanics) 2007, 16:213-236.
15. Buschmann M.D., Gluzband Y.A., Grodzinsky A.J., Hunziker E.B. Mechanical compression modulates matrix biosynthesis in chondrocyte/agarose culture. Journal of Cell Science 1995, 108(Pt 4):1497-1508.
16. Campbell C.J. The healing of cartilage defects. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 1969, 64:45-63.
17. Campbell J.J., Lee D.A., Bader D.L. Dynamic compressive strain influences chondrogenic gene expression in human mesenchymal stem cells. Biorheology 2006, 43:455-470.
18. Caplan A.I., Elyaderani M., Mochizuki Y., Wakitani S., Goldberg V.M. Principles of cartilage repair and regeneration. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 1997, 342:254-269.
19. Catledge S.A., Fries M.D., Vohra Y.K., Lacefield W.R., Lemons J.E., Woodard S., Venugopalan R. Nanostructured ceramics for biomedical implants. Journal for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 2002, 2:293-312.
20. Chang C.K., Wu J.S., Mao D.L., Ding C.X. Mechanical and histological evaluations of hydroxyapatite-coated and noncoated Ti6Al4V implants in tibia bone. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2001, 56:17-23.
21. Charnley J. Anchorage of the fermoral head prosthesis to the shaft of the femur. Journal of Bone Joint Surgery 1960, 42B:28-30.
22. Charnley J. Surgery of the hip-joint: present and future developments. British Medical Journal 1960, 5176:821-826.
23. Chen Y., Lee J.D. Atomistic formulation of a multiscale theory for nano/ micro physics. Philosophical Magazine 2005, 85:4095-4126.
24. Chiang H., Jiang C.C. Repair of articular cartilage defects: review and perspectives. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association 2009, 108:87-101.
25. Chris Arts J.J., Verdonschot N., Schreurs B.W., Buma P. The use of a bioresorbable nano-crystalline hydroxyapatite paste in acetabular bone impaction grafting. Biomaterials 2006, 27:1110-1118.
26. Christen D., Webster D.J., Muller R. Multiscale modelling and nonlinear finite element analysis as clinical tools for the assessment of fracture risk. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 2010, 368:2653-2668.
27. Christenson E.M., Anseth K.S., van den Beucken J.J., Chan C.K., Ercan B., Jansen J.A., Laurencin C.T., Li W.J., Murugan R., Nair L.S., Ramakrishna S., Tuan R.S., Webster T.J., Mikos A.G. Nanobiomaterial applications in orthopedics. Journal of Orthopaedic Research 2007, 25:11-22.
28. Cima L.G., Vacanti J.P., Vacanti C., Ingber D., Mooney D., Langer R. Tissue engineering by cell transplantation using degradable polymer substrates. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 1991, 113:143-151.
29. CJRR Revisions of Hip and Knee Replacements in Canada, Canadian Joint Replacement Registry Analytic Bulletin: Canadian Institute for Health Information 2004, 1-20.
30. Clair B.L., Johnson A.R., Howard T. Cartilage repair: current and emerging options in treatment. Foot & Ankle Specialist 2009, 2:179-188.
31. Colon G., Ward B.C., Webster T.J. Increased osteoblast and decreased Staphylococcus epidermidis functions on nanophase ZnO and TiO2. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research A 2006, 78:595-604.
32. Csaki C., Schneider P.R., Shakibaei M. Mesenchymal stem cells as a potential pool for cartilage tissue engineering. Annals of Anatomy 2008, 190:395-412.
33. Cui D. Advances and prospects on biomolecules functionalized carbon nanotubes. Journal for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 2007, 7:1298-1314.
34. Darling E.M., Athanasiou K.A. Growth factor impact on articular cartilage subpopulations. Cell and Tissue Research 2005, 322:463-473.
35. Darling E.M., Athanasiou K.A. Rapid phenotypic changes in passaged articular chondrocyte subpopulations. Journal of Orthopaedic Research 2005, 23:425-432.
36. Deng Q., Chen Y., Lee J.D. An investigation of the microscopic mechanism of fracture and healing processes in cortical bone. International Journal of Damage Mechanics 2008, 18:491-502.
37. Deng Y., Hu J.C., Athanasiou K.A. Isolation and chondroinduction of a dermis-isolated, aggrecan-sensitive subpopulation with high chondrogenic potential. Arthritis & Rheumatism 2007, 56:168-176.
38. Elder B.D., Athanasiou K.A. Synergistic and additive effects of hydrostatic pressure and growth factors on tissue formation. PLoS One 2008, 3:e2341.
39. Ethier C.R., Simmons C.A. Introductory Biomechanics - From Cells to Organisms 2007, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.
40. Fecek C., Yao D., Kacorri A., Vasquez A., Iqbal S., Sheikh H., Svinarich D.M., Perez-Cruet M., Chaudhry G.R. Chondrogenic derivatives of embryonic stem cells seeded into 3D polycaprolactone scaffolds generated cartilage tissue in vivo. Tissue Engineering Part A 2008, 14:1403-1413.
41. Freeman J., Wright L., Laurencin C., Bhattacharyya S. Nanofibrication techniques. Biomedical Nanostructures 2008, 3-24. John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey. K. Gonsalves, C. Halberstadt, C. Laurencin, L. Nair (Eds.).
42. French M.M., Rose S., Canseco J., Athanasiou K.A. Chondrogenic differentiation of adult dermal fibroblasts. Annals of Biomedical Engineering 2004, 32:50-56.
43. Getgood A., Brooks R., Fortier L., Rushton N. Articular cartilage tissue engineering: today's research, tomorrow's practice?. Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery, British Volume 2009, 91:565-576.
44. Gibson L.J. The mechanical behaviour of cancellous bone. Journal of Biomechanics 1985, 18:317-328.
45. Gikas P.D., Bayliss L., Bentley G., Briggs T.W. An overview of autologous chondrocyte implantation. Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery, British Volume 2009, 91:997-1006.
46. Goldberg V.M., Caplan A.I. Biological resurfacing: an alternative to total joint arthroplasty. Orthopedics 1994, 17:819-821.
47. Guerne P.A., Sublet A., Lotz M. Growth factor responsiveness of human articular chondrocytes: distinct profiles in primary chondrocytes, subcultured chondrocytes, and fibroblasts. Journal of Cellular Physiology 1994, 158:476-484.
48. Guo X.E., Kim C.H. Mechanical consequence of trabecular bone loss and its treatment: a three-dimensional model simulation. Bone 2002, 30:404-411.
49. Gupta H.S., Seto J., Wagermaier W., Zaslansky P., Boesecke P., Fratzl P. Cooperative deformation of mineral and collagen in bone at the nanoscale. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2006, 103:17741-17746.
50. Hambli R. Multiscale prediction of crack density and crack length accumulation in trabecular bone based on neural networks and finite element simulation. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Biomedical Engineering 2011, 27:461-475.
51. Hamed E., Lee Y., Jasiuk I. Multiscale modeling of elastic properties of cortical bone. Acta Mechanica 2010, 213:131-154.
52. Harrison B.S., Atala A. Carbon nanotube applications for tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2007, 28:344-353.
53. Harvey E.J., Henderson J.E., Vengallatore S.T. Nanotechnology and bone healing. Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma 2010, 24(Suppl 1):S25-S30.
54. He L., Liu B., Xipeng G., Xie G., Liao S., Quan D., Cai D., Lu J., Ramakrishna S. Microstructure and properties of nano-fibrous PCL-b-PLLA scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering. European Cells & Materials 2009, 18:63-74.
55. Hoenig E., Winkler T., Mielke G., Paetzold H., Schuettler D., Goepfert C., Machens H.G., Morlock M.M., Schilling A.F. High amplitude direct compressive strain enhances mechanical properties of scaffold-free tissue-engineered cartilage. Tissue Engineering Part A 2011, 17:1401-1411.
56. Hsu S.H., Huang T.B., Cheng S.J., Weng S.Y., Tsai C.L., Tseng C.S., Chen D.C., Liu T.Y., Fu K.Y., Yen B.L. Chondrogenesis from human placentaderived mesenchymal stem cells in three-dimensional scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering. Tissue Engineering Part A 2011, 17:1549-1560.
57. Huber F.X., Belyaev O., Hillmeier J., Kock H.J., Huber C., Meeder P.J., Berger I. First histological observations on the incorporation of a novel nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite paste OSTIM in human cancellous bone. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2006, 7:50.
58. Hunziker E.B. Articular cartilage repair: are the intrinsic biological constraints undermining this process insuperable?. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 1999, 7:15-28.
59. Hwang N.S., Kim M.S., Sampattavanich S., Baek J.H., Zhang Z., Elisseeff J. Effects of three-dimensional culture and growth factors on the chon-drogenic differentiation of murine embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells 2006, 24:284-291.
60. Ilic S., Hackl K., Gilbert R. Application of the multiscale FEM to the modeling of cancellous bone. Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology 2010, 9:87-102.
61. Jenniskens Y.M., Koevoet W., de Bart A.C., Weinans H., Jahr H., Verhaar J.A., DeGroot J., van Osch G.J. Biochemical and functional modulation of the cartilage collagen network by IGF1, TGFbeta2 and FGF2. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2006, 14:1136-1146.
62. Ji B., Gao H. Mechanical properties of nanostructure of biological materials. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids 2004, 52:1963-1990.
63. Johnstone B., Yoo J. Mesenchymal cell transfer for articular cartilage repair. Expert Opinion in Biological Therapy 2001, 1:915-921.
64. Jung Y., Kim S.H., Kim Y.H., Xie J., Matsuda T., Min B.G. Cartilaginous tissue formation using a mechano-active scaffold and dynamic compressive stimulation. Journal of Biomaterials Science: Polymer Edition 2008, 19:61-74.
65. Kaplan F., Hayes W.C., Keaveny T.M., Boskey A., Einhorn T.A., Lannotti J. Form and function of bone. Orthopedic Basic Science 1994, 127-185. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. S.P. Sinmon (Ed.).
66. Keaveny T.M., Morgan E.F., Niebur G.L., Yeh O.C. Biomechanics of trabecular bone. Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 2001, 3:307-333.
67. Khalafi A., Schmid T.M., Neu C., Reddi A.H. Increased accumulation of superficial zone protein (SZP) in articular cartilage in response to bone morphogenetic protein-7 and growth factors. Journal of Orthopaedic Research 2007, 25:293-303.
68. Kisiday J.D., Jin M., DiMicco M.A., Kurz B., Grodzinsky A.J. Effects of dynamic compressive loading on chondrocyte biosynthesis in self-assembling peptide scaffolds. Journal of Biomechanics 2004, 37:595-604.
69. Koga H., Engebretsen L., Brinchmann J.E., Muneta T., Sekiya I. Mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy for cartilage repair: a review. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy 2009, 17:1289-1297.
70. Kon E., Delcogliano M., Filardo G., Altadonna G., Marcacci M. Novel nano-composite multi-layered biomaterial for the treatment of multifocal degenerative cartilage lesions. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy 2009, 17:1312-1315.
71. Kozma E.M., Olczyk K., Wisowski G., Glowacki A., Bobinski R. Alterations in the extracellular matrix proteoglycan profile in Dupuytren's contracture affect the palmar fascia. Journal of Biochemistry (Tokyo) 2005, 137:463-476.
72. Kramer J., Hegert C., Guan K., Wobus A.M., Muller P.K., Rohwedel J. Embryonic stem cell-derived chondrogenic differentiation in vitro: activation by BMP-2 and BMP-4. Mechanisms of Development 2000, 92:193-205.
73. Langer R., Vacanti J.P. Tissue engineering. Science 1993, 260:920-926.
74. Langsjo T.K., Hyttinen M., Pelttari A., Kiraly K., Arokoski J., Helminen H.J. Electron microscopic stereological study of collagen fibrils in bovine articular cartilage: volume and surface densities are best obtained indirectly (from length densities and diameters) using isotropic uniform random sampling. Journal of Anatomy 1999, 195(Pt 2):281-293.
75. Laurencin C.T., Ambrosio A.M., Borden M.D., Cooper J.A. Tissue engineering: orthopedic applications. Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 1999, 1:19-46.
76. Laurencin C.T., Kumbar S.G., Nukavarapu S.P. Nanotechnology and orthopedics: a personal perspective. Wiley Interdisciplinary Review of Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology 2009, 1:6-10.
77. Lawrence R.C., Felson D.T., Helmick C.G., Arnold L.M., Choi H., Deyo R.A., Gabriel S., Hirsch R., Hochberg M.C., Hunder G.G., Jordan J.M., Katz J.N., Kremers H.M., Wolfe F. Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and other rheumatic conditions in the United States. Part II. Arthritis & Rheumatism 2008, 58:26-35.
78. Lee J.D., Chen Y., Zeng X., Eskandarian A., Oskard M. Modeling and simulation of osteoporosis and fracture of trabecular bone by meshless method. International Journal of Engineering Science 2007, 45:329-338.
79. Li W.J., Jiang Y.J., Tuan R.S. Cell-nanofiber-based cartilage tissue engineering using improved cell seeding, growth factor, and bioreactor technologies. Tissue Engineering Part A 2008, 14:639-648.
80. Li W.J., Tuli R., Okafor C., Derfoul A., Danielson K.G., Hall D.J., Tuan R.S. A three-dimensional nanofibrous scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering using human mesenchymal stem cells. Biomaterials 2005, 26:599-609.
81. Liebschner M.A.K., Müller R., Wimalawansa S.J., Rajapakse C.S., Gunaratne G.H. Testing Two Predictions for Fracture Load Using Computer Models of Trabecular Bone. Biophysical Journal 2005, 89:759-767.
82. Lima E.G., Bian L., Ng K.W., Mauck R.L., Byers B.A., Tuan R.S., Ateshian G.A., Hung C.T. The beneficial effect of delayed compressive loading on tissue-engineered cartilage constructs cultured with TGF-beta3. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2007, 15:1025-1033.
83. Liu H., Webster T.J. Mechanical properties of dispersed ceramic nanoparticles in polymer composites for orthopedic applications. International Journal of Nanomedicine 2010, 5:299-313.
84. Lopes M.A., Monteiro F.J., Santos J.D., Serro A.P., Saramago B. Hydrophobicity, surface tension, and zeta potential measurements of glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite composites. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1999, 45:370-375.
85. Luck M., Paulke B.R., Schroder W., Blunk T., Muller R.H. Analysis of plasma protein adsorption on polymeric nanoparticles with different surface characteristics. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1998, 39:478-485.
86. Magne D., Vinatier C., Julien M., Weiss P., Guicheux J. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy to rebuild cartilage. Trends in Molecular Medicine 2005, 11:519-526.
87. Mauck R.L., Soltz M.A., Wang C.C., Wong D.D., Chao P.H., Valhmu W.B., Hung C.T., Ateshian G.A. Functional tissue engineering of articular cartilage through dynamic loading of chondrocyte-seeded agarose gels. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 2000, 122:252-260.
88. Mishima Y., Lotz M. Chemotaxis of human articular chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells. Journal of Orthopaedic Research 2008, 26:1407-1412.
89. Miyanishi K., Trindade M.C., Lindsey D.P., Beaupre G.S., Carter D.R., Goodman S.B., Schurman D.J., Smith R.L. Effects of hydrostatic pressure and transforming growth factor-beta 3 on adult human mesenchymal stem cell chondrogenesis in vitro. Tissue Engineering 2006, 12:1419-1428.
90. Mizuno S., Glowacki J. Low oxygen tension enhances chondroinduction by demineralized bone matrix in human dermal fibroblasts in vitro. Cells Tissues Organs 2005, 180:151-158.
91. Moës N., Belytschko T. Extended finite element method for cohesive crack growth. Engineering Fracture Mechanics 2002, 69:813-833.
92. Mohsin S., O'Brien F.J., Lee T.C. Osteonal crack barriers in ovine compact bone. Journal of Anatomy 2006, 208:81-89.
93. Nakayama N., Duryea D., Manoukian R., Chow G., Han C.Y. Macroscopic cartilage formation with embryonic stem-cell-derived mesodermal progenitor cells. Journal of Cell Science 2003, 116:2015-2028.
94. Natoli R.M., Athanasiou K.A. P188 reduces cell death and IGF-I reduces GAG release following single-impact loading of articular cartilage. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 2008, 130:041012.
95. Noel D., Gazit D., Bouquet C., Apparailly F., Bony C., Plence P., Millet V., Turgeman G., Perricaudet M., Sany J., Jorgensen C. Short-term BMP-2 expression is sufficient for in vivo osteochondral differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells 2004, 22:74-85.
96. Nukavarapu S.P., Kumbar S.G., Brown J.L., Krogman N.R., Weikel A.L., Hindenlang M.D., Nair L.S., Allcock H.R., Laurencin C.T. Polyphosphazene/nano-hydroxyapatite composite microsphere scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Biomacromolecules 2008, 9:1818-1825.
97. O'Driscoll S.W. The healing and regeneration of articular cartilage. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery: American Volume 1998, 80:1795-1812.
98. O'Mahony A.M., Williams J.L., Spencer P. Anisotropic elasticity of cortical and cancellous bone in the posterior mandible increases peri-implant stress and strain under oblique loading. Clinical Oral Implants Research 2001, 12:648-657.
99. Ofek G., Athanasiou K.A. Micromechanical properties of chondrocytes and chondrons: relevance to articular cartilage tissue engineering. Journal of Mechanics of Materials and Structures 2007, 2:1059-1086.
100. Osathanon T., Linnes M.L., Rajachar R.M., Ratner B.D., Somerman M.J., Giachelli C.M. Microporous nanofibrous fibrin-based scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2008, 29:4091-4099.
101. Pan Y., Xiong D. Study on compressive mechanical properties of nanohydroxyapatite reinforced polyvinyl alcohol gel composites as biomaterial. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine 2009, 20:1291-1297.
102. Park G.E., Pattison M.A., Park K., Webster T.J. Accelerated chondrocyte functions on NaOH-treated PLGA scaffolds. Biomaterials 2005, 26:3075-3082.
103. Parsons J. Cartilage. Handbook of Biomaterial Properties 1998, 40-47. Springer Verlag, New York, NY. J. Black, G. Hastings (Eds.).
104. Pittenger M.F., Mackay A.M., Beck S.C., Jaiswal R.K., Douglas R., Mosca J.D., Moorman M.A., Simonetti D.W., Craig S., Marshak D.R. Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells. Science 1999, 284:143-147.
105. Puckett S., Pareta R., Webster T.J. Nano rough micron patterned titanium for directing osteoblast morphology and adhesion. International Journal of Nanomedicine 2008, 3:229-241.
106. Raeisi Najafi A., Arshi A.R., Eslami M.R., Fariborz S., Moeinzadeh M.H. Micromechanics fracture in osteonal cortical bone: a study of the interactions between microcrack propagation, microstructure and the material properties. Journal of Biomechanics 2007, 40:2788-2795.
107. Reddi A.H. Role of morphogenetic proteins in skeletal tissue engineering and regeneration. Nature Biotechnology 1998, 16:247-252.
108. Responte D.J., Natoli R.M., Athanasiou K.A. Collagens of articular cartilage: structure, function, and importance in tissue engineering. Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering 2007, 35:363-411.
109. Revell C.M., Athanasiou K.A. Success rates and immunologic responses of autogenic, allogenic, and xenogenic treatments to repair articular cartilage defects. Tissue Engineering Part B Reviews 2009, 15:1-15.
110. Rho J.-Y., Kuhn-Spearing L., Zioupos P. Mechanical properties and the hierarchical structure of bone. Medical Engineering & Physics 1998, 20:92-102.
111. Romanelli D., Watanabe D.S., Mand B.R. Articular Cartilage Injuries 2008, American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine, [online].
112. Saito N., Usui Y., Aoki K., Narita N., Shimizu M., Ogiwara N., Nakamura K., Ishigaki N., Kato H., Taruta S., Endo M. Carbon nanotubes for biomaterials in contact with bone. Current Medical Chemistry 2008, 15:523-527.
113. Sato M. Nanophase Hydroxyapatite Coatings for Dental and Orthopedic Applications 2006, Purdue University, PhD thesis.
114. Sekiya I., Colter D.C., Prockop D.J. BMP-6 enhances chondrogenesis in a subpopulation of human marrow stromal cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2001, 284:411-418.
115. Shapiro F., Koide S., Glimcher M.J. Cell origin and differentiation in the repair of full-thickness defects of articular cartilage. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery: American Volume 1993, 75:532-553.
116. Shi X., Hudson J.L., Spicer P.P., Tour J.M., Krishnamoorti R., Mikos A.G. Injectable nanocomposites of single-walled carbon nanotubes and biodegradable polymers for bone tissue engineering. Biomacromolecules 2006, 7:2237-2242.
117. Smallman R., Bishop R. Modern Physical Metallurgy and Materials Engineering: Science, Process, Applications 1999, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
118. Stockwell R.A. The cell density of human articular and costal cartilage. Journal of Anatomy 1967, 101:753-763.
119. Sui Y., Clarke T., Khillan J.S. Limb bud progenitor cells induce differentiation of pluripotent embryonic stem cells into chondrogenic lineage. Differentiation 2003, 71:578-585.
120. Supronowicz P.R., Ajayan P.M., Ullmann K.R., Arulanandam B.P., Metzger D.W., Bizios R. Novel current-conducting composite substrates for exposing osteoblasts to alternating current stimulation. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2002, 59:499-506.
121. Taylor D. Fracture and repair of bone: a multiscale problem. Journal of Materials Science 2007, 42:8911-8918.
122. Temenoff J.S., Mikos A.G. Review: tissue engineering for regeneration of articular cartilage. Biomaterials 2000, 21:431-440.
123. Tran P., Zhang L., Webster T.J. Carbon nanofibers and carbon nanotubes in regenerative medicine. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 2009, 61:1097-1114.
124. Ural A., Vashishth D. Anisotropy of age-related toughness loss in human cortical bone: A finite element study. Journal of Biomechanics 2007, 40:1606-1614.
125. van Osch G.J., Brittberg M., Dennis J.E., Bastiaansen-Jenniskens Y.M., Erben R.G., Konttinen Y.T., Luyten F.P. Cartilage repair: past and future - lessons for regenerative medicine. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine 2009, 13:792-810.
126. Vasita R., Katti D.S. Nanofibers and their applications in tissue engineering. International Journal of Nanomedicine 2006, 1:15-30.
127. Vats A., Bielby R.C., Tolley N., Dickinson S.C., Boccaccini A.R., Hollander A.P., Bishop A.E., Polak J.M. Chondrogenic differentiation of human embryonic stem cells: the effect of the micro-environment. Tissue Engineering 2006, 12:1687-1697.
128. Waldman S.D., Spiteri C.G., Grynpas M.D., Pilliar R.M., Kandel R.A. Long-term intermittent shear deformation improves the quality of cartilaginous tissue formed in vitro. Journal of Orthopaedic Research 2003, 21:590-596.
129. Webster T.J. Nanophase ceramics: the future orthopedic and dental implant material. Advances in Chemical Engineering 2001, 125-166. Academic Press, Waltham, MA. J.Y. Ying (Ed.).
130. Webster T.J., Ejiofor J.U. Increased osteoblast adhesion on nanophase metals: Ti, Ti6Al4V, and CoCrMo. Biomaterials 2004, 25:4731-4739.
131. Webster T.J., Ergun C., Doremus R.H., Siegel R.W., Bizios R. Specific proteins mediate enhanced osteoblast adhesion on nanophase ceramics. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2000, 51:475-483.
132. Webster T.J., Schadler L.S., Siegel R.W., Bizios R. Mechanisms of enhanced osteoblast adhesion on nanophase alumina involve vitronectin. Tissue Engineering 2001, 7:291-301.
133. Wei W., Sethuraman A., Jin C., Monteiro-Riviere N.A., Narayan R.J. Biological properties of carbon nanotubes. Journal for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 2007, 7:1284-1297.
134. Yao C., Perla V., McKenzie J.L., Slamovich E.B., Webster T.J. Anodized Ti and Ti6Al4V possessing nanometer surface features enhances osteoblast adhesion. Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology 2005, 1:68-73.
135. Yates K.E., Forbes R.L., Glowacki J. New chondrocyte genes discovered by representational difference analysis of chondroinduced human fibroblasts. Cells Tissues Organs 2004, 176:41-53.
136. Yates K.E., Glowacki J. Altered expression of connective tissue genes in postnatal chondroinduced human dermal fibroblasts. Connective Tissue Research 2003, 44:121-127.
137. Yu H., Grynpas M., Kandel R.A. Composition of cartilagenous tissue with mineralized and non-mineralized zones formed in vitro. Biomaterials 1997, 18:1425-1431.
138. Zhang L., Chen Y., Rodriguez J., Fenniri H., Webster T.J. Biomimetic helical rosette nanotubes and nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite coatings on titanium for improving orthopedic implants. International Journal of Nanomedicine 2008, 3:323-333.
139. Zhang L., Hemraz U.D., Fenniri H., Webster T.J. Tuning cell adhesion on titanium with osteogenic rosette nanotubes. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research A 2010, 95:550-563.
140. Zhang L., Hu J., Athanasiou K.A. The role of tissue engineering in articular cartilage repair and regeneration. Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering 2009, 37:1-57.
141. Zhang L., Rakotondradany F., Myles A.J., Fenniri H., Webster T.J. Arginine-glycine-aspartic acid modified rosette nanotube-hydrogel composites for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2009, 30:1309-1320.
142. Zhang L., Ramsaywack S., Fenniri H., Webster T.J. Enhanced osteoblast adhesion on self-assembled nanostructured hydrogel scaffolds. Tissue Engineering Part A 2008, 14:1353-1364.
143. Zhang L., Rodriguez J., Raez J., Myles A.J., Fenniri H., Webster T.J. Biologically inspired rosette nanotubes and nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite hydrogel nanocomposites as improved bone substitutes. Nanotechnology 2009, 20:175101.
144. Zhang L., Sirivisoot S., Balasundaram G., Webster T.J. Nanoengineering for bone tissue engineering. Micro and Nanoengineering of the Cell Microenvironment: Technologies and Applications 2008, 431-460. Artech House, Norwood, MA. A. Khademhosseini, J. Borenstein, M. Toner, S. Takayama (Eds.).
145. Zhang L., Webster T.J. Nanotechnology and nanomaterials: promises for improved tissue regeneration. Nanotoday 2009, 4:66-80.
146. Zhou S., Glowacki J., Yates K.E. Comparison of TGF-beta/BMP pathways signaled by demineralized bone powder and BMP-2 in human dermal fibroblasts. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2004, 19:1732-1741.