Future challenges of representing land-processes in studies on land-atmosphere interactions

Biogeosciences

Volumn 9, Issue 9, 2012, Pages 3587-3599

  Arneth, A ^a   Mercado, L ^b,c   Kattge, J ^d   Booth, B B B ^e  

^a KARLSRUHE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF EXETER   (United Kingdom)

^c CENTRE FOR ECOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY   (United Kingdom)

^d MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR BIOGEOCHEMISTRY   (Germany)

^e MET OFFICE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACCLIMATION; ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECT; ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION; BIOTA; CLIMATE CHANGE; GREENHOUSE GAS; LAND SURFACE; NUMERICAL MODEL; SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS; SOIL CARBON;

EID: 84880823729     PISSN: 17264170     EISSN: 17264189     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/bg-9-3587-2012     Document Type: Article

References (103)

1. Andreae, M. O., Jones, C. D., and Cox, P. M.: Strong present-day aerosol cooling implies a hot future, Nature, 435, 1187-1191, doi:10.1038/nature03671, 2005. (Pubitemid 40943077)
2. 2 in two highly seasonal environments, Biogeosciences, 3, 421-437, doi:10.5194/bg-3- 421-2006, 2006. (Pubitemid 44495009)
3. 2 inhibition of global terrestrial isoprene emissions: Potential implications for atmospheric chemistry, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L18813, doi:10.11029/12007GL030615, 2007.
4. 2 concentration and climate on isoprene emissions from European forests, Plant Biol., 10, 150-162, doi:10.1055/s-2007-965247, 2008. (Pubitemid 351495513)
5. Arneth, A., Harrison, S. P., Zaehle, S., Tsigaridis, K., Menon, S., Bartlein, P. J., Feichter, J., Korhola, A., Kulmala, M., ODonnell, D., Schurgers, G., Sorvari, S., and Vesala, T.: Terrestrial biogeochemical feedbacks in the climate system, Nat. Geosci, 3, 525- 532, doi:10.1038/ngeo1905, 2010a.
6. Arneth, A., Lehsten, V., Thonicke, K., and Spessa, A.: Climate-fire interactions and savanna ecosystems: a dynamic vegetation modelling study for the African continent, in: Ecosystem Function in Savannas: Measurement and Modeling at Landscape to Global Scales, edited by: Hill, M. J., and Hanan, N. P., Taylor & Francis/CRC, Boca Raton, 2010b.
7. Arneth, A., Sitch, S., Bondeau, A., Butterbach-Bahl, K., Foster, P., Gedney, N., de Noblet-Ducoudre, N., Prentice, I. C., Sanderson, M., Thonicke, K.,Wania, R., and Zaehle, S.: From biota to chemistry and climate: towards a comprehensive description of trace gas exchange between the biosphere and atmosphere, Biogeosciences, 7, 121-149, doi:10.5194/bg-7-121-2010, 2010c.
8. Arora, V. K. and Montenegro, A.: Small temperature benefits provided by realistic afforestation efforts, Nat. Geosci., 4, 514-518, doi:10.1038/ngeo1182, 2011.
9. Ashmore, M. R.: Assessing the future global impacts of ozone on vegetation, Plant Cell. Environ., 28, 949-964, 2005. (Pubitemid 41577014)
10. Atkin, O. K. and Tjoelker, M. G.: Thermal acclimation and the dynamic response of plant respiration to temperature, Trends Plant Sci., 8, 343-351, 2003. (Pubitemid 36996636)
11. Betts, R. A.: Offset of the potential carbon sink from boreal forestation by decreases in surface albedo, Nature, 408, 187-190, 2000.
12. Betts, R. A.: Biogeophysical impacts of land use on present-day climate: Near-surface temperature change and radiative forcing, Atmos. Sci. Lett., 2, 1-13, 2001. (Pubitemid 33703007)
13. Bond-Lamberty, B., Peckham, S. D., Ahl, D. E., and Gower, S. T.: Fire as the dominant driver of central Canadian boreal forest carbon balance, Nature, 450, 89-92, doi:10.1038/nature06272, 2007. (Pubitemid 350070572)
14. Bond, W. J., Woodward, F. I., and Midgley, G. F.: The global distribution of ecosystems in a world without fire, New Phytol., 165, 525-538, 2005. (Pubitemid 40180747)
15. Bonn, B. and Moortgat, G. K.: Sesquiterpene ozonolysis: Origin of atmospheric new particle formation from biogenic hydrocarbons, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1585, doi:10.1029/2003GL017000, 2003.
16. Booth, B. B. B., Jones, C. D., Collins, M., Totterdell, I. J., Cox, P. M., Sitch, S., Huntingford, C., Betts, R., Harris, G. R., and Lloyd, J.: High sensitivity of future global warming to land carbon cycle uncertainties, Environ. Res. Lett., 7, doi:10.1088/1748- 9326/7/2/024002, 2012.
17. Bowman, D. M. J. S., Balch, J. K., Artaxo, P., Bond,W. J., Carlson, J. M., Cochrane, M. A., D'Antonio, C. M., DeFries, R. S., Doyle, J. C., Harrison, S. P., Johnston, F. H., Keeley, J. E., Krawchuk, M. A., Kull, C. A., Marston, J. B., Moritz, M. A., Prentice, I. C., Roos, C. I., Scott, A. C., Swetnam, T. W., van der Werf, G. R., and Pyne, S. J.: Fire in the Earth System, Science, 324, 481-484, doi:10.1126/science.1163886, 2009.
18. Bucini, G. and Hanan, N. P.: A continental-scale analysis of tree cover in African savannas, Global Ecology and Biogeography, 16, 593-605, doi:10.1111/j.1466-8238.2007.00325.x, 2007. (Pubitemid 47272887)
19. 2 growth from economic activity, carbon intensity, and efficiency of natural sinks, P. Natl. Acad. Sci., 104, 18866-18870, doi:10.1073/pnas.0702737104, 2007. (Pubitemid 350210788)
20. Carslaw, K. S., Boucher, O., Spracklen, D. V., Mann, G. W., Rae, J. G. L., Woodward, S., and Kulmala, M.: A review of natural aerosol interactions and feedbacks within the Earth system, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 1701-1737, doi:10.5194/acp-10-1701- 2010, 2010.
21. Challinor, A.: Agriculture: Forecasting food, Nature Clim. Change, 1, 103-104, 2011.
22. Clark, D. B., Mercado, L. M., Sitch, S., Jones, C. D., Gedney, N., Best, M. J., Pryor, M., Rooney, G. G., Essery, R. L. H., Blyth, E., Boucher, O., Harding, R. J., Huntingford, C., and Cox, P. M.: The Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES), model description - Part 2: Carbon fluxes and vegetation dynamics, Geosci. Model Dev., 4, 701-722, doi:10.5194/gmd-4-701-2011, 2011.
23. 2 and climate change: results from six dynamic global vegetation models, Glob. Change Biol., 7, 357-373, 2001. (Pubitemid 32477866)
24. Crutzen, P. J., Mosier, A. R., Smith, K. A., and Winiwarter, W.: N2O release from agro-biofuel production negates global warming reduction by replacing fossil fuels, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 389-395, doi:10.5194/acp-8-389- 2008, 2008.
25. Dentener, F., Kinne, S., Bond, T., Boucher, O., Cofala, J., Generoso, S., Ginoux, P., Gong, S., Hoelzemann, J. J., Ito, A., Marelli, L., Penner, J. E., Putaud, J.-P., Textor, C., Schulz, M., van der Werf, G. R., and Wilson, J.: Emissions of primary aerosol and precursor gases in the years 2000 and 1750 prescribed data-sets for AeroCom, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 4321-4344, doi:10.5194/acp-6- 4321-2006, 2006a. (Pubitemid 44488456)
26. Dentener, F., Stevenson, D., Ellingsen, K., van Noije, T., Schultz, M., Amann, M., Atherton, C., Bell, N., Bergmann, D., Bey, I., Bouwman, L., Butler, T., Cofala, J., Collins, B., Drevet, J., Doherty, R., Eickhout, B., Eskes, H., Fiore, A., Gauss, M., Hauglustaine, D., Horowitz, L., Isaksen, I. S. A., Josse, B., Lawrence, M., Krol, M., Lamarque, J. F., Montanaro, V., Muller, J. F., Peuch, V. H., Pitari, G., Pyle, J., Rast, S., Rodriguez, J., Sanderson, M., Savage, N. H., Shindell, D., Strahan, S., Szopa, S., Sudo, K., Van Dingenen, R., Wild, O., and Zeng, G.: The global atmospheric environment for the next generation, Environ. Sci. Tech., 40, 3586-3594, 2006b. (Pubitemid 43841579)
27. de Noblet-Ducoudŕe, N., Boisier, J.-P., Pitman, A., Bonan, G. B., Brovkin, V., Cruz, F., Delire, C., Gayler, V., van den Hurk, B. J. J. M., Lawrence, P. J., van der Molen, M. K., M?uller, C., Reick, C., Strengers, B. J., and Voldoire, A.: Determining robust impacts of land-use induced land-cover changes on surface climate over North America and Eurasia; Results from the first set of LUCID experiments, J. Climate, 25, 3261-3281, doi:10.1175/JCLID- 11-00338.1, 2012.
28. Deryng, D., Sacks, W. J., Barford, C. C., and Ramankutty, N.: Simulating the effects of climate and agricultural management practices on global crop yield, Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, 25, GB2006, doi:10.1029/2009GB003765, 2011.
29. Donahue, N. M., Hartz, K. E. H., Chuong, B., Presto, A. A., Stanier, C. O., Rosenhorn, T., Robinson, A. L., and Pandis, S. N.: Critical factors determining the variation in SOA yields from terpene ozonolysis: A combined experimental and computational study, Faraday Disc., 130, 295-309, 2005. (Pubitemid 41223691)
30. Easterling,W. E., Aggarwal, P. K., Batima, P., Brander, K. M., Erda, L., Howden, S. M., Kirilenko, A., Morton, J., Soussana, J.-F., Schmidhuber, J., and Tubiello, F. N.: Food, fibre and forest products. in: Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Parry, M. L., Canziani, O. F., Palutikof, J. P., van der Linden, P. J., and Hanson, C. E., Cambridge, UK, 273-313, 2007.
31. Friedlingstein, P., Cox, P., Betts, R., Bopp, L., Von Bloh, W., Brovkin, V., Cadule, P., Doney, S., Eby, M., Fung, I., Bala, G., John, J., Jones, C., Joos, F., Kato, T., Kawamiya, M., Knorr, W., Lindsay, K., Matthews, H. D., Raddatz, T., Rayner, P., Reick, C., Roeckner, E., Schnitzler, K. G., Schnur, R., Strassmann, K., Weaver, A. J., Yoshikawa, C., and Zeng, N.: Climate-carbon cycle feedback analysis: Results from the (CMIP)-M-4 model intercomparison, J. Climate, 19, 3337-3353, 2006. (Pubitemid 44177898)
32. Gornall, J., Betts, R., Burke, E., Clark, R., Camp, J., Willett, K., andWiltshire, A.: Implications of climate change for agricultural productivity in the early twnty-first century, Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. B, 365, 2973-2989, doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0158, 2010.
33. Gruber, N., and Galloway, J. N.: An Earth-system perspective of the global nitrogen cycle, Nature, 451, 293-296, 2008.
34. Gunderson, C. A., OHara, K. H., Campion, C. M., Walker, A. V., and Edwards, N. T.: Thermal plasticity of photosynthesis: the role of acclimation in forest responses to a warming climate, Glob. Change Biol., 16, 2272-2286, doi:10.1111/j.1365- 2486.2009.02090.x, 2010.
35. 2 changes and implications for global budgets, Glob. Change Biol., 15, 1127-1140, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01802.x, 2009.
36. Hickler, T., Vohland, K., Feehan, J., Miller, P. A., Smith, B., Costa, L., Giesecke, T., Fronzek, S., Carter, T. R., Cramer, W., Kuhn, I., and Sykes, M. T.: Projecting the future distribution of European potential natural vegetation zones with a generalized, tree species-based dynamic vegetation model, Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr., 21, 50-63, doi:10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00613.x, 2012.
37. Higgins, S. I., Bond,W. J., and Trollope,W. S.W.: Fire, resprouting and variability: a recipe for grass-tree coexistence in savanna., J. Ecol., 88, 213-229, 2000. (Pubitemid 30236624)
38. 2 forces abrupt vegetation shifts locally, but not globally, Nature, advance online publication, doi:10.1038/nature11238, 2012.
39. Higgins, P.: Carbon cycle amplification: how optimistic assumptions cause persistent underestimates of potential climate damages and mitigation needs, Clim. Change, 95, 363-368, doi:10.1007/s10584-009-9607-1, 2009.
40. Hikosaka, K., Ishikawa, K., Borjigidai, A., Muller, O., and Onoda, Y.: Temperature acclimation of photosynthesis: mechanisms involved in the changes in temperature dependence of photosynthetic rate, J. Exp. Bot., 57, 291-302, doi:10.1093/jxb/erj049, 2006. (Pubitemid 43063783)
41. Hoffmann, W. A., Orthen, B., and Nascimento, P. K. V. d.: Comparative fire ecology of tropical savanna and forest trees, Funct. Ecol., 17, 720-726, 2003. (Pubitemid 38042918)
42. Houghton, R. A.: Revised estimates of the annual flux of carbon to the atmosphere from changes in land use and land management 1850-2000, Tellus, 55, 378-390, 2003. (Pubitemid 36610979)
43. Huang, Y., Yu, Y., Zhang,W., Sun,W., Liu, S., Jiang, J.,Wu, J., Yu, W.,Wang, Y., and Yang, Z.: Agro-C: A biogeophysical model for simulating the carbon budget of agroecosystems, Ag. For. Met., 149, 106-129, doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2008.07.013, 2009.
44. Huntingford, C., Booth, B. B. B., Sitch, S., Gedney, N., Lowe, J. A., Liddicoat, S. K., Mercado, L. M., Best, M. J., Weedon, G. P., Fisher, R. A., Lomas, M. R., Good, P., Zelazowski, P., Everitt, A. C., Spessa, A. C., and Jones, C. D.: IMOGEN: an intermediate complexity model to evaluate terrestrial impacts of a changing climate, Geosci. Model Dev., 3, 679-687, doi:10.5194/gmd-3- 679-2010, 2010.
45. Hulme, M.: Meet the humanities, Nature Clim. Change, 1, 177-179, 2011.
46. Isbell, F., Calcagno, V., Hector, A., Connolly, J., Harpole, W. S., Reich, P. B., Scherer-Lorenzen, M., Schmid, B., Tilman, D., van Ruijven, J., Weigelt, A., Wilsey, B. J., Zavaleta, E. S., and Loreau, M.: High plant diversity is needed to maintain ecosystem services, Nature, 477, 199-202, doi:10.1038/nature10282, 2011.
47. Ito, A., Sudo, K., Akimoto, H., Sillman, S., and Penner, J.: Global modeling analysis of tropospheric ozone and its radiative forcing from biomass burning emissions in the twentieth century, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D24307, doi:10.1029/2007JD008745, 2007.
48. Jaggard, K. W., Aiming, Q., and Ober, E. S.: Possible changes to arable crop yields by 2010, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B, 365, 2835- 2851, doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0153, 2010.
49. Janhall, S., Andreae, M. O., and Poschl, U.: Biomass burning aerosol emissions from vegetation fires: particle number and mass emission factors and size distributions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 1427-1439, doi:10.5194/acp-10-1427- 2010, 2010.
50. Kattge, J. and Knorr, W.: Temperature acclimation in a biochemical model of photosynthesis: a reanalysis of data from 36 species, Plant Cell Environ., 30, 1176-1190, 10.1111/j.1365- 3040.2007.01690.x, 2007. (Pubitemid 47174276)
51. Kattge, J., D'IAz, S., Lavorel, S., Prentice, I. C., Leadley, P., Bonisch, G., Garnier, E., Westoby, M., Reich, P. B., Wright, I. J., Cornelissen, J. H. C., Violle, C., Harrison, S. P., van Bodegom, P. M., Reichstein, M., Enquist, B. J., Soudzilovskaia, N. A., Ackerly, D. D., Anand, M., Atkin, O., Bahn, M., Baker, T. R., Baldocchi, D., Bekker, R., Blanco, C. C., Blonder, B., Bond, W. J., Bradstock, R., Bunker, D. E., Casanoves, F., Cavender- Bares, J., Chambers, J. Q., Chapin, F. S., Chave, J., Coomes, D., Cornwell, W. K., Craine, J. M., Dobrin, B. H., Duarte, L., Durka, W., Elser, J., Esser, G., Estiarte, M., Fagan, W. F., Fang, J., Fernandez-Mendez, F., Fidelis, A., Finegan, B., Flores, O., Ford, H., Frank, D., Freschet, G. T., Fyllas, N. M., Gallagher, R. V., Green, W. A., Gutierrez, A. G., Hickler, T., Higgins, S., Hodgson, J. G., Jalili, A., Jansen, S., Joly, C., Kerkhoff, A. J., Kirkup, D. O. N., Kitajima, K., Kleyer, M., Klotz, S., Knops, J. M. H., Kramer, K., Kuhn, I., Kurokawa, H., Laughlin, D., Lee, T. D., Leishman, M., Lens, F., Lenz, T., Lewis, S. L., Lloyd, J. O. N., Llusia, J., Louault, F., Ma, S., Mahecha, M. D., Manning, P., Massad, T.,Medlyn, B.,Messier, J.,Moles, A. T., Muller, S. C., Nadrowski, K., Naeem, S., Niinemets, U., Nollert, S., Nuske, A., Ogaya, R., Oleksyn, J., Onipchenko, V. G., Onoda, Y., Ordonez, J., Overbeck, G., Ozinga, W. A., Patino, S., Paula, S., Pausas, J. G., Penuelas, J., Phillips, O. L., Pillar, V., Poorter, H., Poorter, L., Poschlod, P., Prinzing, A., Proulx, R., Rammig, A., Reinsch, S., Reu, B., Sack, L., Salgado-Negret, B., Sardans, J., Shiodera, S., Shipley, B., Siefert, A., Sosinski, E., Soussana, J.-F., Swaine, E., Swenson, N., Thompson, K. E. N., Thornton, P., Waldram, M., Weiher, E., White, M., White, S., Wright, S. J., Yguel, B., Zaehle, S., Zanne, A. E., andWirth, C.: TRY - a global database of plant traits, Glob. Change Biol., 17, 2905-2935, doi:10.1111/j.1365- 2486.2011.02451.x, 2011.
52. Kleinen, T., Tarasov, P., Brovkin, V., Andreev, A., and Stebich, M.: Comparison of modeled and reconstructed changes in forest cover through the past 8000 years: Eurasian perspective, Holocene, 21, 723-734, doi:10.1177/ 0959683610386980, 2011.
53. Knorr, W., and Kattge, J.: Inversion of terrestrial ecosystem model parameter values against eddy covariance measurements by Monte Carlo sampling, Glob. Change Biol., 11, 1333-1351, 2005. (Pubitemid 43898755)
54. Kozlowski, T. T., and Pallardy, S. G.: Acclimation and adaptive responses of woody plants to environmental stresses, Botanical Review, 68, 270-334, 2002. (Pubitemid 35028756)
55. Kuhn, I., Bohning-Gaese, K., Cramer, W., and Klotz, S.: Macroecology meets global change research, Global Ecol. Biogeo., 17, 3-4, doi:10.1111/j.1466-8238.2007.00377.x, 2008. (Pubitemid 350215123)
56. Kulmala, M.: How particles nucleate and grow, Science, 302, 1000- 1001, 2003. (Pubitemid 37386184)
57. Kulmala, M., Suni, T., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Dal Maso, M., Boy, M., Reissell, A., Rannik, U., Aalto, P., Keronen, P., Hakola, H., Back, J., Hoffmann, T., Vesala, T., and Hari, P.: A new feedback mechanism linking forests, aerosols, and climate, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 557-562, doi:10.5194/acp-4-557-2004, 2004. (Pubitemid 38964718)
58. Lamarque, J.-F., Bond, T. C., Eyring, V., Granier, C., Heil, A., Klimont, Z., Lee, D., Liousse, C., Mieville, A., Owen, B., Schultz, M. G., Shindell, D., Smith, S. J., Stehfest, E., Van Aardenne, J., Cooper, O. R., Kainuma, M., Mahowald, N., Mc- Connell, J. R., Naik, V., Riahi, K., and van Vuuren, D. P.: Historical (1850-2000) gridded anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions of reactive gases and aerosols: methodology and application, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 7017-7039, doi:10.5194/acp- 10-7017-2010, 2010.
59. Langmann, B., Duncan, B., Textor, C., Trentmann, J., and van der Werf, G. R.: Vegetation fire emissions and their impact on air pollution and climate, Atmos. Env., 43, 107-116, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.09.047, 2009.
60. Levis, S.: Modelling vegetation and land use change in models of the Earth System, WIREs Climate Change, 1, 840-856, doi:10.1002/wcc.1083, 2010.
61. Lisboa, C. C., Butterbach-Bahl, K., Mauder, M., and Kiese, R.: Bioethanol production from sugarcane and emissions of greenhouse gases - known and unknowns, GCB Bioenergy, 3, 277- 292, doi:10.1111/j.1757-1707.2011.01095.x, 2011.
62. Litton, C. M., Raich, J.W., and Ryan, M. G.: Review: Carbon Allocation in Forest Ecosystems, Glob. Change Biol., 13, 2089-2109; doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486. 2007.01420.x, 2007. (Pubitemid 47528083)
63. 2 sink may be largely offset by stimulated N2O and CH4 emission, Ecol. Lett., 12, 1103-1117, 2009.
64. Lloyd, J., Shibistova, O., Zolotoukhine, D., Kolle, O., Arneth, A., Wirth, C., Styles, J. M., Tchebakova, N. M., and Schulze, E. D.: Seasonal and annual variations in the photosynthetic productivity and carbon balance of a central Siberian pine forest, Tellus, 54, 590-610, 2002. (Pubitemid 36059546)
65. Lohmann, U. and Feichter, J.: Global indirect aerosol effects: a review, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 715-737, doi:10.5194/acp-5-715- 2005, 2005. (Pubitemid 40479137)
66. Makkonen, R., Asmi, A., Kerminen, V.-M., Boy, M., Arneth, A., Hari, P., and Kulmala, M.: Air pollution control and decreasing new particle formation lead to strong climate warming, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 1515-1524, doi:10.5194/acp-12-1515- 2012, 2012.
67. Marlon, J. R., Bartlein, P. J., Carcaillet, C., Gavin, D. G., Harrison, S. P., Higuera, P. E., Joos, F., Power, M. J., and Prentice, I. C.: Climate and human influences on global biomass burning over the past two millennia, Nat. Geosci., 1, 697-702, 2008.
68. Medlyn, B. E., Dreyer, E., Ellsworth, D., Forstreuter, M., Harley, P. C., Kirschbaum, M. U. F., Roux, X. L., Montpied, P., Strassemeyer, J., Walcroft, A., Wang, K., and Loustau, D.: Temperature response of parameters of a biochemically based model of photosynthesis. II. A review of experimental data, Plant Cell Environ., 25, 1167-1179, 2002. (Pubitemid 35008590)
69. Melillo, J. M., Reilly, J. M., Kicklighter, D. W., Gurgel, A. C., Cronin, T. W., Paltsev, S., Felzer, B. S., Wang, X., Sokolov, A. P., and Schlosser, C. A.: Indirect Emissions from Biofuels: How Important?, Science, doi:10.1126/science.1180251, 2009.
70. Mieville, A., Granier, C., Liousse, C., Guillaume, B., Mouillot, F., Lamarque, J. F., Gregoire, J. M., and Petron, G.: Emissions of gases and particles from biomass burning during the 20th century using satellite data and an historical reconstruction, Atmos. Env., 44, 1469-1477, doi:10.1016/j. atmosenv.2010.01.011, 2010.
71. Miller, P. A., Giesecke, T., Hickler, T., Bradshaw, R. H. W., Smith, B., Seppa, H., and Sykes, M. T.: Exploring climatic and biotic controls on Holocene vegetation change in Fennoscandia, J. Ecol., 247-259, doi:210.1111/j.1365-2745. 2007.01342.x, 2008. (Pubitemid 351197114)
72. Mueller, C., Bondeau, A., Popp, A., Waha, K., and Fader, M.: Climate change impacts on agricultural yields. Background note to the World Development Report, The World Bank, 2010.
73. Ng, N. L., Chhabra, P. S., Chan, A. W. H., Surratt, J. D., Kroll, J. H., Kwan, A. J., McCabe, D. C., Wennberg, P. O., Sorooshian, A., Murphy, S. M., Dalleska, N. F., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Effect of NOx level on secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from the photooxidation of terpenes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 5159-5174, doi:10.5194/acp-7-5159-2007, 2007. (Pubitemid 47554256)
74. Niinemets, U.,Monson, R. K., Arneth, A., Ciccioli, P., Kesselmeier, J., Kuhn, U., Noe, S. M., Pe?nuelas, J., and Staudt, M.: The leaflevel emission factor of volatile isoprenoids: caveats, model algorithms, response shapes and scaling, Biogeosciences, 7, 1809- 1832, doi:10.5194/bg-7-1809-2010, 2010.
75. Pechony, O. and Shindell, D. T.: Fire parameterization on a global scale, J. Geophys. Res., 114, doi:10.1029/2009jd011927, 2009.
76. Pechony, O., and Shindell, D. T.: Driving forces of global wildfires over the past millennium and the forthcoming century, P. Natl. A. Sci., 107, 19167-19170, doi:10.1073/pnas.1003669107, 2010.
77. Pitman, A., Arneth, A., and Ganzeveld, L.: Regionalizing global climate models, Int. J. Climatol., doi:10.1002/joc.2279., 2011.
78. Pitman, A. J., de Noblet-Ducoudre, N., Cruz, F. T., Davin, E. L., Bonan, G. B., Brovkin, V., Claussen, M., Delire, C., Ganzeveld, L., Gayler, V., van den Hurk, B. J. J. M., Lawrence, P. J., van der Molen, M. K., Muller, C., Reick, C. H., Seneviratne, S. I., Strengers, B. J., and Voldoire, A.: Uncertainties in climate responses to past land cover change: First results from the LUCID intercomparison study, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, doi:10.1029/2009gl039076, 2009.
79. 2 concentrations, Glob. Change Biol., 17, 1595-1610, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02306.x, 2010.
80. Prentice, I. C.: The Burning Issue, Science, 330, 1636-1637, doi"10.1126/science.1199809, 2010.
81. Raes, F., Liao, H., Chen, W.-T., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Atmospheric chemistry-climate feedbacks, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D12121, doi:10.1029/ 2009jd013300, 2010.
82. Rotter, R. P., Carter, T. R., Olesen, J. E., and Porter, J. R.: Cropclimate models need an overhaul, Nature Clim. Change, 1, 175- 177, doi:10.1038/nclimate1152, 2011.
83. Rounsevell, M. D. A. and Arneth, A.: Representing human behaviour and decisional processes in land system models as an integral component of the earth system, Glob. Env. Change, 21, 840-843, 2011.
84. Schaphoff, S., Lucht, W., Gerten, D., Sitch, S., Cramer, W., and Prentice, I. C.: Terrestrial biosphere carbon storage under alternative climate projections, Clim. Change, 74, 97-122, 2006. (Pubitemid 43760473)
85. Scheffer, M., Holmgren, M., Brovkin, V., and Claussen, M.: Synergy between small- and large-scale feedbacks of vegetation on the water cycle, Glob. Change Biol., 11, 1003-1012, 2005. (Pubitemid 41632682)
86. Scheiter, S. and Higgins, S. I.: Impacts of climate change on the vegetation of Africa: an adaptive dynamic vegetation modelling approach (aDGVM), Glob. Change Biol., 15, 2224-2246, doi:2210.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01838.x, 2009.
87. Scholze, M., Knorr, W., Arnell, N., and Prentice, I. C.: A climate change risk analysis for world ecosystems, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 103, 13116-13120, doi:10.11073/pnas.0601816103, 2006. (Pubitemid 44338925)
88. Scholze, M., Kaminski, T., Rayner, P., Knorr, W., and Giering, R.: Propagating uncertainty through prognostic CCDAS simulations, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D17305, doi:10.1029/2007JD008642, 2007. (Pubitemid 350042322)
89. Smith, B., Prentice, I. C., and Sykes, M. T.: Representation of vegetation dynamics in the modelling of terrestrial ecosystems: comparing two contrasting approaches within European climate space, Glob. Ecol. Biogeo., 10, 621-637, 2001.
90. Soden, B. J. and Held, I. M.: An assessment of climate feedbacks in coupled ocean-atmosphere models, J. Climate, 19, 3354-3360, doi:10.1175/ JCLI3799.1, 2006. (Pubitemid 44177899)
91. Solomon, A. M. and Kirilenko, A. P.: Climate change and terrestrial biomass: What if trees do not migrate?, Glob. Ecol. Biogeo. Lett., 6, 139-148, 1997.
92. Staver, A. C., Archibald, S., and Levin, S. A.: The Global Extent and Determinants of Savanna and Forest as Alternative Biome States, Science, 334, 230-232, doi:10.1126/science.1210465, 2011.
93. Trnka, M., Olesen, J. E., Kersebaum, K. C., SkjelvA° G, A. O., Eitzinger, J., Seguin, B., Peltonen-Sainio, P., Rotter, R., Iglesias, A. N. A., Orlandini, S., DubrovskÝ, M., Hlavinka, P., Balek, J., Eckersten, H., Cloppet, E., Calanca, P., Gobin, A., Vucetic, V., Nejedlik, P., Kumar, S., Lalic, B., Mestre, A., Rossi, F., Kozyra, J., Alexandrov, V., SemerÁ DovÁ, D., and ZAlud, Z.: Agroclimatic conditions in Europe under climate change, Glob. Change Biol., 17, 2298-2318, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02396.x, 2011.
94. 2, Nature, 475, 214-U121, doi:101038/nature110176, 2011.
95. Van Minnen, J. G., Leemans, R., and Ihle, F.: Defining the importance of including transient ecosystem responses to simulate Ccycle dynamics in a global change model, Glob. Change Biol., 6, 595-611, doi:10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000. 00323.x, 2000. (Pubitemid 30627119)
96. Wang, Z., Chappellaz, J., Park, K., and Mak, J. E.: Large variations in Southern Hemisphere biomass burning during the last 650 Years, Science, 330, 1663-1666, doi:10.1126/science.1197257, 2010.
97. Wania, R., Ross, I., and Prentice, I. C.: Implementation and evaluation of a new methane model within a dynamic global vegetation model: LPJ-WHyMe v1.3.1, Geosci. Model Dev., 3, 565-584, doi:10.5194/gmd-3-565-2010, 2010.
98. Wolf, A., Ciais, P., Bellassen, V., Delbart, N., Field, C. B., and Berry, J. A.: Forest biomass allometry in global land surface models, Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, 25, GB3015, doi:10.1029/2010gb003917, 2011.
99. Wolf, B., Zheng, X. H., Brueggemann, N., Chen, W. W., Dannenmann, M., Han, X. G., Sutton, M. A., Wu, H. H., Yao, Z. S., and Butterbach-Bahl, K.: Grazing-induced reduction of natural nitrous oxide release from continental steppe, Nature, 464, 881- 884, doi:10.1038/nature08931, 2010.
100. Zaehle, S., Sitch, S., Smith, B., and Hatterman, F.: Effects of parameter uncertainties on the modeling of terrestrial biosphere dynamics, Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, 19, GB3020, doi:10.1029/2004GB002395, 2005. (Pubitemid 41599683)
101. Zaehle, S. and Friend, A. D.: Carbon-nitrogen cycle dynamics in the ORCHIDEE-CN land surface model: Part 1: Model evaluation and sensitivity, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 24, GB1005, 2010.
102. Zaehle, S., Ciais, P., Friend, A. D., and Prieur, V.: Carbon benefits of anthropogenic reactive nitrogen offset by nitrous oxide emissions, Nat. Geosci., 4, 601-605, doi:10.1038/NGEO1207, 2011.
103. 2 assimilation rates under climate change, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L10404, doi:10.1029/2011gl047182, 2011.