Characterization of bioactive compounds in Tunisian bitter orange (Citrus aurantium L.) peel and juice and determination of their antioxidant activities

BioMed Research International

Volumn 2013, Issue , 2013, Pages

  Jabri Karoui, Iness ^a   Marzouk, Brahim ^a  

^a CENTRE DE BIOTECHNOLOGIE DE BORJ CÉDRIA   (Tunisia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALPHA PHELLANDRENE; ALPHA THUJENE; ASCORBIC ACID; AURANTIIN; BETA CAROTENE; BUTYLATED HYDROXYANISOLE; BUTYLATED HYDROXYLTOLUENE; CARYOPHYLLENE OXIDE; CATECHIN; CHLOROGENIC ACID; EPICATECHIN; ESSENTIAL OIL; FERULIC ACID; FLAVONOID; GALLIC ACID; GERANIOL; LIMONENE; LINALOOL; MYRCENE; NEROL; PARA COUMARIC ACID; PHENOL DERIVATIVE; PINENE; ROSMARINIC ACID; RUTOSIDE; SESQUITERPENE; SOUR ORANGE EXTRACT; SYRINGIC ACID; TRICHLOROACETIC ACID; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VANILLIC ACID; ANTIOXIDANT; PLANT EXTRACT; VEGETABLE OIL;

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; ARTICLE; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY FLAME IONIZATION DETECTION; HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; IN VITRO STUDY; MASS FRAGMENTOGRAPHY; REVERSED PHASE HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; SOUR ORANGE; CHEMISTRY; CITRUS; HUMAN; METABOLISM; SWEET ORANGE; TUNISIA;

ANTIOXIDANTS; ASCORBIC ACID; CITRUS; CITRUS SINENSIS; HUMANS; PLANT EXTRACTS; PLANT OILS; TUNISIA;

EID: 84880140492     PISSN: 23146133     EISSN: 23146141     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2013/345415     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. Kumaran A., Joel Karunakaran R., Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of an aqueous extract of Coleus aromaticus. Food Chemistry 2006 97 1 109 114 2-s2.0-28844497339 10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.03.032
2. Wichi H. P., Enhanced tumour development by butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) from the prospective of effect on forestomach and oesophageal squamous epithelium. Food and Chemical Toxicology 1988 26 717 723
3. Ramesh C. K., Raghu K. L., Jamuna K. S., Govinden Soulange Joyce and Ranghoo-Sanmukhiya Vijayanti Mala and Vijay Avin BR. Comparative evaluation of antioxidant property in methanol extracts of some common vegetables of India. Annals of Biological Research 2011 2 2 86 94
4. Bourgou S., Ksouri R., Bellila A., Skandrani I., Falleh H., Marzouk B., Phenolic composition and biological activities of Tunisian Nigella sativa L. shoots and roots. Comptes Rendus 2008 331 1 48 55 2-s2.0-37749053336 10.1016/j.crvi.2007.11.001
5. Jabri-Karoui I., Bettaieb I., Msaada K., Hammami M., Marzouk B., Research on the phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of Tunisian Thymus capitatus. Journal of Functional Foods 2012 4 3 661 669 2-s2.0-84860553874 10.1016/j.jff.2012.04.007
6. Marín F. R., Soler-Rivas C., Benavente-García O., Castillo J., Pérez-Alvarez J. A., By-products from different citrus processes as a source of customized functional fibres. Food Chemistry 2007 100 2 736 741 2-s2.0-33745270559 10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.04.040
7. Fisher K., Phillips C., Potential antimicrobial uses of essential oils in food: is citrus the answer? Trends in Food Science and Technology 2008 19 3 156 164 2-s2.0-38949109657 10.1016/j.tifs.2007.11.006
8. Steuer B., Schulz H., Läger E., Classification and analysis of citrus oils by NIR spectroscopy. Food Chemistry 2001 72 1 113 117 2-s2.0-0035238969 10.1016/S0308-8146(00)00209-0
9. Nguyen H., Campi E. M., Roy Jackson W., Patti A. F., Effect of oxidative deterioration on flavour and aroma components of lemon oil. Food Chemistry 2009 112 2 388 393 2-s2.0-47949125217 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.05.090
10. Karoui I. J., Wannes W. A., Marzouk B., Refined corn oil aromatization by Citrus aurantium peel essential oil. Industrial Crops and Products 2010 32 3 202 207 2-s2.0-77957238517 10.1016/j.indcrop.2010.04.020
11. Ersus S., Cam M., Determination of organic acids, total phenolic content, and antioxidant capacity of sour Citrus aurantium fruits. Chemistry of Natural Compounds 2007 43 5 607 609 2-s2.0-38049130329 10.1007/s10600-007-0203-1
12. Joshipura K. J., Hu F. B., Manson J. E., Stampfer M. J., Rimm E. B., Speizer F. E., Colditz G., Ascherio A., Rosner B., Spiegelman D., Willett W. C., The effect of fruit and vegetable intake on risk for coronary heart disease. Annals of Internal Medicine 2001 134 12 1106 1114 2-s2.0-0035912775
13. Knekt P., Kumpulainen J., Järvinen R., Rissanen H., Heliövaara M., Reunanen A., Hakulinen T., Aromaa A., Flavonoid intake and risk of chronic diseases. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2002 76 3 560 568 2-s2.0-0036721149
14. Middleton E. J., Kandaswami C., Potential health-promoting properties of citrus flavonoids. Food Technology 1994 48 11 115 120 2-s2.0-0028547392
15. Ross S. A., Ziska D. S., Zhao K., Elsohly M. A., Variance of common flavonoids by brand of grapefruit juice. Fitoterapia 2000 71 2 154 161 2-s2.0-0034177453 10.1016/S0367-326X(99)00131-8
16. Craig W. J., Phytochemicals: guardians of our health. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 1997 97 10 S199 204 2-s2.0-0031255282
17. Chapot H., Praloran J. C., Les graines de citrus. XIV Congrès International Horticole 1955 2 1294 1323
18. Tønder D., Petersen M. A., Poll L., Olsen C. E., Discrimination between freshly made and stored reconstituted orange juice using GC Odour Profiling and aroma values. Food Chemistry 1998 61 1-2 223 229 2-s2.0-0031924742 10.1016/S0308-8146(97)00097-6
19. Adams R. P., Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography 2001 Carol Stream, Ill, USA Quadrupole Mass Spectroscopy Allured
20. Ghasemi K., Ghasemi Y., Ebrahimzadeh M. A., Antioxidant activity, phenol and flavonoid contents of 13 citrus species peels and tissues. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2009 22 3 277 281 2-s2.0-68549092792
21. Mau J.-L., Chao G.-R., Wu K.-T., Antioxidant properties of methanolic extracts from several ear mushrooms. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2001 49 11 5461 5467 2-s2.0-0035181522 10.1021/jf010637h
22. Xu G., Liu D., Chen J., Ye X., Ma Y., Shi J., Juice components and antioxidant capacity of citrus varieties cultivated in China. Food Chemistry 2008 106 2 545 551 2-s2.0-34548306807 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.06.046
23. Bourgou S., Ksouri R., Bellila A., Skandrani I., Falleh H., Marzouk B., Phenolic composition and biological activities of Tunisian Nigella sativa L. shoots and roots. Comptes Rendus 2008 331 1 48 55 2-s2.0-37749053336 10.1016/j.crvi.2007.11.001
24. Prieto P., Pineda M., Aguilar M., Spectrophotometric quantitation of antioxidant capacity through the formation of a phosphomolybdenum complex: specific application to the determination of vitamin E. Analytical Biochemistry 1999 269 2 337 341 2-s2.0-0344348886 10.1006/abio.1999.4019
25. Hatano T., Kagawa H., Yasuhara T., Okuda T., Two new flavonoids and other constituents in licorice root: their relative astringency and radical scavenging effects. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 1988 36 6 2090 2097 2-s2.0-0023734093
26. Zou Y., Lu Y., Wei D., Antioxidant activity of a flavonoid-rich extract of Hypericum perforatum L. in vitro. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2004 52 16 5032 5039 2-s2.0-3843130941 10.1021/jf049571r
27. Oyaizu M., Studies on products of the browning reaction prepared from glucose amine. Japanese Journal of Nutrition 1986 44 307 315
28. Koleva I. I., Van Beek T. A., Linssen J. P. H., De Groot A., Evstatieva L. N., Screening of plant extracts for antioxidant activity: a comparative study on three testing methods. Phytochemical Analysis 2002 13 1 8 17 2-s2.0-0036164041 10.1002/pca.611
29. Statsoft. STATISTICA for Windows (Computer Program Electronic Manual) StatSoft, Tulsa, Okla, USA, 1998
30. Moufida S., Marzouk B., Biochemical characterization of blood orange, sweet orange, lemon, bergamot and bitter orange. Phytochemistry 2003 62 8 1283 1289 2-s2.0-0037380172 10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00631-3
31. Tounsi M. S., Wannes W. A., Ouerghemmi I., Jegham S., Njima Y. B., Hamdaoui G., Zemni H., Marzouk B., Juice components and antioxidant capacity of four Tunisian Citrus varieties. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 2011 91 1 142 151 2-s2.0-78649426906 10.1002/jsfa.4164
32. Hosni K., Zahed N., Chrif R., Abid I., Medfei W., Kallel M., Brahim N. B., Sebei H., Composition of peel essential oils from four selected Tunisian Citrus species: evidence for the genotypic influence. Food Chemistry 2010 123 4 1098 1104 2-s2.0-77954954278 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.05.068
33. Boussaada O., Chemli R., Seasonal variation of essential oil composition of Citrus aurantium L. van amara. Journal of Essential Oil-Bearing Plants 2007 10 2 109 120 2-s2.0-34249065491
34. Caccioni D. R. L., Guizzardi M., Biondi D. M., Renda A., Ruberto G., Relationship between volatile components of citrus fruit essential oils and antimicrobial action on Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum. International Journal of Food Microbiology 1998 43 1-2 73 79 2-s2.0-0032543978 10.1016/S0168-1605(98)00099-3
35. Moraes T. M., Kushima H., Moleiro F. C., Santos R. C., Machado Rocha L. R., Marques M. O., Vilegas W., Hiruma-Lima C. A., Effects of limonene and essential oil from Citrus aurantium on gastric mucosa: role of prostaglandins and gastric mucus secretion. Chemico-Biological Interactions 2009 180 3 499 505 2-s2.0-67349149618 10.1016/j.cbi.2009.04.006
36. Dugo G., Verzera A., Stagno D'Alcontres I., Cotroneo A., Ficarra R., On the genuineness of Citrus essential oil Part XLI. Italian bitter orange essential oil: composition and detection of contamination and additions of oils and terpenes of sweet orange and of lemon. Flavour and Fragrance Journal 1993 8 1 25 33
37. Mouly P. P., Arzouyan C. R., Gaydou E. M., Estienne J. M., Differentiation of citrus juices by factorial discriminant analysis using liquid chromatography of flavanone glycosides. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 1994 42 1 70 79 2-s2.0-0002978852
38. Sun J., D-limonene: safety and clinical applications. Alternative Medicine Review 2007 12 3 259 264 2-s2.0-35348929897
39. Baik J. S., Kim S.-S., Lee J.-A., Oh T.-H., Kim J.-Y., Lee N. H., Hyun C.-G., Chemical composition and biological activities of essential oils extracted from Korea endemic citrus species. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 2008 18 1 74 79 2-s2.0-43749087642
40. Agra M. F., Silva K. N., Basílio D I. J. L., França P. F., Barbosa-Filho J. M., Survey of medicinal plants used in the region Northeast of Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia 2008 18 472 508
41. Carvalho-Freitas M. I. R., Costa M., Anxiolytic and sedative effects of extracts and essential oil from Citrus aurantium L. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 2002 25 12 1629 1633 2-s2.0-1842586105 10.1248/bpb.25.1629
42. Bocco A., Cuvelier M.-E., Richard H., Berset C., Antioxidant activity and phenolic composition of citrus peel and seed extracts. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 1998 46 6 2123 2129 2-s2.0-0000087917
43. Robbins R. J., Phenolic acids in foods: an overview of analytical methodology. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2003 51 10 2866 2887 2-s2.0-0038408778 10.1021/jf026182t
44. Gorinstein S., Martín-Belloso O., Park Y.-S., Haruenkit R., Lojek A., Íž M., Caspi A., Libman I., Trakhtenberg S., Comparison of some biochemical characteristics of different citrus fruits. Food Chemistry 2001 74 3 309 315 2-s2.0-0034884966 10.1016/S0308-8146(01)00157-1
45. Alexandra B., Marie Elisabeth C., Hubert R., Clendette B., Antioxidant activity and phenolic composition of citrus peel and seed extracts. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 1998 46 6 2123 2129 2-s2.0-0000087917
46. Anagnostopoulou M. A., Kefalas P., Papageorgiou V. P., Assimopoulou A. N., Boskou D., Radical scavenging activity of various extracts and fractions of sweet orange peel (Citrus sinensis). Food Chemistry 2006 94 1 19 25 2-s2.0-21544474989 10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.09.047
47. Abeysinghe D. C., Li X., Sun C., Zhang W., Zhou C., Chen K., Bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacities in different edible tissues of citrus fruit of four species. Food Chemistry 2007 104 4 1338 1344 2-s2.0-34249018626 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.01.047
48. Caro A. D., Piga A., Vacca V., Agabbio M., Changes of flavonoids, vitamin C and antioxidant capacity in minimally processed citrus segments and juices during storage. Food Chemistry 2004 84 1 99 105 2-s2.0-0142074734 10.1016/S0308-8146(03)00180-8
49. Gorinstein S., Haruenkit R., Park Y.-S., Jung S.-T., Zachwieja Z., Jastrzebski Z., Katrich E., Trakhtenberg S., Belloso O. M., Bioactive compounds and antioxidant potential in fresh and dried Jaffa® sweeties, a new kind of citrus fruit. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 2004 84 12 1459 1463 2-s2.0-4444273646 10.1002/jsfa.1800
50. Kanaze F. I., Gabrieli C., Kokkalou E., Georgarakis M., Niopas I., Simultaneous reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of diosmin, hesperidin and naringin in different citrus fruit juices and pharmaceutical formulations. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 2003 33 2 243 249 2-s2.0-0041825164 10.1016/S0731-7085(03)00289-9
51. Nogata Y., Sakamoto K., Shiratsuchi H., Ishii T., Yano M., Ohta H., Flavonoid composition of fruit tissues of citrus species. Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry 2006 70 1 178 192 2-s2.0-31444437481 10.1271/bbb.70.178
52. Huet R., Constituants des agrumes a effet pharmacodynamique: les citroflavonoides (Constituents of citrus fruits with pharmacodynamic effect: citroflavonoids). Fruits 1982 37 267 271
53. Benavente-Garcia O., Castillo J., Marin F. R., Ortuno A., Del Rio J. A., Uses and properties of Citrus flavonoids. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 1997 45 4505 4515
54. Espin J. C., Garcia-Conesa M. T., Tomas-Barberan F. A., Nutraceuricals: facts and fiction. Phytochem 2007 68 2986 3008
55. Middleton E. Jr., Kandaswami C., Theoharides T. C., The effects of plant flavonoids on mammalian cells: implications for inflammation, heart disease, and cancer. Pharmacological Reviews 2000 52 4 673 751 2-s2.0-0033637140
56. Bendini A., Cerretani L., Carrasco-Pancorbo A., Gómez-Caravaca A. M., Segura-Carretero A., Fernández-Gutiérrez A., Lercker G., Phenolic molecules in virgin olive oils: a survey of their sensory properties, health effects, antioxidant activity and analytical methods. An overview of the last decade. Molecules 2007 12 8 1679 1719 2-s2.0-34548444575 10.3390/12081679
57. Zang L.-Y., Cosma G., Gardner H., Shi X., Castranova V., Vallyathan V., Effect of antioxidant protection by p-coumaric acid on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol oxidation. American Journal of Physiology 2000 279 4 C954 C960 2-s2.0-0033679644
58. Srinivasan M., Sudheer A. R., Menon V. P., Ferulic acid: therapeutic potential through its antioxidant property. Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition 2007 40 2 92 100 2-s2.0-34247230858 10.3164/jcbn.40.92
59. Huang D., Boxin O. U., Prior R. L., The chemistry behind antioxidant capacity assays. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2005 53 6 1841 1856 2-s2.0-15544383555 10.1021/jf030723c
60. Hayouni E. A., Abedrabba M., Bouix M., Hamdi M., The effects of solvents and extraction method on the phenolic contents and biological activities in vitro of Tunisian Quercus coccifera L. and Juniperus phoenicea L. fruit extracts. Food Chemistry 2007 105 3 1126 1134 2-s2.0-34447509388 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.02.010
61. Mao L.-C., Pan X., Que F., Fang X.-H., Antioxidant properties of water and ethanol extracts from hot air-dried and freeze-dried daylily flowers. European Food Research and Technology 2006 222 3-4 236 241 2-s2.0-32244447574 10.1007/s00217-005-0007-0
62. Osawa T., Uritani I., Garcia V. V., Mendoza E. M., Novel natural antioxidants for utilization in food and biological systems. Postharvest Biochemistry of Plant Food-Materials in the Tropics 1994 Tokyo, Japan Japan Scientific Societies Press 241 251
63. Patil J. R., Chidambara Murthy K. N., Jayaprakasha G. K., Chetti M. B., Patil B. S., Bioactive compounds from mexican lime (Citrus aurantifolia) juice induce apoptosis in human pancreatic cells. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2009 57 22 10933 10942 2-s2.0-72449199438 10.1021/jf901718u
64. Wang A.-Y., Zhou M.-Y., Lin W.-C., Antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties of Citrus sulcata extracts. Food Chemistry 2011 124 3 958 963 2-s2.0-77956614332 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.07.035
65. Cano A., Medina A., Bermejo A., Bioactive compounds in different citrus varieties. Discrimination among cultivars. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 2008 21 5 377 381 2-s2.0-44749083494 10.1016/j.jfca.2008.03.005
66. Dhuique-Mayer C., Caris-Veyrat C., Ollitrault P., Curk F., Amiot M.-J., Varietal and interspecific influence on micronutrient contents in citrus from the mediterranean area. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2005 53 6 2140 2145 2-s2.0-15444362443 10.1021/jf0402983
67. Samman S., Wall P. M. L., Cook N. C., Manthey J. A., Buslig B. S., Flavonoids and coronary heart disease: dietary perspectives. Flavonoids in the Living System 1996 New York, NY, USA Plenum Press 469 448
68. Su M.-S., Shyu Y.-T., Chien P.-J., Antioxidant activities of citrus herbal product extracts. Food Chemistry 2008 111 4 892 896 2-s2.0-46749151291 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.05.002
69. Singh P., Shukla R., Prakash B., Kumar A., Singh S., Mishra P. K., Dubey N. K., Chemical profile, antifungal, antiaflatoxigenic and antioxidant activity of Citrus maxima Burm. and Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck essential oils and their cyclic monoterpene, DL-limonene. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2010 48 6 1734 1740 2-s2.0-77952875403 10.1016/j.fct.2010.04.001
70. Zia-ur-Rehman Z.-U., Citrus peel extract-a natural source of antioxidant. Food Chemistry 2006 99 3 450 454 2-s2.0-33646527822 10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.07. 054
71. Lario Y., Sendra E., García-Pérez J., Fuentes C., Sayas-Barberá E., Fernández-López J., Pérez-Alvarez J. A., Preparation of high dietary fiber powder from lemon juice by-products. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies 2004 5 1 113 117 2-s2.0-1542289046 10.1016/j.ifset.2003.08.001
72. Jun M., Tohru U., Zhang L. J., Takeshi F., Identification and evaluation of antioxidant activities of bamboo extracts. Forestry Studies in China 2004 6 2 1 5
73. Tumbas V. T., Ćetković G. S., Djilas S. M., Antioxidant activity of mandarin (Citrus reticulata) peel. BIBLID 2010 40 195 203
74. Muthiah P. L., Umamaheswari M., Asokkumar K., In vitro antioxidant activities of leaves, fruits and peel extracts of Citrus. International Journal of Phytopharmacy 2012 13 20
75. Amić D., Davidović-Amicć D., Bexlo D., Trinajstić N., Structure-radical scavenging activity relationships of flavonoids. Croatica Chemica Acta 2003 76 1 55 61
76. Rangkadilok N., Sitthimonchai S., Worasuttayangkurn L., Mahidol C., Ruchirawat M., Satayavivad J., Evaluation of free radical scavenging and antityrosinase activities of standardized longan fruit extract. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2007 45 2 328 336 2-s2.0-33845302676 10.1016/j.fct.2006.08. 022
77. Kumaran A., Joel Karunakaran R., In vitro antioxidant activities of methanol extracts of five Phyllanthus species from India. Food Science and Technology 2007 40 2 344 352 2-s2.0-33749241354 10.1016/j.lwt.2005.09.011
78. Kaur C., Kapoor H. C., Antioxidants in fruits and vegetables-the millennium's health. International Journal of Food Science and Technology 2001 36 7 703 725 2-s2.0-0035538409 10.1046/j.1365-2621.2001.00513.x
79. Maróstica Junior M. R., Rocha e Silva T. A. A., Franchi G. C., Nowill A., Pastore G. M., Hyslop S., Antioxidant potential of aroma compounds obtained by limonene biotransformation of orange essential oil. Food Chemistry 2009 116 1 8 12 2-s2.0-64449088921 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.01.084
80. Crowell P. L., Prevention and therapy of cancer by dietary monoterpenes. Journal of Nutrition 1999 129 3 7755 7785 2-s2.0-0032980875
81. Karamaæ M., Kosiñska A., Pegg R. B., Comparison of radical-scavenging activities for selected phenolic acids. Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences 2005 14 2 165 170
82. Ogiwara T., Satoh K., Negoro T., Okayasu H., Sakagami H., Fujisawa S., Inhibition of NO production by activated macrophages by phenolcarboxylic acid monomers and polymers with radical scavenging activity. Anticancer Research 2003 23 2 B 1317 1323 2-s2.0-0037900832
83. Kanski J., Aksenova M., Stoyanova A., Butterfield D. A., Ferulic acid antioxidant protection against hydroxyl and peroxyl radical oxidation in synaptosomal and neuronal cell culture systems in vitro: structure-activity studies. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 2002 13 5 273 281 2-s2.0-0036264981 10.1016/S0955-2863(01)00215-7
84. Tepe B., Sokmen M., Akpulat H. A., Daferera D., Polissiou M., Sokmen A., Antioxidative activity of the essential oils of Thymus sipyleus subsp. sipyleus var. sipyleus and Thymus sipyleus subsp. sipyleus var. rosulans. Journal of Food Engineering 2005 66 4 447 454 2-s2.0-4944227158 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2004.04.015
85. Narayan M. S., Naidu K. A., Ravishankar G. A., Srinivas L., Venkataraman L. V., Antioxidant effect of anthocyanin on enzymatic and non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 1999 60 1 1 4 2-s2.0-0009705352 10.1054/plef.1998.0001
86. Meir S., Kanner J., Akiri B., Philosoph-Hadas S., Determination and involvement of aqueous reducing compounds in oxidative defense systems of various senescing leaves. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 1995 43 7 1813 1819 2-s2.0-0000570984
87. Huang Y.-S., Ho S.-C., Polymethoxy flavones are responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity of citrus fruit peel. Food Chemistry 2010 119 3 868 873 2-s2.0-70449127048 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.09.092
88. Amarowicz R., Pegg R. B., Rahimi-Moghaddam P., Barl B., Weil J. A., Free-radical scavenging capacity and antioxidant activity of selected plant species from the Canadian prairies. Food Chemistry 2004 84 4 551 562 2-s2.0-0242509897 10.1016/S0308-8146(03)00278-4
89. Ramful D., Bahorun T., Bourdon E., Tarnus E., Aruoma O. I., Bioactive phenolics and antioxidant propensity of flavedo extracts of Mauritian citrus fruits: potential prophylactic ingredients for functional foods application. Toxicology 2010 278 1 75 87 2-s2.0-78049265065 10.1016/j.tox.2010.01.012