Towards more effective advanced drug delivery systems

International Journal of Pharmaceutics

Volumn 454, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 496-511

  Crommelin, Daan J A ^a   Florence, Alexander T ^b  

^a UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Drug delivery systems; Nanotechnology; Optimisation; Progress

Indexed keywords

ALGINIC ACID; AMPHOTERICIN B LIPID COMPLEX; BRENTUXIMAB VEDOTIN; CHITOSAN; CYT 6091; DAUNORUBICIN; DOXORUBICIN; GEMTUZUMAB OZOGAMICIN; GOLD NANOPARTICLE; INIPARIB; INSULIN; LIPOSOME; MICROSPHERE; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; NANOCARRIER; NANOPARTICLE; NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE RIBOSYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR; PACLITAXEL; PENETRATION ENHANCING AGENT; RECOMBINANT HUMAN INSULIN; RECOMBINANT TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; SILVER NANOPARTICLE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANALYTIC METHOD; ANTIGEN EXPRESSION; ARTICLE; BIODEGRADABILITY; BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG CLEARANCE; DRUG CONFORMATION; DRUG CONTROL; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG DISTRIBUTION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MANUFACTURE; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG NOMENCLATURE; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG STABILITY; DRUG UPTAKE; FEEDBACK SYSTEM; GLUCOSE SENSOR; HIGH INTENSITY FOCUSED ULTRASOUND; HODGKIN DISEASE; HUMAN; IN VITRO STUDY; IN VIVO STUDY; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; INSULIN PUMP; LIPOSOMAL DELIVERY; NANOMEDICINE; NANOPHARMACEUTICS; NANOTECHNOLOGY; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONVIRAL GENE DELIVERY SYSTEM; ORAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; PARTICLE SIZE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REPRODUCIBILITY; STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; STOCHASTIC MODEL; THERMODYNAMICS; VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS; XENOTRANSPLANTATION;

EID: 84880099803     PISSN: 03785173     EISSN: 18733476     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.02.020     Document Type: Note

References (155)

1. Agashi, K., Chan, D.Y.S., Shakesheff, K.M., 2008. The influence of delivery via nano now-bore needles on mesenchymal stem, cell viability, apoptosis and morphology. Eur. Cells Mater. 16, 30.
2. AHRQ, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2012. Methods for Insulin Delivery and Glucose Monitoring: Comparative Effectiveness, Report 57. AHRQ Publication No. 12-EHC036-EF.
3. Al-Jamal, K.T., Al-Jamal, W.T., Akerman, S., Podesta, J.E., Yilmazer, A., Turton, J.A., Bianco, A., Vargesson, N., Kanthou, C., Florence, A.T., Kostarelos, K., 2010. Systemic antiangiogenic activity of cationic poly-L-lysine dendrimer delays tumor growth. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 107, 3966-3971.
4. Al-Jamal, K.T., Al-Jamal, W.T., Kosteralos, K., Turton, J.A., Florence, A.T., 2012. Antiangiogenic poly-L-lysine dendrimer binds heparin and neutralises its activity. Results Pharma Sci. 2, 9-15.
5. Allen, T.M., Cullis, P.R., 2013. Liposomal drug delivery systems: from concept to clinical applications. Adv. Drug Del. Rev. 65, 36-48.
6. Aroesty, J., Lincoln, T., Shapiro, N., Boccia, G., 1973. Tumor growth and chemotherapy: mathematical methods, computer simulations and experimental foundations. Math. Biosci. 17, 243-300.
7. Atwal, J.K., Chen, Y., Chiu, C., Mortensen, D.L., Meilandt, W.J., Liu, Y., Heise, C.E., Hoyte, K., Luk, W., Lu, Y., Peng, K., Wu, P., Rouge, L., Zhang, Y., Lazarus, R.A., Scearce-Levie, K., Wang, W., Wu, Y., Tessier-Lavigne, M., Watts, R.J., 2011. A therapeutic antibody targeting bace1 inhibits amyloid-β production in vivo. Sci. Transl. Med. 3, 1-12.
8. Ayoama, Y., Kanamori, T., Nakai, T., Horiuschi, S., Sando, S., Niidome, T., 2003. Artificial viruses and their application to gene delivery Size-Controlled gene coating with glycocluster nanoparticles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125, 3455-3457. (Pubitemid 36512419)
9. Bae, Y.H., Park, K., 2011. Targeted drug delivery to tumors: myths, reality and possibility. J. Control. Rel. 153, 198-205.
10. Balderelli, R.M., 2012. In defence of the animal model. Nature 485, 309.
11. Bangham, A.D., Standish, M.M., Watkins, J.C., 1965. The diffusion of univalent ions across the lamellae of swollen phospholipids. J. Mol. Biol. 13, 238-252.
12. Barbash, I.M., Chourquai, P., Baron, J., Feinberg, M.S., 2003. Systemic delivery of bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells to the infarcted myocardium. Feasibility, cell migration and body distribution. Circulation 108, 863-868, 8 others.
13. Bartczak, D., Nitti, S., Millar, T.M., Kanaras, A.G., 2012. Exocytosis of peptide functionalized gold nanoparticles in endothelial cells. Nanoscale 4, 4470-4472.
14. Begley, C.G., Ellis, L.M., 2012. Drug development: raise standards for preclinical cancer research. Nature 483, 531-533.
15. Bertrand, N., Leroux, J.-C., 2012. The journey of a drug-carrier in the body: an anatomo-physiological perspective. J. Control. Rel. 161, 152-163.
16. Biozzi, G., Benacerraf, B., Halpern, B.N., 1953. Quantitative study of the granulopectic activity of the reticulo-endothelial system II: a study of the kinetics of the granulopectic activity of the R. E. S. in relation to the dose of carbon injected. Relationship between the weight of the organs and their activity. Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 34, 441-457.
17. Bosselmann, S., Williams III, R.O., 2012. Has nanotechnology led to improved therapeutic outcomes? Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 38, 158-170.
18. Cappell, D.F., 1929. Intravitam and supravial staining I. The principles and general results. J. Path. Bact. 32, 595-628.
19. Chen, X., Schluesener, H.J., 2008. Nanosilver: a nanoproduct in medical application. Toxicol. Lett. 176, 1-12. (Pubitemid 350251066)
20. Cheng, Z., Zaki, A.A., Hui, J.Z., Muzykantov, V.R., Tsourkas, A., 2012. Multifunctional nanoparticles: cost versus benefit of adding targeting and imaging capabilities. Science 338, 903-910.
21. Chithrani, B.D., Chan, W.C., 2007. Elucidating the mechanism of cellular uptake and removal of protein-coated gold nanoparticles of different sizes and shapes. Nano Lett. 7, 1542-1550. (Pubitemid 47140422)
22. Choi, H.S., Ashitake, Y., Lee, J.H., Kim, S.H., et al., 2010. Rapid translocation of nanoaprtciles from the lung airspaces to the body. Nat. Biotechnol. 28, 1300-1303.
23. Cooper, E.R., 2010. Nanoparticles: a personal experience for formulating poorly water soluble drugs. J. Control. Rel. 141, 300-302.
24. 111In labeled SUV liposomes (conference paper). In: Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology, pp. 569-570.
25. Couvreur, P., Stella, B., et al., 2006. Squalenoyl nanomedicines as potential therapeutics. Nano Lett. 6, 2544-2548. (Pubitemid 46076946)
26. Couvreur, P., 2010. Les nanotechnologies peuvent-elles contribuer a traiter des maladies severes. Leçons Inaugurales de Collège de France, Fayard, Paris.
27. Crielaard, B.J., Lammers, T., Schiffelers, G., 2012. Storm. Drug targeting for inflammatory disease: one of all, all for one. J. Control. Rel. 161, 225-234.
28. Crist, R.M., Grossman, J.H., Patri, A.K., Sterm, S.T., Dobrovolskia, M.A., Adiseshaiah, P.P., Clogston, J.D., McNeil, S.E., 2012. Common pitfalls in nanotechnology: lessons learned from NCI's nanotechnology characterization laboratory. Integr. Biol., http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2ib20117h.
29. De Bree, R., Kuik, D.J., Quak, J.J., Roos, J.C., van den Brekel, M.W.M., Castelijns, J.A., van Wagtendonk, F.W., Greuter, H., Snow, G.B., van Dongen, G.A.M.S., 1998. The impact of tumour volume and other characteristics on uptake of radiolabelled monoclonal antibodies in tumour tissue of head and neck cancer patients. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 25, 1562-1565. (Pubitemid 28499898)
30. De Smet, M., Heijman, E., Langereis, S., Hijnen, N.M., Grüll, H., 2011. Magnetic resonance imaging of high intensity focused ultrasound mediated drug delivery from temperature-sensitive liposomes: an in vivo proof-of-concept study. J. Control. Rel. 150, 102-110.
31. Deckers, R., Moonen, C.T.W., 2010. Ultrasound triggered, image guided, local drug delivery. J. Control. Rel. 148, 25-33.
32. Decuzzi, P., Ferrari, M., 2007. The role of specific and non-specific receptor-mediated endocytosis of nanoparticles. Biomaterials 28, 2915-2922. (Pubitemid 46505030)
33. Decuzzi, P., Ferrari, M., 2008. Design maps for nanoparticles targeting the diseased micovasculature. Biomaterials 29, 377-384. (Pubitemid 350081047)
34. Derfus, A.M., von Maltzahn, G., Harris, T.J., Duza, T., Vecchio, K.S., Ruoslahti, E., Bhatia, S.N., 2007. Remotely triggered release from magnetic nanoparticles. Adv. Mater. 19, 3932-3936. (Pubitemid 350190441)
35. Doshi, N., Mitragotri, S., 2010. Needle-shaped polymeric particles induce transient disruption of cell membranes. J. R. Soc. Interface 7, S403-S410.
36. Douglas, S.J., Davis, S.S., Illum, L., 1986. Biodistribution of poly(butyl-2-cyanoacrylate) nanoparticles in rabbits. Int. J. Pharm. 34, 145-152.
37. Duncan, R., Gaspar, R., 2011. Nanomedicine(s) under the microscope. Mol. Pharmaceut. 8, 2101-2141.
38. Duncan, R., Izzo, L., 2005. Dendrimer compatibility and toxicity. Adv. Drug Del. Rev. 57, 2237-2715.
39. Elleri, D., Dunger, D.B., Hovorka, R., 2011. Closed-loop insulin delivery for treatment of type 1 diabetes. BMC Med. 9, 120-129.
40. Ensign, L.M., Tang, B.C., Wang, Y.-Y., Tse, T.A., Hoen, T., Cone, R., Hanes, J., 2012. Mucus penetrating nanoparticles for vaginal drug delivery protect against herpes simplex virus. Sci. Transl. Med. 4, ra79.
41. European Commission, 2011. Commission Recommendations of 18 October 2011 on the Definition of Nanomaterial (2011/696/EU).
42. Fang, J., Nakamura, H., Maeda, H., 2011. The EPR effect: unique features of tumor blood vessels for drug delivery, factors involved, and limitations and augmentation of the effect. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 63, 136-151.
43. Faraday, M., 1857. Experimental relations of gold (and other metals) to light. Phil. Trans. 147, 145-181.
44. Farra, R., Sheppard, N.F., McCabe, L., Neer, L., Anderson, J.M., Santini, J.T., Cima, M.J., Langer, R., 2012. First-in-human testing of a wirelessly controlled drug delivery system. Science Trans. Med. 4, http://dx.doi.org/10. 1126/scitranslmed.3003276, 122ra21.
45. Florence, A.T., 2012. Targeting" nanoparticles: the constraints of physical laws and physical barriers. J. Control. Rel. 164, 115-124.
46. França, R., Zhang, X.-F., Veres, T., Yahia, L'H., Sacher, E., 2013. Core-shell nanoparticles as prodrugs. Possible cytotoxcicological and biomedical impacts of batch-to-batch inconsistencies. J. Coll. Interface Sci. 389, 282-297.
47. Fretz, M.M., Mastrobattista, Koning, G.A., Jiskoot, W., Storm, G., 2005. Strategies for cytostolic delivery of liposomal macromolecules. Int. J. Pharm. 305, 305-309.
48. Friedrich, A., Olejniczak, K., 2011. Evaluation of carcinogenicity studies of medicinal products for human use authorised via the European Centralised Procedure (1995-2009). Reg. Toxicol. Pharmacol., http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2011.04.001.
49. Fukushima, K., Tan, J.P.K., Korevaar, P.A., et al., 2012. Broad spectrum antimicrobial supramolecular assemblies with distinctive size and shape. ACS Nano 6, 9191-9199.
50. Gardner, C., 1985. Potential and limitations of drug targeting: an overview. Biomaterials 6, 153-160. (Pubitemid 15099381)
51. Gaspar, R., 2010. Therapeutic products: regulating drugs and medical devices. In: Hodge, G.A., Bowman, D.M. Maynard, A.D. (Eds.), International Handbook on Regulating Nanotechnologies. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK, pp. 291-320.
52. Gaumet, M., Vargas, A., Gurny, R., Delie, F., 2008. Nanoparticles for drug delivery: the need for precision in reporting particle size parameters. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 69, 1-9. (Pubitemid 351467152)
53. Gerlinger, M., Rowan, A.J., Horswell, S., 2012. Intratumor heterogeneity and branched evolution revealed by multiregion sequencing. New Eng. J. Med. 366, 883-892, 27 others.
54. Gerde, P., 2008. How do we compare dose to cells in vitro with dose to live animals and humans? Some experiences with inhaled substances. Exp. Toxicol. Pathol. 60, 181-184.
55. Giljohann, D.A., Seferos, D.S., Daniel, W.L., Massich, M.D., Patel, P.C., Mirkin, C.A., 2010. Gold nanoparticles for biology and medicine. Angew. Chem. 49, 3280-3294.
56. Goldberg, J.A., Murray, T., Kerr, D.J., Willmott, N., Bessant, R.G., McKillop, J.H., McArdle, C.S., 1991. The use of angiotensin II as a potential method of targeting cytotoxic microspheres in patients with intrahepatic tumour. Br. J. Cancer 63, 308-310.
57. Grayson, A.C.R., Choi, I.S., Tyler, B.M., Wang, P.P., Brem, H., Cima, M.J., Langer, R., 2003. Multi-phase drug delivery from a resorbable polymeric microchip device. Nat. Mater. 2, 767-772.
58. Gregoriadis, G. (Ed.), 1979. Drug Carriers in Biology and Medicine. Academic Press, London.
59. Gregoriadis, G., Ryman, B., 1971. Liposomes as carriers of enzymes or drugs: a new approach to the treatment of storage diseases. Biochem. J. 124, 58.
60. Gröning, R., 1992. Computer-controlled release of metoprolol from capsules. Int. J. Pharm. 87, 89-93.
61. Gröning, R., Weyel, S., 1993. Electronically controlled release of drugs from capsules. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 39, 102-104. (Pubitemid 23315011)
62. Gröning, R., Remmerbach, S., Jansen, A.C., 2007. Telemedicine: insulin pump controlled via the global system for mobile telecommunications (GSM). Int. J. Pharm. 339, 61-65. (Pubitemid 46977589)
63. Grüll, H., Langereis, S., 2012. Hyperthermia-triggered drug delivery from temperature-sensitive liposomes using MRI-guided high intensity focused ultrasound. J. Control. Rel. 161, 17-327.
64. Hall, J.B., Dobrovolskia, Patri, A.K., McNeil, S.E., 2007. Characterisation of nanoparticles for therapeutics. Nanomedicine 2, 789-803.
65. Halpern, B.N., Benacerraf, B., Biozzi, G., 1953. Quantitative study of the granulopectic activity of the reticulo-endothelial system I: The effect of the ingredients present in India ink and of substances affecting blood clotting in vivo on the fate of carbon particles administered intravenously in rats, mice and rabbits. Br. J. Exp. Path. 34, 426-440.
66. Hanahan, D., Weinberg, R.A., 2000. The hallmarks of cancer. Cell 100, 57-70. (Pubitemid 30046295)
67. Hansel, T.T., Kropshofer, H., Singer, T., Mitchell, J.A., George, A.J.T., 2010. The safety and side effects of monoclonal antibodies. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 9, 325-338.
68. Harrington, K.J., Mohammadtaghi, S., Uster, P.S., Glass, D., Peters, A.M., Vile, R.G., Stewart, J.S., 2001. Effective targeting of solid tumors in patients with locally advanced cancers by radiolabeled pegylated liposomes. Clin. Cancer Res. 7, 243-254. (Pubitemid 32183025)
69. Harrington, K.J., Syrigos, K.N., Vile, R.G., 2002. Liposomally targeted cytotoxic drugs for the treatment of cancer. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 54, 1573-1600. (Pubitemid 36018806)
70. Hamilton, R.F., Wu, N., Porter, D., Buford, M., Wolfarth, M., Holian, A., 2009. Particle length-dependent titanium dioxide nanomaterials toxicity and bioactivity. Particle Fibre Toxicol. 6, 35.
71. Herberts, C.A., Kwa, M.S.G., Hermmsen, H.P.H., 2011. Risk factors in the development of stem cell therapy. J. Trans. Med. 9, 29.
72. Holbeck, H., Yeo, Y., 2011. Intratumoral drug delivery with nanoparticulate carriers. Pharm. Res. 28, 1819-1830.
73. Holme, M.N., Fedotenko, I.A., Abegg, D., et al., 2012. Shear-stress sensitive lenticular vesicles for targeted drug delivery. Nat. Nanotech. 7, 536-543.
74. Huh, A.J., Kwon, Y.J., 2011. Nanoantibiotics": a new paradigm for treating infectious diseases using nanomaterials in the antibiotics resistant era. J. Control. Rel. 156, 128-145.
75. Hunter, K.W., 2012. Mouse models of cancer: does the strain matter? Nature Rev. Cancer 12, 144-149.
76. Illum, L., Davis, S.S., 1984. The organ uptake of intravenously administered colloidal particles can be altered using a non-ionic surfactant (Poloxamer 338). FEBS Lett. 167, 79-82. (Pubitemid 14198834)
77. Jin, H., Heller, D.A., Sharma, R., Strano, M.S., 2009. Size-dependent cellular uptake and expulsion of single-walled carbon nanotubes: single particle tracking and a generic uptake model for nanoparticles. ACS Nano 3, 149-158.
78. Jones, C.F., Campbell, R.A., Franks, Z., Gibson, C.C., Thiagarajan, G., Vierira-de-Abreut, A., Sukavaneshvar, S., Mohammed, S.F., Li, D.Y., Ghandehari, H., Weyrich, A.S., Brooks, B.D., Grainger, D.W., 2012. Cationic PAMAM dendrimers disrupt key platelet functions. Mol. Pharmaceut., http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ mp2006054.
79. Jones, R., 2008. Economy of promises. Nat. Nanotech. 3, 65-66.
80. Kabos, P., Ehtesham, M., Black, K.L., Yu, J.S., 2003. Neural stem cells as delivery vehicles. Expert. Opin. Biol. Ther. 3, 759-770. (Pubitemid 36934975)
81. Keck, C.M., Müller, R.H., 2008. Size analysis of sub-micron particles by laser diffractometry- 90% of published measurements are false. Int. J. Pharm. 355, 150-163.
82. Kemmer, C., Fluri, D.A., Witschi, U., Passeraub, A., Gutzwiller, A., Fussenegger, M., 2011. A designer network coordinating bovine artificial insemination by ovulation-triggered release of implanted sperms. J. Control. Rel. 150, 23-29.
83. Khalifa, A., Dodds, D., Rampling, R., Paterson, J., Murray, T., 1997. Liposomal distribution in malignant glioma: possibilities for therapy. Nucl. Med. Comm. 18, 17-23. (Pubitemid 27110167)
84. Kim, J.A., Åberg, C., Salvati, A., Dawson, K.A., 2012. Role of cell cycle on the cellular uptake and dilution of nanoparticles in a cell population. Nat. Nanotech. 7, 62-68.
85. Korin, N., Kanapathipillai, M., Mathhews, B.D., et al., 2012. Shear-activated nanotherapeutics for drug targeting to obstructed blood vessels. Science 337, 738-741.
86. Kreuter, J., 2007. Nanoparticles-a historical perspective. Int. J. Pharm. 331, 1-10. (Pubitemid 46176507)
87. Krug, H.F. (Ed.), 2011. Quality Handbook: Standard Procedures for Nanoparticle Testing. Nanommune, pp. 225.
88. Kunjachan, S., Blauz, A., Möckel, D., et al., 2012. Overcoming cellular multidrug resistance using classical nanomedicine formulations. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 45, 421-428.
89. Lammers, T., Aime, S., Hennink, W.E., Storm, G., Giessling, F., 2011. Theranostic nanomedicines. Acc. Chem. Res. 44, 1029-1038.
90. Lammers, T., Kiessling, F., Hennink, W.E., Storm, G., 2012. Drug targeting to tumours: principles, pitfalls and (pre-)clinical progress. J. Control. Rel. 161, 175-187.
91. Lamprecht, A., Schäfer, U., Lehr, C.M., 2001. Size dependent targeting of micro- and nanoparticulate carriers to the inflamed colonic mucosa. Pharm. Res. 18, 788-793. (Pubitemid 32783514)
92. Lasagna-Reeves, C.A., Clos, A.L., Midoro-Hiriuti, T., Goldblum, R.M., Jackson, G.R., Kayed, R., 2010. Inhaled insulin forms toxic pulmonary amyloid aggregates. Endocrinology 151, 4717-4724.
93. Lechardeur, D., Sohn, K.J., Haardt, M., Joshi, J.B., Graham, R.W., Beatty, B., Squire, J., O'Brodovich, H., Likacs, G.L., 1999. Metabolic instability of plasmid DNA in the cytosol: a potential barrier to gene transfer. Gene Ther. 6, 482-497. (Pubitemid 29192657)
94. Ledford, H., 2012. Drug candidates derailed in case of mistaken identity. Nature 483, 519.
95. Libutti, S.K., Paciotti, G.F., Byrnes, A.A., Alexander, R.H., Gannon, W.E., Walker, M., Seidel, G.D., Yuldasheva, N., Tamarkin, L., 2010. Phase I and pharmacokinetic studies of CYT-6091, a novel PEGylated colloidal gold-rhTNF nanomedicine. Clin. Cancer Res. 15, 6139-6149.
96. Liversidge, C.G., Cundy, K.C., 1995. Particle size reduction for improvement of oral bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs: I: absolute bioavailability of nanocrystalline danazol in beagle dogs. Int. J. Pharm.: 125, 91-97.
97. Luijten, P.R., van Dongen, G.A.M.S., Moonen, C.T.W., Storm, G., Crommelin, D.J.A., 2012. Public-private partnerships in translational medicine: concepts and practical examples. J. Control. Rel. 161, 416-421.
98. Maeda, H., 2012. Macromolecular therapeutics in cancer treatment: the EPR effect and beyond. J. Control. Rel. 164, 138-144.
99. Mahler, G.J., Esch, M.B., Tako, E., Southard, T.L., Archer, S.D., Glahn, R.P., Shuler, M.L., 2012. Oral exposure to polystyrene nanoparticles affects iron absorption. Nat. Nanotech. 7, 264-271.
100. Marusyk, A., Alendra, V., Polyak, K., 2012. Intra-tumour heterogeneity: a looking glass for cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer 12, 323-334.
101. Mastrobattista, E., van der Aa, M.A., Hennink, W.E., Crommelin, D.J.A., 2006. Artificial viruses: a nanotechnological approach to gene delivery. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 5, 115-121.
102. Mert, O., Lai, S.K., Ensign, L., Yang, M., Wang, Y.-Y., Wood, J., Hanes, J., 2012. A poly(ethylene glycol)-based surfactant for formulation of drug-loaded mucus penetrating particles. J. Control. Rel. 157, 455-460.
103. Michelson, S., 1990. A system for Monte Carlo simulation of heterogeneous tumor cell populations. Computers Math. Applic. 20, 139-148.
104. Moghimi, S.M., Hunter, A.C., Andresen, T.L., 2010. Factors controlling nanoparticle pharmacokinetics: an integrated analysis and perspective. Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 52, 481-503.
105. Monopoli, M.P., Åberg, C., Salvati, A., Dawson, K.A., 2012. Biomolecular coronas provide the biological identity of nanosized materials. Nat. Nanotech. 7, 779-786.
106. Nasseri, B., Florence, A.T., 2003. Some properties of extruded nonionic surfactant vesicles. Int. J. Pharm. 254, 11-16. (Pubitemid 36259802)
107. National, 2007. Research Councils of the National Academies. Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy. The National Academies Press, Washington D.C.
108. Ng, T., 2004. Stem cell therapy: what does should we use? Lancet 364, 1934-1935.
109. Niebel, W., Walkenbach, K., Béduneau, A., Pellequer, Y., Lamprecht, A., 2012. Nanoparticle-based clodronate delivery mitigates murine experimental colitis. J. Control. Rel. 160, 659-665.
110. Olson, H., Betton, G., et al., 2000. Concordance of the toxicity of pharmaceuticals in humans and animals. Reg. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 32, 56-67, 13 others.
111. Paciotti, G.F., Myer, L., Weinreich, D., Goia, D., Pavel, N., McLaughlin, R.E., Tamarkan, L., 2004. Colloidal gold: a novel nanoparticle vector for tumor directed drug delivery. Drug Deliv. 11, 169-183. (Pubitemid 38720414)
112. Pal, S., Tak, Y.K., Song, J.M., 2007. Does the antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles depend on the shape of the nanoparticle? A study of the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73, 1712-1720. (Pubitemid 46449051)
113. Peer, D., Karp, J.M., Hong, S., Farakhzad, O.C., Margalit, R., Langer, R., 2007. Nanocarriers as an emerging platform for cancer therapy. Nat. Nanotech. 2, 751-760. (Pubitemid 350223348)
114. Pichon, P., Billiet, L., Midoux, P., 2010. Chemical vectors for gene delivery: uptake and intracellular trafficking. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 21, 640-645.
115. Poelstra, K., Prakash, J., Beljaars., 2012. Drug targeting to the diseased liver. J. Control. Rel. 161, 188-197.
116. Pozzilli, P., Raskin, P., Parkin, C.G., 2010. Review of clinical trials: update on oral spray formulation. Diabetes, Obesity Metabol. 12, 91-96.
117. Rabinow, B.E., 2004. Nanosuspensions in drug delivery. Nat. Rev., Drug Del. 3, 785-796. (Pubitemid 39242830)
118. Rajagopal, K., Schneider, J.P., 2004. Self-assembling peptides and proteins for nanotechnological applications. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 14, 480-486. (Pubitemid 39099286)
119. Reddy, S.T., van der Vlies, A., Simeoni, E., Angeli, V., et al., 2007. Exploiting lymphatic and complement activation in nanoparticle vaccines. Nat. Biotech. 10, 1159-1164. (Pubitemid 47538111)
120. Reilly, R.M., Sandhu, J., Alvarez-Diez, T.M., Gallinger, S., Kirsh, J., Stern, H., 1995. Problems of delivery of monoclonal antibodies. Pharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic solutions. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 28, 126-142.
121. Remy, J.-S., Kichler, A., Mordvinov, Schuber, F., Behr, J.-P., 1995. Targeted gene transfer into hepatoma cells with lipopolyamine-condensed DNA presenting galactose ligands: a stage toward artificial viruses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 92, 1744-1748.
122. Ruenraroengsak, P., Cook, J.M., Florence, A.T., 2010. Nanosystem drug targeting: facing up to complex realities. J. Control. Rel. 141, 265-276.
123. Saffran, M., Kumar, G.S., Savarlar, C., Burnham, J.C., Williams, F., Neckers, D.C., 1986. A new approach to the oral administration of insulin and other peptide drugs. Science 233, 1081-1804.
124. Saffran, M., Pansky, B., Budd, G.C., Williams, F.E., 1997. Insulin and the gastrointestinal tract. J. Control. Rel. 46, 89-98. (Pubitemid 27110889)
125. Sarma, V.K., Silverton, E.W., Davies, D.R., Terry, W., 1971. The three-dimensional structure at 6 A resolution of a human yG1 immunoglobulin molecule. J. Biol. Chem. 246, 3753-3759.
126. Sarmento, B., Ribeiro, A., Veiga, F., Sampaio, P., Neufeld, R., Ferreira, D., 2007. Alginate. chitosan nanoparticles are effective for oral insulin delivery. Pharm. Res. 24, 2198-2206. (Pubitemid 350060707)
127. Sawant, R.M., Hurley, J.P., Salmaso, S., Kael, A., Tolcheva, E., Levelenko, T.S., Torchilin, V.P., 2006. Smart" drug delivery systems: double-targeted pH-responsive pharmaceutical nanocarriers. Bioconjug. Chem. 17, 943-949. (Pubitemid 44162612)
128. Schroeder, A., Heller, D.A., Winslow, M.M., Dalhmar, J.E., Pratt, G.W., Langer, R., Jacks, T., Anderson, D.G., 2012. Treating metastatic cancer with nanotechnology. Nat. Rev. Cancer 12, 39-50.
129. Scott, A.M., Wolchock, J.D., Old, L.J., 2012. Antibody therapy of cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer 12, 278-287.
130. Schellekens, H., Klinger, E., Mühlenbach, S., Brin, J.-F., Storm, G., Crommelin, D.J.A., 2010. The therapeutic equivalence of complex drugs. Reg. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 59, 176-183.
131. Senyei, A.E., Widder, K.J., Czerlinski, G., 1978. Magnetic guidance of drug-carrying microspheres. J. Appl. Phys. 49, 3578-3583.
132. Seymour, L.W., Ferry, D.R., Anderson, D., Hesslewood, S., Julyan, P.J., Poyner, R., Doran, J., Young, A.M., Burtles, S., Kerr, D.J., 2002. Hepatic drug targeting: phase I evaluation of polymer-bound doxorubicin. J. Clin. Oncol. 20, 1668-1676. (Pubitemid 34260549)
133. Sinha, P.K., Roddy, P., Palma, P.P., Kociejowski, A., Lima, M.A., Das, V.N.R., Gupta, J., Kumar, N., Mitra, G., Saint-Sauveur, J.F., Seena, S., Balasegaram, M., Parreño, F., Pandey, K., 2010. Effectiveness and Safety of Liposomal Amphotericin B for Visceral Leishmaniasis under Routine Program Conditions in Bihar, India. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 83, 357-364.
134. Studeny, M., Marini, F.C., Champlin, R.E., Zompretta, C., Fidler, I.J., Andreeff, M., 2002. Bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells as vehicles for interferon β delivery into tumors. Cancer Res. 62, 3603-3608. (Pubitemid 34728832)
135. Summers, H.D., Rees, P., Holton, M.D., Brown, M.R., Chappell, S.C., Smith, P.J., Errington, R.J., 2011. Statistical analysis of nanoparticle dosing in a dynamic cellular system. Nat. Nanotech. 6, 170-174.
136. Teicher, B.A., 2006. Tumor models for efficacy determination. Mol. Cancer 5, 2431-2435.
137. Thurber, G.M., Schmidt, M.M., Withrup, K.D., 2008. Antibody tumour penetration and transport opposed by systemic and antigen-mediated clearance. Adv. Drug Del. Rev. 60, 1421-1434.
138. Thurber, G.M., Weissleder, R., 2011. A systems approach for tumor pharmacokinetics. PLOS One 6, e24696, http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone. 0024696.
139. Timko, B.P., Dvir, T., Kohane, P.S., 2010. Remotely triggerable drug delivery systems. Adv. Mater. 22, 4925-4943.
140. van Gaal, E.V.B., van Eijk, R., Oosting, R.S., Kok, R.J., Hennink, W.E., Crommelin, D.J.A., Mastrobattista, E., 2011. How to screen non-viral gene delivery systems in vitro? J. Control. Rel. 154, 218-232.
141. Van Rooy, I., Mastrobattista, E., Storm, G., Hennink, W.E., Schiffelers, R.M., 2011. Comparison of five different targeting ligands to enhance accumulation of liposomes. J. Control. Rel. 150, 30-36.
142. Venditto. V.J., Szoka, F.C., 2012. Cancer nanomedicines: so many papers and so few drugs! Adv. Drug Del. Rev.
143. Viglianti, B.L., Abraham, S.A., Michelich, C.R., Yarmolenko, P.S., MacFall, J.R., Bally, M.B., Dewhirst, M.W., 2004. In vivo monitoring of tissue pharmacokinetics of liposome/drug using MRI: illustration of targeted delivery. Magnet. Reson. Med. 51, 1153-1162. (Pubitemid 38797000)
144. Wagner, E., Plank, C., Zatloukal, K., Cotten, M., Birnstiel, M.L., 1992. Influenza virus hemagglutinin HA-2 N-terminal fusogenic peptides augment gene transfer by transferrin-polylysine-DNA complexes: toward a synthetic virus-like gene transfer vehicle. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 89, 7934-7938.
145. Wagner, E., 2012. Polymers for siRNA delivery: inspired by viruses to be targeted, dynamic and precise. Acc. Chem. Res. 45, 1005-1013.
146. Weber, W., Fussenegger, M., 2012. Emerging biomedical applications of synthetic biology. Nat. Rev. Genet. 13, 21-34.
147. Widder, K.J., Senyei, A., Scarpelli, E.D.G., 1978. Magnetic microspheres: a model system for site specific drug delivery in vivo. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 158, 141-146. (Pubitemid 8386575)
148. Wiley, J.M., Kuller, J.A., 1997. Storage of newborn stem cells for future use. Obstet. Gynecol. 89, 300-303. (Pubitemid 27057225)
149. Wood, K.C., Zacharia, N.S., Schmidt, D.J., Wrightman, S.N., Andaya, B.J., Hammond, P.T., 2008. Electroactive controlled release thin films. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 105, 2280-2285. (Pubitemid 351520504)
150. Wu, Y., Chen, K., Yildiz, I., Dirksen, A., Fischer, R., Dawson, N., Steinmetz, F., 2012. Development of viral nanoparticles for efficient intracellular delivery. Nanoscale 7, 3567-3576.
151. Yan, R., Park, J.-H., Choi, Y., et al., 2012. Nanowire-based single cell endoscopy. Nat. Nanotech. 7, 191-196.
152. Yatvin, M.B., Kreutz, W., Horwitz, B.A., Shinitzky, M., 1980. pH-sensitive liposomes: possible clinical implications. Science 210, 1253-1255. (Pubitemid 11178014)
153. Yue, T., Zhang, X., 2011. Molecular understanding of receptor-mediated responses to ligand coated nanoparticles. Soft Matter 7, 9104-9112.
154. Yu, Y.J., Zhang, Y., Kenrick, M., Hoyte, K., Luk, W., Lu, Y., Atwal, J., Elliott, J.M., Prabhu, S., Watts, R.J., Dennis, M.S., 2011. Boosting brain uptake of a therapeutic antibody by reducing its affinity for a transcytosis target. Sci. Transl. Med. 3, 1-8.
155. Zamboni, W.C., Torchilin, V., Patri, A.K., Hrkach, J., Stephen Stern, J.S., Lee, R., Nel, A., Panaro, N.J., Grodzinski, P., 2012. Best practices in cancer nanotechnology: perspective from NCI nanotechnology alliance. Clin. Cancer Res. 18, 3229-3241.