In Praise of Clark Kent: Creative Metacognition and the Importance of Teaching Kids When (Not) to Be Creative

Roeper Review

Volumn 35, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 155-165

  Kaufman, James C ^a   Beghetto, Ronald A ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OREGON   (United States)

Author keywords

creative development; creativity; implicit biases; metacognition

Indexed keywords

EID: 84880021512     PISSN: 02783193     EISSN: 1940865X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02783193.2013.799413     Document Type: Article

References (119)

1. Abraham, A. and Windmann, S. 2008. Selective information processing advantages in creative cognition as a function of schizotypy. Creativity Research Journal, 20: 1-6.
2. Agars, M. D., Kaufman, J. C. and Locke, T. R. 2008. " Social influence and creativity in organizations: A multilevel lens for theory, research, and practice. ". In Multi-level issues in organizational innovation, Edited by: Mumford, M. D., Hunter, S. T. and Bedell-Avers, K. E. 3-62. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: JAI Press.
3. Ai, X. 1999. Creativity and academic achievement: An investigation of gender differences. Creativity Research Journal, 12: 329-337.
4. Aljughaiman, A. and Mowrer-Reynolds, E. 2005. Teachers' conceptions of creativity and creative students. Journal of Creative Behavior, 39: 17-34.
5. Altman, W. S. 1999. Creativity and academic success. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A. Humanities and Social Sciences, 59 (10A): 3731
6. Amabile, T. M. 1996. Creativity in context: Update to "The Social Psychology of Creativity.", Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
7. Amabile, T. M., Barsade, S. G., Mueller, J. S. and Staw, B. M. 2005. Affect and creativity at work. Administrative Science Quarterly, 50: 367-403.
8. Amabile, T. M., Conti, R., Coon, H., Lazenby, J. and Herron, M. 1996. Assessing the work environment for creativity. Academy of Management Journal, 39: 1154-1184.
9. Ames, M. and Runco, M. A. 2005. Predicting entrepreneurship from ideation and divergent thinking. Creativity and Innovation Management, 14: 311-315.
10. Andreasen, N. C. 1987. Creativity and mental illness: Prevalence rates in writers and their first-degree relatives. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144: 1288-1292.
11. Bachtold, L. M. 1974. The creative personality and the ideal pupil revisited. Journal of Creative Behavior, 8: 47-54.
12. Bachtold, L. M. 1976. The creative personality and the ideal pupil revisited. School Psychology Review, 5: 35-39.
13. Baer, J. and Kaufman, J. C. 2005. Bridging generality and specificity: The amusement park theoretical (APT) model of creativity. Roeper Review, 27: 158-163.
14. Beghetto, R. A. and Kaufman, J. C. 2007. Toward a broader conception of creativity: A case for mini-c creativity. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 1: 73-79.
15. Beghetto, R. A. and Kaufman, J. C. 2009. Intellectual estuaries: Connecting learning and creativity in programs of advanced academics. Journal of Advanced Academics, 20: 296-324.
16. Beghetto, R. A. and Kaufman, J. C. 2010a. " Broadening conceptions of creativity in the classroom ". In Nurturing creativity in the classroom, Edited by: Beghetto, R. A. and Kaufman, J. C. 191-205. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
17. Beghetto, R. A. and Kaufman, J. C. 2010b. Nurturing creativity in the classroom, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
18. Beghetto, R. A., Kaufman, J. C. and Baxter, J. 2011. Answering the unexpected questions: Student self-beliefs and teacher ratings of creativity in elementary math and science. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 5: 342-349.
19. Brandau, H., Daghofer, F., Hollerer, L., Kaschnitz, W., Kellner, K., Kitchmair, G., and Schlagbauer, A. 2007. The relationship between creativity, teacher ratings on behavior, age, and gender in pupils from seven to ten years. Journal of Creative Behavior, 41: 91-113.
20. Burch, G., Pavelis, C., Hemsley, D. and Corr, P. 2006. Schizotypy and creativity in visual artists. British Journal of Psychology, 97: 177-190.
21. Carson, D. K., Bittner, M. T., Cameron, B. R. and Brown, D. M. 1994. Creative thinking as a predictor of school-aged children's stress responses and coping abilities. Creativity Research Journal, 7: 145-158.
22. Chan, D. W. and Chan, L. K. 1999. Implicit theories of creativity: Teachers' perception of student characteristics in Hong Kong. Creativity Research Journal, 12: 185-195.
23. Clapham, M. M., Cowdery, E. M., King, K. E. and Montang, M. A. 2005. Predicting work activities with divergent thinking tests: A longitudinal study. Journal of Creative Behavior, 39: 149-167.
24. Cropley, A. J. 1992. More ways than one: Fostering creativity, Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
25. Cropley, D. H., Kaufman, J. C. and Cropley, A. J. 2008. Malevolent creativity: A functional model of creativity in terrorism and crime. Creativity Research Journal, 20: 105-115.
26. Daniels, S. and Piechowski, M. M. 2009. " Embracing intensity: Overexcitability, sensitivity, and the developmental potential of the gifted ". In Living with intensity, Edited by: Daniels, S. and Piechowski, M. M. 3-19. Scottsdale, AZ: Great Potential Press.
27. Davidson, J. E. and Sternberg, R. 1998. " Smart problem solving: How metacognition helps ". In Metacognition in educational theory and practice, Edited by: Hacker, D. J., Graesser, A. C. and Dunlosky, J. 47-69. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
28. Dawson, V. L. 1997. In search of the Wild Bohemian: Challenges in the identification of the creatively gifted. Roeper Review, 19: 148-152.
29. de Souza Fleith, D. 2000. Teacher and student perceptions of creativity in the classroom environment. Roeper Review, 22: 148-153.
30. Diakidoy, I. N. and Phtiaka, H. 2002. " Teachers' beliefs about creativity ". In Advances in psychology research, Edited by: Shohov, S. P. Vol. 15, 173-188. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science.
31. Dunning, D., Johnson, K., Ehrlinger, J. and Kruger, J. 2003. Why people fail to recognize their own incompetence. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12: 83-86.
32. Eason, R., Giannangelo, D. M. and Franceschini, L. A. 2009. A look at creativity in public and private schools. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 4: 130-137.
33. Egan, T. M. 2005. Factors influencing individual creativity in the workplace: An examination of quantitative empirical research. Advances in Human Resources, 7: 160-181.
34. Fayena-Tawil, F., Kozbelt, A. and Sitaras, L. 2011. Think global, act local: A protocol analysis comparison of artists' and nonartists' cognitions, metacognitions, and evaluations while drawing. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 5: 135-145.
35. Feiffer, J. 1965. The great comic book heroes, New York, NY: Dial Press.
36. Feist, G. J. 1993. A structural model of scientific eminence. Psychological Science, 4: 366-371.
37. Feist, G. J. 1998. A meta-analysis of personality in scientific and artistic creativity. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2: 290-309.
38. Feldhusen, J. F. 1995. Creativity: A knowledge base, metacognitive skills, and personality factors. Journal of Creative Behavior, 29: 255-268.
39. Feldhusen, J. F. and Goh, B. E. 1995. Assessing and accessing creativity: An integrative review of theory, research, and development. Creativity Research Journal, 8: 231-248.
40. Flavell, J. 1979. Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive-developmental inquiry. American Psychologist, 34: 906-911.
41. Florida, R. 2002. The rise of the creative class and how it's transforming work, life, community and everyday life, New York, NY: Basic Books.
42. Freund, P. A. and Holling, H. 2008. Creativity in the classroom: A multilevel analysis investigating the impact of creativity and reasoning ability on GPA. Creativity Research Journal, 20: 309-318.
43. Furnham, A., Batey, M., Anand, K. and Manfield, J. 2008. Personality, hypomania, intelligence, and creativity. Personality and Individual Differences, 44: 1060-1069.
44. Grigorenko, E. L., Jarvin, L., Diffley, R., Goodyear, J., Shanahan, E. and Sternberg, R. J. 2009. Are SATS and GPA enough? A theory-based approach to predicting academic success in secondary school. Journal of Educational Psychology, 101: 964-981.
45. Güncer, B. and Oral, G. 1993. Relationship between creativity and nonconformity to school discipline as perceived by teachers of Turkish elementary school children, by controlling for their grade and sex. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 20: 208-214.
46. Hong, E., Hartzell, S. A. and Greene, M. T. 2009. Fostering creativity in the classroom: Effects of teachers' epistemological beliefs, motivation, and goal orientation. Journal of Creative Behavior, 43: 192-208.
47. Hong, E., Peng, Y. and Wu, J. August) (2010. Effects of explicit instruction, metacognition, and motivation on creative performance, August), San Diego, CA: Paper presented at the American Psychological Association.
48. Horn, D. and Salvendy, G. 2009. Measuring consumer perception of product creativity: Impact on satisfaction and purchasability. Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing, 19: 223-240.
49. Jamison, K. R. 1993. Touched with fire: Manic-depressive illness and the artistic temperament, New York, NY: Free Press.
50. Karimi, Z., Windmann, S., Güntürkün, O. and Abraham, A. 2007. Insight problem solving in individuals with high versus low schizotypy. Journal of Research in Personality, 41: 473-480.
51. Kaufman, J. C. 2009. Creativity 101, New York, NY: Springer.
52. Kaufman, J. C. and Beghetto, R. A. 2009a. Beyond big and little: The four C model of creativity. Review of General Psychology, 13: 1-12.
53. Kaufman, J. C. and Beghetto, R. A. 2009b. " Creativity in the schools: A rapidly developing area of positive psychology ". In Handbook of positive psychology in the schools, Edited by: Gilman, R., Huebner, E. S. and Furlong, M. J. 175-188. New York, NY: Routledge.
54. Kaufman, J. C., Evans, M. L. and Baer, J. 2010. The American Idol effect: Are students good judges of their creativity across domains?. Empirical Studies of the Arts, 28: 3-17.
55. Kim, K. H. 2005. Can only intelligent people be creative?. Journal of Secondary Gifted Education, 16: 57-66.
56. Kim, K. H. and VanTassel-Baska, J. 2010. The relationship between creativity and behavior problems among underachieving elementary and high school students. Creativity Research Journal, 22: 185-193.
57. King, B. J. and Pope, B. 1999. Creativity as a factor in psychological assessment and healthy psychological functioning: The assessment of psychological health: Optimism, creativity, playfulness and transitional relatedness. Journal of Personality Assessment, 72: 200-207.
58. King, L. A., Mckee Walker, L. and Broyles, S. J. 1996. Creativity and the five-factor model. Journal of Research in Personality, 30: 189-203.
59. Knowles, E., ed. 1999. The Oxford dictionary of quotations, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
60. Kozbelt, A. 2007. A quantitative analysis of Beethoven as self-critic: Implications for psychological theories of musical creativity. Psychology of Music, 35: 147-172.
61. Kozbelt, A. 2008. Hierarchical linear modeling of creative artists' problem solving behaviors. Journal of Creative Behavior, 42: 181-200.
62. Kruger, J. and Dunning, D. 1999. Unskilled and unaware of it: How difficulties in recognizing one's own incompetence lead to inflated self-assessments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77: 1121-1134.
63. Lee, J., Day, J. D., Meara, N. M. and Maxwell, S. E. 2002. Discrimination of social knowledge and its flexible application from creativity: A multitrait-multimethod approach. Personality and Individual Differences, 32: 913-928.
64. Lee, K., Rho, S., Kim, S. and Jun, G. J. 2007. Creativity-innovation cycle for organisational exploration and exploitation: Lessons from Neowiz-A Korean Internet company. Long Range Planning: International Journal of Strategic Management, 40: 505-523.
65. Lee, S. W. 2011. Exploring seven- to eight-year-olds' use of self-talk strategies. Early Child Development and Care, 181: 847-856.
66. Lindauer, M. S. 1994. " Are creative writers mad? An empirical perspective ". In Dionysus in literature: Essays on literary madness, Edited by: Rieger, B. M. 33-48. Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green State University Popular Press.
67. Lloyd-Evans, R., Batey, M. and Furnham, A. 2006. Bipolar disorder and creativity: Investigating a possible link. Advances in Psychology Research, 40: 11-142.
68. Ludwig, A. M. 1995. The price of greatness, New York, NY: Guilford Press.
69. Madjar, N., Greenberg, E. and Chen, Z. 2011. Factors for radical creativity, incremental creativity, and routine, noncreative performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96: 730-743.
70. Metzl, E. S. 2009. The role of creative thinking in resilience after hurricane Katrina. Journal of Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 3: 112-123.
71. Middleton, M. J. and Midgley, C. 1997. Avoiding the demonstration of lack of ability: An underexplored aspect of goal theory. Journal of Educational Psychology, 89: 710-718.
72. Miron, E., Erez, M. and Naveh, E. 2004. Do personal characteristics and cultural values that promote innovation, quality, and efficiency compete or complement each other?. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25: 175-199.
73. Miron-Spektor, E., Erez, M. and Naveh, E. 2011. The effect of conformist and attentive-to-detail members on team innovation: Reconciling the innovation paradox. Academy of Management Journal, 54: 740-760.
74. Mueller, J. S., Goncalo, J. A. and Kamdar, D. 2011. Recognizing creative leadership: Can creative idea expression negatively relate to perceptions of leadership potential?. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47: 494-498.
75. Mueller, J. S., Melwani, S. and Goncalo, J. A. 2012. The bias against creativity: Why people desire but reject creative ideas. Psychological Science, 23: 13-17.
76. Nettle, D. 2006. Psychological profiles of professional actors. Personality and Individual Differences, 40: 375-383.
77. Niaz, M., Saud de Nunez, G. and Ruiz de Pineda, I. 2000. Academic performance of high school students as a function of mental capacity, cognitive style, mobility-fixity dimension, and creativity. Journal of Creative Behavior, 34: 18-29.
78. Nicol, J. J. and Long, B. C. 1996. Creativity and perceived stress of female music therapists and hobbyists. Creativity Research Journal, 9: 1-10.
79. Park, M., Lee, J. and Hahn, D. W. August 2002. Self-reported creativity, creativity, and intelligence, August, Chicago, IL: Poster presented at the American Psychological Association Annual Meeting.
80. Pennebaker, J. W. 1997. Writing about emotional experiences as a therapeutic process. Psychological Science, 8: 162-166.
81. Pennebaker, J. W., Colder, M. and Sharp, L. K. 1990. Accelerating the coping process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58: 528-537.
82. Pennebaker, J. W., Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. and Glaser, R. 1988. Disclosures of traumas and immune function: Health implications for psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56: 239-245.
83. Phillips, V. K. 1973. Creativity: Performance, profiles, and perceptions. Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 83: 25-30.
84. Pintrich, P. R., Wolters, C. and Baxter, G. 2000. " Assessing metacognition and self-regulated learning ". In Issues in the measurement of metacognition, Edited by: Schraw, G. and Impara, J. 43-97. Lincoln, NE: Buros Institute of Mental Measurements.
85. Plucker, J. A. and Beghetto, R. A. 2004. " Why creativity is domain general, why it looks domain specific, and why the distinction doesn't matter ". In Creativity: From potential to realization, Edited by: Sternberg, R. J., Grigorenko, E. L. and Singer, J. L. 153-168. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
86. Plucker, J. A., Beghetto, R. A. and Dow, G. T. 2004. Why isn't creativity more important to educational psychologists? Potential, pitfalls, and future directions in creativity research. Educational Psychologist, 39: 83-97.
87. Preckel, F., Holling, H. and Weise, M. 2006. Relationship of intelligence and creativity in gifted and non-gifted students: An investigation of threshold theory. Personality and Individual Differences, 40: 159-170.
88. Priest, T. 2006. Self-evaluation, creativity, and musical achievement. Psychology of Music, 34: 47-61.
89. Richards, R. 2007. Everyday creativity and new views of human nature: Psychological, social, and spiritual perspectives, Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Press.
90. Richards, R. 2010. " Everyday creativity: Process and way of life-Four key issues ". In Cambridge handbook of creativity, Edited by: Kaufman, J. C. and Sternberg, R. J. 189-215. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
91. Robertson, K. F., Smeets, S., Lubinski, D. and Benbow, C. P. 2010. Beyond the threshold hypothesis: Even among the gifted and top math/science graduate students, cognitive abilities, vocational interests, and lifestyle preferences matter for career choice, performance, and persistence. Psychological Science, 19: 346-351.
92. Rosa, J. A., Qualls, W. J. and Fuentes, C. 2008. Involving mind, body, and friends: Management that engenders creativity. Journal of Business Research, 61: 631-639.
93. Rothenberg, A. 1990. Creativity and madness: New findings and old stereotypes, Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
94. Rothenberg, A. 1995. Creativity and mental illness. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152: 815-816.
95. Runco, M. A. and Dow, G. T. 2004. Assessing the accuracy of judgments of originality on three divergent thinking tests. Korean Journal of Thinking & Problem Solving, 14: 5-14.
96. Runco, M. A. and Johnson, D. J. 2002. Parents' and teachers' implicit theories of children's creativity: A cross-cultural perspective. Creativity Research Journal, 14: 427-439.
97. Runco, M. A., Johnson, D. J. and Bear, P. K. 1993. Parents' and teachers' implicit theories of children's creativity. Child Study Journal, 23: 91-113.
98. Runco, M. A. and Smith, W. R. 1992. Interpersonal and intrapersonal evaluations of creative ideas. Personality and Individual Differences, 13: 295-302.
99. Russ, S. and Fiorelli, J. A. 2010. " Developmental approaches to creativity ". In Cambridge handbook of creativity, Edited by: Kaufman, J. C. and Sternberg, R. J. 233-249. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
100. Schacter, J., Thum, Y. M. and Zifkin, D. 2006. How much does creative teaching enhance elementary school students' achievement?. Journal of Creative Behavior, 40: 47-72.
101. Schlesinger, J. 2009. Creative myth conceptions: A closer look at the evidence for "mad genius" hypothesis. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 3: 62-72.
102. Scott, C. L. 1999. Teachers' biases toward creative children. Creativity Research Journal, 12: 321-337.
103. Seibert, S. E., Kraimer, M. L. and Crant, J. M. 2001. What do proactive people do? A longitudinal model linking proactive personality and career success. Personnel Psychology, 54: 845-874.
104. Seo, H.-A., Lee, E. A. and Kim, K. H. 2005. Science teachers' understandings of creativity in gifted education in Korea. Journal of Secondly Gifted Education, 16: 98-105.
105. Silvia, P. J. 2008. Discernment and creativity: How well can people identify their most creative ideas?. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 2: 139-146.
106. Silvia, P. J., Kaufman, J. C., Reiter-Palmon, R. and Wigert, B. 2011. Cantankerous creativity: Honesty-humility, agreeableness, and the HEXACO structure of creative achievement. Personality and Individual Differences, 51: 687-689.
107. Silvia, P. J. and Kimbrel, N. A. 2010. A dimensional analysis of creativity and mental illness: Do anxiety and depression symptoms predict creative cognition, creative accomplishments, and creative self-concepts?. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 4: 2-10.
108. Staw, B. 1995. " Why no one really wants creativity ". In Creative action in organizations, Edited by: Ford, C. and Giola, D. 161-166. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
109. Stein, M. I. 1953. Creativity and culture. The Journal of Psychology, 36: 311-322.
110. Sternberg, R. J., Kaufman, J. C. and Grigorenko, E. L. 2008. Applied intelligence, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
111. Sternberg, R. J., Kaufman, J. C. and Pretz, J. E. 2002. The creativity conundrum, Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press.
112. Sternberg, R. and Lubart, T. 1996. Investing in creativity. American Psychologist, 51: 677-688.
113. Stuckey, H. L. and Nobel, J. 2010. The connection between art, healing, and public health: A review of current literature. American Journal of Public Health, 100: 254-263.
114. Tan, A. G. 2003. Student teachers' perceptions of teacher behaviors for fostering creativity: A perspective on the academically low achievers. Korean Journal of Thinking and Problem Solving, 13: 59-71.
115. Torrance, E. P. 1963. Education and the creative potential, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota.
116. Unsworth, K. L. and Clegg, C. W. 2010. Why do employees undertake creative action?. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83: 77-99.
117. Westby, E. L. and Dawson, V. 1995. Creativity: Asset or burden in the classroom?. Creativity Research Journal, 8: 1-10.
118. Whitebread, D., Coltman, P., Jameson, H. and Lander, R. 2009. Play, cognition and self-regulation: What exactly are children learning when they learn through play?. Educational and Child Psychology, 26: 40-52.
119. Zeng, L., Proctor, R. W. and Salvendy, G. 2011. Fostering creativity in product and service development: Validation in the domain of information technology. Human Factors, 53: 245-270.