Effects of risperidone, amisulpride and nicotine on eye movement control and their modulation by schizotypy

Psychopharmacology

Volumn 227, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 331-345

  Schmechtig, Anne ^a   Lees, Jane ^b   Grayson, Lois ^a,c   Craig, Kevin J ^d   Dadhiwala, Rukiya ^e   Dawson, Gerard R ^d   Deakin, J F William ^b   Dourish, Colin T ^d   Koychev, Ivan ^b   McMullen, Katrina ^a   Migo, Ellen M ^a   Perry, Charlotte ^c   Wilkinson, Lawrence ^c,f   Morris, Robin ^a   Williams, Steve C R ^a   Ettinger, Ulrich ^g  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

^c CARDIFF UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^e UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

^f CARDIFF UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^g UNIVERSITY OF BONN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Amisulpride; Antisaccades; Biomarkers; Nicotine; Risperidone; Schizophrenia; Schizotypy; Smooth pursuit

Indexed keywords

AMISULPRIDE; NICOTINE; PLACEBO; RISPERIDONE;

ADULT; ANTISACCADE; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DOUBLE BLIND PROCEDURE; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; EYE MOVEMENT; EYE MOVEMENT CONTROL; EYE MOVEMENT DISORDER; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; LATENT PERIOD; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; NORMAL HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSACCADE; QUESTIONNAIRE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SCHIZOTYPAL PERSONALITY QUESTIONNAIRE; SCHIZOTYPY; SMOOTH PURSUIT EYE MOVEMENT; TASK PERFORMANCE; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS; DOUBLE-BLIND METHOD; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; NICOTINE; PSYCHOMETRICS; PURSUIT, SMOOTH; QUESTIONNAIRES; RISPERIDONE; SACCADES; SCHIZOTYPAL PERSONALITY DISORDER; SULPIRIDE; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84879603735     PISSN: 00333158     EISSN: 14322072     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-2973-4     Document Type: Article

References (118)

1. Abi-Dargham A, Kegeles LS, Zea-Ponce Y, Mawlawi O, Martinez D, Mitropoulou V, O'Flynn K, Koenigsberg HW, Van HR, Cooper T, Laruelle M, Siever LJ (2004) Striatal amphetamine-induced dopamine release in patients with schizotypal personality disorder studied with single photon emission computed tomography and [123I]iodobenzamide. Biol Psychiatry 55:1001-1006
2. Aichert DS, Williams SC, Moller HJ, Kumari V, Ettinger U (2012) Functional neural correlates of psychometric schizotypy: an fMRI study of antisaccades. Psychophysiology 49:345-356
3. American Psychiatric A (1994) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV). American Psychiatric Association, Washington
4. Artaloytia JF, Arango C, Lahti A, Sanz J, Pascual A, Cubero P, Prieto D, Palomo T (2006) Negative signs and symptoms secondary to antipsychotics: a double-blind, randomized trial of a single dose of placebo, haloperidol, and risperidone in healthy volunteers. Am J Psychiatry 163:488-493
5. Avila MT, Sherr JD, Hong E, Myers CS, Thaker GK (2003) Effects of nicotine on leading saccades during smooth pursuit eye movements in smokers and nonsmokers with schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 28:2184-2191
6. Avramopoulos D, Stefanis NC, Hantoumi I, Smyrnis N, Evdokimidis I, Stefanis CN (2002) Higher scores of self reported schizotypy in healthy young males carrying the COMT high activity allele. Mol Psychiatry 7:706-711
7. Barkus E, Lewis S (2008) Schizotypy and psychosis-like experiences from recreational cannabis in a non-clinical sample. Psychol Med 38:1267-1276
8. Barkus E, Stirling J, French P, Morrison A, Bentall R, Lewis S (2010) Distress and metacognition in psychosis prone individuals: comparing high schizotypy to the at-risk mental state. J Nerv Ment Dis 198:99-104
9. Barnes GR (2008) Cognitive processes involved in smooth pursuit eye movements. Brain Cogn 68:309-326
10. Barrett SL, Bell R, Watson D, King DJ (2004) Effects of amisulpride, risperidone and chlorpromazine on auditory and visual latent inhibition, prepulse inhibition, executive function and eye movements in healthy volunteers. J Psychopharmacol 18:156-172
11. Baruch I, Hemsley DR, Gray JA (1988) Latent inhibition and "psychotic-proneness" in normal subjects. Personal Individ Differ 9:777-783
12. Beech A, Baylis GC, Smithson P, Claridge G (1989) Individual differences in schizotypy as reflected in measures of cognitive inhibition. Br J Clin Psychol 28:117-129
13. Bora E, Baysan AL (2009) Effect of age and gender on schizotypal personality traits in the normal population. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 63:663-669
14. Brenner CA, McDowell JE, Cadenhead KS, Clementz BA (2001) Saccadic inhibition among schizotypal personality disorder subjects. Psychophysiology 38:399-403
15. Burke JG, Reveley MA (2002) Improved antisaccade performance with risperidone in schizophrenia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 72:449-454
16. Burton SC (2005) Strategies for improving adherence to second-generation antipsychotics in patients with schizophrenia by increasing ease of use. J Psychiatr Pract 11:369-378
17. Calkins ME, Iacono WG, Ones DS (2008) Eye movement dysfunction in first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia: a meta-analytic evaluation of candidate endophenotypes. Brain Cogn 68:436-461
18. Carpenter WT (2011) The facts of schizophrenia: a personal commentary. Schizophr Res 128:3-4
19. Cincotta SL, Yorek MS, Moschak TM, Lewis SR, Rodefer JS (2008) Selective nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists: potential therapies for neuropsychiatric disorders with cognitive dysfunction. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 9:47-56
20. Claridge G (1997) Schizotypy: implications for illness and health. Oxford University Press, Oxford
21. Clementz BA, Reid SA, McDowell JE, Cadenhead KS (1995) Abnormality of smooth pursuit eye movement initiation: specificity to the schizophrenia spectrum? Psychophysiology 32:130-134
22. Curran MP, Perry CM (2001) Amisulpride: a review of its use in the management of schizophrenia. Drugs 61:2123-2150
23. de Visser SJ, van der Post J, Pieters MS, Cohen AF, van Gerven JM (2001) Biomarkers for the effects of antipsychotic drugs in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 51:119-132
24. Depatie L, O'Driscoll GA, Holahan AL, Atkinson V, Thavundayil JX, Kin NN, Lal S (2002) Nicotine and behavioral markers of risk for schizophrenia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study. Neuropsychopharmacology 27:1056-1070
25. Esterberg ML, Goulding SM, McClure-Tone EB, Compton MT (2009) Schizotypy and nicotine, alcohol, and cannabis use in a non-psychiatric sample. Addict Behav 34:374-379
26. Ettinger U, Kumari V (2003) Pharmacological studies of smooth pursuit and antisaccade eye movements in schizophrenia: current status and directions for future research. Curr Neuropharmacol 1:285-300
27. Ettinger U, Kumari V, Crawford TJ, Flak V, Sharma T, Davis RE, Corr PJ (2005) Saccadic eye movements, schizotypy, and the role of neuroticism. Biol Psychol 68:61-78
28. Ettinger U, Williams SC, Patel D, Michel TM, Nwaigwe A, Caceres A, Mehta MA, Anilkumar AP, Kumari V (2009) Effects of acute nicotine on brain function in healthy smokers and non-smokers: estimation of inter-individual response heterogeneity. NeuroImage 45:549-561
29. Ettinger U, Williams SCR, Meisenzahl E, Möller HJ, Kumari V, Koutsouleris N (2012) Association between brain structure and psychometric schizotypy in healthy individuals. World J Biol Psychiatry 13:544-549
30. Evans LH, Gray NS, Snowden RJ (2005) Prepulse inhibition of startle and its moderation by schizotypy and smoking. Psychophysiology 42:223-231
31. Eysenck HJ, Eysenck SBG (1976) Psychoticism as a dimension of personality. Hodder and Stoughton, London
32. Farber NB (2003) The NMDA receptor hypofunction model of psychosis. Ann NY Acad Sci 1003:119-130
33. Fossati A, Raine A, Borroni S, Maffei C (2007) Taxonic structure of schizotypal personality in nonclinical subjects: issues of replicability and age consistency. Psychiatry Res 152:103-112
34. Gooding DC (1999) Antisaccade task performance in questionnaire- identified schizotypes. Schizophr Res 35:157-166
35. Gooding DC, Basso MA (2008) The tell-tale tasks: a review of saccadic research in psychiatric patient populations. Brain Cogn 68:371-390
36. Gooding DC, Matts CW, Rollmann EA (2006) Sustained attention deficits in relation to psychometrically identified schizotypy: evaluating a potential endophenotypic marker. Schizophr Res 82:27-37
37. Green JF, King DJ (1998) The effects of chlorpromazine and lorazepam on abnormal antisaccade and no-saccade distractibility. Biol Psychiatry 44:709-715
38. Green MF (2006) Cognitive impairment and functional outcome in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 67:e12
39. Green MF, Kern RS, Braff DL, Mintz J (2000) Neurocognitive deficits and functional outcome in schizophrenia: are we measuring the "right stuff"? Schizophr Bull 26:119-136
40. Harris MS, Reilly JL, Keshavan MS, Sweeney JA (2006) Longitudinal studies of antisaccades in antipsychotic-naive first-episode schizophrenia. Psychol Med 36:485-494
41. Heinrichs RW (2005) The primacy of cognition in schizophrenia. Am Psychol 60:229-242
42. Herzig DA, Tracy J, Munafo M, Mohr C (2010) The influence of tobacco consumption on the relationship between schizotypy and hemispheric asymmetry. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 41:397-408
43. Holahan AL, O'Driscoll GA (2005) Antisaccade and smooth pursuit performance in positive- and negative-symptom schizotypy. Schizophr Res 76:43-54
44. Hood AJ, Amador SC, Cain AE, Briand KA, Al-Refai AH, Schiess MC, Sereno AB (2007) Levodopa slows prosaccades and improves antisaccades: an eye movement study in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 78:565-570
45. Howes OD, Kapur S (2009) The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia: version III - the final common pathway. Schizophr Bull 35:549-562
46. Hutton SB (2008) Cognitive control of saccadic eye movements. Brain Cogn 68:327-340
47. Hutton SB, Ettinger U (2006) The antisaccade task as a research tool in psychopathology: a critical review. Psychophysiology 43:302-313
48. Janhunen S, Ahtee L (2007) Differential nicotinic regulation of the nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopaminergic pathways: Implications for drug development. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 31:287-314
49. Johns LC, van Os J (2001) The continuity of psychotic experiences in the general population. Clin Psychol Rev 21:1125-1141
50. Jones SR, Fernyhough C (2009) Caffeine, stress, and proneness to psychosis-like experiences: a preliminary investigation. Personal Individ Differ 46:562-564
51. Kapur S, Seeman P (2001) Does fast dissociation from the dopamine d(2) receptor explain the action of atypical antipsychotics?: a new hypothesis. Am J Psychiatry 158:360-369
52. King DJ (1997) Guidelines for the use of antipsychotic drug studies in healthy volunteers. The BAP Consensus Group. J Psychopharmacol 11:201-209
53. Koenigsberg HW, Reynolds D, Goodman M, New AS, Mitropoulou V, Trestman RL, Silverman J, Siever LJ (2003) Risperidone in the treatment of schizotypal personality disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 64:628-634
54. Koychev I, Barkus E, Ettinger U, Killcross S, Roiser JP, Wilkinson L, Deakin B (2011) Evaluation of state and trait biomarkers in healthy volunteers for the development of novel drug treatments in schizophrenia. J Psychopharmacol 25:1207-1225
55. Koychev I, McMullen K, Lees J, Dadhiwala R, Grayson L, Perry C, Schmechtig A, Walters J, Craig KJ, Dawson GR, Dourish CT, Ettinger U, Wilkinson L, Williams S, Deakin JF, Barkus E (2012) A validation of cognitive biomarkers for the early identification of cognitive enhancing agents in schizotypy: a three-center double-blind placebo-controlled study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 22:469-481
56. Krystal JH, Perry EB Jr, Gueorguieva R, Belger A, Madonick SH, bi-Dargham A, Cooper TB, MacDougall L, bi-Saab W, D'Souza DC (2005) Comparative and interactive human psychopharmacologic effects of ketamine and amphetamine: implications for glutamatergic and dopaminergic model psychoses and cognitive function. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62:985-994
57. Kumari V, Antonova E, Geyer MA (2008) Prepulse inhibition and "psychosis-proneness" in healthy individuals: an fMRI study. Eur Psychiatry 23:274-280
58. Kumari V, Postma P (2005) Nicotine use in schizophrenia: the self medication hypotheses. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 29:1021-1034
59. Larrison AL, Briand KA, Sereno AB (2004) Nicotine improves antisaccade task performance without affecting prosaccades. Hum Psychopharmacol 19:409-419
60. Lencer R, Sprenger A, Harris MS, Reilly JL, Keshavan MS, Sweeney JA (2008) Effects of second-generation antipsychotic medication on smooth pursuit performance in antipsychotic-naive schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 65:1146-1154
61. Lencer R, Trillenberg P (2008) Neurophysiology and neuroanatomy of smooth pursuit in humans. Brain Cogn 68:219-228
62. Lencz T, Raine A, Scerbo A, Redmon M, Brodish S, Holt L, Bird L (1993) Impaired eye tracking in undergraduates with schizotypal personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry 150:152-154
63. Lenzenweger MF (1994) Psychometric high-risk paradigm, perceptual aberrations, and schizotypy: an update. Schizophr Bull 20:121-135
64. Leucht S, Corves C, Arbter D, Engel RR, Li C, Davis JM (2009) Second-generation versus first-generation antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Lancet 373:31-41
65. Levy DL, Sereno AB, Gooding DC, O'Driscoll GA (2010) Eye tracking dysfunction in schizophrenia: characterization and pathophysiology behavioural neurobiology of schizophrenia and its treatment. Springer, Berlin
66. Lingjaerde O, Ahlfors UG, Bech P, Dencker SJ, Elgen K (1987) The UKU side effect rating scale. A new comprehensive rating scale for psychotropic drugs and a cross-sectional study of side effects in neuroleptic-treated patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 334:1-100
67. Mannens G, Huang ML, Meuldermans W, Hendrickx J, Woestenborghs R, Heykants J (1993) Absorption, metabolism, and excretion of risperidone in humans. Drug Metab Dispos 21:1134-1141
68. Mauri MC, Volonteri LS, Colasanti A, Fiorentini A, De GI, Bareggi SR (2007) Clinical pharmacokinetics of atypical antipsychotics: a critical review of the relationship between plasma concentrations and clinical response. Clin Pharmacokinet 46:359-388
69. McDowell JE, Dyckman KA, Austin BP, Clementz BA (2008) Neurophysiology and neuroanatomy of reflexive and volitional saccades: evidence from studies of humans. Brain Cogn 68:255-270
70. McKeage K, Plosker GL (2004) Amisulpride: a review of its use in the management of schizophrenia. CNS Drugs 18:933-956
71. Meehl PE (1989) Schizotaxia revisited. Arch Gen Psychiatry 46:935-944
72. Meehl PE (1990) Toward an integrated theory of schizotaxia, schizotypy, and schizophrenia. J Personal Disord 4:1-99
73. Migo E, Williams SCR, Crum W, Kempton MJ, Ettinger U (2011) The role of neuroimaging biomarkers in personalised medicine for neuro-degenerative and psychiatric disorders. In: Gordon E, Koslow SH (eds) Integrative neuroscience and personalized medicine. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 141-163
74. Migo EM, Corbett K, Graham J, Smith S, Tate S, Moran PM, Cassaday HJ (2006) A novel test of conditioned inhibition correlates with personality measures of schizotypy and reward sensitivity. Behav Brain Res 168:299-306
75. Mohanty A, Herrington JD, Koven NS, Fisher JE, Wenzel EA, Webb AG, Heller W, Banich MT, Miller GA (2005) Neural mechanisms of affective interference in schizotypy. J Abnorm Psychol 114:16-27
76. Mohr C, Krummenacher P, Landis T, Sandor PS, Fathi M, Brugger P (2005) Psychometric schizotypy modulates levodopa effects on lateralized lexical decision performance. J Psychiatr Res 39:241-250
77. Mohr C, Landis T, Sandor PS, Fathi M, Brugger P (2004) Nonstereotyped responding in positive schizotypy after a single dose of levodopa. Neuropsychopharmacology 29:1741-1751
78. Moorhead TW, Stanfield A, Spencer M, Hall J, McIntosh A, Owens DC, Lawrie S, Johnstone E (2009) Progressive temporal lobe grey matter loss in adolescents with schizotypal traits and mild intellectual impairment. Psychiatry Res 174:105-109
79. Natesan S, Reckless GE, Barlow KB, Nobrega JN, Kapur S (2008) Amisulpride the 'atypical' atypical antipsychotic-comparison to haloperidol, risperidone and clozapine. Schizophr Res 105:224-235
80. Nelson HE (1982) The National Adult Reading Test (NART). NFER-Nelson, Windsor, UK
81. Nelson HE, Willison J (1991) The Revised National Adult Reading Test - test manual. NFER-Nelson, Windsor, UK
82. Newhouse P, Kellar K, Aisen P, White H, Wesnes K, Coderre E, Pfaff A, Wilkins H, Howard D, Levin ED (2012) Nicotine treatment of mild cognitive impairment: a 6-month double-blind pilot clinical trial. Neurology 78:91-101
83. Newhouse PA, Potter AS, Dumas JA, Thiel CM (2011) Functional brain imaging of nicotinic effects on higher cognitive processes. Biochem Pharmacol 82:943-951
84. O'Driscoll GA, Callahan BL (2008) Smooth pursuit in schizophrenia: a meta-analytic review of research since 1993. Brain Cogn 68:359-370
85. O'Driscoll GA, Lenzenweger MF, Holzman PS (1998) Antisaccades and smooth pursuit eye tracking and schizotypy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 55:837-843
86. O'Flynn K, Gruzelier JH, Bergman AJ, Siever LJ (2003) The schizophrenia spectrum personality disorders. In: Hirsch SR, Weinberger DR (eds) Schizophrenia. Blackwell, Chichester, pp 80-100
87. Olincy A, Johnson LL, Ross RG (2003) Differential effects of cigarette smoking on performance of a smooth pursuit and a saccadic eye movement task in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 117:223-236
88. Olincy A, Ross RG, Young DA, Roath M, Freedman R (1998) Improvement in smooth pursuit eye movements after cigarette smoking in schizophrenic patients. Neuropsychopharmacology 18:175-185
89. Petrovsky N, Ettinger U, Quednow BB, Walter H, Schnell K, Kessler H, Mossner R, Maier W, Wagner M (2012) Nicotine differentially modulates antisaccade performance in healthy male non-smoking volunteers stratified for low and high accuracy. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 221:27-38
90. Pierrot-Deseilligny C, Muri RM, Ploner CJ, Gaymard B, Demeret S, Rivaud-Pechoux S (2003) Decisional role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in ocular motor behaviour. Brain 126:1460-1473
91. Potter AS, Newhouse PA (2008) Acute nicotine improves cognitive deficits in young adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 88:407-417
92. Rado S (1953) Dynamics and classification of disordered behavior. Am J Psychiatry 110:406-416
93. Raine A (1991) The SPQ: a scale for the assessment of schizotypal personality based on DSM-III-R criteria. Schizophr Bull 17:555-564
94. Raine A (2006) Schizotypal personality: neurodevelopmental and psychosocial trajectories. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2:291-326
95. Raine A, Benishay DS (1995) The SPQ-B: A brief screening instrument for schizotypal personality disorder. J Personal Disord 9:346-355
96. Ramaekers JG, Louwerens JW, Muntjewerff ND, Milius H, de Bie A, Rosenzweig P, Patat A, O'Hanlon JF (1999) Psychomotor, cognitive, extrapyramidal, and affective functions of healthy volunteers during treatment with an atypical (amisulpride) and a classic (haloperidol) antipsychotic. J Clin Psychopharmacol 19:209-221
97. Reilly JL, Lencer R, Bishop JR, Keedy S, Sweeney JA (2008) Pharmacological treatment effects on eye movement control. Brain Cogn 68:415-435
98. Rosenzweig P, Canal M, Patat A, Bergougnan L, Zieleniuk I, Bianchetti G (2002) A review of the pharmacokinetics, tolerability and pharmacodynamics of amisulpride in healthy volunteers. Hum Psychopharmacol 17:1-13
99. Rycroft N, Hutton SB, Rusted JM (2006) The antisaccade task as an index of sustained goal activation in working memory: modulation by nicotine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 188:521-529
100. Sharpe JA (2008) Neurophysiology and neuroanatomy of smooth pursuit: lesion studies. Brain Cogn 68:241-254
101. Sheehan DV, Lecrubier Y, Sheehan KH, Amorim P, Janavs J, Weiller E, Hergueta T, Baker R, Dunbar GC (1998) The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. J Clin Psychiatry 59 Suppl 20:22-33; quiz 34-57.
102. Sherr JD, Myers C, Avila MT, Elliott A, Blaxton TA, Thaker GK (2002) The effects of nicotine on specific eye tracking measures in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 52:721-728
103. Sibony PA, Evinger C, Manning KA (1988) The effects of tobacco smoking on smooth pursuit eye movements. Ann Neurol 23:238-241
104. Smyrnis N, Evdokimidis I, Mantas A, Kattoulas E, Stefanis NC, Constantinidis TS, Avramopoulos D, Stefanis CN (2007) Smooth pursuit eye movements in 1,087 men: effects of schizotypy, anxiety, and depression. Exp Brain Res 179:397-408
105. Suhr JA, Spitznagel MB (2001) Factor versus cluster models of schizotypal traits. II: relation to neuropsychological impairment. Schizophr Res 52:241-250
106. Surguladze SA, Chu EM, Evans A, Anilkumar AP, Patel MX, Timehin C, David AS (2007) The effect of long-acting risperidone on working memory in schizophrenia: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 27:560-570
107. Sweeney JA, Bauer KS, Keshavan MS, Haas GL, Schooler NR, Kroboth PD (1997) Adverse effects of risperidone on eye movement activity: a comparison of risperidone and haloperidol in antipsychotic-naive schizophrenic patients. Neuropsychopharmacology 16:217-228
108. Sweeney JA, Luna B, Keedy SK, McDowell JE, Clementz BA (2007) fMRI studies of eye movement control: investigating the interaction of cognitive and sensorimotor brain systems. NeuroImage 36(Suppl 2):T54-T60, Epub 2007 Mar 27.: T54-T60
109. Thaker GK (2007) Schizophrenia endophenotypes as treatment targets. Expert Opin Ther Targets 11:1189-1206
110. Thaker GK, Ellsberry R, Moran M, Lahti A, Tamminga C (1991) Tobacco smoking increases square-wave jerks during pursuit eye movements. Biol Psychiatry 29:82-88
111. Thiriez C, Villafane G, Grapin F, Fenelon G, Remy P, Cesaro P (2011) Can nicotine be used medicinally in Parkinson's disease? Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 4:429-436
112. Völter C, Strobach T, Aichert DS, Wöstmann N, Costa A, Möller HJ, Schubert T, Ettinger U (2012) Schizotypy and behavioural adjustment and the role of neuroticism. PLoS One 7:e30078
113. Williams JH, Wellman NA, Geaney DP, Feldon J, Cowen PJ, Rawlins JN (1997) Haloperidol enhances latent inhibition in visual tasks in healthy people. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 133:262-268
114. Williams JH, Wellman NA, Rawlins JN (1996) Cannabis use correlates with schizotypy in healthy people. Addiction (Abingdon, England) 91:869-877
115. Winterer G (2010) Why do patients with schizophrenia smoke? Curr Opin Psychiatry 23:112-119
116. Wonodi I, Cassady SL, Adami H, Avila M, Thaker GK (2006) Effects of repeated amphetamine administration on antisaccade in schizophrenia spectrum personality. Psychiatry Res 141:237-245
117. Woodward ND, Cowan RL, Park S, Ansari MS, Baldwin RM, Li R, Doop M, Kessler RM, Zald DH (2011) Correlation of individual differences in schizotypal personality traits with amphetamine-induced dopamine release in striatal and extrastriatal brain regions. Am J Psychiatry 168:418-426
118. World Health Organisation (1992) ICD-10: the ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. World Health Organisation, Geneva