Evaluation of state and trait biomarkers in healthy volunteers for the development of novel drug treatments in schizophrenia

Journal of Psychopharmacology

Volumn 25, Issue 9, 2011, Pages 1207-1225

  Koychev, Ivan ^a   Barkus, Emma ^a,b   Ettinger, Ulrich ^c   Killcross, Simon ^d   Roiser, Jonathan P ^e   Wilkinson, Lawrence ^f   Deakin, Bill ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONG   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

^d UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

^e UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^f CARDIFF UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Antisaccade; biomarkers; salience attribution; schizophrenia; schizotypy; signal detection task; smooth pursuit; synchrony; working memory

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; DOPAMINE RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; NICOTINIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT;

AUDITORY HALLUCINATION; COGNITION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG RESPONSE; EVENT RELATED POTENTIAL; HUMAN; LEARNING; PREDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RELIABILITY; REVIEW; SACCADIC EYE MOVEMENT; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SMOOTH PURSUIT EYE MOVEMENT; SPATIAL MEMORY; STIMULUS RESPONSE; TASK PERFORMANCE; VALIDITY; WORKING MEMORY;

ANIMALS; ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; COGNITION DISORDERS; DRUG DESIGN; HUMAN EXPERIMENTATION; HUMANS; RESEARCH SUBJECTS; SCHIZOPHRENIA; TRANSLATIONAL MEDICAL RESEARCH;

EID: 80054022983     PISSN: 02698811     EISSN: 14617285     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0269881111414450     Document Type: Review

References (221)

1. Abi-Dargham A, Rodenhiser J, Printz D, et al. Increased baseline occupancy of D2 receptors by dopamine in schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2000 ; 97: 8104-8109 (Pubitemid 30460780)
2. Abler B, Erk S, Walter H. Human reward system activation is modulated by a single dose of olanzapine in healthy subjects in an event-related, double-blind, placebo-controlled fMRI study. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2007 ; 191: 823-833 (Pubitemid 46355905)
3. Aitken MR, Larkin MJ, Dickinson A. Super-learning of causal judgements. Q J Exp Psychol B. 2000 ; 53: 59-81
4. Allen AJ, Griss ME, Folley BS, et al. Endophenotypes in schizophrenia: a selective review. Schizophr Res. 2009 ; 109: 24-37
5. Andreasen, NC. (1991) A unitary model of schizophrenia: Bleuler's "fragmented phrene" as schizencephaly. Arch Gen Psychiatry 56: 781-787.
6. Apud JA, Weinberger DR. Pharmacogenetic tools for the development of target-oriented cognitive-enhancing drugs. NeuroRx. 2006 ; 3: 106-116 (Pubitemid 43276637)
7. Avila MT, Weiler MA, Lahti AC, et al. Effects of ketamine on leading saccades during smooth-pursuit eye movements may implicate cerebellar dysfunction in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2002 ; 159: 1490-1496 (Pubitemid 35006728)
8. Baddeley AD Working Memory. Oxford: Oxford University Press ; 1986 :
9. Bar-Haim Y, Marshall PJ, Fox NA, et al. Mismatch negativity in socially withdrawn children. Biol Psychiatry. 2003 ; 54: 17-24 (Pubitemid 36776719)
10. Barch DM. Pharmacological manipulation of human working memory. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2004 ; 174: 126-135 (Pubitemid 38925097)
11. Barch DM, Carter CS. Amphetamine improves cognitive function in medicated individuals with schizophrenia and in healthy volunteers. Schizophr Res. 2005 ; 77: 43-58 (Pubitemid 40957060)
12. Barch DM, Carter CS, Braver TS, et al. Selective deficits in prefrontal cortex function in medication-naive patients with schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001 ; 58: 280-288 (Pubitemid 32209682)
13. Barkus E, Smallman R, Royle N, et al. (2011) Auditory false perceptions are mediated by psychosis risk factors. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 16: 289-302.
14. Barkus E, Stirling J, Hopkins R, et al. Cognitive and neural processes in non-clinical auditory hallucinations. Br J Psychiatry Suppl. 2007 ; 51: s76-s81
15. Basar-Eroglu C, Brand A, Hildebrandt H, et al. Working memory related gamma oscillations in schizophrenia patients. Int J Psychophysiol. 2007 ; 64: 39-45 (Pubitemid 46483768)
16. Belforte JE, Zsiros V, Sklar ER, et al. Postnatal NMDA receptor ablation in corticolimbic interneurons confers schizophrenia-like phenotypes. Nat Neurosci. 2010 ; 13: 76-83
17. Bentall RP. The illusion of reality: a review and integration of psychological research on hallucinations. Psychol Bull. 1990 ; 107: 82-95
18. Bentall RP, Baker GA, Havers S. Reality monitoring and psychotic hallucinations. Br J Clin Psychol. 1991 ; 30 (Pt 3). 213-222
19. Bentall RP, Slade PD. Reality testing and auditory hallucinations: a signal detection analysis. Br J Clin Psychol. 1985 ; 24 (Pt 3). 159-169 (Pubitemid 15235333)
20. Berridge KC, Robinson TE. What is the role of dopamine in reward: hedonic impact, reward learning, or incentive salience?. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1998 ; 28: 309-369 (Pubitemid 29012677)
21. Birks J (2006) Cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: CD005593.
22. Boecker KBE, Hijman R, Kahn RS, et al. Perception, mental imagery and reality discrimination in hallucinating and non-hallucinating schizophrenic patients. Br J Clin Psychol. 2000 ; 39: 397-406
23. Breier A. Developing drugs for cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2005 ; 31: 816-822 (Pubitemid 41437775)
24. Brekke JS, Barrio C. Cross-ethnic symptom differences in schizophrenia: the influence of culture and minority status. Schizophr Bull. 1997 ; 23: 305-316 (Pubitemid 27224881)
25. Buchanan RW, Freedman R, Javitt DC, et al. Recent advances in the development of novel pharmacological agents for the treatment of cognitive impairments in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2007 ; 33: 1120-1130 (Pubitemid 47347922)
26. Buchanan RW, Keefe RS, Lieberman JA, et al. A randomized clinical trial of MK-0777 for the treatment of cognitive impairments in people with schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 2011 ; 69: 442-449
27. Burke JG, Reveley MA. Improved antisaccade performance with risperidone in schizophrenia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002 ; 72: 449-454
28. Butler PD, Abeles IY, Weiskopf NG, et al. (2009) Sensory contributions to impaired emotion processing in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 35: 1095-1107.
29. Buzsaki G Rhythms of the Brain. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press ; 2006 :
30. Cahill C. Psychotic experiences induced in deluded patients using distorted auditory feedback. Cogn Neuropsychiatry. 1996 ; 1: 201-211 (Pubitemid 126683609)
31. Calkins ME, Curtis CE, Iacono WG, et al. Antisaccade performance is impaired in medically and psychiatrically healthy biological relatives of schizophrenia patients. Schizophr Res. 2004 ; 71: 167-178 (Pubitemid 39209486)
32. Callicott JH, Mattey VS, Verchinski BA, et al. (2003) Complexity of prefrontal cortical dysfunction in schizophrenia: more than up or down. Am J Psychiatry 160: 2209-2215. (Pubitemid 39619615)
33. Campion D, Thibaut F, Denise P, et al. SPEM impairment in drug-naive schizophrenic patients: evidence for a trait marker. Biol Psychiatry. 1992 ; 32: 891-902 (Pubitemid 23024901)
34. Carter CS, Barch DM. Cognitive neuroscience-based approaches to measuring and improving treatment effects on cognition in schizophrenia: the CNTRICS initiative. Schizophr Bull. 2007 ; 33: 1131-1137 (Pubitemid 47347921)
35. Cho RY, Konecky RO, Carter CS. Impairments in frontal cortical gamma synchrony and cognitive control in schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2006 ; 103: 19878-19883 (Pubitemid 46037524)
36. Cohen JD, Servan-Schreiber D. Context, cortex, and dopamine: a connectionist approach to behavior and biology in schizophrenia. Psychol Rev. 1992 ; 99: 45-77
37. Condy C, Wattiez N, Rivaud-Pechoux S, et al. Ketamine-induced distractibility: An oculomotor study in monkeys. Biol Psychiatry. 2005 ; 57: 366-372 (Pubitemid 40215766)
38. Connell PH Amphetamine Psychosis. London: Chapman and Hall ; 1958 :
39. Davis KL, Kahn RS, Ko G, et al. Dopamine in schizophrenia: a review and reconceptualization. Am J Psychiatry. 1991 ; 148: 1474-1486
40. de Visser SJ, van der Post JP, de Waal PP, et al. Biomarkers for the effects of benzodiazepines in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2003 ; 55: 39-50 (Pubitemid 36110838)
41. Deakin JF, Lees J, McKie S, et al. Glutamate and the neural basis of the subjective effects of ketamine: a pharmaco-magnetic resonance imaging study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008 ; 65: 154-164 (Pubitemid 351214314)
42. Deakin JF, Simpson MD. A two-process theory of schizophrenia: evidence from studies in post-mortem brain. J Psychiatr Res. 1997 ; 31: 277-295 (Pubitemid 27317573)
43. Depatie L, O'Driscoll GA, Holahan AL, et al. (2002) Nicotine and behavioral markers of risk for schizophrenia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study. Neuropsychopharmacology 25: 1056-1070. (Pubitemid 35447643)
44. Di Russo F, Martinez A, Hillyard SA. Source analysis of event-related cortical activity during visuo-spatial attention. Cereb Cortex. 2003 ; 13: 486-499 (Pubitemid 36460875)
45. Diefendorf AR, Dodge R. An experimental study of the ocular reactions of the insane from photographic records. Brain. 1908 ; 31: 451-489
46. Diwadkar VA, Montrose DM, Dworakowski D, et al. Genetically predisposed offspring with schizotypal features: an ultra high-risk group for schizophrenia?. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2006 ; 30: 230-238 (Pubitemid 43288063)
47. Domino EF, Ni LS, Zhang H. Effects of tobacco smoking on human ocular smooth pursuit. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1997 ; 61: 349-359 (Pubitemid 27145437)
48. Doniger GM, Foxe JJ, Murray MM, et al. Impaired visual object recognition and dorsal/ventral stream interaction in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002 ; 59: 1011-1020
49. Dunn MJ, Killcross S. Clozapine but not haloperidol treatment reverses sub-chronic phencyclidine-induced disruption of conditional discrimination performance. Behav Brain Res. 2006 ; 175: 271-277 (Pubitemid 44750225)
50. Elliott R, Sahakian BJ, Matthews K, et al. (1997) Effects of methylphenidate on spatial working memory and planning in healthy young adults. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 131: 196-206. (Pubitemid 27261609)
51. Ettinger U, Kumari V, Chitnis XA, et al. Volumetric neural correlates of antisaccade eye movements in first-episode psychosis. Am J Psychiatry. 2004 ; 161: 1918-1921 (Pubitemid 39314691)
52. Ettinger U, Kumari V, Crawford TJ, et al. Reliability of smooth pursuit, fixation, and saccadic eye movements. Psychophysiology. 2003a ; 40: 620-628 (Pubitemid 36834961)
53. Ettinger U, Kumari V, Zachariah E, et al. Effects of procyclidine on eye movements in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2003b ; 28: 2199-2208 (Pubitemid 37468188)
54. Ettinger U, Williams SC, Patel D, et al. Effects of acute nicotine on brain function in healthy smokers and non-smokers: estimation of inter-individual response heterogeneity. Neuroimage. 2009 ; 45: 549-561
55. Fanous AH, Kendler KS. The genetic relationship of personality to major depression and schizophrenia. Neurotox Res. 2004 ; 6: 43-50
56. Fava M, Rosenbaum JF, Kolsky AR, et al. Open study of the catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitor tolcapone in major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1999 ; 19: 329-335 (Pubitemid 29344846)
57. Featherstone RE, Kapur S, Fletcher PJ. The amphetamine-induced sensitized state as a model of schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2007 ; 31: 1556-1571 (Pubitemid 47625703)
58. Fletcher PC and Honey GD (2006) Schizophrenia, ketamine and cannabis: evidence of overlapping memory deficits. Trends Cogn Sci 10: 167-174.
59. Foxe JJ, Murray MM, Javitt DC. Filling-in in schizophrenia: a high-density electrical mapping and source-analysis investigation of illusory contour processing. Cereb Cortex. 2005 ; 15: 1914-1927 (Pubitemid 41628332)
60. Freedman R, Olincy A, Buchanan RW, et al. Initial phase 2 trial of a nicotinic agonist in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2008 ; 165: 1040-1047
61. Fries P. Neuronal gamma-band synchronization as a fundamental process in cortical computation. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2009 ; 32: 209-224
62. Friston K (2005) Disconnection and cognitive dysmetria in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 162: 429-432. (Pubitemid 40343907)
63. Fukushima J, Fukushima K, Chiba T, et al. Disturbances of voluntary control of saccadic eye movements in schizophrenic patients. Biol Psychiatry. 1988 ; 23: 670-677 (Pubitemid 18086646)
64. Furey ML, Pietrini P, Alexander GE, et al. Cholinergic enhancement improves performance on working memory by modulating the functional activity in distinct brain regions: a positron emission tomography regional cerebral blood flow study in healthy humans. Brain Res Bull. 2000a ; 51: 213-218 (Pubitemid 30077486)
65. Furey ML, Pietrini P, Haxby JV. Cholinergic enhancement and increased selectivity of perceptual processing during working memory. Science. 2000b ; 290: 2315-2319 (Pubitemid 32041576)
66. Gallinat J, Winterer G, Herrmann CS, et al. Reduced oscillatory gamma-band responses in unmedicated schizophrenic patients indicate impaired frontal network processing. Clin Neurophysiol. 2004 ; 115: 1863-1874 (Pubitemid 38952954)
67. Glatt SJ, Stone WS, Faraone SV, et al. Psychopathology, personality traits and social development of young first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry. 2006 ; 189: 337-345 (Pubitemid 44606747)
68. Goldman-Rakic PS. Working memory dysfunction in schizophrenia. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1994 ; 6: 348-357 (Pubitemid 24344855)
69. Gottesman II, Gould TD. The endophenotype concept in psychiatry: etymology and strategic intentions. Am J Psychiatry. 2003 ; 160: 636-645 (Pubitemid 41079594)
70. Gray JA, Roth BL. The pipeline and future of drug development in schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry. 2007 ; 12: 904-922 (Pubitemid 47482704)
71. Green A, Ellis KA, Ellis J, et al. (2005) Muscarinic and nicotinic receptor modulation of object and spatial n-back working memory in humans. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 81: 575-584. (Pubitemid 40966805)
72. Green DM, Swets JA Signal Detection Theory and Psychophysics. Los Altos, CA: Peninsula Publishing ; 1966 :
73. Green MF, Butler PD, Chen Y, et al. Perception measurement in clinical trials of schizophrenia: promising paradigms from CNTRICS. Schizophr Bull. 2009 ; 35: 163-181
74. Haddon JE, George DN, Grayson L, et al. Impaired conditional task performance in a high schizotypy population: relation to cognitive deficits. Q J Exp Psychol (Colchester). 2011 ; 64: 1-9
75. Haenschel C, Bittner RA, Haertling F, et al. (2007) Contribution of impaired early-stage visual processing to working memory dysfunction in adolescents with schizophrenia: a study with event-related potentials and functional magnetic resonance imaging. Arch Gen Psychiatry 64: 1229-1240. (Pubitemid 350074821)
76. Haenschel CRA, Bittner J, Waltz F, Haertling M, Wibral W, Singer DE, Linden and Rodriguez E. (2009). Cortical oscillatory activity is critical for working memory as revealed by deficits in early-onset schizophrenia. J Neurosci 29(30): 9481-9489.
77. Haraldsson HM, Ettinger U, Magnusdottir BB, et al. (2008) Eye movement deficits in schizophrenia: investigation of a genetically homogenous Icelandic sample. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 258: 373-383.
78. Harris MS, Reilly JL, Keshavan MS, et al. Longitudinal studies of antisaccades in antipsychotic-naive first-episode schizophrenia. Psychol Med. 2006 ; 36: 485-494 (Pubitemid 43381001)
79. Harvey PD, Green MF, Nuechterlein KH. Latest developments in the matrics process. Psychiatry (Edgmont). 2010 ; 7: 49-52
80. Heggelund P, Hartveit E. Neurotransmitter receptors mediating excitatory input to cells in the cat lateral geniculate nucleus. I. Lagged cells. J Neurophysiol. 1990 ; 63: 1347-1360 (Pubitemid 20217472)
81. Heinrichs RW. The primacy of cognition in schizophrenia. Am Psychol. 2005 ; 60: 229-242
82. Hill SK, Schuepbach D, Herbener ES, et al. Pretreatment and longitudinal studies of neuropsychological deficits in antipsychotic-naive patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2004 ; 68: 49-63 (Pubitemid 38368136)
83. Hong LE, Summerfelt A, Buchanan RW, et al. (2009) Gamma and delta neural oscillations and association with clinical symptoms under subanesthetic ketamine. Neuropsychopharmacology 35: 632-640.
84. Housden CR, O'Sullivan SS, Joyce EM, et al. (2010) Intact reward learning but elevated delay discounting in Parkinson's disease patients with impulsive-compulsive spectrum behaviors. Neuropsychopharmacology 35: 2155-2164.
85. Houthoofd SA, Morrens M, and Sabbe BG. (2008). Cognitive and psychomotor effects of risperidone in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Clin Ther 30(9): 1565-1589.
86. Howes OD, Montgomery AJ, Asselin MC, et al. Elevated striatal dopamine function linked to prodromal signs of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009 ; 66: 13-20
87. Hurko O. The uses of biomarkers in drug development. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2009 ; 1180: 1-10
88. Hurko O. Future drug discovery and development. Mol Genet Metab 100 Suppl. 2010 ; 1: S92-S96
89. Hutton SB, Crawford TJ, Gibbins H, et al. Short and long term effects of antipsychotic medication on smooth pursuit eye tracking in schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2001 ; 157: 284-291 (Pubitemid 32905570)
90. Hutton SB, Ettinger U. The antisaccade task as a research tool in psychopathology: a critical review. Psychophysiology. 2006 ; 43: 302-313 (Pubitemid 43927348)
91. Hutton SB, Huddy V, Barnes TR, et al. The relationship between antisaccades, smooth pursuit, and executive dysfunction in first-episode schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 2004 ; 56: 553-559 (Pubitemid 39336402)
92. Jansson LB, Parnas J. Competing definitions of schizophrenia: what can be learned from polydiagnostic studies?. Schizophr Bull. 2007 ; 33: 1178-1200 (Pubitemid 47351232)
93. Javitt DC. When doors of perception close: bottom-up models of disrupted cognition in schizophrenia. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2009 ; 5: 249-275
94. Javitt DC, Shelley AM, Silipo G, et al. Deficits in auditory and visual context-dependent processing in schizophrenia: defining the pattern. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000 ; 57: 1131-1137
95. Johnson JK, Tuulio-Henriksson A, Pirkola T, et al. Do schizotypal symptoms mediate the relationship between genetic risk for schizophrenia and impaired neuropsychological performance in co-twins of schizophrenic patients?. Biol Psychiatry. 2003 ; 54: 1200-1204 (Pubitemid 37464865)
96. Johnstone EC, Crow TJ, Ferrier IN, et al. Adverse effects of anticholinergic medication on positive schizophrenic symptoms. Psychol Med. 1983 ; 13: 513-527 (Pubitemid 13019017)
97. Juckel G, Schlagenhauf F, Koslowski M, et al. Dysfunction of ventral striatal reward prediction in schizophrenic patients treated with typical, not atypical, neuroleptics. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2006a ; 187: 222-228 (Pubitemid 44015616)
98. Juckel G, Schlagenhauf F, Koslowski M, et al. Dysfunction of ventral striatal reward prediction in schizophrenia. Neuroimage. 2006b ; 29: 409-416 (Pubitemid 43063297)
99. Kapur S. Psychosis as a state of aberrant salience: a framework linking biology, phenomenology, and pharmacology in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2003 ; 160: 13-23 (Pubitemid 36042420)
100. Kapur S, Remington G. Dopamine D(2) receptors and their role in atypical antipsychotic action: still necessary and may even be sufficient. Biol Psychiatry. 2001 ; 50: 873-883 (Pubitemid 34020700)
101. Kasai K, Yamada H, Kamio S, et al. (2002) Do high or low doses of anxiolytics and hypnotics affect mismatch negativity in schizophrenic subjects? An EEG and MEG study. Clin Neurophysiol 113: 141-150. (Pubitemid 34093867)
102. Keefe RS, Bilder RM, Davis SM, et al. Neurocognitive effects of antipsychotic medications in patients with chronic schizophrenia in the CATIE Trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007 ; 64: 633-647 (Pubitemid 46878665)
103. Kemp AS, Schooler NR, Kalali AH, et al. What is causing the reduced drug-placebo difference in recent schizophrenia clinical trials and what can be done about it?. Schizophr Bull. 2010 ; 36: 504-509
104. Kimberg DY, Aguirre GK, Lease J, et al. Cortical effects of bromocriptine, a D-2 dopamine receptor agonist, in human subjects, revealed by fMRI. Hum Brain Mapp. 2001 ; 12: 246-257 (Pubitemid 32238561)
105. Kimberg DY, D'Esposito M, Farah MJ. Effects of bromocriptine on human subjects depend on working memory capacity. Neuroreport. 1997 ; 8: 3581-3585 (Pubitemid 27497487)
106. Kinon BJ, Potts AJ, Watson SB. Placebo response in clinical trials with schizophrenia patients. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2011 ; 24: 107-113
107. Kircher TT, Rapp A, Grodd W, et al. Mismatch negativity responses in schizophrenia: a combined fMRI and whole-head MEG study. Am J Psychiatry. 2004 ; 161: 294-304 (Pubitemid 38419281)
108. Kirrane RM, Mitropoulou V, Nunn M, et al. Effects of amphetamine on visuospatial working memory performance in schizophrenia spectrum personality disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2000 ; 22: 14-18
109. Klein C, Fischer B, Fischer B, et al. Effects of methylphenidate on saccadic responses in patients with ADHD. Exp Brain Res. 2002 ; 145: 121-125 (Pubitemid 34651741)
110. Knutson B, Bjork JM, Fong GW, et al. Amphetamine modulates human incentive processing. Neuron. 2004 ; 43: 261-269 (Pubitemid 38942965)
111. Korostenskaja M, Dapsys K, Siurkute A, et al. Effects of olanzapine on auditory P300 and mismatch negativity (MMN) in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2005 ; 29: 543-548 (Pubitemid 40603829)
112. Koychev I, Deakin JFW, Haenschel C, et al. (2011) Abnormal neural oscillations in schizotypy during a visual working memory task: Support for a deficient top-down network? Neuropsychologia 49: 2866-2873.
113. Koychev I, El-Deredy W, Haenschel C, et al. Visual information processing deficits as biomarkers of vulnerability to schizophrenia: an event-related potential study in schizotypy. Neuropsychologia. 2010 ; 48: 2205-2214
114. Kreitschmann-Andermahr I, Rosburg T, Demme U, et al. Effect of ketamine on the neuromagnetic mismatch field in healthy humans. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res. 2001 ; 12: 109-116 (Pubitemid 32728286)
115. Krystal JH, D'Souza DC, Petrakis IL, et al. NMDA agonists and antagonists as probes of glutamatergic dysfunction and pharmacotherapies in neuropsychiatric disorders. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 1999 ; 7: 125-143 (Pubitemid 30240826)
116. Kwon YH, Esguerra M, Sur M. NMDA and non-NMDA receptors mediate visual responses of neurons in the cat's lateral geniculate nucleus. J Neurophysiol. 1991 ; 66: 414-428
117. Larrison-Faucher AL, Matorin AA and Sereno AB (2004) Nicotine reduces antisaccade errors in task impaired schizophrenic subjects. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 28: 505-516. (Pubitemid 38490763)
118. Laruelle M, Abi-Dargham A, van Dyck CH, et al. Single photon emission computerized tomography imaging of amphetamine-induced dopamine release in drug-free schizophrenic subjects. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1996 ; 93: 9235-9240
119. Law AJ, Deakin JF. Asymmetrical reductions of hippocampal NMDAR1 glutamate receptor mRNA in the psychoses. Neuroreport. 2001 ; 12: 2971-2974 (Pubitemid 32882018)
120. Lee J, Park S. Working memory impairments in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. J Abnorm Psychol. 2005 ; 114: 599-611 (Pubitemid 41746997)
121. Lencer R, Trillenberg-Krecker K, Schwinger E, et al. (2003) Schizophrenia spectrum disorders and eye tracking dysfunction in singleton andmultiplex schizophrenia families. Schizophr Res 60: 33-45. (Pubitemid 36015786)
122. Lencer R, Sprenger A, Harris MS, Reilly JL, Keshavan MS and Sweeney JA. (2008) Effects of second-generation antipsychotic medication on smooth pursuit performance in antipsychotic-naive schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 65(10): 1146-1154.
123. Levin ED, McClernon FJ, Rezvani AH. Nicotinic effects on cognitive function: behavioral characterization, pharmacological specification, and anatomic localization. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2006 ; 184: 523-539 (Pubitemid 43255869)
124. Lewis DA, Cho RY, Carter CS, et al. Subunit-selective modulation of GABA type A receptor neurotransmission and cognition in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2008 ; 165: 1585-1593
125. Lewis DA, Moghaddam B. Cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia: convergence of gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate alterations. Arch Neurol. 2006 ; 63: 1372-1376 (Pubitemid 44547546)
126. Lieberman JA, Stroup TS, McEvoy JP, et al. Effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in patients with chronic schizophrenia. N Engl J Med. 2005 ; 353: 1209-1223 (Pubitemid 41345943)
127. Light GA, Braff DL. Mismatch negativity deficits are associated with poor functioning in schizophrenia patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005 ; 62: 127-136 (Pubitemid 40189128)
128. Luciana M, Collins PF, Depue RA. Opposing roles for dopamine and serotonin in the modulation of human spatial working memory functions. Cereb Cortex. 1998 ; 8: 218-226 (Pubitemid 28226157)
129. Malaspina D, Colemann EA, Quitkin M, et al. Effects of pharmacologic catecholamine manipulation on smooth pursuit eye movements in normals. Schizophr Res. 1994 ; 13: 151-159 (Pubitemid 24330924)
130. Marcotte ER, Pearson DM, Srivastava LK. Animal models of schizophrenia: a critical review. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2001 ; 26: 395-410 (Pubitemid 34082728)
131. Martinez A, Hillyard SA, Dias EC, et al. Magnocellular pathway impairment in schizophrenia: evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurosci. 2008 ; 28: 7492-7500
132. Mattay VS, Callicott JH, Bertolino A, et al. Effects of dextroamphetamine on cognitive performance and cortical activation. Neuroimage. 2000 ; 12: 268-275
133. Mattay VS, Berman KF, Ostrem JL, et al. (1996) Dextroamphetamine enhances "neural network-specific" physiological signals: a positron-emission tomography rCBF study. J Neurosci 16: 4816-4822. (Pubitemid 26255289)
134. Mayner G, Ortuño F, Lopez P, et al. Atypical neuroleptics may modify cortical oscillatory activity in schizophrenia. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2008 ; 18: 459-460
135. McClure MM, Harvey PD, Goodman M, et al. Pergolide treatment of cognitive deficits associated with schizotypal personality disorder: continued evidence of the importance of the dopamine system in the schizophrenia spectrum. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2010 ; 35: 1356-1362
136. McGowan S, Lawrence AD, Sales T, et al. Presynaptic dopaminergic dysfunction in schizophrenia: a positron emission tomographic [18F]fluorodopa study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004 ; 61: 134-142 (Pubitemid 38146547)
137. McNichol (1972) A Primer of Signal Detection Theory. Sydney: Australian Publishing.
138. Mehta MA, Owen AM, Sahakian BJ, et al. (2000) Methylphenidate enhances working memory by modulating discrete frontal and parietal lobe regions in the human brain. J Neurosci 20: RC65.
139. Meltzer HY, McGurk SR. The effects of clozapine, risperidone, and olanzapine on cognitive function in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 1999 ; 25: 233-255 (Pubitemid 29272503)
140. Michie PT. What has MMN revealed about the auditory system in schizophrenia?. Int J Psychophysiol. 2001 ; 42: 177-194 (Pubitemid 32928383)
141. Michie PT, Kent A, Stienstra R, et al. Phenotypic markers as risk factors in schizophrenia: neurocognitive functions. Aust NZ J Psychiatry. 2000 ; 34 (Suppl). S74-S85
142. Minzenberg MJ, Poole JH, Benton C, et al. Association of anticholinergic load with impairment of complex attention and memory in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2004 ; 161: 116-124 (Pubitemid 38419316)
143. Miyamoto S, Duncan GE, Marx CE, et al. Treatments for schizophrenia: a critical review of pharmacology and mechanisms of action of antipsychotic drugs. Mol Psychiatry. 2005 ; 10: 79-104 (Pubitemid 40139590)
144. Morgan CJ and Curran HV (2006) Acute and chronic effects of ketamine upon human memory: a review. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 188: 408-424. (Pubitemid 46758974)
145. Muller N, Riedel M, Eggert T, et al. Internally and externally guided voluntary saccades in unmedicated and medicated schizophrenic patients. Part II. Saccadic latency, gain, and fixation suppression errors. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1999 ; 249: 7-14 (Pubitemid 29366771)
146. Muller U, von Cramon DY, Pollmann S. D1- versus D2-receptor modulation of visuospatial working memory in humans. J Neurosci. 1998 ; 18: 2720-2728 (Pubitemid 28141817)
147. Munoz DP, Everling S. Look away: the anti-saccade task and the voluntary control of eye movement. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2004 ; 5: 218-228 (Pubitemid 38252478)
148. Murray GK, Cheng F, Clark L, et al. Reinforcement and reversal learning in first-episode psychosis. Schizophr Bull. 2008a ; 34: 848-855
149. Murray GK, Clark L, Corlett PR, et al. Incentive motivation in first-episode psychosis: a behavioural study. BMC Psychiatry. 2008b ; 8: 34-34
150. Naatanen R, Gaillard AW, Mantysalo S. Early selective-attention effect on evoked potential reinterpreted. Acta Psychol (Amst). 1978 ; 42: 313-329
151. Newhouse P, Singh A, Potter A. Nicotine and nicotinic receptor involvement in neuropsychiatric disorders. Curr Top Med Chem. 2004 ; 4: 267-282 (Pubitemid 38842571)
152. Newsome WT, Wurtz RH, Komatsu H. Relation of cortical areas MT and MST to pursuit eye movements. II. Differentiation of retinal from extraretinal inputs. J Neurophysiol. 1988 ; 60: 604-620
153. Niznikiewicz MA, Spencer KM, Dickey C, et al. Abnormal pitch mismatch negativity in individuals with schizotypal personality disorder. Schizophr Res. 2009 ; 110: 188-193
154. Nuechterlein KH, Green MF, Kern RS, et al. The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery, part 1: test selection, reliability, and validity. Am J Psychiatry. 2008 ; 165: 203-213 (Pubitemid 351704520)
155. O'Connor M, Harris JM, McIntosh AM, et al. Specific cognitive deficits in a group at genetic high risk of schizophrenia. Psychol Med. 2009 ; 39: 1649-1655
156. O'Driscoll GA, Benkelfat C, Florencio PS, et al. Neural correlates of eye tracking deficits in first-degree relatives of schizophrenic patients: a positron emission tomography study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999 ; 56: 1127-1134
157. O'Driscoll GA, Depatie L, Holahan AL, et al. Executive functions and methylphenidate response in subtypes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2005 ; 57: 1452-1460 (Pubitemid 40798567)
158. O'Driscoll GA, Lenzenweger MF, Holzman PS. Antisaccades and smooth pursuit eye tracking and schizotypy. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1998 ; 55: 837-843 (Pubitemid 28413047)
159. Oranje B, van Berckel BN, Kemner C, et al. The effects of a sub-anaesthetic dose of ketamine on human selective attention. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2000 ; 22: 293-302 (Pubitemid 30089540)
160. Park S, McTigue K. Working memory and the syndromes of schizotypal personality. Schizophr Res. 1997 ; 26: 213-220 (Pubitemid 27431786)
161. Perry EK, Perry RH. Acetylcholine and hallucinations: disease-related compared to drug-induced alterations in human consciousness. Brain Cogn. 1995 ; 28: 240-258
162. Perry PJ, Wilding DC, Juhl RP. Anticholinergic psychosis. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1978 ; 35: 725-728
163. Pessiglione M, Seymour B, Flandin G, et al. Dopamine-dependent prediction errors underpin reward-seeking behaviour in humans. Nature. 2006 ; 442: 1042-1045 (Pubitemid 44330261)
164. Petrides M. Deficits in non-spatial conditional associative learning after periarcuate lesions in the monkey. Behav Brain Res. 1985 ; 16: 95-101 (Pubitemid 15016747)
165. Pietrzak RH, Snyder PJ, Maruff P. Use of an acute challenge with d-amphetamine to model cognitive improvement in chronic schizophrenia. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2010 ; 25: 353-358
166. Pilowsky LS, Bressan RA, Stone JM, et al. First in vivo evidence of an NMDA receptor deficit in medication-free schizophrenic patients. Mol Psychiatry. 2006 ; 11: 118-119 (Pubitemid 43164609)
167. Pomarol-Clotet E, Honey GD, Murray GK, et al. (2006) Psychological effects of ketamine in healthy volunteers. Phenomenological study. Br J Psychiatry 189: 173-179. (Pubitemid 44231278)
168. Purdon SE (1999) Cognitive improvement in schizophrenia with novel antipsychotic medications. Schizophr Res 35(Suppl): S51-60. (Pubitemid 29133025)
169. Radant AD, Bowdle TA, Cowley DS, et al. Does ketamine-mediated N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonism cause schizophrenia-like oculomotor abnormalities?. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1998 ; 19: 434-444 (Pubitemid 28451599)
170. Raemaekers M, Jansma JM, Cahn W, et al. Neuronal substrate of the saccadic inhibition deficit in schizophrenia investigated with 3-dimensional event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002 ; 59: 313-320 (Pubitemid 34275249)
171. Rankin PM, O'Carroll PJ. Reality discrimination, reality monitoring and disposition towards hallucination. Br J Clin Psychol. 1995 ; 34 (Pt 4). 517-528
172. Reichenberg A, Harvey PD. Neuropsychological impairments in schizophrenia: Integration of performance-based and brain imaging findings. Psychol Bull. 2007 ; 133: 833-858
173. Reilly JL, Lencer R, Bishop JR, et al. Pharmacological treatment effects on eye movement control. Brain Cogn. 2008 ; 68: 415-435
174. Ribeiz SR, Bassitt DP, Arrais JA, et al. Cholinesterase inhibitors as adjunctive therapy in patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder: a review and meta-analysis of the literature. CNS Drugs. 2010 ; 24: 303-317
175. Roiser JP, Stephan KE, den Ouden HE, et al. Do patients with schizophrenia exhibit aberrant salience?. Psychol Med. 2009 ; 39: 199-209
176. Rosenberg DR, Sweeney JA, Squires-Wheeler E, et al. Eye-tracking dysfunction in offspring from the New York High-Risk Project: diagnostic specificity and the role of attention. Psychiatry Res. 1997 ; 66: 121-130 (Pubitemid 27085358)
177. Ross RG, Olincy A, Mikulich SK, et al. Admixture analysis of smooth pursuit eye movements in probands with schizophrenia and their relatives suggests gain and leading saccades are potential endophenotypes. Psychophysiology. 2002 ; 39: 809-819 (Pubitemid 36025322)
178. Roth BL, Sheffler DJ, Kroeze WK. Magic shotguns versus magic bullets: selectively non-selective drugs for mood disorders and schizophrenia. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2004 ; 3: 353-359 (Pubitemid 38499762)
179. Rycroft N, Hutton SB and Rusted JM (2006) The antisaccade task as an index of sustained goal activation in working memory: modulation by nicotine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 188: 521-529. (Pubitemid 46758967)
180. Rycroft N, Hutton SB, Clowry O, et al. (2007) Non-cholinergic modulation of antisaccade performance: a modafinil-nicotine comparison. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 195: 245-253. (Pubitemid 350045840)
181. Sacco KA, Termine A, Seyal A, et al. (2005) Effects of cigarette smoking on spatial working memory and attentional deficits in schizophrenia: involvement of nicotinic receptor mechanisms. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62: 649-659. (Pubitemid 40973440)
182. Sarter M, Bruno JP. Cognitive functions of cortical acetylcholine: toward a unifying hypothesis. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1997 ; 23: 28-46 (Pubitemid 27090748)
183. Schall U, Catts SV, Karayanidis F, et al. Auditory event-related potential indices of fronto-temporal information processing in schizophrenia syndromes: valid outcome prediction of clozapine therapy in a three-year follow-up. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 1999 ; 2: 83-93
184. Schechter I, Butler PD, Zemon VM, et al. Impairments in generation of early-stage transient visual evoked potentials to magno- and parvocellular-selective stimuli in schizophrenia. Clin Neurophysiol. 2005 ; 116: 2204-2215 (Pubitemid 41262210)
185. Schlagenhauf F, Juckel G, Koslowski M, et al. Reward system activation in schizophrenic patients switched from typical neuroleptics to olanzapine. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2008 ; 196: 673-684
186. Schmidt K, Roiser JP. Assessing the construct validity of aberrant salience. Front Behav Neurosci. 2009 ; 3: 58-58
187. Schultz W, Dayan P, Montague PR. A neural substrate of prediction and reward. Science. 1997 ; 275: 1593-1599 (Pubitemid 27120526)
188. Shergill SS, Bullmore E, Simmons A, et al. Functional anatomy of auditory verbal imagery in schizophrenic patients with auditory hallucinations. Am J Psychiatry. 2000 ; 157: 1691-1693
189. Simons CJ, Tracy DK, Sanghera KK, et al. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of inner speech in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 2009 ; 67: 232-237
190. Smyrnis N, Evdokimidis I, Mantas A, et al. Smooth pursuit eye movements in 1,087 men: effects of schizotypy, anxiety, and depression. Exp Brain Res. 2007 ; 179: 397-408 (Pubitemid 46716593)
191. Snitz BE, Macdonald AWIII, Carter CS. Cognitive deficits in unaffected first-degree relatives of schizophrenia patients: a meta-analytic review of putative endophenotypes. Schizophr Bull. 2006 ; 32: 179-194 (Pubitemid 43063833)
192. Spencer KM, Niznikiewicz MA, Shenton ME, et al. Sensory-evoked gamma oscillations in chronic schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 2008 ; 63: 744-747
193. Straube A, Riedel M, Eggert T, et al. Internally and externally guided voluntary saccades in unmedicated and medicated schizophrenic patients. Part I. Saccadic velocity. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1999 ; 249: 1-6 (Pubitemid 29366770)
194. Sweeney JA, Luna B, Haas GL, et al. Pursuit tracking impairments in schizophrenia and mood disorders: step-ramp studies with unmedicated patients. Biol Psychiatry. 1999 ; 46: 671-680 (Pubitemid 29401863)
195. Swerdlow NR, Weber M, Qu Y, et al. Realistic expectations of prepulse inhibition in translational models for schizophrenia research. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2008 ; 199: 331-388
196. Terry AV Jr. Role of the central cholinergic system in the therapeutics of schizophrenia. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2008 ; 6: 286-292
197. Thaker GK, Ross DE, Buchanan RW, et al. Smooth pursuit eye movements to extra-retinal motion signals: deficits in patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 1999 ; 88: 209-219 (Pubitemid 30074176)
198. Thompson JC, Stough C, Ames D, et al. (2000) Effects of the nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine on inspection time. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 150: 117-119. (Pubitemid 30350821)
199. Trillenberg P, Lencer R, Heide W. Eye movements and psychiatric disease. Curr Opin Neurol. 2004 ; 17: 43-47 (Pubitemid 38316778)
200. Tsai G, Lane HY, Yang P, et al. Glycine transporter I inhibitor, N-methylglycine (sarcosine), added to antipsychotics for the treatment of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 2004 ; 55: 452-456 (Pubitemid 38338531)
201. Tsuang MT, Stone WS, Seidman LJ, et al. Treatment of nonpsychotic relatives of patients with schizophrenia: four case studies. Biol Psychiatry. 1999 ; 45: 1412-1418 (Pubitemid 29457552)
202. Turner DC, Robbins TW, Clark L, et al. Relative lack of cognitive effects of methylphenidate in elderly male volunteers. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2003 ; 168: 455-464 (Pubitemid 36994029)
203. Uhlhaas PJ, Haenschel C, Nikolic D, et al. The role of oscillations and synchrony in cortical networks and their putative relevance for the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2008 ; 34: 927-943
204. Uhlhaas PJ, Singer W. Neural synchrony in brain disorders: relevance for cognitive dysfunctions and pathophysiology. Neuron. 2006 ; 52: 155-168 (Pubitemid 44466360)
205. Uhlhaas PJ, Singer W. Abnormal neural oscillations and synchrony in schizophrenia. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2010 ; 11: 100-113
206. Umbricht D, Krljes S. Mismatch negativity in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Schizophr Res. 2005 ; 76: 1-23 (Pubitemid 40824557)
207. Umbricht D, Schmid L, Koller R, et al. Ketamine-induced deficits in auditory and visual context-dependent processing in healthy volunteers: implications for models of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000 ; 57: 1139-1147
208. Umbricht DS, Bates JA, Lieberman JA, et al. Electrophysiological indices of automatic and controlled auditory information processing in first-episode, recent-onset and chronic schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 2006 ; 59: 762-772
209. Van Os J, Marcelis M, Sham P, et al. Psychopathological syndromes and familial morbid risk of psychosis. Br J Psychiatry. 1997 ; 170: 241-246 (Pubitemid 27117686)
210. Varela F, Lachaux JP, Rodriguez E, et al. The brainweb: phase synchronization and large-scale integration. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2001 ; 2: 229-239 (Pubitemid 33673064)
211. Varese F, Barkus E, Bentall RP. Dissociative and metacognitive factors in hallucination-proneness when controlling for comorbid symptoms. Cogn Neuropsychiatry. 2010 ; 16: 193-217
212. Waltz JA, Gold JM. Probabilistic reversal learning impairments in schizophrenia: further evidence of orbitofrontal dysfunction. Schizophr Res. 2007 ; 93: 296-303 (Pubitemid 46817948)
213. Weiler MA, Thaker GK, Lahti AC, et al. Ketamine effects on eye movements. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2000 ; 23: 645-653
214. Weinberger DR, Berman KF, Illowsky BP. Physiological dysfunction of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. III. A new cohort and evidence for a monoaminergic mechanism. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1988 ; 45: 609-615
215. Wonodi I, Cassady SL, Adami H, et al. Effects of repeated amphetamine administration on antisaccade in schizophrenia spectrum personality. Psychiatry Res. 2006 ; 141: 237-245
216. Yeap S, Kelly SP, Sehatpour P, et al. Visual sensory processing deficits in Schizophrenia and their relationship to disease state. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2008a ; 258: 305-316
217. Yeap S, Kelly SP, Sehatpour P, et al. Early visual sensory deficits as endophenotypes for schizophrenia: high-density electrical mapping in clinically unaffected first-degree relatives. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006 ; 63: 1180-1188 (Pubitemid 44708075)
218. Yeap S, Kelly SP, Thakore JH, et al. Visual sensory processing deficits in first-episode patients with Schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2008b ; 102: 340-343
219. Young HF, Bentall RP, Slade PD, et al. The role of brief instructions and suggestibility in the elicitation of auditory and visual hallucinations in normal and psychiatric subjects. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1987 ; 175: 41-48 (Pubitemid 17232586)
220. Zanelli J, Reichenberg A, Morgan K, et al. Specific and generalized neuropsychological deficits: a comparison of patients with various first-episode psychosis presentations. Am J Psychiatry. 2010 ; 167: 78-85
221. Ziauddeen H and Murray GK (2010) The relevance of reward pathways for schizophrenia. Curr Opin Psychiatry 23: 91-96.