The influence of tobacco consumption on the relationship between schizotypy and hemispheric asymmetry

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

Volumn 41, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 397-408

  Herzig, Daniela A ^a   Tracy, Julia ^a   Munafò, Marcus ^a   Mohr, Christine ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cognitive Disorganization; Hemispheric asymmetry; Psychosis proneness; Smoking

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE; BRAIN ASYMMETRY; CONTROLLED STUDY; HEMISPHERIC DOMINANCE; HUMAN; LANGUAGE PROCESSING; LEFT HEMISPHERE; MALE; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SMOKING; TASK PERFORMANCE; TOBACCO; TOBACCO DEPENDENCE;

EID: 77955982024     PISSN: 00057916     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.04.003     Document Type: Article

References (127)

1. Abi-Dargham, A., Gil, R., Krystal, J., Baldwin, R. M., Seibyl, J. P., Bowers, M., et al. (1998). Increased striatal dopamine transmission in schizophrenia: confirmation in a second cohort. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155(6), 761-767.
2. Adler, L. E., Hoffer, L. D., Wiser, A., & Freedman, R. (1993). Normalization of auditory physiology by cigarette smoking in schizophrenic patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150(12), 1856-1861.
3. Allan, L. M., Williams, J. H., Wellman, N. A., Tonin, J., Taylor, E., Feldon, J., et al. (1995). Effects of tobacco smoking, schizotypy and number of pre-exposures on latent inhibition in healthy subjects. Personality and Individual Differences, 19(6), 893-902.
4. Allison, T., Puce, A., Spencer, D. D., & McCarthy, G. (1999). Electrophysiological studies of human face perception. I: potentials generated in occipitotemporal cortex by face and non-face stimuli. Cerebral Cortex, 9(5), 415-430.
5. Archie, S., Rush, B. R., Akhtar-Danesh, N., Norman, R., Malla, A., Roy, P., et al. (2007). Substance use and abuse in first-episode psychosis: prevalence before and after early intervention. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 33(6), 1354-1363.
6. Bachtold, D., Baumann, T., Sandor, P. S., Kritos, M., Regard, M., & Brugger, P. (2001). Spatial- and verbal-memory improvement by cold-water caloric stimulation in healthy subjects. Experimental Brain Research, 136(1), 128-132.
7. Barkus, E. J., Stirling, J., Hopkins, R. S., & Lewis, S. (2006). Cannabis-induced psychosis-like experiences are associated with high schizotypy. Psychopathology, 39(4), 175-178.
8. Barnes, T. R. E., Mutsatsa, S. H., Hutton, S. B., Watt, H. C., & Joyce, E. M. (2006). Comorbid substance use and age at onset of schizophrenia. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 188(3), 237-242.
9. Bleich-Cohen, M., Hendler, T., Kotler, M., & Strous, R. D. (2009). Reduced language lateralization in first-episode schizophrenia: an fMRI index of functional asymmetry. Psychiatry Research, 171(2), 82-93.
10. Bourne, V. J. (2006). The divided visual field paradigm: methodological considerations. Laterality, 11(4), 373-393.
11. Broks, P. (1984). Schizotypy and hemisphere function: II. Performance asymmetry on a verbal divided visual-field task. Personality and Individual Differences, 5(6), 665-670.
12. Brugger, P., Gamma, A., Muri, R., Schafer, M., & Taylor, K. I. (1993). Functional hemispheric symmetry and belief in ESP - towards a neuropsychology of belief. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 77(3), 1299-1308.
13. Buchy, L., Woodward, T. S., & Liotti, M. (2007). A cognitive bias against disconfirmatory evidence (BADE) is associated with schizotypy. Schizophrenia Research, 90(1-3), 334-337.
14. Burch, G. S. J., Steel, C., & Hemsley, D. R. (1998). Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences: reliability in an experimental population. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 37, 107-108.
15. Butler, S. H., & Harvey, M. (2006). Perceptual biases in chimeric face processing: eye-movement patterns cannot explain it all. Brain Research, 1124(1), 96-99.
16. Chapman, L. J., Chapman, J. P., Kwapil, T. R., Eckblad, M., & Zinser, M. C. (1994). Putatively psychosis-prone subjects 10 years later. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103(2), 171-183.
17. Cilia, R., Siri, C., Marotta, G., Isaias, I. U., De Gaspari, D., Canesi, M., et al. (2008). Functional abnormalities underlying pathological gambling in Parkinson disease. Archives of Neurology, 65(12), 1604-1611.
18. Claridge, G., & Broks, P. (1984). Schizotypy and hemisphere function: theoretical considerations and the measurement of schizotypy. Personality and Individual Differences, 5(6), 633-648.
19. Claridge, G., Clark, K. H., & Beech, A. R. (1992). Lateralization of the negative priming effect - relationship with schizotypy and with gender. British Journal of Psychology, 83, 13-23.
20. Crinion, J. T., & Leff, A. P. (2007). Recovery and treatment of aphasia after stroke: functional imaging studies. Current Opinion in Neurology, 20(6), 667-673.
21. David, S. P., Munafo, M. R., Johansen-Berg, H., Smith, S. M., Rogers, R. D., Matthews, P. M., et al. (2005). Ventral striatum/nucleus accumbens activation to smoking-related pictorial cues in smokers and nonsmokers: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Biological Psychiatry, 58(6), 488-494.
22. Dawe, S., Gerada, C., Russell, M. A. H., & Gray, J. A. (1995). Nicotine intake in smokers increases following a single dose of haloperidol. Psychopharmacology, 117(1), 110-115.
23. Degenhardt, L., Hall, W., & Lynskey, M. (2001). Alcohol, cannabis and tobacco use among Australians: a comparison of their associations with other drug use and use disorders, affective and anxiety disorders, and psychosis. Addiction, 96(11), 1603-1614.
24. Dragovic, M., & Hammond, G. (2005). Handedness in schizophrenia: a quantitative review of evidence. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 111(6), 410-419.
25. Ernst, M., Matochik, J. A., Heishman, S. J., Van Horn, J. D., Jons, P. H., Henningfield, J. E., et al. (2001). Effect of nicotine on brain activation during performance of a working memory task. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 98(8), 4728-4733.
26. Esterberg, M. L., Goulding, S. M., McClure-Tone, E. B., & Compton, M. T. (2009). Schizotypy and nicotine, alcohol, and cannabis use in a non-psychiatric sample. Addictive Behaviors, 34(4), 374-379.
27. Esterberg, M. L., Jones, E. M., Compton, M. T., & Walker, E. F. (2007). Nicotine consumption and schizotypy in first-degree relatives of individuals with schizophrenia and non-psychiatric controls. Schizophrenia Research, 97(1-3), 6-13.
28. Etter, J. F., Duc, T. V., & Perneger, T. V. (1999). Validity of the Fagerström test for nicotine dependence and of the heaviness of smoking index among relatively light smokers. Addiction, 94(2), 269-281.
29. Eysenck, H. J., & Eysenck, S. B. G. (1975). Manual of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. Sevenoaks, Kent: Hodder and Stoughton.
30. Fagerström, K. O., Kunze, M., Schoberberger, R., Breslau, N., Hughes, J. R., Hurt, R. D., et al. (1996). Nicotine dependence versus smoking prevalence: comparisons among countries and categories of smokers. Tobacco Control, 5(1), 52-56.
31. Fink, M., Savli, M., Stein, P., Hahn, A., Spindelegger, C., Mitterhauser, M., et al. (2008). Lateralization of serotonin-1A receptor distribution in language areas revealed by positron emission tomography. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 18, S266.
32. Gentry, M. V., Hammersley, J. J., Hale, C. R., Nuwer, P. K., & Meliska, C. J. (2000). Nicotine patches improve mood and response speed in a lexical decision task. Addictive Behaviors, 25(4), 549-557.
33. Gilbert, D. G., Carlson, J. M., Riise, H., Rabinovich, N. E., Sugai, C., & Froeliger, B. (2008). Effects of nicotine and depressive traits on affective priming of lateralized emotional word identification. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 16(4), 293-300.
34. Gooding, D. C., Kwapil, T. R., & Tallent, K. A. (1999). Wisconsin card sorting test deficits in schizotypic individuals. Schizophrenia Research, 40(3), 201-209.
35. Gooding, D. C., Matts, C. W., & Rollmann, E. A. (2006). Sustained attention deficits in relation to psychometrically identified schizotypy: evaluating a potential endophenotypic marker. Schizophrenia Research, 82(1), 27-37.
36. Gooding, D. C., Tallent, K. A., & Matts, C. W. (2005). Clinical status of at-risk individuals 5 years later: further validation of the psychometric high-risk strategy. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114(1), 170-175.
37. Gruzelier, J., & Richardson, A. (1994). Patterns of cognitive asymmetry and psychosis proneness. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 18(3), 217-225.
38. Gurpegui, M., Aguilar, M. C., Martinez-Ortega, J. M., Diaz, F. J., & de Leon, J. (2004). Caffeine intake in outpatients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 30(4), 935-945.
39. Hausmann, M., & Gunturkun, O. (2000). Steroid fluctuations modify functional cerebral asymmetries: the hypothesis of progesterone-mediated interhemispheric decoupling. Neuropsychologia, 38(10), 1362-1374.
40. Haxby, J. V., Hoffman, E. A., & Gobbini, M. I. (2000). The distributed human neural system for face perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4(6), 223-233.
41. Heatherton, T. F., Kozlowski, L. T., Frecker, R. C., & Fagerström, K. O. (1991). The Fagerström test for nicotine dependence - a revision of the Fagerström tolerance questionnaire. British Journal of Addiction, 86(9), 1119-1127.
42. Jacobsen, L. K., Krystal, J. H., Mencl, W. E., Westerveld, M., Frost, S. J., & Pugh, K. R. (2005). Effects of smoking and smoking abstinence on cognition in adolescent tobacco smokers. Biological Psychiatry, 57(1), 56-66.
43. Japuntich, S. J., Piper, M. E., Schlam, T. R., Bolt, D. M., & Baker, T. B. (2009). Do smokers know what we're talking about? The construct validity of nicotine dependence questionnaire measures. Psychological Assessment, 21(4), 595-607.
44. Johnston, A. E., Rossell, S. L., & Gleeson, J. F. (2008). Evidence of semantic processing abnormalities in schizotypy using an indirect semantic priming task. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 196(9), 694-701.
45. Jones, S. R., & Fernyhough, C. (2009). Caffeine, stress, and proneness to psychosislike experiences: a preliminary investigation. Personality and Individual Differences, 46(4), 562-564.
46. Kanwisher, N., McDermott, J., & Chun, M. M. (1997). The fusiform face area: a module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception. Journal of Neuroscience, 17(11), 4302-4311.
47. Kita, S., de Condappa, O., & Mohr, C. (2007). Metaphor explanation attenuates the right-hand preference for depictive co-speech gestures that imitate actions. Brain and Language, 101(3), 185-197.
48. Kitamura, T., Okazaki, Y., Fujinawa, A., Takayanagi, I., & Kasahara, Y. (1998). Dimensions of schizophrenic positive symptoms: an exploratory factor analysis investigation. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 248(3), 130-135.
49. Klein, C., Berg, P., Rockstroh, B., & Andresen, B. (1999). Topography of the auditory P300 in schizotypal personality. Biological Psychiatry, 45(12), 1612-1621.
50. Knecht, S., Breitenstein, C., Bushuven, S., Wailke, S., Kamping, S., Floel, A., et al. (2004). Levodopa: faster and better word learning in normal humans. Annals of Neurology, 56(1), 20-26.
51. Kravetz, S., Faust, M., & Edelman, A. (1998). Dimensions of schizotypy and lexical decision in the two hemispheres. Personality and Individual Differences, 25(5), 857-871.
52. Krumm-Merabet, C., & Meyer, T. D. (2005). Leisure activities, alcohol, and nicotine consumption in people with a hypomanic/hyperthymic temperament. Personality and Individual Differences, 38(3), 701-712.
53. Kucharska-Pietura, K., David, A. S., Dropko, P., & Klimkowski, M. (2002). The perception of emotional chimeric faces in schizophrenia: further evidence of right hemisphere dysfunction. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychology and Behavioral Neurology, 15(2), 72-78.
54. Kumari, V., & Postma, P. (2005). Nicotine use in schizophrenia: the self medication hypotheses. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 29(6), 1021-1034.
55. Laroi, F., D'Argembeau, A., Bredart, S., & van der Linden, M. (2007). Face recognition failures in schizotypy. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 12(6), 554-571.
56. Laruelle, M., & Abi-Dargham, P. (1999). Dopamine as the wind of the psychotic fire: new evidence from brain imaging studies. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 13(4), 358-371.
57. Lenzenweger, M. F., & Gold, J. M. (2000). Auditory working memory and verbal recall memory in schizotypy. Schizophrenia Research, 42(2), 101-110.
58. Lenzenweger, M. F., & Korfine, L. (1992). Confirming the latent structure and base rate of schizotypy - a taxometric analysis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101(3), 567-571.
59. de Leon, J., Diaz, F. J., Rogers, T., Browne, D., & Dinsmore, L. (2002). Initiation of daily smoking and nicotine dependence in schizophrenia and mood disorders. Schizophrenia Research, 56(1-2), 47-54.
60. Leonards, U., & Mohr, C. (2009). Schizotypal personality traits influence idiosyncratic initiation of saccadic face exploration. Vision Research, 49(19), 2404-2413.
61. Liouta, E., Smith, A. D., & Mohr, C. (2008). Schizotypy and pseudoneglect: a critical update on theories of hemispheric asymmetries. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 13(2), 112-134.
62. Loberg, E. M., Jorgensen, H. A., Green, M. F., Rund, B. R., Lund, A., Diseth, A., et al. (2006). Positive symptoms and duration of illness predict functional laterality and attention modulation in schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 113(4), 322-331.
63. Lopez, E. A., Maldonado, J. G., & Pueyo, A. A. (2001). Smoking and schizotypy. Psicothema, 13(1), 68-72.
64. Luh, K. E., & Gooding, D. C. (1999). Perceptual biases in psychosis-prone individuals. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108(2), 283-289.
65. Marshall, J. C., Caplan, D., & Holmes, J. M. (1975). The measure of laterality. Neuropsychologia, 13(3), 315-321.
66. Martinez-Ortega, J., Jurado, D., Martinez-Gonzalez, M. A., & Gurpegui, M. (2006). Nicotine dependence, use of illegal drugs and psychiatric morbidity. Addictive Behaviors, 31(9), 1722-1729.
67. Mason, O., & Claridge, G. (1999). Individual differences in schizotypy and reduced asymmetry using the chimeric faces task. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 4(4), 289-301.
68. Mason, O., & Claridge, G. (2006). The Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences (O-LIFE): further description and extended norms. Schizophrenia Research, 82(2-3), 203-211.
69. Mason, O., Claridge, G., & Jackson, M. (1995). New scales for the assessment of schizotypy. Personality and Individual Differences, 18(1), 7-13.
70. McClernon, F. J., Gilbert, D. G., & Radtke, R. (2003). Effects of transdermal nicotine on lateralized identification and memory interference. Human Psychopharmacology-Clinical and Experimental, 18(5), 339-343.
71. McGorry, P. D., Bell, R. C., Dudgeon, P. L., & Jackson, H. J. (1995, Apr. 08-12). The dimensional structure of first episode psychosis: An exploratory factor analysis. Paper presented at the 5th International Congress on Schizophrenia Research, Warm Springs, Virginia.
72. Meehl, P. E. (1962). Schizotaxia, schizotypy, schizophrenia. American Psychologist, 17(12), 827-838.
73. Menard, S. (1995). Applied logistic regression analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA.
74. Mitchell, R. L., & Crow, T. J. (2005). Right hemisphere language functions and schizophrenia: the forgotten hemisphere? Brain, 128(Pt 5), 963-978.
75. Mohr, C., Bracha, H. S., & Brugger, P. (2003). Magical ideation modulates spatial behavior. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 15(2), 168-174.
76. Mohr, C., Krummenacher, P., Landis, T., Sandor, P. S., Fathi, M., & Brugger, P. (2005). Psychometric schizotypy modulates levodopa effects on lateralized lexical decision performance. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 39(3), 241-250.
77. Mohr, C., Landis, T., Bracha, H. S., Fathi, M., & Brugger, P. (2005). Levodopa reverses gait asymmetries related to anhedonia and magical ideation. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 255(1), 33-39.
78. Mohr, C., Landis, T., & Brugger, P. (2006). Lateralized semantic priming: modulation by levodopa, semantic distance, and participants' magical beliefs. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 2, 71-84.
79. Mohr, C., Michel, C. M., Lantz, G., Ortigue, S., Viaud-Delmon, L., & Landis, T. (2005). Brain state-dependent functional hemispheric specialization in men but not in women. Cerebral Cortex, 15(9), 1451-1458.
80. Mohr, C., Rohrenbach, C. M., Laska, M., & Brugger, P. (2001). Unilateral olfactory perception and magical ideation. Schizophrenia Research, 47(2-3), 255-264.
81. Montgomery, A. J., Lingford-Hughes, A. R., Egerton, A., Nutt, D. J., & Grasby, P. M. (2007). The effect of nicotine on striatal dopamine release in man: a [C-11] raclopride PET study. Synapse, 61(8), 637-645.
82. Moore, T. H. M., Zammit, S., Lingford-Hughes, A., Barnes, T. R. E., Jones, P. B., Burke, M., et al. (2007). Cannabis use and risk of psychotic or affective mental health outcomes: a systematic review. Lancet, 370(9584), 319-328.
83. Moritz, S., Andresen, B., Domin, F., Martin, T., Probsthein, E., Kretschmer, G., et al. (1999). Increased automatic spreading activation in healthy subjects with elevated scores in a scale assessing schizophrenic language disturbances. Psychological Medicine, 29(01), 161-170.
84. Murphy, M. F. G., Hey, K., Johnstone, E., Munafo, M., Walton, R., Willis, B., et al. (2002). Bromocriptine use is associated with decreased smoking rates. Addiction Biology, 7(3), 325-328.
85. Murray, R. M., Lappin, J., & Di Forti, M. (2008). Schizophrenia: from developmental deviance to dopamine dysregulation. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 18, S129-S134.
86. Mychack, P., Kramer, J. H., Boone, K. B., & Miller, B. L. (2001). The influence of right frontotemporal dysfunction on social behavior in frontotemporal dementia. Neurology, 56 (11), S11-S15.
87. Myers, C. S., Taylor, R. C., Moolchan, E. T., & Heishman, S. J. (2008). Dose-related enhancement of mood and cognition in smokers administered nicotine nasal spray. Neuropsychopharmacology, 33(3), 588-598.
88. Narayan, V. M., Narr, K. L., Kumari, V., Woods, R. P., Thompson, P. M., Toga, A. W., et al. (2007). Regional cortical thinning in subjects with violent antisocial personality disorder or schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164(9), 1418-1427.
89. Norton, R., Brown, K., & Howard, R. (1992). Smoking, nicotine dose and the lateralization of electrocortical activity. Psychopharmacology, 108(4), 473-479.
90. Nunn, J., & Peters, E. (2001). Schizotypy and patterns of lateral asymmetry on hemisphere-specific language tasks. Psychiatry Research, 103(2-3), 179-192.
91. Oldfield, R. C. (1971). Assessment and analysis of handedness - Edinburgh inventory. Neuropsychologia, 9(1), 97.
92. Onitsuka, T., Niznikiewicz, M. A., Spencer, K. M., Frumin, M., Kuroki, N., Lucia, L. C., et al. (2006). Functional and structural deficits in brain regions subserving face perception in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(3), 455-462.
93. Penton-Voak, I. S., Pound, N., Little, A. C., & Perrett, D. I. (2006). Personality judgments from natural and composite facial images: more evidence for a "kernel of truth" in social perception. Social Cognition, 24(5), 607-640.
94. Phillips, M. L., & David, A. S. (1997). Viewing strategies for simple and chimeric faces: an investigation of perceptual bias in normals and schizophrenic patients using visual scan paths. Brain and Cognition, 35(2), 225-238.
95. Pinkham, A. E., Hopfinger, J. B., Ruparel, K., & Penn, D. L. (2008). An investigation of the relationship between activation of a social cognitive neural network and social functioning. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 34(4), 688-697.
96. Pizzagalli, D., Lehmann, D., Gianotti, L., Koenig, T., Tanaka, H., Wackermann, J., et al. (2000). Brain electric correlates of strong belief in paranormal phenomena: intracerebral EEG source and regional Omega complexity analyses. Psychiatry Research-Neuroimaging, 100(3), 139-154.
97. Purdon, S. E., Woodward, N. D., & Flor-Henry, P. (2001). Asymmetrical hand force persistence and neuroleptic treatment in schizophrenia. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 7(5), 606-614.
98. Raboyeau, G., De Boissezon, X., Marie, N., Balduyck, S., Puel, M., Bezy, C., et al. (2008). Right hemisphere activation in recovery from aphasia: lesion effect or function recruitment? Neurology, 70(4), 290-298.
99. Raine, A. (1991). The SPQ: a scale for the assessment of schizotypal personality based on DSM-III-R criteria. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 17(4), 555-564.
100. Ratcliff, R., Gomez, P., & McKoon, G. (2004). A diffusion model account of the lexical decision task. Psychological Review, 111(1), 159-182.
101. Rawlings, D., & Goldberg, M. (2001). Correlating a measure of sustained attention with a multi-dimensional measure of schizotypal traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 31(3), 421-431.
102. Rawlings, D., Williams, B., Haslam, N., & Claridge, G. (2008). Taxometric analysis supports a dimensional latent structure for schizotypy. Personality and Individual Differences, 44(8), 1640-1651.
103. Reed, P., Wakefield, D., Harris, J., Parry, J., Cella, M., & Tsakanikos, E. (2008). Seeing non-existent events: Effects of environmental conditions, schizotypal symptoms, and sub-clinical characteristics. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 39(3), 276-291.
104. Regard, M., Cook, N. D., Wieser, H. G., & Landis, T. (1994). The dynamics of cerebraldominance during unilateral limbic seizures. Brain, 117, 91-104.
105. Regard, M., Knoch, D., Gutling, E., & Landis, T (2003). Brain damage and addictive behavior: a neuropsychological and electroencephalogram investigation with pathologic gamblers. Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, 16(1), 47-53.
106. Regard, M., & Landis, T (1997). 'Gourmand syndrome': eating passion associated with right anterior lesions. Neurology, 48(5), 1185-1190.
107. Rose, J. E., Behm, F. M., Salley, A. N., Bates, J. E., Coleman, R. E., Hawk, T. C., et al. (2007). Regional brain activity correlates of nicotine dependence. Neuropsychopharmacology, 32(12), 2441-2452.
108. Sarkin, A. J., Dionisio, D. P., Hillix, W A., & Granholm, E. (1998). Positive and negative schizotypal symptoms relate to different aspects of crossover reaction time task performance. Psychiatry Research, 81(2), 241-249.
109. Shaw, J., Claridge, G., & Clark, K. (2001). Schizotypy and the shift from dextrality: a study of handedness in a large non-clinical sample. Schizophrenia Research, 50(3), 181-189.
110. Skosnik, P. D., Spatz-Glenn, L., & Park, S. (2001). Cannabis use is associated with schizotypy and attentional disinhibition. Schizophrenia Research, 48(1), 83-92.
111. Smith, G. N., Wong, H., MacEwan, G. W., Kopala, L. C., Ehmann, T. S., Thornton, A. E., et al. (2009). Predictors of starting to smoke cigarettes in patients with first episode psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 108(1-3), 258-264.
112. Somers, M., Sommer, I. E., Boks, M. P., & Kahn, R. S. (2009). Hand-preference and population schizotypy: a meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Research, 108(1-3), 25-32.
113. Sommer, I. E. C., Ramsey, N. F., & Kahn, R. S. (2001). Language lateralization in schizophrenia, an fMRI study. Schizophrenia Research, 52(1-2), 57-67.
114. Spitzer, M., Braun, U., Hermle, L., & Maier, S. (1993). Associative semantic network dysfunction in thought-disordered schizophrenic patients: direct evidence from indirect semantic priming. Biological Psychiatry, 34(12), 864-877.
115. Stavem, K., Røgeberg, O. J., Olsen, J. A., & Boe, J. (2008). Properties of the cigarette dependence scale and the Fagerström Test of Nicotine Dependence in a representative sample of smokers in Norway. Addiction, 103(9), 1441-1449.
116. Steel, C., Hemsley, D. R., & Pickering, A. D. (2002). Distractor cueing effects on choice reaction time and their relationship with schizotypal personality. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 41, 143-156.
117. Stefanis, N. C., Vitoratou, S., Smyrnis, N., Constantinidis, T., Evdokimidis, I., Hatzimanolis, I., et al. (2006). Mixed handedness is associated with the disorganization dimension of schizotypy in a young male population. Schizophrenia Research, 87(1-3), 289-296.
118. Suzuki, A., & Usher, M. (2009). Individual differences in language lateralisation, schizotypy and the remote-associate task. Personality and Individual Differences, 46(5-6), 622-626.
119. Tsakanikos, E., & Reed, P. (2003). Visuo-spatial processing and dimensions of schizotypy: figure-ground segregation as a function of psychotic-like features. Personality and Individual Differences, 35(3), 703-712.
120. Uher, R., & Treasure, J. (2005). Brain lesions and eating disorders. Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 76(6), 852-857.
121. Van Os, J., Gilvarry, C., Bale, R., Van Horn, E., Tattan, T., White, I., et al. (1999). A comparison of the utility of dimensional and categorical representations of psychosis. Psychological Medicine, 29(3), 595-606.
122. Weinstein, S., & Graves, R. E. (2001). Creativity, schizotypy, and laterality. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 6(2), 131-146.
123. Williams, J. H., Wellman, N. A., Allan, L. M., Taylor, E., Tonin, J., Feldon, J., et al. (1996). Tobacco smoking correlates with schizotypal and borderline personality traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 20(2), 267-270.
124. Williams, J. H., Wellman, N. A., & Rawlins, J. N. P. (1996). Cannabis use correlates with schizotypy in healthy people. Addiction, 91(6), 869-877.
125. Workman, L., Peters, S., & Taylor, S. (2000). Lateralisation of perceptual processing of pro- and anti-social emotions displayed in chimeric faces. Laterality, 5(3), 237-249.
126. Zabala, A., Eguiluz, J. I., Segarra, R., Enjuto, S., Ezcurra, J., Pinto, A. G., et al. (2009). Cognitive performance and cigarette smoking in first-episode psychosis.[article]. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 259(2), 65-71.
127. Zammit, S., Allebeck, P., Dalman, C., Lundberg, I., Hemmingsson, T., & Lewis, G. (2003). Investigating the association between cigarette smoking and schizophrenia in a cohort study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(12), 2216-2221.