New insights into mechanisms of cardioprotection mediated by thyroid hormones

Journal of Thyroid Research

Volumn 2013, Issue , 2013, Pages

  Nicolini, G ^a,b   Pitto, L ^a   Kusmic, C ^a   Balzan, S ^a   Sabatino, L ^a   Iervasi, G ^a,b   Forini, F ^a  

^a INSTITUTE OF CLINICAL PHYSIOLOGY   (Italy)

^b FONDAZIONE TOSCANA GABRIELE MONASTERIO   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 2; INTERLEUKIN 1; INTERLEUKIN 6; MICRORNA; MITOCHONDRIAL TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR A; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR GAMMA COACTIVATOR 1ALPHA; SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM TRANSPORTING ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE; THYROID HORMONE; THYROID HORMONE RECEPTOR ALPHA; THYROID HORMONE RECEPTOR BETA; TISSUE INHIBITOR OF METALLOPROTEINASE; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP 1; VASCULOTROPIN;

APOPTOSIS; BIOGENESIS; CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS; CELL SURVIVAL; COLLAGEN SYNTHESIS; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; DOWN REGULATION; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; GENE SWITCHING; HEART DISEASE; HEART FUNCTION; HEART MUSCLE CONTRACTILITY; HEART MUSCLE FIBROSIS; HEART PROTECTION; HOMEOSTASIS; HORMONAL REGULATION; HORMONE ACTION; HUMAN; INTERSTITIUM; METAMORPHOSIS; MITOCHONDRION; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; STEM CELL; WOUND HEALING;

EID: 84879194372     PISSN: 20908067     EISSN: 20420072     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2013/264387     Document Type: Review

References (90)

1. Swynghedauw B., Molecular mechanisms of myocardial remodeling. Physiological Reviews 1999 79 1 215 262 2-s2.0-0032949682 (Pubitemid 29056953)
2. Klein I., Ojamaa K., Thyroid hormone and the cardiovascular system. New England Journal of Medicine 2001 344 7 501 509 2-s2.0-0035864975 10.1056/NEJM200102153440707 (Pubitemid 32164903)
3. Kahaly G. J., Dillmann W. H., Thyroid hormone action in the heart. Endocrine Reviews 2005 26 5 704 728 2-s2.0-23744445796 10.1210/er.2003-0033 (Pubitemid 41127279)
4. Dillmann W., Cardiac hypertrophy and thyroid hormone signaling. Heart Failure Reviews 2010 15 2 125 132 2-s2.0-76849083024 10.1007/s10741-008-9125-7
5. Wassen F. W., Schiel A. E., Kuiper G. G., Kaptein E., Bakker O., Visser T. J., Simonides W. S., Induction of thyroid hormone-degrading deiodinase in cardiachypertrophy and failure. Endocrinology 2002 143 2812 2815 (Pubitemid 34701346)
6. Utiger R. D., Altered thyroid function in nonthyroidal illness and surgery-to treat or not to treat? New England Journal of Medicine 1995 333 23 1562 1563 2-s2.0-0028808236 10.1056/NEJM199512073332310
7. Friberg L., Werner S., Eggertsen G., Ahnve S., Rapid down-regulation of thyroid hormones in acute myocardial infarction: is it cardioprotective in patients with angina? Archives of Internal Medicine 2002 162 12 1388 1394 2-s2.0-0037166651 (Pubitemid 34655199)
8. Iervasi G., Pingitore A., Landi P., Raciti M., Ripoli A., Scarlattini M., L'Abbate A., Donato L., Low-T3 syndrome: a strong prognostic predictor of death in patients with heart disease. Circulation 2003 107 5 708 713 2-s2.0-0347927612 10.1161/01.CIR.0000048124.64204.3F (Pubitemid 36222598)
9. Pingitore A., Iervasi G., Barison A., Prontera C., Pratali L., Emdin M., Giannessi D., Neglia D., Early activation of an altered thyroid hormone profile in asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic idiopathic left ventricular dysfunction. Journal of Cardiac Failure 2006 12 7 520 526 2-s2.0-33748101391 10.1016/j.cardfail.2006.05.009 (Pubitemid 44307709)
10. Gerdes A. M., Iervasi G., Thyroid replacement therapy and heart failure. Circulation 2010 122 4 385 393 2-s2.0-77955130680 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109. 917922
11. Zhang B., Peng W., Wang C., Li W., Xu Y., A low fT3 level as a prognostic marker in patients with acute myocardial infarctions. Internal Medicine 2012 51 21 3009 3015
12. Danese M. D., Ladenson P. W., Meinert C. L., Powe N. R., Effect of thyroxine therapy on serum lipoproteins in patients with mild thyroid failure: a quantitative review of the literature. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2000 85 9 2993 3001 2-s2.0-0034267608
13. Razvi S., Ingoe L., Keeka G., Oates C., McMillan C., Weaver J. U., The beneficial effect of L-thyroxine on cardiovascular risk factors, endothelial function, and quality of life in subclinical hypothyroidism: randomized, crossover trial. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2007 92 5 1715 1723 2-s2.0-34249854618 10.1210/jc.2006-1869 (Pubitemid 46997177)
14. Kuzman J. A., Gerdes A. M., Kobayashi S., Liang Q., Thyroid hormone activates Akt and prevents serum starvation-induced cell death in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology 2005 39 5 841 844 2-s2.0-26844563370 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2005.07.019 (Pubitemid 41464421)
15. Ranasinghe A. M., Bonser R. S., Thyroid hormone in cardiac surgery. Vascular Pharmacology 2010 52 3-4 131 137 2-s2.0-76849101581 10.1016/j.vph.2009.11.004
16. Pantos C., Mourouzis I., Cokkinos D. V., New insights into the role of thyroid hormone in cardiac remodeling: time to reconsider? Heart Failure Reviews 2011 16 1 79 96 2-s2.0-78650979974 10.1007/s10741-010-9185-3
17. Pantos C., Mourouzis I., Cokkinos D. V., Thyroid hormone and cardiac repair/regeneration: from Prometheus myth to reality? Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 2012 90 8 977 987
18. Yussman M. G., Toyokawa T., Odley A., Lynch R. A., Wu G., Colbert M. C., Aronow B. J., Lorenz J. N., Dorn G. W., Mitochondrial death protein Nix is induced in cardiac hypertrophy and triggers apoptotic cardiomyopathy. Nature Medicine 2002 8 7 725 730 2-s2.0-0036061644 10.1038/nm719 (Pubitemid 34778726)
19. Weiss J. N., Korge P., Honda H. M., Ping P., Role of the mitochondrial permeability transition in myocardial disease. Circulation Research 2003 93 4 292 301 2-s2.0-0042859821 10.1161/01.RES.0000087542.26971.D4 (Pubitemid 37048241)
20. Foo R. S. Y., Mani K., Kitsis R. N., Death begets failure in the heart. Journal of Clinical Investigation 2005 115 3 565 571 2-s2.0-14644413468 10.1172/JCI200524569 (Pubitemid 40322226)
21. 2+- and mitochondrial-dependent cardiomyocyte necrosis as a primary mediator of heart failure. Journal of Clinical Investigation 2007 117 9 2431 2444 (Pubitemid 47494345)
22. Forini F., Lionetti V., Ardehali H., Pucci A., Cecchetti F., Ghanefar M., Nicolini G., Ichikawa Y., Nannipieri M., Recchia F. A., Iervasi G., Early long-term L-T3 replacement rescues mitochondria and prevents ischemic cardiac remodelling in rats. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine 2011 15 514 524
23. Sam F., Sawyer D. B., Chang D. L. F., Eberli F. R., Ngoy S., Jain M., Amin J., Apstein C. S., Colucci W. S., Progressive left ventricular remodeling and apoptosis late after myocardial infarction in mouse heart. American Journal of Physiology 2000 279 1 H422 H428 2-s2.0-0033862037 (Pubitemid 30616685)
24. Palojoki E., Saraste A., Eriksson A., Pulkki K., Kallajoki M., Voipio-Pulkki L. M., Tikkanen I., Cardiomyocyte apoptosis and ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction in rats. American Journal of Physiology 2001 280 6 H2726 H2731 2-s2.0-0034979621
25. Li Q., Li B., Wang X., Leri A., Jana K. P., Liu Y., Kajstura J., Baserga R., Anversa P., Overexpression of insulin-like growth factor-1 in mice protects from myocyte death after infarction, attenuating ventricular dilation, wall stress, and cardiac hypertrophy. Journal of Clinical Investigation 1997 100 8 1991 1999 2-s2.0-0030829808 (Pubitemid 27459352)
26. Chen Y. F., Kobayashi S., Chen J., Redetzke R. A., Said S., Liang Q., Gerdes A. M., Short term triiodo-l-thyronine treatment inhibits cardiac myocyte apoptosis in border area after myocardial infarction in rats. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology 2008 44 1 180 187 2-s2.0-37549023861 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2007.09.009
27. Pantos C., Mourouzis I., Saranteas T., Clavé G., Ligeret H., Noack-Fraissignes P., Renard P. Y., Massonneau M., Perimenis P., Spanou D., Kostopanagiotou G., Cokkinos D. V., Thyroid hormone improves postischaemic recovery of function while limiting apoptosis: a new therapeutic approach to support hemodynamics in the setting of ischaemia-reperfusion? Basic Research in Cardiology 2009 104 1 69 77 2-s2.0-57949091223 10.1007/s00395-008-0758-4
28. Garcia J. M., Goldenthal M. J., Mitochondrial centrality in heart failure. Heart Failure Reviews 2008 13 137 150
29. Baines C. P., The cardiac mitochondrion: nexus of stress. Annual Review of Physiology 2009 72 61 80 2-s2.0-77951920370 10.1146/annurev-physiol-021909- 135929
30. Wrutniak-Cabello C., Casas F., Cabello G., Thyroid hormone action in mitochondria. Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 2001 26 1 67 77 2-s2.0-0035143486 10.1677/jme.0.0260067 (Pubitemid 32125122)
31. Goldenthal M. J., Ananthakrishnan R., Marín-García J., Nuclear-mitochondrial cross-talk in cardiomyocyte T3 signaling: a time-course analysis. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology 2005 39 2 319 326 (Pubitemid 40995021)
32. Goldenthal M. J., Weiss H. R., Marín-García J., Bioenergetic remodeling of heart mitochondria by thyroid hormone. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 2004 265 1-2 97 106 2-s2.0-16644371640 10.1023/B:MCBI.0000044321.17680.a2 (Pubitemid 41461869)
33. + in normal and failing cardiac myocytes. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2006 1080 165 177 2-s2.0-33845665302 10.1196/annals.1380.015 (Pubitemid 44955421)
34. Carr A. N., Kranias E. G., Thyroid hormone regulation of calcium cycling proteins. Thyroid 2002 12 6 453 457 2-s2.0-0036018270 (Pubitemid 34721540)
35. 2+ transport and myocardial relaxation. Circulation Research 1994 75 2 245 251 2-s2.0-0028363522
36. 2+-ATPase in developing rat heart. American Journal of Physiology 1998 275 1 H264 H273 2-s2.0-0031868362
37. Shenoy R., Klein I., Ojamaa K., Differential regulation of SR calcium transporters by thyroid hormone in rat atria and ventricles. American Journal of Physiology 2001 28 H1690 H1696
38. 2+]i of human cardiomyocytes in culture. Cardiovascular Research 2001 51 2 322 330 2-s2.0-0034933165 10.1016/S0008- 6363(01)00287-5 (Pubitemid 32695543)
39. Li J., Donath S., Li Y., Qin D., Prabhakar B. S., Li P., miR-30 regulates mitochondrial fission through targeting p53 and the dynamin-related protein-1 pathway. PLoS Genetics 2010 6 1 2-s2.0-76749157966 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000795 e1000795
40. Wang J. X., Jiao J. Q., Li Q., Long B., Wang K., Liu J. P., Li Y. R., Li P. F., MiR-499 regulates mitochondrial dynamics by targeting calcineurin and dynamin-related protein-1. Nature Medicine 2011 17 1 71 78 2-s2.0-78651232227 10.1038/nm.2282
41. Topkara V. K., Mann D. L., Role of microRNAs in cardiac remodeling and heart failure. Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy 2011 25 2 171 182 2-s2.0-79958282599 10.1007/s10557-011-6289-5
42. Li P., Jiao J., Gao G., Prabhakar B. S., Control of mitochondrial activity by miRNAs. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 2012 113 1104 1110
43. Gambaccini C., Chiavacci E., Evangelista M., miR-29 and miR-30 are involved in cardiac epigenetic reprogramming after myocardial infarction and ischemia. Cardiovascular Research 2012 93 1 S54
44. Kim H. E., Dalal S. S., Young E., Legato M. J., Weisfeldt M. L., D'Armiento J., Disruption of the myocardial extracellular matrix leads to cardiac dysfunction. Journal of Clinical Investigation 2000 106 7 857 866 2-s2.0-0033802162
45. Long C. S., Brown R. D., The cardiac fibroblast, another therapeutic target for mending the broken heart? Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology 2002 34 10 1273 1278 2-s2.0-0036772713 10.1016/S0022-2828(02)92090-0 (Pubitemid 35244400)
46. Spinale F. G., Matrix metalloproteinases: regulation and dysregulation in the failing heart. Circulation Research 2002 90 5 520 530 2-s2.0-0037155784 10.1161/01.RES.0000013290.12884.A3 (Pubitemid 34640901)
47. Brown R. D., Ambler S. K., Mitchell M. D., Long C. S., The cardiac fibroblast: therapeutic target in myocardial remodeling and failure. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 2005 45 657 687 (Pubitemid 40261821)
48. Deschamps A. M., Spinale F. G., Matrix modulation and heart failure: new concepts question old beliefs. Current Opinion in Cardiology 2005 20 3 211 216 2-s2.0-18944365126 10.1097/01.hco.0000162397.44843.83 (Pubitemid 40704878)
49. Rutschow S., Li J., Schultheiss H. P., Pauschinger M., Myocardial proteases and matrix remodeling in inflammatory heart disease. Cardiovascular Research 2006 69 3 646 656 2-s2.0-31344477494 10.1016/j.cardiores.2005.12.009 (Pubitemid 43139727)
50. Spinale F. G., Myocardial matrix remodeling and the matrix metalloproteinases: influence on cardiac form and function. Physiological Reviews 2007 87 4 1285 1342 2-s2.0-35748974863 10.1152/physrev.00012.2007 (Pubitemid 350041472)
51. Chapman D., Weber K. T., Eghbali M., Regulation of fibrillar collagen types I and III and basement membrane type IV collagen gene expression in pressure overloaded rat myocardium. Circulation Research 1990 67 4 787 794 2-s2.0-0025168071 (Pubitemid 20315010)
52. Weber K. T., Fibrosis in hypertensive heart disease: focus on cardiac fibroblasts. Journal of Hypertension 2004 22 47 50 (Pubitemid 38293529)
53. Camelliti P., Borg T. K., Kohl P., Structural and functional characterisation of cardiac fibroblasts. Cardiovascular Research 2005 65 40 51 (Pubitemid 40038477)
54. Takeda N., Manabe I., Uchino Y., Eguchi K., Matsumoto S., Nishimura S., Shindo T., Sano M., Otsu K., Snider P., Conway S. J., Nagai R., Cardiac fibroblasts are essential for the adaptive response of the murine heart to pressure overload. Journal of Clinical Investigation 2010 120 254 265
55. Yao J., Eghbali M., Decreased collagen gene expression and absence of fibrosis in thyroid hormone-induced myocardial hypertrophy: response of cardiac fibroblasts to thyroid hormone in vitro. Circulation Research 1992 71 4 831 839 2-s2.0-0026808435
56. Ziegelhöffer-Mihalovicová B., Briest W., Baba H. A., Rassler B., Zimmer H. G., The expression of mRNA of cytokines and of extracellular matrix proteins in triiodothyronine-treated rat heart. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 2003 247 1-2 61 68 (Pubitemid 36805574)
57. Ghose R. S., Mishra S., Ghosh G., Bandyopadhyay A., Thyroid hormone induces myocardial matrix degradation by activating matrix metalloproteinase-1. Matrix Biology 2007 26 4 269 279 2-s2.0-34247579732 10.1016/j.matbio.2006.12.005 (Pubitemid 46671507)
58. Schmidt E. D. L., Cramer S. J., Offringa R., The thyroid hormone receptor interferes with transcriptional activation via the AP-1 complex. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 1993 192 1 151 160 2-s2.0-0027163557 10.1006/bbrc.1993.1394 (Pubitemid 23205281)
59. Chen W. J., Lin K. H., Lee Y. S., Molecular characterization of myocardial fibrosis during hypothyroidism: evidence for negative regulation of the pro- α 1(I) collagen gene expression by thyroid hormone receptor. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 2000 162 1-2 45 55 2-s2.0-0034712914 10.1016/S0303-7207(00)00203-3 (Pubitemid 30347447)
60. Lee H. W., Klein L. E., Raser J., Eghbali-Webb M., An activator protein-1 (AP-1) response element on pro α 1(I) collagen gene is necessary for thyroid hormone-induced inhibition of promoter activity in cardiac fibroblasts. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology 1998 30 11 2495 2506 2-s2.0-0032211867 10.1006/jmcc.1998.0811 (Pubitemid 28549999)
61. van Rooij E., Sutherland L. B., Thatcher J. E., DiMaio J. M., Naseem R. H., Marshall W. S., Hill J. A., Olson E. N., Dysregulation of microRNAs after myocardial infarction reveals a role of miR-29 in cardiac fibrosis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2008 105 35 13027 13032 2-s2.0-51349141401 10.1073/pnas.0805038105
62. Karch R., Neumann F., Ullrich R., Neumüller J., Podesser B. K., Neumann M., Schreiner W., The spatial pattern of coronary capillaries in patients with dilated, ischemic, or inflammatory cardiomyopathy. Cardiovascular Pathology 2005 14 3 135 144 2-s2.0-19444377985 10.1016/j.carpath.2005.03.003 (Pubitemid 40725589)
63. Davis P. J., Davis F. B., Mousa S. A., Thyroid hormone-induced angiogenesis. Current Cardiology Reviews 2009 5 1 12 16 2-s2.0-65649128964 10.2174/157340309787048158
64. Moeller L. C., Broecker-Preuss M., Transcriptional regulation by nonclassical action of thyroid hormone. Thyroid Research 2011 4 supplement 1, article S6 2-s2.0-79961193866 10.1186/1756-6614-4-S1-S6
65. Savinova O. V., Liu Y., Aasen G. A., Mao K., Weltman N. Y., Nedich B. L., Liang Q., Gerdes A. M., Thyroid hormone promotes remodeling of coronary resistance vessels. PLoS One 2011 6 9 e25054
66. Davis F. B., Mousa S. A., O'Connor L., Mohamed S., Lin H. Y., Cao H. J., Davis P. J., Proangiogenic action of thyroid hormone is fibroblast growth factor-dependent and is initiated at the cell surface. Circulation Research 2004 94 11 1500 1506 2-s2.0-2942653137 10.1161/01.RES.0000130784.90237.4a (Pubitemid 38780323)
67. Chen J., Ortmeier S. B., Savinova O. V., Nareddy V. B., Beyer A. J., Wang D., Gerdes A. M., Thyroid hormone induces sprouting angiogenesis in adult heart of hypothyroid mice through the PDGF-Akt pathway. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine 2012 16 11 2726 2735 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2012.01593.x
68. Bergh J. J., Lin H. Y., Lansing L., Mohamed S. N., Davis F. B., Mousa S., Davis P. J., Integrin α V β 3 contains a cell surface receptor site for thyroid hormone that is linked to activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and induction of angiogenesis. Endocrinology 2005 146 7 2864 2871 2-s2.0-22144494707 10.1210/en.2005-0102 (Pubitemid 41002793)
69. Luidens M. K., Mousa S. A., Davis F. B., Lin H. Y., Davis P. J., Thyroid hormone and angiogenesis. Vascular Pharmacology 2010 52 3-4 142 145 2-s2.0-76849087099 10.1016/j.vph.2009.10.007
70. Eckle T., Kohler D., Lehmann R., Kasmi K. C. E., Eltzschig H. K., Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 is central to cardioprotection a new paradigm for ischemic preconditioning. Circulation 2008 118 2 166 175 2-s2.0-47649128513 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.758516
71. Moeller L. C., Dumitrescu A. M., Refetoff S., Cytosolic action of thyroid hormone leads to induction of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 α and glycolytic genes. Molecular Endocrinology 2005 19 12 2955 2963 2-s2.0-28144463727 10.1210/me.2004-0542 (Pubitemid 41697714)
72. Furuya F., Hanover J. A., Cheng S. Y., Activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling by a mutant thyroid hormone β receptor. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2006 103 6 1780 1785 2-s2.0-32444445924 10.1073/pnas.0510849103 (Pubitemid 43228770)
73. Colantuoni A., Marchiafava P. L., Lapi D., Forini F. S., Iervasi G., Effects of tetraiodothyronine and triiodothyronine on hamster cheek pouch microcirculation. American Journal of Physiology 2005 288 4 H1931 H1936 2-s2.0-15744395135 10.1152/ajpheart.00931.2004 (Pubitemid 40418023)
74. Makino A., Wang H., Scott B. T., Yuan J. X., Dillmann W. H., Thyroid hormone receptor- α and vascular function. American Journal of Physiology 2012 302 9 C1346 C1352
75. Fukuyama K., Ichiki T., Imayama I., Ohtsubo H., Ono H., Hashiguchi Y., Takeshita A., Sunagawa K., Thyroid hormone inhibits vascular remodeling through suppression of cAMP response element binding protein activity. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 2006 26 9 2049 2055 2-s2.0-33747424736 10.1161/01.ATV.0000233358.87583.01 (Pubitemid 44253787)
76. Liu Y., Sherer B. A., Redetzke R. A., Gerdes A. M., Regulation of arteriolar density in adult myocardium during low thyroid conditions. Vascular Pharmacology 2010 52 3-4 146 150 2-s2.0-76849102743 10.1016/j.vph.2009.10.003
77. Levy D., Garrison R. J., Savage D. D., Kannel W. B., Castelli W. P., Prognostic implications of echocardiographically determined left ventricular mass in the Framingham Heart Study. New England Journal of Medicine 1990 322 22 1561 1566 2-s2.0-0025280867 (Pubitemid 20176696)
78. Vakili B. A., Okin P. M., Devereux R. B., Prognostic implications of left ventricular hypertrophy. American Heart Journal 2001 141 3 334 341 2-s2.0-0035089266 10.1067/mhj.2001.113218 (Pubitemid 32200259)
79. de Boer R. A., Pinto Y. M., van Veldhuisen D. J., The imbalance between oxygen demand and supply as a potential mechanism in the pathophysiology of heart failure: the role of microvascular growth and abnormalities. Microcirculation 2003 10 2 113 126 2-s2.0-1042286928 10.1038/sj.mn.7800188 (Pubitemid 39004240)
80. Liang Q., Molkentin J. D., Redefining the roles of p38 and JNK signaling in cardiac hypertrophy: dichotomy between cultured myocytes and animal models. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology 2003 35 12 1385 1394 2-s2.0-0344924887 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2003.10.001 (Pubitemid 37491181)
81. Maillet M., van Berlo J. H., Molkentin J. D., Molecular basis of physiological heart growth: fundamental concepts and new players. Nature Reviews 2013 14 38 48
82. Dillmann W. H., Biochemical basis of thyroid hormone action in the heart. American Journal of Medicine 1990 88 6 626 630 2-s2.0-0025331868 10.1016/0002-9343(90)90530-Q (Pubitemid 20192278)
83. Klein I., Danzi S., Thyroid disease and the heart. Circulation 2007 116 15 1725 1735 2-s2.0-35148895083 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.678326 (Pubitemid 47537847)
84. Dillmann W. H., Cellular action of thyroid hormone on the heart. Thyroid 2002 12 6 447 452 2-s2.0-0036018269 (Pubitemid 34721539)
85. Danzi S., Dubon P., Klein I., Effect of serum triiodothyronine on regulation of cardiac gene expression: role of histone acetylation. American Journal of Physiology 2005 289 4 H1506 H1511 2-s2.0-25444508406 10.1152/ajpheart.00182.2005 (Pubitemid 41368992)
86. van Rooij E., Sutherland L. B., Qi X., Richardson J. A., Hill J., Olson E. N., Control of stress-dependent cardiac growth and gene expression by a microRNA. Science 2007 316 5824 575 579 2-s2.0-34247589595 10.1126/science. 1139089 (Pubitemid 46683138)
87. van Rooij E., Quiat D., Johnson B. A., Sutherland L. B., Qi X., Richardson J. A., Kelm R. J., Olson E. N., A family of microRNAs encoded by myosin genes governs myosin expression and muscle performance. Developmental Cell 2009 17 5 662 673 2-s2.0-71549165765 10.1016/j.devcel.2009.10.013
88. Callis T. E., Pandya K., Hee Y. S., Tang R. H., Tatsuguchi M., Huang Z. P., Chen J. F., Deng Z., Gunn B., Shumate J., Willis M. S., Selzman C. H., Wang D. Z., MicroRNA-208a is a regulator of cardiac hypertrophy and conduction in mice. Journal of Clinical Investigation 2009 119 9 2772 2786 2-s2.0-70349202176 10.1172/JCI36154
89. Pantos C., Mourouzis I., Xinaris C., Papadopoulou-Daifoti Z., Cokkinos D., Thyroid hormone and cardiac metamorphosis: potential therapeutic implications. Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2008 118 2 277 294 2-s2.0-43049156194 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2008.02.011
90. Galli E., Pingitore A., Iervasi G., The role of thyroid hormone in the pathophysiology of heart failure: clinical evidence. Heart Failure Reviews 2010 15 2 155 169 2-s2.0-76849089510 10.1007/s10741-008-9126-6