Better explanations of lexical and semantic cognition using networks derived from continued rather than single-word associations

Behavior Research Methods

Volumn 45, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 480-498

  De Deyne, Simon ^a,b,c   Navarro, Daniel J ^b   Storms, Gert ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEUVEN   (Belgium)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE   (Australia)

^c Laboratory of Experimental Psychology   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Lexical centrality; Lexical decision; Semantic network; Semantic relatedness; Word associations

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; ASSOCIATION; CHILD; COGNITION; DECISION MAKING; FEMALE; HUMAN; LINGUISTICS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PERSONALITY TEST; PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL; QUESTIONNAIRE; REACTION TIME; REFERENCE VALUE; SEMANTICS; VERY ELDERLY;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; ASSOCIATION; CHILD; COGNITION; CUES; DECISION MAKING; FEMALE; HUMANS; JUDGMENT; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; QUESTIONNAIRES; REACTION TIME; REFERENCE VALUES; SEMANTICS; VOCABULARY; WORD ASSOCIATION TESTS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84878214833     PISSN: 1554351X     EISSN: 15543528     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3758/s13428-012-0260-7     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. Aitchison, J. (2003). Words in the mind: An introduction to the mental lexicon. Wiley-Blackwell.
2. Andrews, M., Vinson, D., & Vigliocco, G. (2008). Inferring a probabilistic model of semantic memory from word association norms. In B. C. Love, K. McRae, & V. M. Sloutsky (Eds.), Proceedings of the 30th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 1941-1946). Austin: Cognitive Science Society.
3. Azuma, T., & van Orden, G. C. (1997). Why safe is better than fast: The relatedness of a word's meaning affects lexical decision times. Journal of Memory and Language, 36, 484-504.
4. Baayen, R. H., Piepenbrock, R., & van Rijn, H. (1993). The CELEX lexical database [CD-ROM]. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, Linguistic Data Consortium.
5. Balota, D. A., & Chumbley, J. (1984). Are lexical decisions a good measure of lexical access? The role of word frequency in the neglected decision stage. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance, 10, 340-357.
6. Balota, D. A., & Coane, J. H. (2008). Semantic memory. In J. H. Byrne, H. Eichenbaum, R. Menzel, H. L. Roediger III, & D. Sweatt (Eds.), Handbook of learning and memory: A comprehensive reference (pp. 512-531). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
7. Balota, D. A., Yap, M. J., & Cortese, M. J. (2006). Visual word recognition: The journey from features to meaning (A travel update). In M. Traxler & M. A. Gernsbacher (Eds.), Handbook of psycholinguistics (2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press.
8. Brysbaert, M., & New, B. (2009). Moving beyond Kucera and Francis: A critical evaluation of current word frequency norms and the introduction of a new and improved word frequency measure for American English. Behavior Research Methods, 41, 977-990.
9. Buchanan, L., Westbury, C., & Burgess, C. (2001). Characterizing semantic space: Neighborhood effects in word recognition. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 8, 531-544.
10. Budanitsky, A., & Hirst, G. (2006). Evaluating WordNet-based measures of lexical semantic relatedness. Computational Linguistics, 35, 13-47.
11. Chumbley, J. I., & Balota, D. A. (1984). A word's meaning affects the decision in lexical decision. Memory & Cognition, 12, 590-606.
12. Chwilla, D. J., Kolk, H. H. J., & Mulder, G. (2000). Mediated Priming in the Lexical Decision Task: Evidence from Event-Related Potentials and Reaction Time. Journal of Memory and Language, 42(3), 314-341.
13. Collins, A. M., & Quillian, M. R. (1969). Retrieval time from semantic memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 9, 240-247.
14. Coltheart, M., Patterson, K., & Marshall, J. (1980). Deep dyslexia. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
15. Cramer, P. (1968). Word Association. New York: Academic Press.
16. Crutch, S., & Warrington, E. (2005). Abstract and concrete concepts have structurally different representational frameworks. Brain, 128, 615-627.
17. D'Anna, C. A., Zechmeister, E. B., & Hall, J. W. (1991). Toward a Meaningful Definition of Vocabulary Size. Journal of Literacy Research, 23, 109-122.
18. De Deyne, S., Navarro, D. J., Perfors, A., Storms, G. (2012). Strong structure in weak semantic similarity: A graph based account. In N. Miyaki, D. Peebles & R. P. Cooper (Eds.) Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. 1464-1469. Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society.
19. De Deyne, S., & Storms, G. (2008a). Word Associations: Network and Semantic properties. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 213-231.
20. De Deyne, S., & Storms, G. (2008b). Word associations: Norms for 1, 424 Dutch words in a continuous task. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 198-205.
21. De Deyne, S., Verheyen, S., Ameel, E., Vanpaemel, W., Dry, M., Voorspoels, W., & Storms, G. (2008). Exemplar by Feature Applicability Matrices and Other Dutch Normative Data for Semantic Concepts. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 1030-1048.
22. de Groot, A. M. B. (1989). Representational Aspects of Word Imageability and Word Frequency as Assessed Through Word Association. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15, 824-845.
23. Deese, J. (1965). The structure of associations in language and thought. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
24. Dijkstra, E. W. (1959). A Note on Two Problems in Connection with Graphs. Numerische Mathematik, 1, 269-271.
25. Dry, M., & Storms, G. (2009). Similar but not the same: A comparison of the utility of directly rated and feature-based similarity measures for generating spatial models of conceptual data. Behavior Research Methods, 41, 889-900.
26. Durda, K., & Buchanan, L. (2008). Windsors: Windsor improved norms of distance and similarity of representations of semantics. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 705-712.
27. Fagiolo, G. (2007). Clustering in complex directed networks. Physical Review E - Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics, 76, 026107.
28. Feldman, B. (2005). Relative Importance and Value. Unpublished manuscript downloaded from http://www. prismanalytics. com/docs/RelativeImportance. pdf.
29. Freeman, L. C. (1978). Segregation in social networks. sociological methods and research. Sociological Methods and Research, 6, 411-429.
30. Galbraith, R. C., & Underwood, B. J. (1973). Perceived frequency of concrete and abstract words. Memory & Cognition, 1, 56-60.
31. Gernsbacher, M. A. (1984). Resolving 20 years of inconsistent interactions between lexical familiarity and orthography, concreteness, and polysemy. Journal of Experimental Psychology. General, 113, 256-281.
32. Griffiths, T. L., Steyvers, M., & Firl, A. (2007). Google and the Mind. Psychological Science, 18, 1069-1076.
33. Grömping, U. (2006). Relative Importance for Linear Regression in R: The Package relaimpo. Journal of Statistical Software, 17, 1-27.
34. Hampton, J. A. (1981). An investigation of the nature of abstract concepts. Memory & Cognition, 9, 149-156.
35. Hazenberg, S., & Hulstijn, J. (1996). Defining a Minimal Receptive Second-Language Vocabulary for Non-native University Students: An Empirical Investigation. Applied Linguistics, 2, 145-163.
36. Hutchison, K. (2003). Is semantic priming due to association strength or feature overlap? A microanalytic review. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 10, 785-813.
37. Jiang, J. J., & Conrath, D. W. (1997). Semantic similarity based on corpus statistics and lexical taxonomy. In Proceedings of International Conference Research on Computational Linguistics (ROCLING X). Taiwan: Taiwan University.
38. Keuleers, E., Brysbaert, M., & New, B. (2010a). SUBTLEX-NL: A new frequency measure for Dutch words based on film subtitles. Behavior Research Methods, 42, 643-650.
39. Keuleers, E., Diependaele, K., & Brysbaert, M. (2010). Practice Effects in Large-Scale Visual Word Recognition Studies: A Lexical Decision Study on 14, 000 Dutch Mono- and Disyllabic Words and Nonwords. Frontiers in Psychology, 1.
40. Kiss, G., Armstrong, C., Milroy, R., & Piper, J. (1973). An associative thesaurus of English and its computer Analysis. In A. Aitken, R. Bailey, & N. Hamilton-Smith (Eds.), The Computer and Literacy Studies (pp. 153-165). Edinburgh: University Press.
41. Landauer, T. K., & Dumais, S. T. (1997). A solution to Plato's Problem: The latent semantic analysis theory of acquisition, induction and representation of knowledge. Psychological Review, 104, 211-240.
42. Langville, A. N., & Meyer, C. D. (2006). Google's PageRank and Beyond: The Science of Search Engine Rankings. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
43. Locker, L., Simpson, G. B., & Yates, M. (2003). Semantic neighborhood effects on the recognition of ambiguous words. Memory & Cognition, 31, 505-515.
44. Lucas, M. (2000). Semantic priming without association: A meta-analytic review. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 7, 618-630.
45. Maki, W. S. (2008). A database of associative strengths from the strength-sampling model: A theory-based supplement to the Nelson, McEvoy, and Schreiber word association norms. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 232-235.
46. McRae, K., Khalkhali, S., & Hare, M. (2012). Semantic and associative relations: Examining a tenuous dichotomy. In V. F. Reyna, S. B. Chapman, M. R. Dougherty, & J. Confrey (Eds.), The Adolescent Brain: Learning, Reasoning, and Decision Making (pp. 39-66). Washington, DC: APA.
47. Miller, G. A., & Charles, W. G. (1991). Contextual Correlates of Semantic Similarity. Language & Cognitive Processes, 6, 1-28.
48. Mirman, D., & Magnuson, J. (2006). The impact of semantic neighborhood density on semantic access. In Proceedings of the 28th Annual Cognitive Science Society Meeting (p. 1823-1828). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
49. Mollin, S. (2009). Combining corpus linguistics and psychological data on word co-occurrence: Corpus collocates versus word associations. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory, 5, 175-200.
50. Nagy, W. E., & Anderson, R. C. (1984). How many words are there in printed school English? Reading Research Quarterly, 19, 304-330.
51. Nelson, D., Cañas, J., & Bajo, M. (1987). The effects of natural category size on memory for episodic encodings. Memory & Cognition, 15, 133-140.
52. Nelson, D., McEvoy, C., & Dennis, S. (2000). What is free association and what does it measure? Memory & Cognition, 28, 887-899.
53. Nelson, D., McEvoy, C., & Schreiber, T. (1990). Encoding context and retrieval conditions as determinants of the effects of natural category size. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16, 31-41.
54. Nelson, D., McEvoy, C., & Schreiber, T. (2004). The University of South Florida free association, rhyme, and word fragment norms. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36, 402-407.
55. Nelson, D., McKinney, V. M., Gee, N. R., & Janczura, G. A. (1998). Interpreting the influence of implicitly activated memories on recall and recognition. Psychological Review, 105, 299-324.
56. Newman, M. E. J. (2010). Networks: An introduction. Oxford University Press.
57. Page, L., Brin, S., Motwani, R., & Winograd, T. (1998). The PageRank citation ranking: Bringing order to the web. (Tech. Rep.). Computer Science Department, Stanford University.
58. Pexman, P. M., Hargreaves, I. S., Siakaluk, P. D., Bodner, G. E., & Pope, J. (2008). There are many ways to be rich: Effects of three measures of semantic richness on visual word recognition. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 15, 161-167.
59. Pexman, P., Holyk, G., & Monfils, M. (2003). Number-of-features effects in semantic processing. Memory & Cognition, 31, 842-855.
60. Plaut, D., McClelland, J., Seidenberg, M., & Patterson, K. (1996). Understanding normal and impaired word reading: Computational principles in quasi-regular domains. Psychological Review, 103, 56-115.
61. Plaut, D., & Shallice, T. (1993). Deep dyslexia: A case study of connectionist neuropsychology. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 10, 377-500.
62. Ratcliff, R., & McKoon, G. (1994). Retrieving information from memory: Spreading-activation theories versus compound-cue theories. Psychological Review, 101, 177-184.
63. Resnik, P. (1999). Semantic similarity in a taxonomy: An information-based measure and its application to problems of ambiguity in natural language. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, 11, 95-130.
64. Roediger, H., & Neely, J. (1982). Retrieval blocks in episodic and semantic memory. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 36, 213-242.
65. Rubenstein, H., & Goodenough, J. B. (1965). Contextual correlates of synonymy. Communications of the ACM, 8, 627-633.
66. Ruts, W., De Deyne, S., Ameel, E., Vanpaemel, W., Verbeemen, T., & Storms, G. (2004). Dutch norm data for 13 semantic categories and 338 exemplars. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36, 506-515.
67. Schwanenflugel, P. J., Akin, C., & Luh, W. M. (1992). Context availability and the recall of abstract and concrete words. Memory & Cognition, 20, 96-104.
68. Schwanenflugel, P. J., & Shoben, E. J. (1983). Differential context effects in the comprehension of abstract and concrete verbal materials. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 9, 82-102.
69. Scott, G., Donnell, P., Leuthold, H., & Sereno, S. (2009). Early emotion word processing: Evidence from event-related potentials. Biological Psychology, 80, 95-104.
70. Severens, E., van Lommel, S., Ratinckx, E., & Hartsuiker, R. J. (2005). Timed picture naming norms for 590 pictures in Dutch. Acta Psychologica, 119, 159-187.
71. Sloman, S. A., Love, B. C., & Ahn, W. K. (1998). Feature centrality and conceptual coherence. Cognitive Science, 22, 189-228.
72. Steyvers, M., Shiffrin, R. M., & Nelson, D. L. (2004). Word association spaces for predicting semantic similarity effects in episodic memory. In A. Healy (Ed.), Experimental cognitive psychology and its applications (pp. 237-249). American Psychological Association.
73. Steyvers, M., & Tenenbaum, J. B. (2005). The Large-Scale Structure of Semantic Networks: Statistical Analyses and a Model of Semantic Growth. Cognitive Science, 29, 41-78.
74. Turner, J., Valentine, T., & Ellis, A. (1998). Contrasting effects of AoA and word frequency on auditory and visual lexical decision. Memory and Cognition, 26, 1282-1291.
75. Tversky, A. (1977). Features of similarity. Psychological Review, 84, 327-352.
76. Verheyen, S., De Deyne, S., Linsen, S., & Storms, G. (2012). Lexical and semantic norms for 1, 000 Dutch adjectives. (Unpublished manuscript).
77. Verheyen, S., Stukken, L., De Deyne, S., Dry, M. J., & Storms, G. (2012). The generalized polymorphous concept account of graded structure in abstract categories. Memory & Cognition, 39, 1117-1132.
78. Watts, D. J., & Strogatz, S. H. (1998). Collective dynamics of 'small-world' networks. Nature, 393, 440-442.
79. Yates, M., Locker, L., & Simpson, G. B. (2003). Semantic and phonological influences on the processing of words and pseudohomophones. Memory & Cognition, 31, 856-866.