The large-scale structure of semantic networks: Statistical analyses and a model of semantic growth

Cognitive Science

Volumn 29, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 41-78

  Steyvers, Mark ^a   Tenenbaum, Joshua B ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

Growing network models; Semantic networks; Semantic representation; Small worlds

Indexed keywords

EID: 14044268098     PISSN: 03640213     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1207/s15516709cog2901_3     Document Type: Article

References (81)

1. Adamic, L. A. (1999). The small-world web. In S. Abiteboul & A-M. Vercoustre (Eds.), Research and advanced technology for digital libraries: Third European conference, ECDL '99 (pp. 443-452). New York: Springer.
2. Adamic, L. A. (2000). Zipf power-laws, and pareto - A ranking tutorial. Retrieved July 1, 2003, from http://www.hpl.hp.com/research/idl/papers/ranking/ranking.html
3. Albert, R., & Barabási, A. L. (2002). Statistical mechanics of complex networks. Reviews of Modern Physics, 74(1), 47.
4. Albert, R., Jeong, H., & Barabási, A. L. (1999, September 9). Diameter of the world wide web, Nature, 401, 130-131.
5. Albert, R., Jeong, H., & Barabási, A. L. (2000, July 27). Error and attack tolerance of complex networks. Nature, 406, 378-382.
6. Amaral, L. A. N., Scala, A., Barthélémy, M., & Stanley, H. E. (2000). Classes of small-world networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 97, 11149-11152.
7. Anderson, J. R. (2000). Learning and memory: An integrated approach (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley.
8. Balota, D. A., Cortese, M. J., & Pilotti, M. (1999). Item-level analyses of lexical decision performance: Results from a mega-study. In Abstracts of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Psychonomics Society (p. 44). Los Angeles, CA: Psychonomic Society.
9. Barabási, A. L., & Albert, R. (1999, October 15). Emergence of scaling in random networks. Science, 286, 509-512.
10. Block, N. (1998). Semantics, conceptual role. Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy Online. Retrieved from http://www.rep.routledge.com.
11. Bollobás, B. (1985). Random graphs. London: Academic.
12. Brand, M., Rey A., Peereman, R., & Spieler, D. (2001). Naming bisyllabic words: A large scale study. Paper presented at the 12th Conference of the European Society for Cognitive Psychology (ESCOP 2001), Edinburgh, Scotland.
13. Brin, S., & Page, L. (1998). The anatomy of a large-scale hypertextual web search engine. WWW7/Computer Networks, 30, 107-117.
14. Brown, R. (1958a). How shall a thing be called? Psychological Review, 65, 14-21.
15. Brown, R. (1958b). Words and things. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
16. Brysbaert, M., Van Wijnendaele, I., & De Deyne, S. (2000). Age-of-acquisition effects in semantic processing tasks. Acta Psychologica, 104, 215-226.
17. Carey, S. (1978). The child as word learner. In J. Bresnan, G. Miller, & M. Halle (Eds.), Linguistic theory and psychological reality (pp. 264-293). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
18. Carey, S. (1985). Constraints on semantic development. In J. Mehler (Ed.), Neonate cognition (pp. 381-398). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
19. Carroll, J. B., & White, M. N. (1973). Word frequency and age-of-acquisition as determiners of picture naming latency. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 25, 85-95.
20. Chomsky, N. (1957). Syntactic structures. The Hague, The Netherlands: Mouton.
21. Chomsky, N. (1959). A review of B. F. Skinner's Verbal behavior Language, 35(1), 26-58.
22. Clark, E. V. (1993). The lexicon in acquisition. New York: Cambridge University Press.
23. Clark, E. V. (2001). Making use of pragmatic inferences in the acquisition of meaning. In D. Beaver, S. Kaufman, B. Clark, & L. Cazillas (Eds.), Stanford papers in semantics (pp. 23-36). Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.
24. Collins, A. M., & Loftus, E. F. (1975). A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing. Psychological Review, 82, 407-428.
25. Collins, A. M., & Quillian, M. R. (1969). Retrieval time from semantic memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 8, 240-248.
26. Cormen, T., Leiserson, C., & Rivest, R. (1990). Introduction to algorithms. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
27. Deese, J. (1965). The structure of associations in language and thought. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
28. Ellis, A. W., & Lambon Ralph, M. A. (2000). Age of acquisition effects in adult lexical processing reflect loss of plasticity in maturing systems: Insights from connectionist networks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 26, 1103-1123.
29. Erdös, P., & Réyni, A. (1960). On the evolution of random graphs. Publications of the Mathematical Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 5, 17-61.
30. Fellbaum, C. (Ed.). (1998). WordNet, an electronic lexical database. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
31. Fodor, J. A. (1998). Concepts: Where cognitive science went wrong. New York: Oxford University Press.
32. Gasser, M., & Smith, L. B. (1998). Learning nouns and adjectives: A connectionist account. Language & Cognitive Processes, 13, 269-306.
33. Gentner, D. (1981). Some interesting differences between nouns and verbs. Cognition and Brain Theory, 4, 161-178.
34. Gilhooly, K. J., & Logie, R. H. (1980). Age of acquisition, imagery, concreteness, familiarity and ambiguity measures for 1944 words. Behaviour Research Methods and Instrumentation, 12, 395-427.
35. Griffiths, T., & Steyvers, M. (2004). Finding scientific topics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101(Suppl. 1), 5228-5235.
36. Griffiths, T. L., & Steyvers, M. (2002). A probabilistic approach to semantic representation. In W. Gray & C. Schunn (Eds.), Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 381-386). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
37. Hodges, J. R., Graham, N., & Patterson, K. (1995). Charting the progression in semantic dementia: Implications for the organisation of semantic memory. Memory, 3, 463-495.
38. Hodgson, C., & Ellis, A. W. (1998). Last in, first to go: Age of acquisition and naming in the elderly. Brain & Language, 64, 146-163.
39. Jeong, H., Tombor, B., Albert, R., Oltval, Z. N., & Barabási, A. L. (2000, October 5). The large-scale organization of metabolic networks. Nature, 407, 651-654.
40. Kandel, E. R., Schwartz, J. H., & Jessell, T. M. (Eds.). (1991). Principles of neural science. Norwalk, CT: Appleton & Lange.
41. Keil, F. C. (1979). Semantic and conceptual development: An ontological perspective. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
42. Kleinberg, J. M. (2000). Navigation in a small world. Nature, 406, 845.
43. Kleinberg, J. M. (2002). Small-world phenomena and the dynamics of information. In T. G. Dietterich, S. Becker, & Z. Ghahramani (Eds.), Advances in neural information processing systems, 14, (pp. 431-438). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
44. Kucera, H., & Francis, W. N. (1967). Computational analysis of present-day American English. Providence, RI: Brown University Press.
45. Lambon Ralph, M. A., Graham, K. S., Ellis, A. W., & Hodges, J. R. (1998). Naming in semantic dementia - What matters? Neuropsychologia, 36, 775-784.
46. Landauer, T. K., & Dumais, S. T. (1997). A solution to Plato's problem: The Latent Semantic Analysis theory of acquisition, induction, and representation of knowledge. Psychological Review, 104 211-240.
47. Landauer, T. K., Foltz, P. W., & Laham, D. (1998). Introduction to Latent Semantic Analysis. Discourse Processes, 25, 259-284.
48. Levin, B. (1993). English verb classes and alternations: A preliminary investigation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
49. Lewis, M. B., Gerhand, S., & Ellis, H. D. (2001). Re-evaluating age-of-acquisition effects: Are they simply cumulative frequency effects? Cognition, 78, 189-205.
50. Macnamara, J. (1982). Names for things: A study in human learning. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
51. Manning, C. D., & Schutze (1999). Foundations of statistical natural language processing. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
52. Milgram, S. (1967, May). The small-world problem. Psychology Today, 2, 60-67.
53. Miller, G. A. (1995). WordNet: An on-line lexical database [Special issue]. International Journal of Lexicography, 3(4).
54. Morrison, C. M., Chappell, T. D., & Ellis, A. W. (1997). Age of acquisition norms for a large set of object names and their relation to adult estimates and other variables. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 50A, 528-559.
55. Nelson, D. L., McEvoy, C. L., & Schreiber, T. A. (1999). The University of South Florida word association norms. Retrieved from http://w3.usf.edu/FreeAssociation
56. Nelson, D. L., McKinney, V. M., Gee, N. R., & Janczura, G. A. (1998). Interpreting the influence of implicitly activated memories on recall and recognition. Psychological Review, 105, 299-324.
57. Newman, M. E. J. (2001). The structure of scientific collaboration networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 98, 404-409.
58. Niyogi, P., & Berwick, R. C. (1997). Evolutionary consequences of language learning. Journal of Linguistics and Philosophy, 17, 697-719.
59. Nowak, M. A., & Krakauer, D. C. (1999). The evolution of language. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 96, 8028-8033.
60. O'Reilly, R. C., & Munakata, Y. (2000). Computational explorations in cognitive neuroscience: Understanding the mind by simulating the brain. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
61. Pinker, S. (1994). The language instinct. New York: Morrow.
62. Plaut, D. C., McClelland, J. L., Seidenberg, M. S., & Patterson, K. (1996). Understanding normal and impaired word reading: Computational principles in quasi-regular domains. Psychological Review, 103, 56-115.
63. Rips, L. J., Shoben, E. J., & Smith, E. E. (1973). Semantic distance and the verification of semantic relations. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 12, 1-20.
64. Rogers, T. T., & McClelland, J. L. (2004). Semantic knowledge: A parallel distributed processing approach. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
65. Roget, P. M. (1911). Roget's Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases (1911 ed.). Retrieved October 28,2004, from http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/10681
66. Simon, H. (1955). On a class of skew distribution functions. Biometrika, 42, 425-440.
67. Skinner, B. F. (1937). The distribution of associated words. Psychological Record, 1, 71-76.
68. Slobin, D. I. (1973). Cognitive prerequisites for the acquisition of grammar. In C. A. Ferguson & D. I. Slobin (Eds.), Studies of child language development (pp. 173-208). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
69. Sloman, S. A. (1998). Categorical inference is not a tree: The myth of inheritance hierarchies. Cognitive Psychology, 35, 1-33.
70. Sloman, S. A., Love, B. C., & Ahn, W (1998). Feature centrality and conceptual coherence. Cognitive Science, 22, 189-228.
71. Smith, M. A., Cottrell, G. W., & Anderson, K. L. (2001). The early word catches the weights. In T. K. Leen, T. G. Dietterich, & V. Tresp (Eds.), Advances in neural information processing systems 13 (pp. 52-58). Cambridge MA: MIT Press.
72. Sommers, F. (1971). Structural ontology. Philosophia, 1 1), 21-42.
73. Stoyan, D., Kendall, W. S., & Mecke, J. (1995). Stochastic geometry and its applications (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley.
74. Strogatz, S. H. (2001, March 8). Exploring complex networks. Nature, 410, 268-276.
75. Turner, J. E., Valentine, T., & Ellis, A. W. (1998). Contrasting effects of age of acquisition and word frequency on auditory and visual lexical decision. Memory & Cognition, 26, 1282-1291.
76. Tversky, A. (1977). Features of similarity. Psychological Review, 84, 327-352.
77. Tversky, A., & Hutchinson, J. W. (1986). Nearest neighbor analysis of psychological spaces. Psychological Review, 93, 3-22.
78. Warrington, E. K. (1975). The selective impairment of semantic memory. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 27, 635-657.
79. Watts, D. J. (1999). Small worlds: The dynamics of networks between order and randomness. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
80. Watts, D. J., & Strogatz, S. H. (1998, June 4). Collective dynamics of 'small-world' networks. Nature, 393, 440-442.
81. Zipf, G. K. (1965). Human behavior and the principle of least effort. Hafner: New York.