The problems of vitamin D insufficiency in older people

Aging and Disease

Volumn 3, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 313-329

  Boucher, Barbara J ^a  

^a QUEEN MARY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Aging; Deficiency; Elderly; Pathology; Supplementation; Vitamin D

Indexed keywords

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); CITRUS MACROPHYLLA;

EID: 84878091987     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21525250     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (136)

1. Holick MF (2011). Photobiology of vitamin D. Chapter 2:113-22. In Vitamin D, Vol 1. Eds Feldman D, Pike JW, Adams JS. Academic Press, Elsevier. ISBN: 978-0-12-387035-3
2. Calvo MS, Whiting SJ, Barton CN (2005). Vitamin D intake: a global perspective of current status. J Nutr, 135:310-6
3. Prentice A (2008). Vitamin D deficiency: a global perspective. Nutr Rev 66,(10 Suppl 2): S153-64
4. Editorial (1968). Nutrition of the elderly. Lancet, 5619:629-30
5. Corless D, Gupta SP, Sattar DA, Switala S, Boucher BJ.(1979). Vitamin D status of residents of an old people's home and long-stay patients. Gerontology, 25:350-5
6. Exton-Smith AN, Hodkinson HM, Stanton BR (1966). Nutrition and metabolic bone disease in the elderly. Lancet, 2:999
7. MacLaughlin J, Holick MF (1985). Ageing decreases the capacity of human skin to produce vitamin D3. J Clin Invest, 76: 1536-8
8. Matsuoka LY, Wortsmann J, Haddad JG, Hollis B (1989). In vivo threshold for cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D3. J Lab Clin Med, 114:301-5
9. Barragry JM, France MW, Corless D, Gupta SP, Switala S, Boucher BJ, Cohen RD (1978). Intestinal cholecalciferol absorption in the elderly and in younger adults. Clin Sci Mol Med, 55: 213-20
10. Van der Wielen RP, Lowik MR, van den Berg H, de Groot LC, Haller J, Moreiras O, van Staveren WA (1995). Serum vitamin D concentrations among elderly people in Europe. Lancet, 346:207-10
11. Sambrook PN, Cameron ID, Chen JS, Cumming RG, Durvasula S, Herrmann M, Kok C, Lord SR, Macara M, March LM, Mason LM, Seibel MJ, Wilson N, Simpson JM (2012). Does increased sunlight exposure work as a strategy to improve vitamin D status in the elderly: a cluster randomised controlled trial. Osteoporosis, 23:615-24
12. Corless D, Gupta SP, Switala S, Barragry JM, Boucher BJ, Cohen RD, Diffey BL (1978). Response of plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D to ultraviolet irradiation in long-stay geriatric patients. Lancet, 23:649-51
13. Whyte MP (2011). Approach to the patient with metabolic bone disease. Chapter 46:807-822. In Vitamin D, Vol 1. Eds Feldman D, Pike JW, Adams JS. Academic Press , Elsevier. ISBN: 978-0-12-387035-3
14. Jones KS, Schoenmaker I, Bluck LJC, Ding S, Prentice A (2012). Plasma appearance and disappearance of an oral dose of 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 in healthy adults. Brit J Nutr, 107:1128-37
15. Berry D, Hyppönen E (2011). Determinants of vitamin D status: focus on genetic variations. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens, 20: 331-6. Review
16. Anonymous. (2006). Primary vitamin D deficiency in adults. Drug Ther Bull, 44:25-9
17. Hewison M, Burke F, Evans KN, Lammas DA, Sansom DM, Liu P, Modlin RL, Adams JS (2007). Extra-renal 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1alpha-hydroxylase in human health and disease. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol, 103:316-21
18. Ren S, Nouyen L, Wu S, Encinas C, Adams JS, Hewison (2005). Alternative splicing of vitamin D-24-hydroxylase: a novel mechanisms for the regulation of extra renal 1.25-dihydroxyvitamin D synthesis. J Biol Chem, 280:20604-11
19. Wang TT, Tavera-Mendoza LE, Laperriere D, Libby E, MacLead NB, Nagai Y, Bourdeau V, Konstorum A, Lallemant B, Zhang R, Mader S, White JH (2005). Large-scale in silico and micro-array-based identification of direct 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 target genes. Mol Endocrinol, 19:2685-95
20. Norman AW (2006). Mini review: new assignments for an already busy receptor. Endocrinology, 147: 5542-48
21. Boucher BJ (2011). Vitamin D insufficiency and diabetes risks. Curr Drug Targets, 12:61-87.
22. Richards JB, Valdes AM, Gardner JP, Paximadas D, Kimura M, Nessa A, Lu X, Surdulescu GL, Swaminathan R, Spector TD, Aviv A (2007). Higher serum 25-hydrocyvitamin D concentrations are associated with longer telomere length in women. Am J Clin Nutr, 86:1420-5
23. Zhu H, Guo D. Li K, Pedersen-White J, Stallman-Jorgensen IS, Huang Y, Parikh S, Liu K, Dong Y (2011). Increased telomerase activity and vitamin D supplementation in overweight African Americans. Int J Obes [Lond], doi: 10.1038/ijo.2011.197. [Epub ahead of print]
24. Nair-Shalliker V, Armstrong BK, Fenech (2012). Does vitamin D protect against DNA damage? Mutat Res, Feb 24 [Epub ahead of print]
25. Gonzalez-Suarez I, Redwood AB, Grotsky DA, Neumann MA, Cheng EH, Stewart CL, Dusso A, Gonzalo S (2011). A new pathway that regulates 53BP1 stability implicates Cathepsin L and vitamin D in DNA repair. EMBO J, 30:3383-96
26. Lanske B, Razzaque MS (2007). Vitamin D and ageing: old concepts and new insights. J Nutr Biochem, 18:771-7
27. Tuohimaa P (2012). Vitamin D and ageing. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol, 114:78-84
28. Keisala T, Minasyan A, Lou YR, Zou J, Kalueff AV, Pyykkö I, Tuohimaa P (2009). Premature aging in vitamin D receptor mutant mice. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol, 115:91-7
29. Kuro-O M (2011). Klothos and the ageing process. The Korean J Int Med, 26:113-22
30. Klotz B, Mentrup B, Regensburger M, Zeck S, Schneidereit J, Schupp N, Linden C, Merz C, Ebert R, Jakob F (2012). 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 treatnment delays cellular ageing in human mesenchymal stem cells while maintaining their multipotent capacity. PLoS One, 7:e29959: 1-11
31. Zouboulis CC, Makrantonaki E (2012). Hormonal therapy of intrinsic ageing. Rejuvenation Res, Apr 25. [Epub ahead of print].
32. Jansen BC (1950). The necessity of vitamin D in old age. Rev Med Liege. 5:667-9.
33. Perez-Lopez FR, Brinat M, Erel CT, Tremollieres F, Gambacciani M, Lambrinoudaki I, Moen MH, Schenk-Gustafsson K, Vujovic S, Rozenberg S, Rees M (2012). EMAS position statement: vitamin D and postmenopausal health. Maturitas, 71:83-8
34. Corless D, Dawson E, Fraser F, Ellis M, Evans SJ, Perry JD, Reisner C, Silver CP, Beer M, Boucher BJ (1985). Do vitamin D supplements improve the physical capabilities of elderly hospital patients? Age Ageing, 14 76-84
35. Muir SW, Montero-Odasso M (20011). Effect of vitamin D supplementation on muscle strength, gait and balance in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc, 59:2291-3000
36. Stockton KA, Mengersen K, Paratz JD, Kandiah D, Bennell KL (2011). Effect of vitamin D on muscle strength: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoporosis In, 22:859-71
37. Houston DK, Tooze JA, Hausman DB, Johnson MA, Micklas BJ, Miller ME, Neiberg RH, Marsh AP, Newman AB, Blair SN, Kritchevsky SB (2011). Change in 25-hydroxyvitamin D and physical performance in older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 66:430-6
38. Mosekilde L (2005). Vitamin D and the elderly. Clin Endocrinol, 62:265-81
39. Kanis JA, Brazier JE, Stevensen M, Calvert NW, Lloyd-Jones M (2002). Treatment of established osteoporosis: a systematic review and cost-analysis. Health Assessment technology. Vol 6: No 29 Executive summary. NHS R&D HT
40. Trivedi DP, Doll R, Khaw KT (2003). Effect of four monthly oral vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) supplementation on fractures and mortality in men and women living in the community: randomized double blind controlled trial. BMJ, 326:469.
41. Ross AC, Manson JE, Abrams SA, Aloia JF, Clinton SK, Duraxo-Arvizu RA, Gallagher JC, Gallo RL, Jones G, Kovacs CS, Mayne ST, Rosen CJ, Shapses SA (2011). The 2011 report on dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D from the Institute of Medicine: what clinicians need to know. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 96:53-8.
42. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Kiel DO, Dawson-Hughes B, Oray JE, Priegelman D, Dietrich T, Willett WC (2009). Dietary calcium and serum 250hydroxyvitamin D status in relation to BMD among U.S. adults. J Bone Min Res, 24:935-42.
43. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dawson-Hughes B, Staehelin HB, Oray JE, Stuck AE, Theiler R, Wong JB, Egli A, Kiel DP, Henschkowski J (2009). Fall prevention with supplemental and active forms of vitamin D: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMJ, 339:b3692
44. Grimnes G, Joakimsen R, Figenschau Y, Torjese PA, Almås B, Jorde R (2012). The effect of high-dose vitamin D on bone mineral density and bone turnover markers in postmenopausal women with low bone mass--a randomized controlled 1-year trial.Osteoporos Int, 23:201-11.
45. Grant AM, Avenell A, Cambell MK, McDonald AM, MacLennan GS, McPherson GC, Anderson FH (2005). Oral vitamin D3 and calcium for secondary prevention of low-trauma fractures in elderly people (Randomised Evaluation of Calcium Or vitamin D, RECORD): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet, 365:1621-8
46. Chung M, Lee J, Terasawa T, lau J, Trikalinos TA (2011). Vitamin D with or without calcium supplementation for prevention of cancer and fractures: an updated meta-analysis for the U.S. Preventative Services Task Force. Ann Int Med, 155:827-38
47. Javaid MK, Crozier SR, Harvey NC, Gale CR, Dennison EM, Boucher BJ, Arden NK, Godfrey KM, Cooper C; Princess Anne Hospital Study Group (2006). Maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy and childhood bone mass at age 9 years: a longitudinal study. Lancet, 367:36-43
48. Liu PT, Stenger S, Li H, Wenzel L, Tan BH, Krutzik SR, Ochoa MT, Schauber J, Wu K, Meinken C, Kamen DL, Wagner M, Bals R, Steinmeyer A, Zügel U, Gallo RL, Eisenberg D, Hewison M, Hollis BW, Adams JS, Bloom BR, Modlin RL (2006). Toll-like receptor triggering of a vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial response. Science, 311: 1770-73.
49. Martineau AR, Wilkinson KA, Newton SM, Floto RA, Norman AW, Skolimowska K, Davidson RN, Sorensen OE, Kampmann B, Griffiths CJ. Wilkinson RJ (2007). IFN-gamma and TNF-independent vitamin D-inducible human suppression of mycobacterial: the role of cathelicidin LL-37. J Immunol, 178:190-8
50. Borges MC, Martini LAM, Rogero MM (2011). Current perspectives on vitamin D, immune system, and chronic diseases. Nutr, 27: 399-404
51. Guillot X, Semerano L, Saidenberg-Kermanac'h N, Falgarone G, Boissier MC (2010). Vitamin D and inflammation. Joint Bone Spine, 77: 552-7.
52. Urashima M, Segawa T, Okazaki M, Kurihara M, Wada Y, Ida H (2010). Randomized trial of vitamin D supplementation to prevent seasonal influenza A in schoolchildren. Am J Clin Nutr, 91:1255-60
53. Manaseki-Holland S, Maroof Z, Bruce J, Mughal MZ, Bhutta ZA, Walraven G, Chandranohan D (2012). Effect on the incidence of pneumonia of vitamin D supplementation by quarterly bolus doses to infants in Kabul: a randomized controlled superiority trial. Lancet, 379:1419-27
54. Goldstein MR, Mascitelli L, Pezzetta F (2010). Pandemic influenza A (HINI): mandatory vitamin D supplementation? Med Hypotheses, 74:756.
55. Berry DJ, Hesketh K, Power CM, Hyppönen E (2011). Vitamin D status has a linear association with seasonal infections and lung function in British adults. Br J Nutr, 106:1433-40
56. JR, DePetrillo P, Cipriani RJ, Smardin J, Burns LA, Landry ML (2010). Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and the incidence of acute viral respiratory infections in healthy adults. PLos One, 5: e11088.
57. Jorde R, Witham M, Janssens W, Rolighed L, Borchard K, de Boer IH, Grimnes G, Hutchinson MS (2012). Vitamin D supplementation did not prevent influenza-like illness as diagnosed retrospectively by questionnaires in subjects participating in randomized clinical trials. Scand J Infect Dis, 44:126-32
58. Grant WB (2008). Vitamin D, periodontal disease, tooth loss and cancer risk. Lancet Oncol, 9:612-3
59. Jabbar S, Drury J, Fordham J, Datta HK, Francis RM, Tuck SP (2011). Plasma vitamin D and cytokines in periodontal disease and postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Periodontal Res, 46: 97-104.
60. Amano Y, Komiyama K, Makishima M (2009). Vitamin D and periodontal disease. J Oral Sci, 51: 11-20.
61. Zhou J, Chew M, Ravn HB, Falk E (1999). Plaque pathology and coronary thrombosis in the pathogenesis of acute coronary syndromes. Scand J Clin Lab Invest, 230 (Suppl 1): 3-11. Review.
62. Martineau AR, Timms PM, Bothamley GH, Hanifa Y, Islam K, Claxton AP, Packe GE, Moore-Gillon JC, Darmalingam M, Davidson RN, Milburn HJ, Baker LV, Barker RD, Woodward NJ, Venton TR, Barnes KE, Mullett CJ, Coussens AK, Rutterford CM, Mein CA, Davies GR, Wilkinson RJ, Nikolayevskyy V, Drobniewski FA, Eldridge SM, Griffiths CJ (2011). High-dose vitamin D(3) during intensive-phase antimicrobial treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis: a double-blind randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 377:242-50
63. Timms PM, Mannan N, Hitman GA, Noonan K, Mills PG, Syndercombe-Court D, Aganna E, Price CP, Boucher BJ (2002). Circulating MMP9, vitamin D and variation in the TIMP-1 response with VDR genotype: mechanisms for inflammatory damage in chronic disorders? QJM, 95:787-96.
64. Coussens A, Timms PM, Boucher BJ, Venton TR, Ashcroft AT, Skolimowska KH, Newton SM, Wilkinson KA, Davidson RN, Griffiths CJ, Wilkinson RJ, Martineau AR (2009). 1alpha, 25-dihyrdroxyvitamin D3 inhibits matrix metalloproteinases induced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Immunology, 127:539-48
65. Edlich RF, Mason SS, Dahlstrom JJ, Swainston E, Long WB 3rd, Gubler K (2009). Pandemic preparedness for swine flu influenza in the United States. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol, 28:261-4
66. Ramesh KV, Mahindraker MB, Bhat EP (1993). A new role for vitamin D: cholecalciferol promotes dermal wound strength and re-epithelization. Indian J Exp Biol, 31: 778-9
67. Tian XQ, Chen TC, Holick MF (1995). 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: a novel agent for enhancing wound healing. J Cell Biochem, 59: 53-56.
68. Kalav UR, Cha SS, Takahashi P (2011). Association between vitamin D and pressure ulcers in older ambulatory adults: results of a matched case-control study. Clin Interv Ageing, 6:213-9
69. Grant WB, Boucher BJ (2010). Are Hill's criteria for causality satisfied for vitamin D and periodontal disease? Dermatoendocrinol, 2:30-6
70. Bashutski JD, Eber RM, Kinney JC, Benavides E, Matra S, Braun TM, Giannobile WW, McCauley LK (2011). The impact of vitamin D status on periodontal surgery. J Dent Res, 90: 1007-12
71. Bitetto D, Fabris C, Falleti E, Fornasiere E, Fumolo E, Fontanini E, Cussigh A, Occhino G, Baccarani U, Pirisi M, Toniutto (2010). Vitamin D and the risk of acute allograft rejection following human liver transplantation. Liver Int, 30: 417-44.
72. Leow L, Simpson T, Cursons R, Karalus N, Hancox RJ (2011). Vitamin D, innate immunity and outcomes in community acquired pneumonia. Respirolog, 16:611-6
73. Avenell A, Cook J, MacLennan GS, MacPherson GC (2007). Vitamin D supplementation to prevent infections: a sub-study of a randomised placebo-controlled trial in older people. (RECORD trial, ISRCTN 5164738). Research Letter. Age and Ageing, 36:574-92
74. Boucher BJ (2012). Is vitamin D status relevant to metabolic syndrome? Dermatoendocrinol, 4: 1-12.( In Press).
75. Kujala UM, Jokelainen J, Oksa H, Saaristo T, Rautio N Moilanen L (2011). Increase in physical activity and cardiometabolic risk profile change during lifestyle intervention in primary healthcare: 1-year follow-up study among individuals at high risk for type 2 diabetes. BMJ Open. 19;e000292
76. Athyros G, Tziomalos K, Karagiannis A, Mikhailidis DP (2010). Preventing diabetes mellitus: room for residual risk reduction after lifestyle changes? Curr Pharm Des, 16:3939-847
77. Boucher BJ (1998). Inadequate vitamin D status: does it contribute to the disorders comprising 'Syndrome 'X'? Br J Nutr, 79: 315-27
78. Forouhi NG, Luan JJ, Cooper A, Boucher BJ, Wareham NJ (2008). Baseline serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D is predictive of future glycaemic status and insulin resistance: the Medical Research Council Ely Prospective Study 1990-2000. Diabetes, 57:2619-25
79. Boucher BJ, Mannan N, Noonan K, Hales CN, Evans SJW (1995). Glucose intolerance and impairment of insulin secretion in relation to vitamin D deficiency in east London Asians. Diabetologia, 38:1239-45
80. Von Hurst PR, Stonehouse W, Coad J (2010). Vitamin D supplementation reduces insulin resistance in South Asian women living in New Zealand who are insulin resistant and vitamin D deficient - a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Br J Nutr, 103:549-55
81. Rueda S, Fernandez-Fernandez C, Romero F, Martinez de Osaba J, Vidal J (2008). Vitamin D, PTH, and the metabolic syndrome in severely obese subjects. Obes Surg, 18:151-4
82. Auwerx J, Bouillon R, Kesteloot H (1992). Relation between 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, apolipoprotein A-1 and high density lipoprotein cholesterol. Arterioscler Thromb, 12:671-4
83. John WG, Noonan K, Mannan N, Boucher BJ (2005). Hypovitaminosis D is associated with reductions in serum apolipoprotein A-I but not with fasting lipids in British Bangladeshis. Am J Clin Nutr, 82:517-22.
84. Li YC, Qiao G, Uskokovic M, Xiang W, Zheng W, Kong J (2004). Vitamin D: a negative endocrine regulator of the renin-angiotensin system and blood pressure. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol, 89-90:387-92.
85. Cheng Q, Li YC, Boucher BJ, Leung PS (2011). A novel role for vitamin D: modulation of expression and function of the local renin-angiotensin system in mouse pancreatic islets. Diabetologia, 54:2077-81
86. Cheng Q, Boucher BJ, Leung PS (2012). Modulation of hypovitaminosis D-induced glucose homeostasis impairment and islet dysfunction through direct suppression of the pancreatic islet renin-angiotensin system. (Submitted)
87. Deleskog A, Hilding A, Brismar K, Hamsten A, Afendic S, Ostenson CG (2012). Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level predicts progression to type 2 diabetes in individuals with prediabetes but not with normal glucose tolerance. Diabetologia, Mar 17 [ahead of print].
88. Pittas AG, Dawson-Hughes B, Li T, Van Damn RM, Willett WC, Manson JE, Hu FB (2006). Vitamin D and calcium intake in relation to type 2 diabetes in women. Diabetes Care, 29:650-6
89. Pittas AG, Lau J, Hu FB, Dawson-Hughes B (2007). The role of vitamin D and calcium in type 2 diabetes. A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 92:20127-9
90. Hirani V (2011). Relationship between vitamin D and hyperglycemia in older people from a nationally representative population survey. J Am Geriatr Soc, 59: 1786-9
91. Seals DR, Jablonski KL, Donato AJ (2011). Ageing and vascular endothelial function in humans. Clin Sci (Lond), 120:357-75
92. Ertek S, Akgül E, Cicero AF, Kütük U, Demirtas S, Cehreli S, Erdogan G (2012). 25-Hydroxy vitamin D levels and endothelial vasodilator function in normotensive women. Arch Med Sci, 29:47-52.
93. Harris RA Pedersen-White J, Guo DH, Stallmann-Jorgensen IS, Keeton D, Huang Y, Shah Y, Zhu H, Ding Y (2011). Vitamin D3 supplementation for 16 weeks improves flow-mediated dilatation in overwieght African-American adults. Am J Hypertens, 24:557-62
94. Vaidya A, Forman JP (2012). Vitamin D and vascular disease: the current and future status of vitamin D therapy in hypertension and kidney disease. Hypertens Rep, 14:111-9.
95. Zitterman A, Iodice S, Pilz S, Grant WB, Bagnardi V, Gandini S (2012). Vitamin D deficiency and mortality risk in the general population: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Am J Clin Nutr, 95:91-100
96. Gotsman I, Shauer A, Zwas DR, Hellman Y, Keren A, Lotan C, Admon D (2012). Vitamin D deficiency is a predictor of reduced survival in patients with heart failure; vitamin D supplementation improves outcome. Eur J Heart Fail, 14: 357-66.
97. Bjelakovic G, Gluud LL, Nikolova D, Whitfield K, Wettersley J, Simonetti RG, Bjelakovic M, Gluud C (2011). Vitamin D supplementation for reduction of mortality in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 6:CD007470
98. Vacek JL, Vanga SR, Good M, Lai SM, Lakkireddy D, Howard PA (2012). Vitamin D deficiency and supplementation and relation to cardiovascular health. Am J Cardiol, 109:359-63
99. Schöttker B, Ball D, Gelfert C, Brenner H (2012). Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and overall mortality. A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Ageing Res Rev, Feb 17 [ahead of print]
100. Rienstra M, Cheng S, Larson MG, McCabe EL, Booth SL, Jaques PF, Lubitz SA, Yin X, Levy D, Magnani JW, Elinor PT, Benjamin EJ, Wang TJ (2011). Vitamin D status is not related to development of atrial fibrillation in the community. Am Heart J, 162: 538-41
101. Goldfine AB (2012). Statins: Is it really time to reassess benefits and risks? N Eng J Med, 366:1752-5
102. Grimes DS (2009). Statins and vitamin D. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther, 23:261-2
103. Bhattacharyya S, Bhattacharyya K, Maitra A (2012). Possible mechanisms of interaction between statins and vitamin D. Commentary. QJM, 105:487-91
104. Buell JS, Scott TM, Dawson-Hughes B, Dallal GE, Rosenberg IH, Folstein MF, Tucker KL (2009). Vitamin D is associated with cognitive function in elders receiving home health services. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 64:888-95
105. Stein MS, Scherer SC, Ladd KS, Harrison LC (2011). A randomised controlled trial of high-dose vitamin D2 followed by intranasal insulin in Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis, 26: 477-84
106. Topannen AM, Williams D, Hendersen J, Lawlor DA (2011). Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and ionised calcium in relation to lung function and allergen skin tests. Eur J Clin Nutr, 65:493-500
107. Romme EA, Rutten EP, Smeenk FW, Spruit MA, Menheere PP, Wouters EF (2012). Vitamin D status is associated with bone mineral density and functional exercise capacity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Med, Apr 2. [Epub ahead of print]
108. Shaheen SO, Jameson KA, Robinson SM, Boucher BJ, Syddall HE, Sayer AA, Cooper C, Holloway JW, Dennison EM (2011). Relationship of vitamin D status to adult lung function and COPD. Thorax, 66:692-8
109. Zhao G, Ford ES, Tsai J, Li C, Croft JB (2012). low concentrations of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D associated with increased risk for chronic bronchitis among US adults. Brit J Nutr, 107: 1386-92
110. Kunisaki KM, Niewoehner DE, Singh RJ, Connett JE (2010). Vitamin D status and longitudinal lung function decline in the Lung Heath Study. Eur J Resp J, 37:238-43
111. Tsujimoto Y, Tahara H, Shoji T, Emoto M, Koyama H, Ishimura E, Tabata T, Nishizawa Y, Inaba M (2011). Active vitamin D and acute respiratory infections in dialysis patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 6:1361-7.
112. Tillis CC, Huang HW, Bi W, Pan S. Bruce SR, Alcorn J (2011). Glucocorticoid regulation of human pulmonary surfactant protein-B (SP-B) mRNA stability is independent of activated glucocorticoid receptor. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, 300. L940-50
113. Mak RH (1998). 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 corrects insulin and lipid abnormalities in uremia. Kidney Int, 53: 1353-7
114. Shoji T, Shinohara K, Kimoto E, Emoto M, Tahara H, Koyama H, Inaba M, Fukumoto S, Ishimura E, Miki T, Tabata T, Nishizawa Y (2004). Lower risk for cardiovascular mortality in oral 1alpha-hydroxy vitamin D3 users in a hemodialysis population. Nephrol Dial Transplant, 19:179-84.
115. Querfeld U, Mak RH (2010). Vitamin D deficiency and toxicity in chronic kidney disease: in search of the therapeutic window. Pediatr Nephrol, 25: 2413-30. Review.
116. Jones G (2010). Why dialysis patients need combination therapy with both cholecalciferol and a calcitriol analog. Semin Dial, 23: 239-43.
117. Lee V, Rekhi E, Kam JH, Jeffrey G (2012). Vitamin D rejuvenates ageing eyes by reducing inflammation, clearing amyloid beta and improving visual function. Neurobiol Ageing, Jan 2 [ahead of print]
118. Morrison MA, Silveira AC, Huynh N, Jun G, Smith SE, Zacharaki F, Sato H, Loomis S, Andreoli MT, Adams SM, Radeke MJ, Jelcick AS, Yuan Y, Tsiloulis AN, Chatzoulis DZ, Silvestri G, Kotoula MG, Tsironi EE, Hollis BW, Chen R, Haider NB, Miller JW, Farrer LA, Hageman GS, Kim IK, Schaumberg DA, DeAngelis MM (2011). Systems biology-based analysis implicates a novel role for vitamin D metabolism in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration. Hum Genomics, 5:538-68
119. Grant WB (2012). Ecological studies of the UVB-vitamin D-cancer hypothesis. Anticancer Res, 32:223-36
120. IARC Working Group Report 5: Vitamin D and cancer (Nov 25 2008). http://www.iarc.fr/en/Mediia-Centre/IARC-News?Vitamin D and Cancer
121. Wolpin BM, Ng K, Bao Y, Kraft P, Stampfer MJ, Michaud DS, Ma J, Buring JE, Sesso HD, Lee IM, Rifai N, Cichrane BB, Wactawski-Wende J, Chlebowski RT, Willett WC, Manson JE, Giovannucci EL, Fuchs CS (2012). Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk of pancreatic cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Perv, 21:82-91
122. Newton-Bishop JA, Chang YM, Elliott F, Chan M, Leake S, Karpavicius B, Haynes S, Fitzgibbon E, Kukalizch K, Randerson-Moor J, Elder DE, Bishop DT, Barrett JH (2011). Relationship between sun exposure and melanoma risk for tumours in different body sites in a large case-control study in a temperate climate. Eur J Cancer, 47: 732-41.
123. Lappe JM, Travers-Gustavson D, Davies KM, Recker RR, Heaney RP (2007). Vitamin D and calcium supplementation reduce cancer risk: results of a randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr, 85: 1586-91
124. Rothwell PM, Price JF, Fowkes FG, Zanchetti A, Roncaglioni MC, Tognoni G, Lee R, Belch JF, Wilson M, Mehta Z, Meade TW (2012). Short-term effects of daily aspirin on cancer incidence, mortality, and non-vascular death: analysis of the time course of risks and benefits in 51 randomised controlled trials. Lancet, 379:1602-12.
125. Tuohimaa P, Tenkanen L, Ahonen M, Lumme S, Jellum E, Hallmans G, Stattin P, Harvei S, Hakulinen T, Luostarinen T, Dillner J, Lehtinen M, Hakama M (2004). Both high and low levels of blood vitamin D are associated with a higher prostate cancer risk: a longitudinal, nested case-control study in the Nordic countries. Int J Cancer, 108:104-8
126. Vieth R (2004). Enzyme kinetics hypothesis to explain the U-shaped risk curve for prostate cancer vs. 25-hydroxyvitamin D in Nordic countries. Int J Cancer,111:468
127. Perez-Lopez FR, Brincat M, Erel CT, Temollieres F, Gambacciani M, Lambrnoudaki I, Moen MH, Schenk-Gustafsson K, Vujovic S, Rozenberg S, Rees M (2012). EMAS position statement: Vitamin D and postmenopausal health. Maturitas, 71:83-8
128. Chief Medical Officers for England, Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland (2012). Vitamin D - Advice on supplements for at risk groups. Circular to General Practitioners, Practice Nurses, Health visitors, Community Pharmacists. Ref CEM/CMO/2012/04. Gateway ref 17193. Department of Health (UK). Dangers of vitamin D deficiency highlighted. http://www.dh.gov.uk/health/2012/02/vitamin-d/accessed 07/02/2012
129. Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Gordon CM, Hanley DA, Heaney RP, Murad MH, Weaver CM (2011). Evaluation, treatment , prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 96:1911-30
130. Sattar N, Welsh P, Panarelli M, Forouhi NG (2012). Increasing requests for vitamin D measurement: costly, confusing, and without credibility. Lancet, 379:95-6
131. Carter GD, Carter R, Jones J, Berry J (2004). How accurate are assays for 25-hydroxyvitamin D? Data from the International Vitamin D External Quality Assessment Scheme. Clin Chem, 50: 2195-97
132. Haines ST, Park SK (2012). Vitamin D supplementation: What's known, what to do, and what's needed. Pharmacotherapy, 32:354-82
133. Stephens WP, Limiuk PS, Berry JL, Mawer EB (1981). Annual high-dose vitamin D prophylaxis in Asian immigrants. Lancet,28:1199-202
134. Food and Agriculture Organization [United Nations] (2002). Corporate document report. Human Vitamin and Mineral Requirements. Chapter 8: Vitamin D.http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/Y2809E/y2809/ee00.htm
135. Vieth R (2012). Why the minimum desirable serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level should be 75 nmol/l (30 ng/ml). Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab, 25:681-91
136. Haussler MR, Haussler CA, Whitfield GK, Hsieh J-C, Thompson PD, Barthel TK, Bartik L, Egan JB, Wu Y, Kubicek JL, Lowmiller CL, Moffet EW, Forster RE, Jurutka PW (2010). The nuclear vitamin D receptor controls the expression of genes encoding factors which feed the "Fountain of Youth" to mediate healthy ageing. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol, 121:88-97