Integrity's place among the character strengths of middle-level managers and top-level executives

Leadership Quarterly

Volumn 24, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 395-404

  Gentry, William A ^a   Cullen, Kristin L ^a   Sosik, John J ^b   Chun, Jae Uk ^c   Leupold, Christopher R ^d   Tonidandel, Scott ^e  

^a Center for Creative Leadership   (United States)

^b PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c Korea University   (South Korea)

^d ELON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e DAVIDSON COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

Character strengths; Integrity; Middle level managers; Relative weight analysis

Indexed keywords

EID: 84877834103     PISSN: 10489843     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2012.11.009     Document Type: Article

References (78)

1. Arneson S. Lead from the middle: Influence up, down and across. Leadership Excellence 2008, March, 25(3):19.
2. Balogun J., Johnson G. Organizational restructuring and middle manager sensemaking. Academy of Management Journal 2004, 47:523-549.
3. Bass B.M. The Bass handbook of leadership: Theory, research and managerial applications 2008, Free Press, New York. 4th ed.
4. Bliese P.D. Within-group agreement, non-independence, and reliability: Implications for data aggregation and analyses. Multilevel theory, research, and ethods in organizations: Foundations, extensions, and new directions 2000, 349-381. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA. K.J. Klein, S.W.J. Kozlowski (Eds.).
5. Brown M.E., Treviño L.K. Ethical leadership: A review and future directions. The Leadership Quarterly 2006, 17:595-616.
6. Cameron K.S., Bright D., Caza A. Exploring the relationships between organizational virtuousness and performance. The American Behavioral Scientist 2004, 47(6):766-790.
7. CCL Executive dimensions technical manual 2009, Center for Creative Leadership, Greensboro, NC.
8. Chessick R. Heidegger's "authenticity" in the psychotherapy of adolescents. American Journal of Psychotherapy 1996, 50:208-216.
9. Conger J.A., Fulmer R.M. Developing your leadership pipeline. Harvard Business Review 2003, 81:76-84.
10. D'Costa A. Review of the Executive Dimensions®. The eighteenth mental measurements yearbook 2010, 218-221. Buros Institute of Mental Measurements, Lincoln, NE. R.A. Spies, J.F. Carlson, K.F. Geisinger (Eds.).
11. Fleenor J.W., McCauley C.D., Brutus S. Self-other rating agreement and leader effectiveness. The Leadership Quarterly 1996, 7:487-506.
12. Floyd S.W., Wooldridge B. Middle management's strategic influence and organizational performance. Journal of Management Studies 1997, 34(3):465-485.
13. Gentry W.A., Harris L.S., Baker B.A., Leslie J.B. Managerial skills: What has changed since the late 1980s. Leadership and Organization Development Journal 2008, 29:167-181.
14. Grahek M.S., Thompson A.D., Toliver A. The character to lead: A closer look at character in leadership. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research 2010, 62(4):270-290.
15. Greguras G.J., Robie C. A new look at within-source interrater reliability of 360-degree feedback ratings. The Journal of Applied Psychology 1998, 83:960-968.
16. Harms P.D., Spain S.M., Hannah S.T. Leader development and the dark side of personality. The Leadership Quarterly 2011, 22:495-509.
17. Hogan R., Curphy G.J., Hogan J. What we know about leadership: Effectiveness and personality. The American Psychologist 1994, 49:493-504.
18. Hollenbeck G.P. Executive selection - What's right. . .and what's wrong. Industrial and Organizational Psychology 2009, 2:130-143.
19. Hooijberg R., Hunt J.G., Dodge G.E. Leadership complexity and development of the leaderplex model. Journal of Management 1997, 23:375-408.
20. Hope O. The politics of middle managements sensemaking and sensegiving. Journal of Change Management 2010, 10:195-215.
21. Huy Q.N. In praise of middle managers. Harvard Business Review 2001, 79(8):72-79.
22. Huy Q.N. Emotional balancing of organizational continuity and radical change: The contributions of middle managers. Administrative Science Quarterly 2002, 37:634-665.
23. Jacobs T.O., Lewis P. Leadership requirements in stratified systems. Strategic leadership: A multiorganizational-level perspective 1992, 15-25. Quorum Books, Westport, CT. R.L. Phillips, J.G. Hunt (Eds.).
24. James L.R. Organizational climate: Another look at a potentially important construct. Applications of interactionist psychology: Essays in honor of Saul B. Sells 1988, 253-282. Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ. S.G. Cole, R.G. Demaree (Eds.).
25. James L.R., Demaree R.G., Wolf G. Estimating within-group interrater reliability with and without response bias. The Journal of Applied Psychology 1984, 69:85-98.
26. Jaques E. General theory of bureaucracy 1978, Heinemann Books, Exter, NH.
27. Johnson J.W. A heuristic method for estimating the relative weight of predictor variables in multiple regression. Multivariate Behavioral Research 2000, 35:1-19.
28. Johnson J.W. Factors affecting relative weights: The influence of sampling and measurement error. Organizational Research Methods 2004, 7:283-299.
29. Kaiser R.B., Hogan R. How to (and how not to) assess the integrity of managers. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research 2010, 62(4):216-234.
30. Kaplan B., Drath W., Kofodimos J.R. Beyond ambition: How driven leaders can lead better and live better 1991, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.
31. Klann G. Building character: Strengthening the heart of good leadership 2007, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA.
32. Lawrence B.S. New wrinkles in the theory of age: Demography, norms, and performance ratings. Academy of Management Journal 1988, 31:309-337.
33. LeBreton J.M., Senter J.L. Answers to 20 questions about interrater reliability and interrater agreement. Organizational Research Methods 2008, 11:815-852.
34. Littman-Ovadia H., Lavy S. Character strengths in Israel: Hebrew adaptation of the VIA Inventor of Strengths. European Journal of Psychological Assessment 2012, 28(1):41-50.
35. Littman-Ovadia H., Steger M. Character strengths and well-being among volunteers and employees: Toward an integrative model. The Journal of Positive Psychology 2010, 5:419-430.
36. Lombardo M.M., Eichinger R.W. FYI: For your improvement 2009, Lominger International, Minneapolis, MN. 5th ed.
37. Lyness K.S., Heilman M.E. When fit is fundamental: Performance evaluations and promotions of upper-level female and male managers. The Journal of Applied Psychology 2006, 91:777-785.
38. McCabe L.D., Treviño L.K., Butterfield K.D. The influence of collegiate and corporate codes of conduct on ethics-related behavior in the workplace. Business Ethics Quarterly 1996, 6(4):461-476.
39. McCall M.W. Identifying leadership potential in future international executives: Developing a concept. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research 1994, 46:49-63.
40. McCann L., Morris J., Hassard J. Normalized intensity: The new labour process of middle management. Journal of Management Studies 2008, 45:333-371.
41. McKay P.F., McDaniel M.A. A reexamination of black-white mean differences in work performance: More data, more moderators. The Journal of Applied Psychology 2006, 91:538-554.
42. Mumford T.V., Campion M.A., Morgeson F.P. The leadership skills strataplex: Leadership skill requirements across organizational levels. The Leadership Quarterly 2007, 18:154-166.
43. Murtha T.C., Kanfer R., Ackerman P.L. Toward an interactionist taxonomy of personality and situations: An integrative situational-dispositional representation of personality traits. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1996, 71:193-207.
44. Ng T.W.H., Feldman D.C. Organizational tenure and job performance. Journal of Management 2010, 36:1220-1250.
45. Nilsen D., Hallam G. Executive dimensions 2000, Center for Creative Leadership, Greensboro, NC.
46. Palanski M.E., Yammarino F.J. Integrity and leadership: Clearing the conceptual confusion. European Management Journal 2007, 25:171-184.
47. Palanski M.E., Yammarino F.J. Integrity and leadership: A multi-level conceptualization. The Leadership Quarterly 2009, 20:405-420.
48. Palanski M.E., Yammarino F.J. Impact of behavioral integrity on follower job performance: A three-study examination. The Leadership Quarterly 2011, 22:765-786.
49. Park N., Peterson C. Methodological issues in positive psychology and the assessment of character strengths. Handbook of methods in positive psychology 2006, 292-305. Oxford University Press, New York. A.D. Ong, M. van Dulmen (Eds.).
50. Peterson C., Park N. Character strengths in organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior 2006, 27:1149-1154.
51. Peterson C., Seligman M.E.P. Character strengths before and after September 11. Psychological Science 2003, 14(4):381-384.
52. Peterson C., Seligman M.E.P. Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification 2004, Oxford/American Psychological Association, New York.
53. Quick J.C., Wright T.A. Character-based leadership, context and consequences. The Leadership Quarterly 2011, 22:984-988.
54. Raes A.M.L., Heijltjes M.G., Glunk U., Roe R.A. The interface of the top management team and middle managers: A process model. Academy of Management Review 2011, 36:102-126.
55. Raman S.R. Middle managers' involvement in strategic planning: An examination of roles and influencing factors. Journal of General Management 2009, 34:57-74.
56. Riggio R.E., Reichard R.J. The emotional and social intelligences of effective leadership: An emotional and social skill approach. Journal of Managerial Psychology 2008, 23:169-185.
57. Riggio R.E., Zhu W., Reina C., Maroosis J.A. Virtue-based measurement of ethical leadership: The Leadership Virtues Questionnaire. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research 2010, 62(4):235-250.
58. Ruch W., Furrer G., Huwyler D. Character strengths of executives and employees 2004, Department of psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich.
59. Ruch W., Proyer R.T., Harzer C., Park N., Peterson C., Seligman M.E.P. Values in Action Inventory of Strengths (VIA-IS): Adaptation and validation of the German version and the development of a peer-rating form. Journal of Individual Differences 2010, 31:138-149.
60. Schriesheim C.A., Hunt J.G., Hosking D.-M., Stewart R. Managerial behavior/leadership perspectives: An international epilog. Leaders and managers: International perspectives on managerial behavior and leadership 1984, 384-416. Pergamon Press, New York. J.G. Hunt, D.-M. Hosking, C.A. Schriesheim, R. Stewart (Eds.).
61. Shryack J., Steger M.F., Krueger R.F., Kallie C.S. The structure of virtue: An empirical investigation of the dimensionality of the virtues in action inventory of strengths. Personality and Individual Differences 2010, 48:714-719.
62. Six F.E., de Bakker F.G.A., Huberts L.W. Judging a corporate leader's integrity: An illustrative three-component model. European Management Journal 2007, 25:185-194.
63. Sosik J.J. Leading with character: Stories of valor and virtue and the principles they teach 2006, Information Age Publishing, Charlotte, NC.
64. Sosik J.J., Cameron J.C. Character and authentic transformational leadership behavior: Expanding the ascetic self toward others. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research 2010, 62:251-269.
65. Sosik J.J., Gentry W.A., Chun J.U. The value of virtue in the upper echelons: A multisource examination of executive character strengths and performance. The Leadership Quarterly 2012, 23:367-382.
66. Sosik J.J., Juzbasich J., Chun J.U. Effects of moral reasoning and management level on ratings of charismatic leadership, in-role and extra-role performance of managers: A multisource examination. The Leadership Quarterly 2011, 22:434-450.
67. Sparks T.E., Gentry W.A. Leadership competencies: An exploratory study of what is important now and what has changed since the terrorist attacks of 9/11. Journal of Leadership Studies 2008, 2(2):22-35.
68. Thompson T.A., Purdy J., Summers D.B. A five factor framework for coaching middle managers. Organization Development Journal 2008, 26(3):63-71.
69. Tonidandel S., Braddy P.W., Fleenor J.W. Relative importance of managerial skills for predicting effectiveness 2012, Journal of Managerial Psychology.
70. Tonidandel S., LeBreton J.M. Relative importance analyses: A useful supplement to multiple regression analyses. Journal of Business and Psychology 2011, 26:1-9.
71. Tonidandel S., LeBreton J.M., Johnson J.W. Determining the statistical significance of relative weights. Psychological Methods 2009, 14:387-399.
72. Turknett R.L., Turknett C.N. Decent people, decent company: How to lead with character at work and in life 2005, Davies-Black, Mountain View, CA.
73. Vassar M. Review of the Executive Dimensions®. The eighteenth mental measurements yearbook 2010, 221-223. Buros Institute of Mental Measurements, Lincoln, NE. R.A. Spies, J.F. Carlson, K.F. Geisinger (Eds.).
74. Wright T.A., Quick J.C. The emerging positive agenda in organizations: Greater than a trickle, but not yet a deluge. Journal of Organizational Behavior 2009, 30:147-159.
75. Yang J., Zhang Z.-X., Tsui A.S. Middle manager leadership and frontline employee performance: Bypass, cascading, and moderating effects. Journal of Management Studies 2010, 47:654-678.
76. Zaccaro S.J. Social complexity and the competencies required for effective military leadership. Out-of-the-box leadership: Transforming the twenty-first-century Army and other top-performing organizations 1999, 131-151. JAI, Stamford, CT. J.G. Hunt, G.E. Dodge, L. Wong (Eds.).
77. Zaccaro S.J., Gilbert J.A., Thor K.K., Mumford M.D. Leadership and social intelligence: Linking social perspectiveness and behavioral flexibility to leader effectiveness. The Leadership Quarterly 1991, 2:317-342.
78. Zinko R., Gentry W.A., Hall A., Grant G.L. Reputational change among managers. Journal of Managerial Issues 2012, 24:9-26.