Caffeine and the Older Person

Handbook of Nutrition in the Aged: Fourth Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 149-165

  Wynne, Hilary A ^a  

^a ROYAL VICTORIA INFIRMARY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84877115901     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1201/9781420059724-17     Document Type: Chapter

References (114)

1. Frary CD, Johnson RK, Wang MQ. 2005. Food sources and intakes of caffeine in the diets of persons in the United States. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 105: 110-3.
2. Hewlett P, Smith P. 2006. Correlates of daily coffee consumption. Appetite. 46: 97-9.
3. Luciano M, Kirk KM, Heath AC, Martin NG. 2005. The genetics of tea and coffee drinking and preference for source of caffeine in a large community sample of Australian twins. Addiction. 100: 1510-7.
4. Brown J, Kreiger N, Darlington GA, Sloan M. 2001. Misclassification of exposure: Coffee as a surrogate for caffeine intake. American Journal of Epidemiology. 153: 815-20.
5. Hughes JR, Oliveto AH. 1997. A systematic study of caffeine intake in Vermont. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology. 5: 393-8.
6. Hughes JR, Oliveto AH, Ligouri A, Carpenter J, Howard T. 1998. Endorsement of DSM-IV dependence criteria among caffeine users. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 52: 98-107.
7. Soroko S, Chang J, Barrett-Connor E. 1996. Reasons for changing caffeinated coffee consumption: The Rancho Bernardo Study. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 15: 97-101.
8. Pollock BG, Wylie M, Stack JA, Sorisio DA, Thompson DS, Kirshner MA, et al. 1999. Inhibition of caffeine metabolism by estrogen replacement therapy in post menopausal women. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 39: 936-40.
9. Park GJ, Katelaris PH, Jones DB, Seow F, Le Couteur DG, Ngu MC. 2003. Validity of the 13C-caffeine breath as a noninvasive, quantitative test of liver function. Hepatology. 38: 1227-36.
10. Schnegg M, Lauterburg BH. 1986. Quantitative liver function in the elderly assessed by galactose elimination capacity, aminopyrine demethylation and caffeine clearance. Journal of Hepatology. 3: 164-171.
11. Hamon-Vilcot B, Simon T, Becquemont L, Poirier JM, Piette F, Jaillon P. 2004. Effects of malnutrition on cytochrome P450 1A2 activity in elderly patients. Therapie. 59: 247-51.
12. Simon T, Bequemont L, Hamon B, Nouyrigat E, Chodjania Y, Poirier JM, et al. 2001. Variability of cytochrome P450 1A2 activity over time in young and elderly healthy volunteers. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 52: 601-4.
13. Chung WG, Kang JH, Park CS, Cho MH, Cha YN. 2000. Effect of age and smoking on in vivo CYP1A2 flavin-containing mono-oxygenase, and xanthine oxidase activities in Koreans: Determination by caffeine metabolism. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 67: 258-66.
14. Johnson-Kozlow M, Kvitz-Silverstein D, Barrett-Connor E, Morton D. 2002. Caffeine consumption and cognitive function among older adults. American Journal of Epidemiology. 156: 842-50.
15. Ritchie K, Carriere I, deMendonca A, Portet F, Dartigues JF, Rouaud O, et al. 2007. The neuroprotective effects of caffeine: A prospective population study (the Three City Study). Neurology. 69: 536-45.
16. van Boxtel MP, Schmitt JA, Bosma H, Jolles J. 2003. The effects of habitual caffeine use on cognitive change: A longitudinal perspective. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behaviour. 75: 921-7.
17. Lorist MM, Snel J, Mulder G, Kok A. 1995. Aging, caffeine and information processing: An eventrelated potential analysis. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 96: 453-67.
18. Rees K, Allen D, Lader M. 1999. The influence of age and caffeine on psychomotor and cognitive function. Psychopharmacology. 145: 181-8.
19. Ryan L, Hatfield C, Hofstetter M. 2002. Caffeine reduces time-of-day effects on memory performance in older adults. Psychological Science. 13: 68-71.
20. Smit HJ, Rogers PJ. 2004. Effects of low doses of caffeine on cognitive performance, mood and thirst in low and moderate caffeine consumers. Psychopharmacology. 152: 167-73.
21. Schmitt JAJ, Hogenvorst E, Vuurman EFPM, Jolles J, Riedel WJ. 2003. Memory functions and focussed attention in middle-aged and elderly subjects are unaffected by a low, acute dose of caffeine. Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging. 7: 301-3.
22. Bryant CA, Farmer A, Tiplady B, Keating J, Sherwood R, Swift CG, Jackson SH. 1998. Psychomotor performance: Investigating the dose-response relationships for caffeine and theophylline in elderly volunteers. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 54: 309-13.
23. Hewlett P, Smith A. 2006. Acute effects of caffeine in volunteers with different patterns of regular consumption. Human Psychopharmacology. 21: 167-80.
24. Richardson NJ, Rogers PJ, Elliman NA, Russell J, O’Dell. Mood and performance effects of caffeine in relation to acute and chronic caffeine deprivation. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behaviour 1995. 52: 313-20.
25. Edinger JD, Bonnet MH, Bootzin RR, Dorsey CM, Espie CA, et al. 2004. Deviation of research diagnostic criteria for insomnia: Report of an American Academy of Sleep Medicine Work Group. Sleep. 27: 1567-96.
26. Bonnet MH, Arand DL. 2000. Activity, arousal, and the MSLT in patients with insomnia. Sleep. 23. 205-12.
27. Sack RL. Human melatonin production decreases with age. 1986. Journal of Pineal Research. 3: 379-88.
28. Rosa RR, Bonnet MH. 2000. Reported chronic insomnia is independent of poor sleep as measured by electroencephalography. Psychosomatic Medicine. 62: 474-82.
29. Ouellet N, Morris DL. 2006. Sleep satisfaction of older adults living in the community: Identifying associated behavioural and health factors. Journal of Gerontological Nursing. 32: 5-11.
30. Bixler EO, Kales A, Sladatos CR, Kales JD, Healey S. 1979. Prevalence of sleep disorders in the Los Angeles Metropolitan area. American Journal of Psychiatry. 136: 1257-62.
31. Karacans I, Thornby JI, Anch M, Booth GH, Williams RL, Salis PJ. 1976. Dose related sleep disturbances induced by coffee and caffeine. Clinical Pharmacological Therapy. 20: 682-9.
32. Hindmarch I, Rigney U, Stanby N, Quinlan P, Rycroft J, Lane JA. 2000. A naturalistic investigation of the effects of day-long consumption of tea, coffee and water on alertness, sleep onset and sleep quality. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 149: 203-16.
33. Bonnet MH, Arand DL. 2003. Insomnia, metabolic rate and sleep restoration. Journal of Internal Medicine. 254: 23-31.
34. Drapeau C, Hamel-Hebert I, Robillard R, Selmaoui B, Filipini D, Carrier J. 2006. Challenging sleep in aging: The effects of 200 mg of caffeine during the evening in young and middle-aged moderate caffeine consumers. Journal of Sleep Research. 15: 133-41.
35. Levy M, Zylber-Katz E. 1983. Caffeine metabolism and coffee attributed sleep disturbances. Clinical Pharmacology Therapy. 33: 770-5.
36. Cheek RE, Shaver JL, Lentz MJ. 2004. Lifestyle practices and nocturnal sleep in midlife women with and without insomnia. Biological Research for Nursing. 6: 46-58.
37. Cheek RE, Shaver JL, Lentz MJ. 2004. Variations in sleep hygiene practices of women with and without insomnia. Research in Nursing and Health. 27: 225-36.
38. Morgan K, Healey DW, Healey DJ. 1989. Factors influencing persistent subjective insomnia in old age: A follow-up study of good and poor sleepers aged 65-74. Age Ageing. 18: 117-22.
39. Curless R, French JM, James OFW, Wynne HA. 1993. Is caffeine a factor in subjective insomnia of elderly people? Age Ageing. 22: 41-5.
40. Stephens CM, Hankey C, Wynne HA. 1995. Effect of caffeine-free beverages on elderly hospitalised patients. International Journal of Pharmacological Practice. 3: 245-8.
41. Cooper M, Safran M, Eberhardt M. 2004. Caffeine consumption among adults on benzodiazepine therapy: United States 1988-1994. Psychological Reports. 95: 183-91.
42. Bryant CM, Dowell CJ, Fairbrother G. 2002. Caffeine reduction education to improve urinary symptoms. British Journal of Nursing. 11: 560-5.
43. Weinberger MW, Goodman BM, Carnes M. 1999. Long term efficacy of non-surgical urinary incontinence treatment in elderly women. Journals of Gerontology Series A-Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 54: 117-21.
44. Swithinbank L, Hashim H, Abrams P. 2005. The effect of fluid intake on urinary symptoms in women. Journal of Urology. 174: 187-9.
45. Verhoef P, Pasman WJ, Van Vliet T, Urgert R, Katan MB. 2002. Contribution of caffeine to the homocysteine-raising effect of coffee: A randomized controlled trial in humans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 76: 1244-8.
46. Jacques PF, Bostom AG, Wilson PW, Rich S, Rosenberg IH, Selhub J. 2001. Determinants of plasma total homocysteine concentrations in the Framingham Offspring Cohort. American Journal of Nutrition. 73: 613-21.
47. Du Y, Malchert HU, Knopf H, Braemer-Hauth M, Gerding B, Pabel E. Association of serum caffeine concentrations with blood lipids in caffeine-drug users and nonusers-results of German National Health Surveys from1984 to 1999. European Journal of Epidemiology 2005. 20: 311-6.
48. Lopez-Garcia E, van Dam RM, Qi L, Hu FB. 2006. Coffee consumption and markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in healthy and diabetic women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 84: 888-93.
49. Robertson D, Frolich J, Carr K, Watson J, Hollifield J, Shand D, Oates J. 1978. Effects of caffeine on plasma renin activity, catecholamines and blood pressure. New England Journal of Medicine. 298: 181-6.
50. Jee SH, He J, Whelton PK, Suh I, Klag MJ. 1999. The effect of chronic coffee drinking on blood pressure. A meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Hypertension. 33: 647-52.
51. Rakic V, Beilin LJ, Burke V. 1996. Effect of coffee and tea drinking on post-prandial hypotension in older men and women. Clinical Experiments in Pharmacological Physiology. 23: 559-63
52. Eggertsen R, Andreasson A, Hedner T, Karlberg BE, Hansson L. 1993. Effect of coffee on ambulatory blood pressure in patients with treated hypertension. Journal of Internal Medicine. 233: 351-5.
53. Arciero PJ, Gardner AW, Benowitz NL, Poehlman ET. 1998. Relationship of blood pressure, heart rate and behavioural mood state to norepinephrine kinetics in younger and older men following caffeine ingestion. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 52: 805-12.
54. Arciero PJ, Bougopoulos CL, Windl BC, Benowitz NL. 2000. Influence of age on the thermic response to caffeine in women. Metabolism, Clinical and Experimental. 49: 101-7.
55. Norager CB, Jenson MB, Madsen MR, Laurberg S. 2005. Caffeine improved endurance in 75 year old citizens: A randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled, crossover study. Journal of Applied Physiology. 99: 2302-6.
56. Norager CB, Jensen MB, Weimann A, Madsen MR. 2006. Metabolic effects of caffeine ingestion and physical work in 75 year old citizens. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study. Clinical Endocrinology. 65: 223-8.
57. Hodgson JM, Puddey IB, Burke V, Beilin LJ, Jordan N. 1999. Effects on blood pressure of drinking green and black tea. Journal of Hypertension. 17: 457-63.
58. Hodgson JM, Burke V, Puddey IB. 2005. Acute effects of tea on fasting and postprandial vascular function and blood pressure in humans. Journal of Hypertension. 23: 47-54.
59. Tavani A, Burtuzzi M, Negri E, Sorbara L, LaVecchia C. 2001. Alcohol, smoking, coffee and risk of non-fatal acute myocardial infarction in Italy. European Journal of Epidemiology. 17: 1131-7.
60. Greenberg JA, Dunbar CC, Schnoll R, Kokolis R, Kokolis S, Kassotis J. 2007. Caffeinated beverage intake and the risk of heart disease mortality in the elderly: A prospective analysis. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 85: 392-8.
61. Sofi F, Conti AA, Gori AM, Eliana Luisi ML, Casini A, Abbate R, Gensini GF. 2007. Coffee consumption and risk of coronary heart disease: A meta-analysis. Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease. 17: 209-23.
62. Smith B, Wingard DL, Smith TC, Kritz-Silverstein D, Barrett-Connor E. 2006. Does coffee consumption reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes in individuals with impaired glucose? Diabetes Care. 29: 2385-90.
63. Salazar-Martinez E, Willett WC, Ascherio A, Manson JE, Leitzmann MF, Stampfer MJ, Hu FB. 2004. Coffee consumption and risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Annals of Internal Medicine. 140: 1-8.
64. Greenberg JA, Axen KV, Schnoll R, Boozer CN. 2005. Coffee, tea and diabetes: The role of weight loss and caffeine. International Journal of Obesity. 29: 1121-9.
65. Iso H, Date C, Wakai K, Fukui M, Tamakoshi A. 2006. The relationship between green tea and total caffeine intake and risk for self-reported type 2 diabetes among Japanese adults. Annals of Internal Medicine. 144: 554-62.
66. Ferrini RL, Barrett-Connor E. 1996. Caffeine intake and endogenous sex steroid levels in post menopausal women. The Rancho Bernardo Study. American Journal of Epidemiology.. 144: 642-4.
67. Ilich JZ, Brownbill RA, Tamborini L, Crncevic-Orlic Z. 2002. To drink or not to drink: How are alcohol, caffeine and past smoking related to bone mineral density in elderly women? Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 21: 536-44.
68. Lloyd T, Johnson-Rollings N, Eggli DF, Kieselhorst K, Mauger ES, Cusatis DC. 2000. Bone status among post menopausal women with different habitual caffeine intakes: A longitudinal investigation. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 19: 256-61.
69. Rapuri PB, Gallagher JC, Kinyamu HK, Ryschon KL. 2001. Caffeine intake increases the rate of bone loss in elderly women and interacts with vitamin D receptor genotypes. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 74: 694-700.
70. Hansen SA, Folsom AR, Kushi LH, Sellers TA. 2000. Association of fractures with caffeine and alcohol in post menopausal women: The Iowa Women’s Health Study. Public Health Nutrition. 3: 253-61.
71. Hallstrom H, Wolk A, Glynn A, Michaelsson K. 2006. Coffee, tea and caffeine consumption in relation to osteoporotic fracture risk in a cohort of Swedish women. Osteoporosis International. 17: 1055-64.
72. Marcia CD, Anderson WB, Viechnicki MB, Greenspan SL. 2000. Bone mineral densitometry substantially influences health-related behaviours of post menopausal women. Calcified Tissue International. 66: 113-8.
73. Scher AI, Steward WF, Lipton RB. 2004. Caffeine as a risk factor for chronic daily headache: A population based study. Neurology. 63: 2022-7.
74. Asherio A, Zhang SM, Hernan MA, Kawachi I, Colditz GA, Speizer FE, Willett WC. 2001. Prospective study of caffeine consumption and risk of Parkinson’s disease in men and women. Annals of Neurology. 50: 56-63.
75. Ross GA, Abbott RD, Petrovitch H, Morens DM, Grandinetti A, Tung KH, et al. 2000. Association of coffee and caffeine intake with risk of Parkinson’s disease. Journal of the American Medical Association. 283: 2674-9.
76. Paganini-Hill A. 2001. Risk factors for Parkinson’s disease: The Leisure World cohort study. Neuroepidemiology. 20: 118-24.
77. Tan EC, Tan C, Fook-Chong SM, Lum SY, Chasi A, et al. 2003. Dose-dependent protective effect of coffee, tea and smoking in Parkinson’s disease: A study in ethnic Chinese. Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 3216: 163-7.
78. Checkoway H, Powers K, Smith-Weller T, Franklin GM, Longstreth WT Jr, Swanson PD. 2002. Parkinson’s disease risks associated with cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption and caffeine intake. American Journal of Epidemiology. 155: 732-8.
79. Evans AH, Lawrence AD, Potts J, MacGregor L, Katzenschlager R, et al. 2006. Relationship between impulsive sensation seeking traits, smoking, alcohol and caffeine intake and Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry. 77: 317-21.
80. World Health Organisation, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) monographs evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. 51: 41-206, 1991.
81. Botelho F, Lunet N, Barros H. 2006. Coffee and gastric cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cadernos de Saude Publica. 22: 889-900.
82. Sharp L, Chilvers CE, Cheng KK, McKinney PA, Logan RF, Cook-Mozaffari P, et al. 2001. Risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus in women: A case-control study. British Journal of Cancer. 85: 1667-70.
83. Villeneuve PJ, Johnson KC, Hanley AJ, Mao Y. 2000. Alcohol, tobacco and coffee consumption and the risk of pancreatic cancer: results from the Canadian Enhanced Surveillance System case-control project. Canadian Cancer Registries Epidemiology Research Group. European Journal of Cancer Prevention. 9: 49-58.
84. Michaud DS, Giovannucci E, Willett WC, Colditz GA, Fuchs CS. 2001. Coffee and alcohol consumption and the risk of pancreatic cancer in two prospective United States cohorts. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention. 10: 429-37.
85. Porta M, Malats N, Guarner L, Carrato A, Rifa J, Salas A, et al. 1999. Association between coffee drinking and K-ras mutations in exocrine pancreatic cancer. PANKRAS II Study Group. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 53: 702-9.
86. Larsson SC, Wolk A. 2007. Coffee consumption and risk of liver cancer: A meta-analysis. Gastroenterology. 132: 1740-5.
87. Larsson SC, Giovannucci E, Wolk A. 2005. A prospective study of dietary folate intake and risk of colorectal cancer: Modification by caffeine intake and cigarette smoking. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention. 14: 740-3.
88. Giovannucci E. 1998. Meta-analysis of coffee consumption and risk of colorectal cancer. American Journal of Epidemiology. 147: 1043-1052.
89. Michels KB, Willett WC, Fuchs CS, Giovannucci E. 2005. Coffee, tea and caffeine consumption and incidence of colon and rectal cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 97: 282-92.
90. Naganuma T, Kuriyama S, Akhter M, Kakizaki M, Nakaya N, Matsuda-Ohmori K, et al. 2007. Coffee consumption and risk of colorectal cancer: a prospective cohort study in Japan. International Journal of Cancer. 120: 1542-7.
91. Larsson SC, Bergkvist L, Giovannucci E. Wolk A. 2006. Coffee consumption and incidence of colorectal cancer in two prospective cohort studies of Swedish women and men. American Journal of Epidemiology. 163: 638-44.
92. Michels KB, Holmberg L, Bergkvist L, Wolk A. 2002. Coffee, tea and caffeine consumption and breast cancer incidence in a cohort of Swedish women. Annals of Epidemiology. 12: 21-6.
93. Tavani A, Pregnolato A, La Vecchia C, Favero A, Franceschi S. 1998. Coffee consumption and the risk of breast cancer. European Journal of Cancer Prevention. 7: 77-82.
94. Baker JA, Beehler GP, Sawant AC, Jayaprakash V, McCann SE, Moysich KB. 2006. Consumption of coffee, but not black tea, is associated with decreased risk of premenopausal breast cancer. Journal of Nutrition. 136: 166-71.
95. Nkondjock A, Ghadirian P, Kotsopoulas J, Lubinski J, Lynch H, et al. 2006. Coffee consumption and breast cancer risk among BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. International Journal of Cancer. 118: 103-7.
96. Riman T, Dickman PW, Nilsson S, Nordlinder H, Magnusson CM, Persoon IR. 2004. Some life-style factors and the risk of invasive epithelial ovarian cancer in Swedish women. European Journal of Epidemiology. 19: 1011-9.
97. Jordan SJ, Purdie DM, Green AC, Webb PM. 2004 Coffee, tea and caffeine and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Causes and Control: 14: 359-65.
98. Baker JA, Boakye K, McCann SE, Beehler GP, Rodabaugh KJ, Villella JA, Moysich KB. 2007. Consumption of black tea or coffee and risk of ovarian cancer. International Journal of Gynecological Cancer. 17: 50-4.
99. Tavani A, Gallus S, Dal Maso L, Franceschi S, Montella M, Conti E, La Vecchia C. 2001. Coffee and alcohol intake and risk of ovarian cancer: an Italian case-control study. Nutrition and Cancer. 39: 29-34.
100. Kuper H, Titus-Ernstoff L, Harlow BL, Cramer DW. 2000. Population based study of coffee, alcohol and tobacco use and risk of ovarian cancer. International Journal of Cancer. 88: 313-8.
101. Goodman MT, Tung KH, McDuffie K, Wilkens LR, Donlon TA. 2003. Association of caffeine intake and CYP1A2 genotype with ovarian cancer. Nutrition and Cancer. 46: 23-9.
102. Terry KL, Titus-Ernstoff L, Garner EO, Vitonis AF, Cramer DW. 2003. Interaction between CYP1A1 polymorphic variants and dietary exposures influencing ovarian cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention. 12: 187-90.
103. Stensvold I, Jacobsen BK. 1994. Coffee and cancer: A prospective study of 43000 Norwegian men and women. Cancer Causes and Control. 5: 401-408.
104. Levi F, Franceschi S, Negri E, La Vecchia C. 1993. Dietary factors and the risk of endometrial cancer. Cancer. 71: 3575-3581.
105. Hirose K, Niwa Y, Wakai K, Matsuo K, Nakanishi T, Tajima K. 2007. Coffee consumption and the risk of endometrial cancer: Evidence from a case-control study of female hormone-related cancers in Japan. Cancer Science. 98: 411-5.
106. Ellison LF. 2000. Tea and other beverage consumption and prostate cancer risk: A Canadian retrospective cohort study. European Journal of Cancer Prevention. 9: 125-30.
107. Hsieh CC, Thanos A, Mitropoulos D, Deliveliotis C, Mantzoros CS, Trichopoulos D. 1999. Risk factors for prostate cancer: A case-control study in Greece. International Journal of Cancer. 80: 699-703.
108. Sharpe CR, Siemiatychi J. 2002. Consumption of non-alcoholic beverages and prostate cancer risk. European Journal of Cancer Prevention. 11: 497-501.
109. Jain MG, Hislop GT, Howe GR, Burch JD, Ghadirian P. 1998. Alcohol and other beverage use and prostate cancer risk among Canadian men. International Journal of Cancer. 78: 707-11.
110. Zeegers MP, Tan FE, Goldbohm RA, van den Brandt PA. 2001. Are coffee and tea consumption associated with urinary tract cancer risk? A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Epidemiology. 30: 353-62.
111. Villanueva CM, Cantor KP, King WD, Jaakkola JJ, Cordier S, Lynch CF, et al. 2006. Total and specific fluid consumption as determinants of bladder cancer risk. International Journal of Cancer. 118: 2040-7.
112. Kubik A, Zatloukal P, Tomasek L, Kriz J, Petruzelka L, Piesko I. 2001. Diet and risk of lung cancer among women. A hospital based case control study. Neoplasma. 48: 262-6.
113. Baker JA, McCann SE, Reid ME, Nowell S, Beehler GP, Moysich KB. 2005. Associations between black tea and coffee consumption and risk of lung cancer among current and former smokers. Nutrition and Cancer. 52: 15-21.
114. Mack WJ, Preston-Martin S, Dal Maso L, Galanti R, Xiang M, et al. 2003. A pooled-analysis of casecontrol studies of thyroid cancer: Cigarette smoking and consumption of alcohol, coffee and tea. Cancer Causes and Control. 14: 773-85.