Subgrouping the Autism "Spectrum": Reflections on DSM-5

PLoS Biology

Volumn 11, Issue 4, 2013, Pages

  Lai, Meng Chuan ^a,b   Lombardo, Michael V ^a   Chakrabarti, Bhismadev ^a,c   Baron Cohen, Simon ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^b NATIONAL TAIWAN UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Taiwan)

^c UNIVERSITY OF READING   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ASPERGER SYNDROME; AUTISM; CLINICAL FEATURE; COGNITION; DEVELOPMENT; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DSM-5; DSM-IV; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; GENDER; GENETICS; HUMAN; PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER NOT OTHERWISE SPECIFIED; PSYCHIATRIC DIAGNOSIS;

CHILD; CHILD DEVELOPMENT DISORDERS, PERVASIVE; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; HUMANS; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX;

EID: 84876977166     PISSN: 15449173     EISSN: 15457885     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001544     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. Frances A, (2012) DSM-5 is a guide, not a bible: simply ignore its 10 worst changes. Huffington Post Science.
2. Cosgrove L, Krimsky S, (2012) A comparison of DSM-IV and DSM-5 panel members' financial associations with industry: a pernicious problem persists. PLoS Med 9: e1001190 doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001190.
3. Lord C, Jones RM, (2012) Annual research review: re-thinking the classification of autism spectrum disorders. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 53: 490-509.
4. Regier DA, Narrow WE, Clarke DE, Kraemer HC, Kuramoto SJ, et al. (2013) DSM-5 field trials in the United States and Canada, part II: test-retest reliability of selected categorical diagnoses. Am J Psychiatry 170: 59-70.
5. Mattila ML, Kielinen M, Linna SL, Jussila K, Ebeling H, et al. (2011) Autism spectrum disorders according to DSM-IV-TR and comparison with DSM-5 draft criteria: an epidemiological study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 50: 583-592 e511.
6. Frazier TW, Youngstrom EA, Speer L, Embacher R, Law P, et al. (2012) Validation of proposed DSM-5 criteria for autism spectrum disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 51: 28-40 e23.
7. McPartland JC, Reichow B, Volkmar FR, (2012) Sensitivity and specificity of proposed DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for autism spectrum disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 51: 368-383.
8. Matson JL, Kozlowski AM, Hattier MA, Horovitz M, Sipes M, (2012) DSM-IV vs DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for toddlers with autism. Dev Neurorehabil 15: 185-190.
9. Matson JL, Hattier MA, Williams LW, (2012) How does relaxing the algorithm for autism affect DSM-V prevalence rates? J Autism Dev Disord 42: 1549-1556.
10. Taheri A, Perry A, (2012) Exploring the proposed DSM-5 criteria in a clinical sample. J Autism Dev Disord 42: 1810-1817.
11. Mayes SD, Black A, Tierney CD, (2013) DSM-5 under-identifies PDDNOS: diagnostic agreement between the DSM-5, DSM-IV, and Checklist for Autism Spectrum Disorder. Res Autism Spectr Disord 7: 298-306.
12. Wilson CE, Gillan N, Spain D, Robertson D, Roberts G, et al. (2013) Comparison of ICD-10R, DSM-IV-TR and DSM-5 in an adult autism spectrum disorder diagnostic clinic. J Autism Dev Disord In press.
13. Swedo SE, Baird G, Cook EH Jr, Happe FG, Harris JC, et al. (2012) Commentary from the DSM-5 Workgroup on Neurodevelopmental Disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 51: 347-349.
14. Gibbs V, Aldridge F, Chandler F, Witzlsperger E, Smith K, (2012) Brief report: an exploratory study comparing diagnostic outcomes for autism spectrum disorders under DSM-IV-TR with the proposed DSM-5 revision. J Autism Dev Disord 42: 1750-1756.
15. Huerta M, Bishop SL, Duncan A, Hus V, Lord C, (2012) Application of DSM-5 criteria for autism spectrum disorder to three samples of children with DSM-IV diagnoses of pervasive developmental disorders. Am J Psychiatry 169: 1056-1064.
16. Ozonoff S, (2012) Editorial perspective: autism spectrum disorders in DSM-5-an historical perspective and the need for change. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 53: 1092-1094.
17. Mandy W, Charman T, Gilmour J, Skuse D, (2011) Toward specifying pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified. Autism Res 4: 121-131.
18. Greaves-Lord K, Eussen ML, Verhulst FC, Minderaa RB, Mandy W, et al. (2012) Empirically based phenotypic profiles of children with pervasive developmental disorders: interpretation in the light of the DSM-5. J Autism Dev Disord Epub ahead of print 8 Dec 2012.
19. Geschwind DH, Levitt P, (2007) Autism spectrum disorders: developmental disconnection syndromes. Curr Opin Neurobiol 17: 103-111.
20. Wing L (1975/1996) The autistic spectrum: a guide for parents and professionals. London: Constable & Robinson Ltd.
21. Allison C, Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S, Charman T, Richler J, et al. (2008) The Q-CHAT (Quantitative CHecklist for Autism in Toddlers): a normally distributed quantitative measure of autistic traits at 18-24 months of age: preliminary report. J Autism Dev Disord 38: 1414-1425.
22. Williams JG, Allison C, Scott FJ, Bolton PF, Baron-Cohen S, et al. (2008) The Childhood Autism Spectrum Test (CAST): sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 38: 1731-1739.
23. Posserud MB, Lundervold AJ, Gillberg C, (2006) Autistic features in a total population of 7-9-year-old children assessed by the ASSQ (Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire). J Child Psychol Psychiatry 47: 167-175.
24. Robinson EB, Koenen KC, McCormick MC, Munir K, Hallett V, et al. (2011) Evidence that autistic traits show the same etiology in the general population and at the quantitative extremes (5%, 2.5%, and 1%). Arch Gen Psychiatry 68: 1113-1121.
25. Lundstrom S, Chang Z, Rastam M, Gillberg C, Larsson H, et al. (2012) Autism spectrum disorders and autistic like traits: similar etiology in the extreme end and the normal variation. Arch Gen Psychiatry 69: 46-52.
26. Constantino JN, (2011) The quantitative nature of autistic social impairment. Pediatr Res 69: 55R-62R.
27. Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S, Skinner R, Martin J, Clubley E, (2001) The autism-spectrum quotient (AQ): evidence from Asperger syndrome/high-functioning autism, males and females, scientists and mathematicians. J Autism Dev Disord 31: 5-17.
28. Sucksmith E, Roth I, Hoekstra RA, (2011) Autistic traits below the clinical threshold: re-examining the broader autism phenotype in the 21st century. Neuropsychol Rev 21: 360-389.
29. Wheelwright S, Auyeung B, Allison C, Baron-Cohen S, (2010) Defining the broader, medium and narrow autism phenotype among parents using the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ). Mol Autism 1: 10.
30. Chakrabarti B, Dudbridge F, Kent L, Wheelwright S, Hill-Cawthorne G, et al. (2009) Genes related to sex steroids, neural growth, and social-emotional behavior are associated with autistic traits, empathy, and Asperger syndrome. Autism Res 2: 157-177.
31. Waterhouse L (2013) Rethinking autism: variation and complexity. London: Academic Press.
32. Happe F, (2011) Criteria, categories, and continua: autism and related disorders in DSM-5. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 50: 540-542.
33. Moran M, (2013) DSM-5 provides new take on neurodevelopment disorders. Psychiatr News 48: 6-23.
34. Stefanatos GA, (2008) Regression in autistic spectrum disorders. Neuropsychol Rev 18: 305-319.
35. Fountain C, Winter AS, Bearman PS, (2012) Six developmental trajectories characterize children with autism. Pediatrics 129: e1112-1120.
36. Gotham K, Pickles A, Lord C, (2012) Trajectories of autism severity in children using standardized ADOS scores. Pediatrics 130: e1278-1284.
37. Lai M-C, Lombardo MV, Pasco G, Ruigrok ANV, Wheelwright SJ, et al. (2011) A behavioral comparison of male and female adults with high functioning autism spectrum conditions. PLoS ONE 6: e20835 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020835.
38. Lai M-C, Lombardo MV, Ruigrok ANV, Chakrabarti B, Wheelwright SJ, et al. (2012) Cognition in males and females with autism: similarities and differences. PLoS ONE 7: e47198 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0047198.
39. Gilman SR, Iossifov I, Levy D, Ronemus M, Wigler M, et al. (2011) Rare de novo variants associated with autism implicate a large functional network of genes involved in formation and function of synapses. Neuron 70: 898-907.
40. Szatmari P, Liu XQ, Goldberg J, Zwaigenbaum L, Paterson AD, et al. (2012) Sex differences in repetitive stereotyped behaviors in autism: implications for genetic liability. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 159B: 5-12.
41. Schwarz E, Guest PC, Rahmoune H, Wang L, Levin Y, et al. (2011) Sex-specific serum biomarker patterns in adults with Asperger's syndrome. Mol Psychiatry 16: 1213-1220.
42. Beacher FD, Minati L, Baron-Cohen S, Lombardo MV, Lai M-C, et al. (2012) Autism attenuates sex differences in brain structure: a combined voxel-based morphometry and diffusion tensor imaging study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 33: 83-89.
43. Nordahl CW, Lange N, Li DD, Barnett LA, Lee A, et al. (2011) Brain enlargement is associated with regression in preschool-age boys with autism spectrum disorders. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108: 20195-20200.
44. Baron-Cohen S, Lombardo MV, Auyeung B, Ashwin E, Chakrabarti B, et al. (2011) Why are autism spectrum conditions more prevalent in males? PLoS Biol 9: e1001081 doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001081.
45. Legato MJ, editor (2010) Principles of gender-specific medicine. 2nd edition. London: Academic Press.
46. Werling DM, Geschwind DH, (2013) Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders. Curr Opin Neurol 26 (2)():: 146-153.
47. Dworzynski K, Ronald A, Bolton P, Happe F, (2012) How different are girls and boys above and below the diagnostic threshold for autism spectrum disorders? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 51: 788-797.
48. Gillberg C (1991) Clinical and neurobiological aspects of Asperger's syndrome in six families studied. In: Frith U, editor. Autism and Asperger's Syndrome. Cambridge (United Kingdom): Cambridge University Press. pp. 122-146.
49. Wing L, (1997) The autistic spectrum. Lancet 350: 1761-1766.
50. Baron-Cohen S, (2009 November 9) The short life of a diagnosis. The New York Times pp. A35.
51. Klin A (2011) Asperger's syndrome: from Asperger to modern day. In: Amaral DG, Dawson G, Geschwind DH, editors. Autism spectrum disorders. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 44-59.
52. Witwer AN, Lecavalier L, (2008) Examining the validity of autism spectrum disorder subtypes. J Autism Dev Disord 38: 1611-1624.
53. Rinehart NJ, Bradshaw JL, Brereton AV, Tonge BJ, (2002) A clinical and neurobehavioural review of high-functioning autism and Asperger's disorder. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 36: 762-770.
54. Frith U, (2012) Why we need cognitive explanations of autism. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 65: 2073-2092.
55. Billstedt E, Gillberg C, Gillberg C, (2005) Autism after adolescence: population-based 13- to 22-year follow-up study of 120 individuals with autism diagnosed in childhood. J Autism Dev Disord 35: 351-360.
56. Howlin P, Goode S, Hutton J, Rutter M, (2004) Adult outcome for children with autism. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 45: 212-229.
57. Devlin B, Scherer SW, (2012) Genetic architecture in autism spectrum disorder. Curr Opin Genet Dev 22: 229-237.
58. Heil KM, Schaaf CP, (2013) The genetics of autism spectrum disorders-a guide for clinicians. Curr Psychiatry Rep 15: 334.
59. Moss J, Howlin P, (2009) Autism spectrum disorders in genetic syndromes: implications for diagnosis, intervention and understanding the wider autism spectrum disorder population. J Intellect Disabil Res 53: 852-873.
60. Caglayan AO, (2010) Genetic causes of syndromic and non-syndromic autism. Dev Med Child Neurol 52: 130-138.
61. Lintas C, Persico AM, (2009) Autistic phenotypes and genetic testing: state-of-the-art for the clinical geneticist. J Med Genet 46: 1-8.
62. Geschwind DH (2011) Autism genetics and genomics: a brief overview and synthesis. In: Amaral DG, Dawson G, Geschwind DH, editors. Autism spectrum disorders. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 812-824.
63. Ronald A, Hoekstra RA, (2011) Autism spectrum disorders and autistic traits: a decade of new twin studies. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 156B: 255-274.
64. Corrales MA, Herbert M (2011) Autism and environmental genomics: synergistic systems approaches to autism complexity. In: Amaral DG, Dawson G, Geschwind DH, editors. Autism spectrum disorders. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 875-892.
65. Rutter M, Kreppner J, Croft C, Murin M, Colvert E, et al. (2007) Early adolescent outcomes of institutionally deprived and non-deprived adoptees. III. quasi-autism. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 48: 1200-1207.
66. Rodier PM (2011) Environmental exposures that increase the risk of autism spectrum disorders. In: Amaral DG, Dawson G, Geschwind DH, editors. Autism spectrum disorders. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 863-874.
67. Insel T, Cuthbert B, Garvey M, Heinssen R, Pine DS, et al. (2010) Research domain criteria (RDoC): toward a new classification framework for research on mental disorders. Am J Psychiatry 167: 748-751.
68. Kapur S, Phillips AG, Insel TR, (2012) Why has it taken so long for biological psychiatry to develop clinical tests and what to do about it? Mol Psychiatry 17: 1174-1179.