Autistic traits below the clinical threshold: Re-examining the broader autism phenotype in the 21st century

Neuropsychology Review

Volumn 21, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 360-389

  Sucksmith, E ^a   Roth, I ^a   Hoekstra, R A ^a  

^a OPEN UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Autism; Broader autism phenotype; Endophenotypes; Phenotypic heterogeneity; Social cognition

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AUTISM; CHILD; CLASSIFICATION; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; GENETICS; HUMAN; HUMAN RELATION; LANGUAGE; NEUROIMAGING; PHENOTYPE; REVIEW; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; STEREOTYPY;

ADULT; AUTISTIC DISORDER; CHILD; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; HUMANS; INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS; LANGUAGE; NEUROIMAGING; PHENOTYPE; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; STEREOTYPED BEHAVIOR;

EID: 83655167240     PISSN: 10407308     EISSN: 15736660     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11065-011-9183-9     Document Type: Review

References (216)

1. BS Abrahams DH Geschwind 2008 Advances in autism genetics: on the threshold of a new neurobiology Nature Reviews Genetics 9 6 341 355 18414403 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXkvVOhs7c%3D (Pubitemid 351556064)
2. R Adolphs ML Spezio M Parlier J Piven 2008 Distinct face-processing strategies in parents of autistic children Current Biology 18 1090 1093 18635351 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXoslOns7g%3D
3. DG Amaral CM Schumann CW Nordahl 2008 Neuroanatomy of autism Trends in Neurosciences 31 3 137 145 18258309 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXjtVWns7g%3D
4. R Anney L Klei D Pinto R Regan J Conroy TR Magalhaes, et al. 2010 A genome-wide scan for common alleles affecting risk for autism Human Molecular Genetics 19 20 4072 4082 20663923 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXht1eqtL3F
5. Asperger, H. (1991). 'Autistic psychopathy' in childhood. In U. Frith (Ed.), Autism and Asperger Syndrome (pp. 37-92). Cambridge University Press.
6. RM Bagby JDA Parker GJ Taylor 1994 The twenty-item Toronto alexithymia scale I. Item selection and cross-validation of the factor structure Journal of Psychosomatic Research 38 23 32 8126686 1:STN:280:DyaK2c7nt1Gqsg%3D%3D
7. A Bailey S Palferman L Heavey A Le Couteur 1998 Autism: the phenotype in relatives Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 28 5 369 392 9813774 1:STN:280:DyaK1M%2FjtFeitQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 29101854)
8. N Barnea-Goraly LJ Lotspeich AL Reiss 2010 Similar white matter aberrations in children with autism and their unaffected siblings Archives of General Psychiatry 67 10 1052 1060 20921121
9. S Baron-Cohen J Hammer 1997 Parents of children with Asperger Syndrome: what is the cognitive phenotype? Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 9 4 548 554 (Pubitemid 27338905)
10. S Baron-Cohen T Jolliffe C Mortimore M Robertson 1997 Another advanced test of theory of mind: evidence from very high functioning adults with autism or Asperger Syndrome Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 38 7 813 822 9363580 1:STN:280:DyaK1c%2FjtVSgsw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 27480923)
11. S Baron-Cohen S Wheelwright J Hill Y Raste I Plumb 2001 The "reading the mind in the eyes" test revised version: a study with normal adults, and adults with Asperger Syndrome or high-functioning autism Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 42 2 241 251 11280420 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M7ovVOgtg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 32233124)
12. S Baron-Cohen S Wheelwright R Skinner J Martin E Clubley 2001 The Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ): evidence from Asperger Syndrome/high-functioning autism, males and females, scientists and mathematicians Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 31 1 5 17 11439754 1:STN:280:DC%2BD38%2FhvVSmsA%3D%3D
13. S Baron-Cohen H Ring X Chitnis S Wheelwright L Gregory S Williams, et al. 2006 fMRI of parents of children with Asperger Syndrome: a pilot study Brain and Cognition 61 122 130 16460858 (Pubitemid 43732438)
14. S Baron-Cohen E Ashwin C Ashwin T Tavassoli B Chakrabarti 2009 Talent in autism: hyper-systemizing, hyper-attention to detail, and sensory hypersensitivity Proceedings of the Royal Society, Philosophical Transactions, Series B 364 1377 1383
15. MK Belmonte G Allen A Beckel-Mitchener LM Boulanger RA Carper SJ Webb 2004 Autism and abnormal development of brain connectivity The Journal of Neuroscience 24 42 9228 9231 15496656 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXpsVWgsrw%3D (Pubitemid 39426157)
16. MK Belmonte M Gomot S Baron-Cohen 2010 Visual attention in autism families: 'unaffected' sibs share atypical frontal activation Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 51 3 259 276 19912448
17. Benton, A. L., Varney, N. R., & Hamsher, K. de S. (1975). Judgment of line orientation. Iowa City: Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics.
18. N Ben-Yizhak N Yirmiya I Seidman R Alon C Lord M Sigman 2011 Pragmatic language and school related linguistic abilities in siblings of children with autism Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 41 750 760 20844942
19. A Bertone L Mottron P Jelenic J Faubert 2003 Motion perception in autism: a "complex" issue Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 15 2 218 225 12676059 (Pubitemid 36293131)
20. AN Bhat JC Galloway RJ Landa 2010 Social and non-social visual attention patterns and associative learning in infants at risk for autism Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 51 9 989 997 20456532 1:STN:280: DC%2BC3cjjs1Ohsw%3D%3D
21. Bishop, D. V. M. (2003). The Children's Communication Checklist version 2 (CCC-2). London: Psychological Corporation.
22. DVM Bishop M Maybery A Maley D Wong W Hill J Hallmayer 2004 Using self-report to identify the broad phenotype in parents of children with autistic spectrum disorders: a study using the Autism-Spectrum Quotient Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 45 8 1431 1436 15482503 (Pubitemid 39445610)
23. DVM Bishop M Maybery D Wong A Maley J Hallmayer 2006 Characteristics of the broader phenotype in autism: a study of siblings using the Children's Communication Checklist-2 American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics 141B 117 122 (Pubitemid 43214783)
24. S Bölte F Poustka 2003 The recognition of facial affect in autistic and schizophrenic subjects and their first-degree relatives Psychological Medicine 33 907 915 12877405 (Pubitemid 36874670)
25. S Bölte F Poustka 2006 The broader cognitive phenotype of autism in parents: how specific is the tendency for local processing and executive dysfunction? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 47 6 639 645 16712641 (Pubitemid 43744795)
26. S Bölte S Knecht F Poustka 2007 A case-control study of personality style and psychopathology in parents of subjects with autism Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 37 243 250 16897383
27. P Bolton H Macdonald A Pickles P Rios S Goode M Crowson, et al. 1994 A case-control family history study of autism Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 35 5 877 900 7962246 1:STN:280:DyaK2M%2FltFajtA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 24213267)
28. PF Bolton A Pickles M Murphy M Rutter 1998 Autism, affective and other psychiatric disorders: patterns of familial aggregation Psychological Medicine 28 385 395 9572095 1:STN:280:DyaK1c3jtlKhsA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 28197553)
29. A Bonnel L Mottron I Peretz M Trudel E Gallun A-M Bonnel 2003 Enhanced pitch sensitivity in individuals with autism: a signal detection analysis Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 15 2 226 235 12676060 (Pubitemid 36293132)
30. Branchini, L. A., Lindgren, K. A., & Tager-Flusberg, H. (2009). MRI analysis of the corpus callosum in siblings of children with autism spectrum disorder. Neurology, 72(11), supplement, A136.
31. J Briskman F Happé U Frith 2001 Exploring the cognitive phenotype of autism: weak "central coherence" in parents and siblings of children with autism: II. Real-life skills and preferences Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 42 3 309 316 11321200 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3Mris1emtg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 32279840)
32. L Brothers 1990 The social brain: a project for integrating primate behaviour and neurophysiology in a new domain Concepts in Neuroscience 1 27 51
33. TD Cassel DS Messinger LV Ibanez JD Haltigan SI Acosta AC Buchman 2007 Early social and emotional communication in the infant siblings of children with autism spectrum disorders: an examination of the broad phenotype Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 37 122 132 17186367 (Pubitemid 46197899)
34. S Chakrabarti E Fombonne 2005 Pervasive developmental disorders in preschool children: confirmation of high prevalence The American Journal of Psychiatry 162 1133 1141 15930062 (Pubitemid 40770696)
35. L Christensen T Hutman A Rozga GS Young S Ozonoff SJ Rogers B Baker M Sigman 2010 Play and developmental outcomes in infant siblings of children with autism Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 40 946 957 20112084
36. J Chuthapisith N Ruangdaraganon T Sombuntham R Roongpraiwan 2007 Language development among the siblings of children with autistic spectrum disorder Autism 11 2 149 160 17353215 (Pubitemid 46390893)
37. Constantino, J. N. (2002). The Social Responsiveness Scale. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.
38. JN Constantino C Lajonchere M Lutz T Gray A Abbacchi K McKenna, et al. 2006 Autistic social impairment in the siblings of children with pervasive developmental disorders The American Journal of Psychiatry 163 294 296 16449484 (Pubitemid 44480850)
39. JN Constantino Y Zhang T Frazier AM Abbacchi P Law 2010 Sibling recurrence and the genetic epidemiology of autism The American Journal of Psychiatry 167 11 1349 1356 20889652
40. E Courchesne K Pierce CM Schumann E Redcay JA Buckwalter DP Kennedy, et al. 2007 Mapping early brain development in autism Neuron 56 399 413 17964254 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXht12jsrvJ
41. KM Dalton BM Nacewicz AL Alexander RJ Davidson 2007 Gaze-fixation, brain activation, and amygdala volume in unaffected siblings of individuals with autism Biological Psychiatry 61 512 520 17069771 (Pubitemid 46185335)
42. G Dawson LJ Carver AN Meltzoff H Panagiotides J McPartland SJ Webb 2002 Neural correlates of face recognition in young children with autism spectrum disorder Child Development 73 700 717 12038546
43. G Dawson SJ Webb E Wijsman G Schellenberg A Estes J Munson, et al. 2005 Neurocognitive and electrophysiological evidence of altered face processing in parents of children with autism: implications for a model of abnormal development of social brain circuitry in autism Development and Psychopathology 17 679 697 16262987
44. G Dawson A Estes J Munson G Schellenberg R Bernier R Abbott 2007 Quantitative assessment of autism symptom-related traits in probands and parents: Broader Phenotype Autism Symptom Scale Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 37 523 536 16868845 (Pubitemid 46355987)
45. EJC de Geus 2002 Introducing genetic psychophysiology Biological Psychology 61 1 10 12385666 (Pubitemid 35251902)
46. EJC de Geus DI Boomsma 2001 A genetic neuroscience approach to human cognition European Psychologist 6 4 241 253
47. MV de Jonge C Kemner EH de Haan JE Coppens TJ van den Berg H van Engeland 2007 Visual information processing in high-functioning individuals with autism spectrum disorders and their parents Neuropsychology 21 65 73 17201530 (Pubitemid 46066207)
48. R Delorme V Goussé I Roy A Trandafir F Mathieu M-C Mouren-Siméoni, et al. 2007 Shared executive dysfunctions in unaffected relatives of patients with autism and obsessive-compulsive disorder European Psychiatry 22 32 38 17127035 (Pubitemid 46162177)
49. MB Denckla R Rudel 1974 Rapid "automatized" naming of pictured objects, colors, letters and numbers by normal children Cortex 10 186 202 4844470 1:STN:280:DyaE2c3otFWnug%3D%3D
50. GS Dichter KSL Lam LM Turner-Brown TN Holtzclaw JW Bodfish 2009 Generativity abilities predict communication deficits but not repetitive behaviors in autism spectrum disorders Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 39 1298 1304 19396536
51. L Dorris CAE Espie F Knott J Salt 2004 Mind-reading difficulties in the siblings of people with Asperger's syndrome: evidence for a genetic influence in the abnormal development of a specific cognitive domain Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 45 2 412 418 14982254 1:STN:280: DC%2BD2c%2Fpt1GlsA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 38240287)
52. B Duchaine K Nakayama 2006 The Cambridge Face Memory Test: results for neurologically intact individuals and an investigation of its validity using inverted face stimuli and prosopagnosic participants Neuropsychologia 44 4 576 585 16169565 (Pubitemid 43113381)
53. JA Duvall A Lu RM Cantor RD Todd JN Constantino DH Geschwind 2007 A quantitative trait locus analysis of social responsiveness in multiplex autism families The American Journal of Psychiatry 164 656 662 17403980 (Pubitemid 46650198)
54. M Elsabbagh A Volein G Csibra K Holmboe H Garwood L Tucker, et al. 2009 Neural correlates of eye gaze processing in the infant broader autism phenotype Biological Psychiatry 65 31 38 19064038
55. M Elsabbagh A Volein K Holmboe L Tucker G Csibra S Baron-Cohen, et al. 2009 Visual orienting in the early broader autism phenotype: disengagement and facilitation Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 50 5 637 642 19298466
56. Fenson, L., Dale, P., Reznick, J., et al. (1993). The MacArthur communicative development inventories: User's guide and technical manual. San Diego: Singular Publishing Group.
57. SE Folstein ML Rutter 1977 Infantile autism: a genetic study of 21 twin pairs Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 18 297 321 562353 1:STN:280:DyaE1c%2Fis1KrsQ%3D%3D
58. SE Folstein SL Santangelo SE Gilman J Piven R Landa J Lainhart, et al. 1999 Predictors of cognitive test patterns in autism families Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 40 7 1117 1128 10576540 1:STN:280: DC%2BD3c%2FktF2muw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 29481617)
59. Fombonne, E. (2006). Past and future perspectives on autism epidemiology. In S. O. Moldin & J. L. R. Rubenstein (Eds.), Understanding autism, from basic neuroscience to treatment (pp. 25-48). Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis.
60. E Fombonne P Bolton J Prior H Jordan M Rutter 1997 A family study of autism: cognitive patterns and levels in parents and siblings Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 38 6 667 683 9315977 1:STN:280:DyaK2svmtFOjsA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 27437733)
61. BJ Freeman ER Ritvo A Mason-Brothers C Pingree A Yokota WR Jenson, et al. 1989 Psychometric assessment of first-degree relatives of 62 autistic probands in Utah The American Journal of Psychiatry 146 3 361 364 2919694 1:STN:280:DyaL1M7kvVGjtw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 19078201)
62. CM Freitag W Staal SM Klauck E Duketis R Waltes 2010 Genetics of autistic disorders: review and clinical implications European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 19 3 169 178
63. C Frith R Corcoran 1996 Exploring 'theory of mind' in people with schizophrenia Psychological Medicine 26 521 530 8733211 1:STN:280: DyaK28zhtVGmsw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 26142496)
64. I Gamliel N Yirmiya DH Jaffe O Manor M Sigman 2009 Developmental trajectories in siblings of children with autism: cognition and language from 4 months to 7 years Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 39 1131 1144 19326200
65. SE Gathercole AD Baddeley 1990 Phonological memory deficits in language disordered children: is there a causal connection? Journal of Memory and Language 29 336 360
66. B Gepner F Féron 2009 Autism: a world changing too fast for a mis-wired brain? Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 33 1227 1242 19559043
67. B Gepner DR Mestre 2002 Brief report: postural reactivity to fast visual motion differentiates autistic from children with Asperger Syndrome Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 32 3 231 238 12108625 (Pubitemid 37486719)
68. M Ghaziuddin 2005 A family history study of Asperger Syndrome Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 35 2 177 182 15909404 (Pubitemid 40569140)
69. C Gillberg 1989 Asperger Syndrome in 23 Swedish children Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 31 520 531 2680690 1:STN:280:DyaK3c%2FjtlOqtw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 19198292)
70. S Gokcen E Bora S Erermis H Kesikci C Aydin 2009 Theory of mind and verbal working memory deficits in parents of autistic children Psychiatry Research 166 46 53 19200606
71. N Gold 1993 Depression and social adjustment in siblings of boys with autism Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 23 1 147 163 8463194 1:STN:280:DyaK3s3hs1Gqsw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 23117566)
72. JM Gold C Randolph CJ Carpenter TE Goldberg DR Weinberger 1992 Forms of memory failure in schizophrenia Journal of Abnormal Psychology 101 487 494 1500605 1:STN:280:DyaK38zmsVWmuw%3D%3D
73. WA Goldberg KL Jarvis K Osann TM Laulhere C Straub E Thomas, et al. 2005 Brief report: early social communication behaviors in the younger siblings of children with autism Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 35 5 657 664 16167088
74. F Gosselin PG Schyns 2001 Bubbles: a technique to reveal the use of information in recognition tasks Vision Research 41 2261 2271 11448718 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3Mzpsl2gsw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 32635177)
75. II Gottesman TD Gould 2003 The endophenotype concept in psychiatry; etymology and strategic intentions The American Journal of Psychiatry 160 4 636 645 12668349 (Pubitemid 41079594)
76. EJ Grinter MT Maybery PL Van Beek E Pellicano JC Badcock DR Badcock 2009 Global visual processing and self-related autistic-like traits Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 39 1278 1290 19381793
77. F Happé 1994 An advanced test of theory of mind: understanding of story characters' thoughts and feelings by able autistic, mentally handicapped, and normal children and adults Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 24 2 129 154 8040158 (Pubitemid 24129461)
78. F Happé A Ronald 2008 The 'fractionable autism triad': a review of evidence from behavioural, genetic, cognitive and neural research Neuropsychology Review 18 287 304 18956240
79. F Happé J Briskman U Frith 2001 Exploring the cognitive phenotype of autism: weak 'central coherence' in parents and siblings of children with autism: I. Experimental tests Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 42 299 307 11321199 (Pubitemid 32279839)
80. Heaton, R. K., Chelune, G. J., Talley, J. L., Kay, G. G., & Curtis, G. (1993). Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). Manual revised and expanded. Odessa: Psychological Assessment Resources.
81. EL Hill 2004 Executive dysfunction in autism Trends in Cognitive Sciences 8 1 26 32 14697400 (Pubitemid 38028515)
82. RA Hoekstra S Wheelwright 2010 Autistic traits in simplex and multiplex autism families: focus on unaffected relatives American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics 153B 356 358
83. RA Hoekstra M Bartels DC Cath DI Boomsma 2008 Factor structure, reliability and criterion validity of the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ): a study in Dutch population and patient groups Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 38 1555 1566 18302013
84. RA Hoekstra F Happé S Baron-Cohen A Ronald 2009 Association between extreme autistic traits and intellectual disability: insights from a general population twin study The British Journal of Psychiatry 195 531 536 19949204 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1Mjpt1GjsQ%3D%3D
85. RA Hoekstra F Happé S Baron-Cohen A Ronald 2010 Limited genetic covariance between autistic traits and intelligence: findings from a longitudinal twin study American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics 153B 994 1007
86. E Hollander A King K Delaney CJ Smith JM Silverman 2003 Obsessive-compulsive behaviors in parents of multiplex autism families Psychiatry Research 117 11 16 12581816 (Pubitemid 36173772)
87. K Holmboe RMP Fearon G Csibra LA Tucker MH Johnson 2008 Freeze-Frame: a new infant inhibition task and its relation to frontal cortex tasks during infancy and early childhood Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 100 2 89 114 18249410
88. K Holmboe M Elsabbagh A Volein LA Tucker S Baron-Cohen P Bolton, et al. 2010 Frontal cortex functioning in the infant broader autism phenotype Infant Behavior & Development 33 4 482 491
89. C Hughes M Leboyer M Bouvard 1997 Executive function in parents of children with autism Psychological Medicine 27 209 220 9122301 1:STN:280:DyaK2s7mvVansg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 27042733)
90. C Hughes M-H Plumet M Leboyer 1999 Towards a cognitive phenotype for autism: increased prevalence of executive dysfunction and superior spatial span amongst siblings of children with autism Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 40 5 705 718 10433405 1:STN:280:DyaK1MzmtVOrtQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 29341348)
91. RSE Hurley M Losh M Parlier JS Reznick J Piven 2007 The broad autism phenotype questionnaire Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 37 1679 1690 17146701 (Pubitemid 47476592)
92. LV Ibanez DS Messinger L Newell B Lambert M Sheskin 2008 Visual disengagement in the infant siblings of children with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) Autism 12 5 473 485 18805943
93. B Ingersoll K Meyer MW Becker 2011 Increased rates of depressed mood in mothers of children with ASD associated with the presence of the broader autism phenotype Autism Research 4 2 143 148 21480539
94. JPA Ioannidis 2011 Excess significance bias in the literature on brain volume abnormalities Archives of General Psychiatry 68 8 773 780 21464342
95. JR Isler KM Martien PG Grieve RI Stark MR Herbert 2010 Reduced functional connectivity in visual evoked potentials in children with autism spectrum disorder Clinical Neurophysiology 121 2035 2043 20605520 1:STN:280: DC%2BC3cbjtVOqsw%3D%3D
96. JM Iverson RH Wozniak 2007 Variation in vocal-motor development in infant siblings of children with autism Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 37 158 170 17191097 (Pubitemid 46197902)
97. LE Jobe SW White 2007 Loneliness, social relationships, and a broader autism phenotype in college students Personality and Individual Differences 42 1479 1489
98. T Jolliffe S Baron-Cohen 1997 Are people with autism and Asperger Syndrome faster than normal on the embedded figures test? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 38 5 527 534 9255696 1:STN:280:DyaK2szpvFGqtA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 27341886)
99. CRG Jones J Swettenham T Charman AJS Marsden J Tregay G Baird, et al. 2011 No evidence for a fundamental visual motion processing deficit in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders Autism Research 4 1 11
100. MD Kaiser CM Hudac S Shultz SM Lee C Cheung AM Berken, et al. 2010 Neural signatures of autism Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107 49 21223 21228 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhsFylsL%2FK
101. L Kanner 1943 Autistic disturbances of affective contact The Nervous Child 2 217 250
102. Y Kawakubo H Kuwabara K Watanabe M Minowa T Someya I Minowa, et al. 2009 Impaired prefrontal hemodynamic maturation in autism and unaffected siblings PLoS ONE 4 9 e6881 19727389
103. NM Kleinhans T Richards L Sterling KC Stegbauer R Mahurin LC Johnson, et al. 2008 Abnormal functional connectivity in autism spectrum disorders during face processing Brain 131 4 1000 1012 18234695 (Pubitemid 351499416)
104. DL Koczat SJ Rogers BF Pennington RG Ross 2002 Eye movement abnormality suggestive of a spatial working memory deficit is present in parents of autistic probands Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 32 6 513 518 12553588 (Pubitemid 37486690)
105. HC Koh E Milne K Dobkins 2010 Contrast sensitivity for motion detection and direction discrimination in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders and their siblings Neuropsychologia 48 4046 4056 20937290
106. H Kurita Y Miyake K Katsuno 1989 Reliability and validity of the Childhood Autism Rating Scale-Tokyo version (CARS-TV) Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 19 389 396 2793784 1:STN:280:DyaK3c%2FgvVKqtA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 19233510)
107. JE Lainhart 1999 Psychiatric problems in individuals with autism, their parents and siblings International Review of Psychiatry 11 278 298
108. R Landa SE Folstein C Isaacs 1991 Spontaneous narrative-discourse performance of parents of autistic individuals Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 34 1339 1345 1787716 1:STN:280:DyaK387lslGquw%3D%3D
109. R Landa J Piven MM Wzorek JO Gayles GA Chase SE Folstein 1992 Social language use in parents of autistic individuals Psychological Medicine 22 245 254 1574562 1:STN:280:DyaK383ksFSjtg%3D%3D
110. RJ Landa KC Holman E Garrett-Mayer 2007 Social and communication development in toddlers with early and later diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders Archives of General Psychiatry 64 7 853 864 17606819 (Pubitemid 47026381)
111. A Le Couteur A Bailey S Goode A Pickles S Robertson I Gottesman, et al. 1996 A broader phenotype of autism: the clinical spectrum in twins Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 37 7 785 801 8923222 (Pubitemid 26362899)
112. M Leboyer F Bellivier M Nosten-Bertrand R Jouvent D Pauls J Mallit 1998 Psychiatric genetics: search for phenotypes Trends in Neuroscience 21 102 105 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXhs1Clur4%3D (Pubitemid 28080670)
113. SR Leekam C Neito SJ Libby L Wing J Gould 2007 Describing the sensory abnormalities of children and adults with autism Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 37 894 910 17016677 (Pubitemid 46790788)
114. Y Levy C Bar-Yuda 2011 Language performance in siblings of nonverbal children with autism Autism 15 3 341 354 21363870
115. D Levy M Ronemus B Yamrom Y Lee A Leotta J Kendall, et al. 2011 Rare de novo and transmitted copy-number variation in autistic spectrum disorders Neuron 70 886 897 21658582 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXnsVyrt7c%3D
116. KA Lindgren SE Folstein JB Tomblin H Tager-Flusberg 2009 Language and reading abilities of children with autism spectrum disorders and specific language impairment and their first-degree relatives Autism Research 2 22 38 19358305
117. C Lord M Rutter A Le Couteur 1994 Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised: a revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disorders Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 24 659 685 7814313 1:STN:280:DyaK2M7htlOlsg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 24309810)
118. Lord, C., Rutter, M., DiLavore, P. C., & Risi, S. (2002). Autism diagnostic observation schedule. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.
119. M Losh J Piven 2007 Social-cognition and the broad autism phenotype: identifying genetically meaningful phenotypes Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 48 1 105 112 17244276 (Pubitemid 46140519)
120. M Losh D Childress K Lam J Piven 2008 Defining key features of the broad autism phenotype: a comparison across parents of multiple- and single-incidence autism families American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics 147B 424 433 (Pubitemid 351830798)
121. M Losh R Adolphs MD Poe S Couture D Penn GT Baranek, et al. 2009 Neuropsychological profile of autism and the broad autism phenotype Archives of General Psychiatry 66 5 518 526 19414711
122. M Losh D Esserman J Piven 2010 Rapid automatized naming as an index of genetic liability to autism Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders 2 2 109 116 20721307
123. CR Marshall A Noor JB Vincent AC Lionel L Feuk J Skaug, et al. 2008 Structural variation of chromosomes in autism spectrum disorder The American Journal of Human Genetics 82 477 488 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXit1Sisrs%3D
124. JP McCleery E Allman LJ Carver KR Dobkins 2007 Abnormal magnocellular pathway visual processing in infants at risk for autism Biological Psychiatry 62 1007 1014 17531206 (Pubitemid 47562366)
125. N Merin GS Young S Ozonoff SJ Rogers 2007 Visual fixation patterns during reciprocal social interaction distinguish a subgroup of 6-month-old infants at-risk for autism from comparison infants Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 37 108 121 17191096 (Pubitemid 46201637)
126. N Micali S Chakrabarti E Fombonne 2004 The broad autism phenotype: findings from an epidemiological survey Autism 8 1 21 37 15070545 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2c7ns1ertw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 38239620)
127. NJ Minshew DL Williams 2007 The new neurobiology of autism: cortex, connectivity and neuronal organisation Archives of Neurology 64 7 945 950 17620483 (Pubitemid 47047993)
128. MW Mosconi M Kay A-M D'Cruz S Guter K Kapur C Macmillan, et al. 2010 Neurobehavioral abnormalities in first-degree relatives of individuals with autism Archives of General Psychiatry 67 8 830 840 20679591
129. Mullen, E. M. (1997). Mullen scales of early learning. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.
130. M Murphy PF Bolton A Pickles E Fombonne J Piven M Rutter 2000 Personality traits of the relatives of autistic probands Psychological Medicine 30 1411 1424 11097081 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M7isl2ksg%3D%3D
131. AS Nadig S Ozonoff GS Young A Rozga M Sigman SJ Rogers 2007 A prospective study of response to name in infants at risk for autism Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 161 378 383 (Pubitemid 46556369)
132. S Narayan B Moyes S Wolff 1990 Family characteristics of autistic children-a further report Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 20 4 523 535 2135638 1:STN:280:DyaK3M7itlWlsA%3D%3D
133. JS Noland JS Reznick WL Stone T Walden EH Sheridan 2010 Better working memory for non-social targets in infant siblings of children with autism spectrum disorder Developmental Science 13 1 244 251 20121880
134. A Nydén B Hagberg V Goussé M Rastam 2011 A cognitive endophenotype of autism in families with multiple incidence Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders 5 191 200
135. S Ozonoff SJ Rogers JM Farnham BF Pennington 1993 Can standard measures identify subclinical markers of autism? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 23 429 441 8226580 1:STN:280:DyaK2c%2Fkt1OqtA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 23275222)
136. MT Palermo P Pasqualetti G Barbati F Intelligente PM Rossini 2006 Recognition of schematic facial displays of emotion in parents of children with autism Autism 10 4 353 364 16908479 (Pubitemid 44203763)
137. SJMC Palmen HEH Pol C Kemner HG Schnack MM Sitskoorn MCM Appels, et al. 2005 Brain anatomy in non-affected parents of autistic probands: a MRI study Psychological Medicine 35 1411 1420 16164765 (Pubitemid 41430679)
138. Pellicano, E. (2011). Psychological models of autism: an overview. In I. Roth & P. Rezaie (Eds.), Researching the autism spectrum: Contemporary perspectives (pp. 219-265). Cambridge University Press.
139. E Pellicano L Gibson M Maybery K Durkin DR Badcock 2005 Abnormal global processing along the dorsal visual pathway in autism: a possible mechanism for weak visuospatial coherence? Neuropsychologia 43 1044 1053 15769490 (Pubitemid 40349602)
140. E Peterson GL Schmidt JR Tregellas E Winterrowd L Kopelioff S Hepburn, et al. 2006 A voxel-based morphometry study of gray matter in parents of children with autism NeuroReport 17 12 1289 1292 16951571 (Pubitemid 44337068)
141. A Pickles E Starr S Kazak P Bolton K Papanikolaou A Bailey, et al. 2000 Variable expression of the autism broader phenotype: findings from extended pedigrees Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 41 4 491 502 10836679 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3cvlvVOhsA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 30311527)
142. T Pilowsky N Yirmiya RS Shalev V Gross-Tsur 2003 Language abilities of siblings of children with autism Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 44 6 914 925 12959499 (Pubitemid 37059227)
143. T Pilowsky N Yirmiya V Gross-Tsur RS Shalev 2007 Neuropsychological functioning of siblings of children with autism, siblings of children with developmental language delay, and siblings of children with mental retardation of unknown genetic etiology Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 37 537 552 17016678 (Pubitemid 46355989)
144. D Pinto AT Pagnamenta L Klei R Anney D Merico R Regan, et al. 2010 Functional impact of global rare copy number variation in autism spectrum disorders Nature 466 7304 368 372 20531469 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXntF2msbk%3D
145. J Piven P Palmer 1997 Cognitive deficits in parents from multiple-incidence autism families Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 38 8 1011 1021 9413799 1:STN:280:DyaK1c%2FnsFOhsg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 27504271)
146. J Piven P Palmer 1999 Psychiatric disorder and the broad autism phenotype: evidence from a family study of multiple-incidence autism families The American Journal of Psychiatry 156 4 557 563 10200734 1:STN:280: DyaK1M3hs1Onsw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 29162976)
147. J Piven J Gayle GA Chase B Fink R Landa MM Wzorek, et al. 1990 A family history study of neuropsychiatric disorders in the adult siblings of autistic individuals Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 29 2 177 183 2324058 1:STN:280:DyaK3c3hs1Ghtg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 20157065)
148. J Piven GA Chase R Landa M Wzorek J Gayle D Cloud, et al. 1991 Psychiatric disorders in the parents of autistic individuals Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 30 3 471 478 1829081 1:STN:280:DyaK3M3ns12gsw%3D%3D
149. J Piven M Wzorek R Landa J Lainhart P Bolton GA Chase, et al. 1994
150. J Piven P Palmer D Jacobi D Childress S Arndt 1997 Broader autism phenotype: evidence from a family history study of multiple-incidence autism families American Journal of Medical Psychiatry 154 2 185 190 1:STN:280:DyaK2s7mvVKksQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 27053723)
151. J Piven P Palmer R Landa S Santangelo D Jacobi D Childress 1997 Personality and language characteristics in parents from multiple-incidence autism families American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics 74 398 411 1:STN:280:DyaK2svgt1eisA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 27349377)
152. BS Pourcain K Wang JT Glessner J Golding C Steer SM Ring, et al. 2010 Association between a high-risk autism locus on 5p14 and social communication spectrum phenotypes in the general population The American Journal of Psychiatry 167 1364 1372
153. AG Presmanes TA Walden WL Stone PJ Yoder 2007 Effects of different attentional cues on responding to joint attention in younger siblings of children with autism spectrum disorders Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 37 133 144 17186366 (Pubitemid 46197900)
154. Reitan, R. M. (1979). Trail making test. Göttingen: Hogrefe.
155. TW Robbins M James A Owen BJ Sahakian L McInnes PM Rabbitt 1994 Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB): a factor analytic study of a large sample of normal elderly volunteers Dementia 5 266 281 7951684 1:STN:280:DyaK2M%2FjvFaksg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 24231105)
156. DC Rojas JA Smith TL Benkers SL Camou ML Reite SJ Rogers 2004 Hippocampus and amygdala volumes in parents of children with autistic disorder The American Journal of Psychiatry 161 11 2038 2044 15514404 (Pubitemid 39441404)
157. DC Rojas K Maharajh P Teale SJ Rogers 2008 Reduced neural synchronization of gamma-band MEG oscillations in first-degree relatives of children with autism BMC Psychiatry 8 66 18673566
158. DC Rojas PD Teale K Maharajh E Kronberg K Youngpeter L Wilson, et al. 2011 Transient and steady-state auditory gamma-band responses in first-degree relatives of people with autism spectrum disorder Molecular Autism 2 11 21729257
159. Rommelse, N. N. J., Geurts, H. M., Franke, B., Buitelaar, J. K., & Hartman, C. A. (2011). A review on cognitive and brain endophenotypes that may be common in autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and facilitate the search for pleiotropic genes. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 35(6), 1363-1396.
160. Ronald, A., & Hoekstra, R. A. (2011). Autism spectrum disorders and autistic traits: a decade of new twin studies. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 156, 255-274.
161. TF Ruser D Arin M Dowd S Putnam B Winklosky B Rosen-Sheidley, et al. 2007 Communicative competence in parents of children with autism and parents of children with specific language impairment Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 37 1323 1336 17180460
162. Ruta, L., Mazzone, D., Mazzone, L., Wheelwright, S., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2011). The autism-spectrum quotient- Italian version: a cross-cultural confirmation of the broader autism phenotype. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. doi: 10.1007/s10803-011-1290-1.
163. M Rutter 2000 Genetic studies of autism: from the 1970s into the millennium Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 28 1 3 14 10772346 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c3jtlejsg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 30179909)
164. SJ Sanders AG Ercan-Sencicek V Hus R Luo MT Murtha D Moreno-De-Luca, et al. 2011 Multiple recurrent de novo CNVs, including duplications of the 7q11.23 Williams syndrome region, are strongly associated with autism Neuron 70 863 885 21658581 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXnsVyrt7Y%3D
165. SL Santangelo SE Folstein 1995 Social deficits in the families of autistic probands American Journal of Human Genetics 57 4 89 89
166. AM Scheeren JEA Stauder 2008 Broader autism phenotype in parents of autistic children: reality or myth? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 28 276 287 (Pubitemid 351161417)
167. GL Schmidt LK Kimel E Winterrowd BF Pennington SL Hepburn DC Rojas 2008 Impairments in phonological processing and nonverbal intellectual function in parents of children with autism Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 30 5 557 567 18569254 (Pubitemid 351883299)
168. N Schmitz K Rubia E Daly A Smith S Williams DGM Murphy 2006 Neural correlates of executive function in autistic spectrum disorders Biological Psychiatry 59 1 7 16 16140278 (Pubitemid 43005230)
169. CM Schumann CS Bloss CC Barnes GM Wideman RA Carper N Akshoomoff, et al. 2010 Longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging study of cortical development through early childhood in autism Journal of Neuroscience 30 12 4419 4427 20335478 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXlvVansr8%3D
170. J Sebat B Lakshmi D Malhotra J Troge C Lese-Martin T Walsh, et al. 2007 Strong association of de novo copy number mutations with autism Science 316 445 449 17363630 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXktlSkuro%3D (Pubitemid 46651493)
171. Seidman, I., Yirmiya, N., Milshtein, S., Ebstein, R. P., & Levi, S. (2011). The broad autism phenotype questionnaire: mothers versus fathers of children with an autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. doi: 10.1007/s10803-011-1315-9.
172. Semel, E., Wiig, E. H., & Secord, W. A. (1995). Clinical evaluation and language fundamentals (CELF-III) (3rd ed.). San Antonio: Psychological Corporation, Harcourt Brace.
173. A Shah U Frith 1983 An islet of ability in autistic children: a research note Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 24 4 613 620 6630333 1:STN:280:DyaL2c%2Fjt1Oltg%3D%3D
174. A Shah U Frith 1993 Why do autistic individuals show superior performance on the block design task? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 34 1351 1364 8294523 1:STN:280:DyaK2c7isVKgtQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 23330092)
175. M Shaked I Gamliel N Yirmiya 2006 Theory of mind abilities in young siblings of children with autism Autism 10 2 173 187 16613866
176. T Shallice 1982 Specific impairments of planning Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B 298 199 209 1:STN:280: DyaL383nsFCgtQ%3D%3D
177. HA Simon 1975 The functional equivalence of problem solving skills Cognitive Psychology 7 268 288
178. SL Smalley RF Asarnow 1990 Cognitive subclinical markers in autism Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 20 2 271 278 2347825 1:STN:280:DyaK3c3ntVahsg%3D%3D
179. S Smalley J McCracken P Tanguay 1995 Autism, affective disorders, and social phobia American Journal of Medical Genetics 60 1 19 26 7485230 1:STN:280:DyaK28%2FptVejtQ%3D%3D
180. CJ Smith CM Lang L Kryzak A Reichenberg E Hollander JM Silverman 2009 Familial associations of intense preoccupations, an empirical factor of the restricted, repetitive behaviors and interests domain of autism Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 50 8 982 990 19298470
181. J Spencer J O'Brien K Riggs O Braddick J Atkinson J Wattam-Bell 2000 Motion processing in autism: evidence for a dorsal stream deficiency Neuroreport 11 2765 2767 10976959 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M%2FosFaluw%3D%3D
182. MD Spencer RJ Holt LR Chura J Suckling AJ Calder ET Bullmore, et al. 2011 A novel functional brain imaging endophenotype of autism: the neural response to facial expression of emotion Translational Psychiatry 1 e19
183. E Starr SK Berument A Pickles M Tomlins A Bailey K Papanikolaou, et al. 2001 A family genetic study of autism associated with profound mental retardation Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 31 1 89 96 11439758 1:STN:280:DC%2BD38%2FhvVSmtA%3D%3D
184. WL Stone CR McMahon PJ Yoder TA Walden 2007 Early social-communicative and cognitive development of younger siblings of children with autism spectrum disorders Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 161 384 390 (Pubitemid 46556370)
185. M Sullivan J Finelli A Marvin E Garrett-Mayer M Bauman R Landa 2007 Response to joint attention in toddlers at risk for autism spectrum disorder: a prospective study Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 37 37 48 17216332 (Pubitemid 46197893)
186. Sumiyoshi, C., Kawakubo, Y., Suga, M., Sumiyoshi, T., & Kasai, K. (2010). Impaired ability to organise information in individuals with autism spectrum disorders and their siblings. Neuroscience Research, 69(3), 252-257.
187. P Szatmari MB Jones L Tuff G Bartolucci S Fisman W Mahoney 1993 Lack of cognitive impairment in first-degree relatives of pervasive developmental disorder probands Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 32 1264 1273 8282674 1:STN:280:DyaK2c7htVajsA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 23319189)
188. P Szatmari JE MacLean MB Jones SE Bryson L Zwaigenbaum G Bartolucci, et al. 2000 The familial aggregation of the lesser variant in biological and non-biological relatives of PDD probands: a family history study Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 41 579 586 10946750 1:STN:280: DC%2BD3M%2Fks1WgtQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 30461898)
189. P Szatmari S Georgiades E Duku L Zwaigenbaum J Goldberg T Bennett 2008 Alexithymia in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 38 1859 1865 18473159
190. H Tager-Flusberg RM Joseph 2003 Identifying neurocognitive phenotypes in autism Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Part B 358 303 314 (Pubitemid 36257603)
191. Y Takarae NJ Minshew B Luna JA Sweeney 2004 Atypical involvement of fronto-striatal systems during sensorimotor control in autism Psychiatry Research 156 2 117 127
192. H Taniai T Nishiyama T Miyachi M Imaeda S Sumi 2008 Genetic influences on the broad spectrum of autism: study of proband-ascertained twins American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics 147B 844 849
193. DY Teller 1979 The forced-choice preferential looking procedure: a psychophysical technique for use with human infants Infant Behavior & Development 2 135 153 (Pubitemid 9237230)
194. K Toth G Dawson AN Meltzoff J Greenson D Fein 2007 Early social, imitation, play, and language abilities of young non-autistic siblings of children with autism Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 37 145 157 17216560 (Pubitemid 46197901)
195. H Tronick L Adamson S Wise B Brazelton 1978 The infant's response to entrapment between contradictory messages in face-to-face interaction American Academy of Child Psychiatry 17 1 13 1:STN:280:DyaE1c7jtVKmsQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 9092930)
196. YV Virkud RD Todd A Abbacchi Y Zhang JN Constantino 2009 Familial aggregation of quantitative autistic traits in multiplex versus simplex autism American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics 150B 328 334
197. S Wallace C Sebastian E Pellicano J Parr A Bailey 2010 Face processing abilities in relatives of individuals with ASD Autism Research 3 6 345 349 21182211
198. S Wass 2011 Distortions and disconnections: disrupted brain connectivity in autism Brain and Cognition 75 18 28 21055864
199. LA Weiss 2009 Autism genetics: emerging data from genome-wide copy-number and single nucleotide polymorphism scans Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics 9 8 795 803 19895225 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtl2ksrrL
200. Weschler, D. (1949). Weschler Intelligence Scale for children. New York: The Psychological Corporation.
201. Wetherby, A., & Prizant, B. (2002). CSBS DP manual: Communication and symbolic behavior scales developmental profile. Baltimore: Paul H Brookes Publishing Co.
202. S Wheelwright B Auyeung C Allison S Baron-Cohen 2010 Defining the broader, medium and narrow autism phenotype among parents using the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) Molecular Autism 1 1 10
203. White, S. J., & Saldaña, D. (2011). Performance of children with autism on the embedded figures test: a closer look at a popular task. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. doi: 10.1007/s10803-011-1182-4.
204. S White E Hill F Happé U Frith 2009 Revisiting the strange stories: revealing mentalizing impairments in autism Child Development 80 4 1097 1117 19630896
205. Whitehouse, A. J. O., & Bishop, D. V. M. (2009). The Children's Communication Checklist-Adult version (CC-A). London: Pearson.
206. AJO Whitehouse JG Barry DVM Bishop 2007 The broader language phenotype of autism: a comparison with specific language impairment Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 48 8 822 830 17683454 (Pubitemid 47226287)
207. AJO Whitehouse H Coon J Miller B Salisbury DVM Bishop 2010 Narrowing the broader autism phenotype: a study using the Communication Checklist-Adult Version (CC-A) Autism 14 6 559 574 20923891
208. JA Wilcox MT Tsuang T Schnurr N Baida-Fragoso 2003 Case-control family study of lesser variant traits in autism Neuropsychobiology 47 4 171 177 12824738 (Pubitemid 36735228)
209. TW Wilson DC Rojas ML Reite PD Teale SJ Rogers 2007 Children and adolescents with autism exhibit reduced MEG steady-state gamma responses Biological Psychiatry 62 192 197 16950225 (Pubitemid 47042016)
210. CE Wilson P Freeman J Brock AM Burton R Palermo 2010 Facial identity recognition in the broader autism phenotype PLoS One 5 9 e12876 20877561
211. Witkin, H. A., Oltman, P. K., Raskin, E., & Karp, S. S. (1971). A manual for the embedded figures tests. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press.
212. S Wolff S Narayan B Moyes 1988 Personality characteristics of parents of autistic children: a controlled study Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 29 2 143 153 3372611 1:STN:280:DyaL1c3ivVartw%3D%3D
213. D Wong M Maybery DVM Bishop A Maley J Hallmayer 2006 Profiles of executive function in parents and siblings of individuals with autism spectrum disorders Genes, Brain, and Behavior 5 561 576 17081261 1:STN:280: DC%2BD28nkvVWjsg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 44665354)
214. N Yirmiya M Shaked 2005 Psychiatric disorders in parents of children with autism: a meta-analysis Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 46 1 69 83 15660645 (Pubitemid 40220796)
215. N Yirmiya I Gamliel T Pilowsky R Feldman S Baron-Cohen M Sigman 2006 The development of siblings of children with autism at 4 and 14 months: social engagement, communication, and cognition Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 47 5 511 523 16671934
216. N Yirmiya I Gamliel M Shaked M Sigman 2007 Cognitive and verbal abilities of 24- to 36-month-old siblings of children with autism Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 37 218 229 16897384