microRNAs and esophageal cancer - implications for pathogenesis and therapy

Current Pharmaceutical Design

Volumn 19, Issue 7, 2013, Pages 1211-1226

  Mayne, George C ^a,b   Hussey, Damian J ^a,b   Watson, David I ^a,b  

^a FLINDERS UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b FLINDERS MEDICAL CENTRE   (Australia)

Author keywords

Esophageal adenocarcinoma; Esophageal cancer; Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; microRNA

Indexed keywords

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; CISPLATIN; HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR; MESSENGER RNA; MICRORNA; MICRORNA 100; MICRORNA 143; MICRORNA 145; MICRORNA 192; MICRORNA 194; MICRORNA 200A; MICRORNA 200B; MICRORNA 200C; MICRORNA 205; MICRORNA 21; MICRORNA 210; MICRORNA 221; MICRORNA 29; MICRORNA 31; MICRORNA 342; MICRORNA 375; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3,4,5 TRISPHOSPHATE 3 PHOSPHATASE; PYRIDINE DERIVATIVE; SMALL UNTRANSLATED RNA; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR ZEB1; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR ZEB2; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

APOPTOSIS; ARTICLE; BARRETT ESOPHAGUS; BLOOD SAMPLING; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER INVASION; CANCER PATIENT; CANCER PROGNOSIS; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER THERAPY; CANCER TISSUE; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL INVASION; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL VIABILITY; CHEMOSENSITIVITY; DIAGNOSTIC TEST; DISEASE FREE SURVIVAL; ESOPHAGEAL ADENOCARCINOMA; ESOPHAGEAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ESOPHAGUS CANCER; ESOPHAGUS SURGERY; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; IC 50; IN VIVO STUDY; INCIDENCE; LYMPH NODE METASTASIS; MEDLINE; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; OBESITY; OVERALL SURVIVAL; PATHOGENESIS; PHASE 1 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PHASE 2 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN METHYLATION; PROTEIN MICROARRAY; PROTEIN TARGETING; REAL TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; RECEPTOR UPREGULATION; RISK FACTOR; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SERUM; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM; SMOKING; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TREATMENT RESPONSE; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE;

EID: 84876718945     PISSN: 13816128     EISSN: 18734286     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/138161213804805702     Document Type: Article

References (134)

1. Siegel R, Naishadham D, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin 2012; 62(1): 10-29.
2. Hongo M, Nagasaki Y, Shoji T. Epidemiology of esophageal cancer: Orient to Occident. Effects of chronology, geography and ethnicity. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 24(5): 729-35.
3. Siewert JR, Ott K. Are squamous and adenocarcinomas of the esophagus the same disease? Semin Radiat Oncol 2007; 17(1): 38-44.
4. Chen H, Fang Y, Tevebaugh W, et al. Molecular Mechanisms of Barrett's Esophagus. Dig Dis Sci 2011; 56(12): 3405-20.
5. Gilbert EW, Luna RA, Harrison VL, et al. Barrett's esophagus: a review of the literature. J Gastrointest Surg 2011; 15(5): 708-18.
6. DeMeester SR, DeMeester TR. Columnar mucosa and intestinal metaplasia of the esophagus: fifty years of controversy. Ann Surg 2000; 231(3): 303-21.
7. Cook MB, Chow WH, Devesa SS. Oesophageal cancer incidence in the United States by race, sex, and histologic type, 1977-2005. Br J Cancer 2009; 101(5): 855-9.
8. Hansson LE, Sparen P, Nyren O. Increasing incidence of both major histological types of esophageal carcinomas among men in Sweden. Int J Cancer 1993; 54(3): 402-7.
9. Pohl H, Welch HG. The role of overdiagnosis and reclassification in the marked increase of esophageal adenocarcinoma incidence. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005; 97(2): 142-6.
10. Lord RV, Law MG, Ward RL, et al. Rising incidence of oesophageal adenocarcinoma in men in Australia. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1998; 13(4): 356-62.
11. Lagergren J, Ye W, Bergstrom R, et al. Utility of endoscopic screening for upper gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma. JAMA 2000; 284(8): 961-2.
12. Mathe EA, Nguyen GH, Bowman ED, et al. MicroRNA expression in squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus: associations with survival. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15(19): 6192-200.
13. Qiu SL, Yang GR. Precursor lesions of esophageal cancer in highrisk populations in Henan Province, China. Cancer 1988; 62(3): 551-7.
14. Munoz N, Crespi M, Grassi A, et al. Precursor lesions of oesophageal cancer in high-risk populations in Iran and China. Lancet 1982; 1(8277): 876-9.
15. Wang GQ, Abnet CC, Shen Q, et al. Histological precursors of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma: results from a 13 year prospective follow up study in a high risk population. Gut 2005; 54(2): 187-92.
16. Gebski V, Burmeister B, Smithers BM, et al. Survival benefits from neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy or chemotherapy in oesophageal carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol 2007; 8(3): 226-34.
17. Bedenne L, Michel P, Bouche O, et al. Chemoradiation followed by surgery compared with chemoradiation alone in squamous cancer of the esophagus: FFCD 9102. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25(10): 1160-8.
18. Stahl M, Stuschke M, Lehmann N, et al. Chemoradiation with and without surgery in patients with locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23(10): 2310-7.
19. Calin GA, Croce CM. MicroRNA signatures in human cancers. Nat Rev Cancer 2006; 6(11): 857-66.
20. Feber A, Xi L, Luketich JD, et al. MicroRNA expression profiles of esophageal cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2008; 135(2): 255-60.
21. Guo Y, Chen Z, Zhang L, et al. Distinctive microRNA profiles relating to patient survival in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Res 2008; 68(1): 26-33.
22. Ogawa R, Ishiguro H, Kuwabara Y, et al. Expression profiling of micro-RNAs in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma using RT-PCR. Med Mol Morphol 2009; 42(2): 102-9.
23. Hiyoshi Y, Kamohara H, Karashima R, et al. MicroRNA-21 regulates the proliferation and invasion in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15(6): 1915-22.
24. Zhu L, Yan W, Rodriguez-Canales J, et al. MicroRNA analysis of microdissected normal squamous esophageal epithelium and tumor cells. Am J Cancer Res 2011; 1(5): 574-584.
25. Kurashige J, Watanabe M, Iwatsuki M, et al. Overexpression of microRNA-223 regulates the ubiquitin ligase FBXW7 in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2012; 106(1): 182-188.
26. Li S, Li Z, Guo F, et al. miR-223 regulates migration and invasion by targeting Artemin in human esophageal carcinoma. J Biomed Sci 2011; 18(): 24.
27. Lin RJ, Xiao DW, Liao LD, et al. MiR-142-3p as a potential prognostic biomarker for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J Surg Oncol 2012; 105(2): 175-182.
28. Li X, Lin R, Li J. Epigenetic silencing of microRNA-375 regulates PDK1 expression in esophageal cancer. Dig Dis Sci 2011; 56(10): 2849-56.
29. Kong KL, Kwong DL, Chan TH, et al. MicroRNA-375 inhibits tumour growth and metastasis in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma through repressing insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor. Gut 2012; 61(1): 33-42.
30. Isozaki Y, Hoshino I, Nohata N, et al. Identification of novel molecular targets regulated by tumor suppressive miR-375 induced by histone acetylation in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2012; 41(3): 985-94.
31. Tan X, Qin W, Zhang L, et al. A 5-microRNA signature for lung squamous cell carcinoma diagnosis and hsa-miR-31 for prognosis. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17(21): 6802-11.
32. Liu CJ, Lin SC, Yang CC, et al. Exploiting salivary miR-31 as a clinical biomarker of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 2012; 34(2): 219-24.
33. Chen Z, Jin Y, Yu D, et al. Down-regulation of the microRNA-99 family members in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2012; 48(8): 686-91.
34. Leidner RS, Ravi L, Leahy P, et al. The microRNAs, MiR-31 and MiR-375, as candidate markers in Barrett's esophageal carcinogenesis. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2012; 51(5): 473-479.
35. Lynam-Lennon N, Reynolds JV, Marignol L, et al. MicroRNA-31 modulates tumour sensitivity to radiation in oesophageal adenocarcinoma. J Mol Med (Berl) 2012; [Epub ahead of print]10.1007/s00109-012-0924-x [doi].
36. Komatsu S, Ichikawa D, Takeshita H, et al. Circulating microRNAs in plasma of patients with oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2011; 105(1): 104-11.
37. Zhang C, Wang C, Chen X, et al. Expression profile of microRNAs in serum: a fingerprint for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Chem 2010; 56(12): 1871-9.
38. Ma WJ, Lv GD, Tuersun A, et al. Role of microRNA-21 and effect on PTEN in Kazakh's esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 38(5): 3253-60.
39. Mori Y, Ishiguro H, Kuwabara Y, et al. MicroRNA-21 induces cell proliferation and invasion in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Med Report 2009; 2(2): 235-9.
40. Chen ZL, Zhao XH, Wang JW, et al. microRNA-92a promotes lymph node metastasis of human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma via E-cadherin. J Biol Chem 2011; 286(12): 10725-34.
41. Akagi I, Miyashita M, Ishibashi O, et al. Relationship between altered expression levels of MIR21, MIR143, MIR145, and MIR205 and clinicopathologic features of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Dis Esophagus 2011; 24(7): 523-30.
42. Cai EH, Gao YX, Wei ZZ, et al. Serum miR-21 Expression in Human Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinomas. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2012; 13(4): 1563-7.
43. Kurashige J, Kamohara H, Watanabe M, et al. Serum microRNA-21 is a novel biomarker in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J Surg Oncol 2012; 106(2): 188-92.
44. Zhang H, Li M, Han Y, et al. Down-regulation of miR-27a might reverse multidrug resistance of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Dig Dis Sci 2010; 55(9): 2545-51.
45. Feng DD, Zhang H, Zhang P, et al. Down-regulated miR-331-5p and miR-27a are associated with chemotherapy resistance and relapse in leukaemia. J Cell Mol Med 2011; 15(10): 2164-75.
46. Hamano R, Miyata H, Yamasaki M, et al. Overexpression of miR-200c induces chemoresistance in esophageal cancers mediated through activation of the Akt signaling pathway. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17(9): 3029-38.
47. Sugimura K, Miyata H, Tanaka K, et al. Let-7 expression is a significant determinant of response to chemotherapy through the regulation of IL-6/STAT3 pathway in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2012; [Epub ahead of print]10.1158/1078-0432. CCR-12-0701 [doi].
48. Feber A, Xi L, Pennathur A, et al. MicroRNA prognostic signature for nodal metastases and survival in esophageal adenocarcinoma. Ann Thorac Surg 2011; 91(5): 1523-30.
49. Wijnhoven BP, Hussey DJ, Watson DI, et al. MicroRNA profiling of Barrett's oesophagus and oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Br J Surg 2010; 97(6): 853-61.
50. Arndt GM, Dossey L, Cullen LM, et al. Characterization of global microRNA expression reveals oncogenic potential of miR-145 in metastatic colorectal cancer. BMC Cancer 2009; 9(): 374.
51. Akao Y, Nakagawa Y, Naoe T. MicroRNA-143 and-145 in colon cancer. DNA Cell Biol 2007; 26(5): 311-20.
52. Hu Y, Correa AM, Hoque A, et al. Prognostic significance of differentially expressed miRNAs in esophageal cancer. Int J Cancer 2011; 128(1): 132-43.
53. Yang H, Gu J, Wang KK, et al. MicroRNA expression signatures in Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15(18): 5744-52.
54. Mongroo PS, Rustgi AK. The role of the miR-200 family in epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Cancer Biol Ther 2010; 10(3): 219-22.
55. Smith CM, Watson DI, Leong MP, et al. miR-200 family expression is downregulated upon neoplastic progression of Barrett's esophagus. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17(8): 1036-44.
56. Dunbar KB, Spechler SJ. The Risk of Lymph-Node Metastases in Patients With High-Grade Dysplasia or Intramucosal Carcinoma in Barrett's Esophagus: A Systematic Review. Am J Gastroenterol 2012; 107(6): 850-62.
57. Fassan M, Volinia S, Palatini J, et al. MicroRNA expression profiling in human Barrett's carcinogenesis. Int J Cancer 2011; 129(7): 1661-70.
58. Maru DM, Singh RR, Hannah C, et al. MicroRNA-196a is a potential marker of progression during Barrett's metaplasiadysplasia-invasive adenocarcinoma sequence in esophagus. Am J Pathol 2009; 174(5): 1940-8.
59. Luzna P, Gregar J, Uberall I, et al. Changes of microRNAs-192, 196a and 203 correlate with Barrett's esophagus diagnosis and its progression compared to normal healthy individuals. Diagn Pathol 2011; 6(1): 114.
60. Bansal A, Lee IH, Hong X, et al. Feasibility of mcroRNAs as biomarkers for Barrett's Esophagus progression: a pilot crosssectional, phase 2 biomarker study. Am J Gastroenterol 2011; 106(6): 1055-63.
61. Hummel R, Hussey DJ, Michael MZ, et al. miRNAs and their association with locoregional staging and survival following surgery for esophageal carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2011; 18(1): 253-60.
62. Hummel R, Watson DI, Smith C, et al. Mir-148a improves response to chemotherapy in sensitive and resistant oesophageal adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma cells. J Gastrointest Surg 2011; 15(3): 429-38.
63. Ye Y, Wang KK, Gu J, et al. Genetic variations in microRNArelated genes are novel susceptibility loci for esophageal cancer risk. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2008; 1(6): 460-9.
64. Umar M, Upadhyay R, Prakash G, et al. Evaluation of common genetic variants in pre-microRNA in susceptibility and prognosis of esophageal cancer. Mol Carcinog 2012; [Epub ahead of print]10.1002/mc.21931 [doi].
65. Wang K, Li J, Guo H, et al. MiR-196a binding-site SNP regulates RAP1A expression contributing to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma risk and metastasis. Carcinogenesis 2012; [Epub ahead of print]10.1093/carcin/bgs259 [doi].
66. Chen X, Hu H, Guan X, et al. CpG island methylation status of miRNAs in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2012; 130(7): 1607-13.
67. Sugito N, Ishiguro H, Kuwabara Y, et al. RNASEN regulates cell proliferation and affects survival in esophageal cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12(24): 7322-8.
68. Yoo NJ, Hur SY, Kim MS, et al. Immunohistochemical analysis of RNA-induced silencing complex-related proteins AGO2 and TNRC6A in prostate and esophageal cancers. APMIS 2010; 118(4): 271-6.
69. Yan W, Shih JH, Rodriguez-Canales J, et al. Identification of unique expression signatures and therapeutic targets in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Res Notes 2012; 573.
70. Fassan M, Pizzi M, Battaglia G, et al. Programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) expression during multistep Barrett's carcinogenesis. J Clin Pathol 2011; 63(8): 692-6.
71. Leslie NR, Foti M. Non-genomic loss of PTEN function in cancer: not in my genes. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2011; 32(3): 131-40.
72. Wang ZX, Lu BB, Wang H, et al. MicroRNA-21 modulates chemosensitivity of breast cancer cells to doxorubicin by targeting PTEN. Arch Med Res 2011; 42(4): 281-90.
73. Mayo LD, Dixon JE, Durden DL, et al. PTEN protects p53 from Mdm2 and sensitizes cancer cells to chemotherapy. J Biol Chem 2002; 277(7): 5484-9.
74. Snietura M, Jaworska M, Mlynarczyk-Liszka J, et al. PTEN as a prognostic and predictive marker in postoperative radiotherapy for squamous cell cancer of the head and neck. PLoS One 2012; 7(3): e33396.
75. Shen MM, Abate-Shen C. Pten inactivation and the emergence of androgen-independent prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2007; 67(14): 6535-8.
76. Kulke MH, Odze RD, Thakore KS, et al. Allelic loss of 10q23, the PTEN tumour suppressor gene locus, in Barrett's oesophagusassociated adenocarcinoma. Br J Cancer 2001; 84(6): 748-53.
77. Pollak M. The insulin and insulin-like growth factor receptor family in neoplasia: an update. Nat Rev Cancer 2012; 12(3): 159-69.
78. Bader AG, Brown D, Winkler M. The promise of microRNA replacement therapy. Cancer Res 2010; 70(18): 7027-30.
79. Ji Q, Hao X, Zhang M, et al. MicroRNA miR-34 inhibits human pancreatic cancer tumor-initiating cells. PLoS One 2009; 4(8): e6816.
80. Yu F, Yao H, Zhu P, et al. let-7 regulates self renewal and tumorigenicity of breast cancer cells. Cell 2007; 131(6): 1109-23.
81. Esquela-Kerscher A, Slack FJ. Oncomirs-microRNAs with a role in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2006; 6(4): 259-69.
82. Johnson CD, Esquela-Kerscher A, Stefani G, et al. The let-7 microRNA represses cell proliferation pathways in human cells. Cancer Res 2007; 67(16): 7713-22.
83. Kumar MS, Erkeland SJ, Pester RE, et al. Suppression of nonsmall cell lung tumor development by the let-7 microRNA family. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105(10): 3903-8.
84. Trang P, Medina PP, Wiggins JF, et al. Regression of murine lung tumors by the let-7 microRNA. Oncogene 2009; 29(11): 1580-7.
85. Thirlwell C, Will OC, Domingo E, et al. Clonality assessment and clonal ordering of individual neoplastic crypts shows polyclonality of colorectal adenomas. Gastroenterology 2010; 138(4): 1441-54.
86. Leedham SJ, Preston SL, McDonald SA, et al. Individual crypt genetic heterogeneity and the origin of metaplastic glandular epithelium in human Barrett's oesophagus. Gut 2008; 57(8): 1041-8.
87. Graham TA, McDonald SA. Genetic diversity during the development of Barrett's oesophagus-associated adenocarcinoma: how, when and why? Biochem Soc Trans 2010; 38(2): 374-9.
88. Maley CC, Galipeau PC, Finley JC, et al. Genetic clonal diversity predicts progression to esophageal adenocarcinoma. Nat Genet 2006; 38(4): 468-73.
89. Peng DX, Luo M, Qiu LW, et al. Prognostic implications of microRNA-100 and its functional roles in human epithelial ovarian cancer. Oncol Rep 2012; 27(4): 1238-44.
90. Leite KR, Sousa-Canavez JM, Reis ST, et al. Change in expression of miR-let7c, miR-100, and miR-218 from high grade localized prostate cancer to metastasis. Urol Oncol 2011; 29(3): 265-9.
91. Sakurai K, Furukawa C, Haraguchi T, et al. MicroRNAs miR-199a-5p and-3p target the Brm subunit of SWI/SNF to generate a double-negative feedback loop in a variety of human cancers. Cancer Res 2011; 71(5): 1680-9.
92. Wang CX, Song W, Li ZJ, et al. [MicroRNA profiling in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma]. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 2010; 30(5): 976-7.
93. Iorio MV, Visone R, Di Leva G, et al. MicroRNA signatures in human ovarian cancer. Cancer Res 2007; 67(18): 8699-707.
94. Cordes KR, Sheehy NT, White MP, et al. miR-145 and miR-143 regulate smooth muscle cell fate and plasticity. Nature 2009; 460(7256): 705-10.
95. Lopez-Lago MA, Thodima VJ, Guttapalli A, et al. Genomic deregulation during metastasis of renal cell carcinoma implements a myofibroblast-like program of gene expression. Cancer Res 2010; 70(23): 9682-92.
96. Kirschner MB, Kao SC, Edelman JJ, et al. Haemolysis during sample preparation alters microRNA content of plasma. PLoS One 2011; 6(9): e24145.
97. Pritchard CC, Kroh E, Wood B, et al. Blood Cell Origin of Circulating MicroRNAs: A Cautionary Note for Cancer Biomarker Studies. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2012; 5(3): 492-7.
98. Esquela-Kerscher A, Trang P, Wiggins JF, et al. The let-7 microRNA reduces tumor growth in mouse models of lung cancer. Cell Cycle 2008; 7(6): 759-64.
99. Takeshita F, Patrawala L, Osaki M, et al. Systemic delivery of synthetic microRNA-16 inhibits the growth of metastatic prostate tumors via downregulation of multiple cell-cycle genes. Mol Ther 2010; 18(1): 181-7.
100. Izquierdo M. Short interfering RNAs as a tool for cancer gene therapy. Cancer Gene Ther 2005; 12(3): 217-27.
101. Gleave ME, Monia BP. Antisense therapy for cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2005; 5(6): 468-79.
102. Ibrahim AF, Weirauch U, Thomas M, et al. MicroRNA replacement therapy for miR-145 and miR-33a is efficacious in a model of colon carcinoma. Cancer Res 2011; 71(15): 5214-24.
103. Wu Y, Crawford M, Yu B, et al. MicroRNA delivery by cationic lipoplexes for lung cancer therapy. Mol Pharm 2011; 8(4): 1381-9.
104. Kitade Y, Akao Y. MicroRNAs and their therapeutic potential for human diseases: microRNAs, miR-143 and-145, function as antioncomirs and the application of chemically modified miR-143 as an anti-cancer drug. J Pharmacol Sci 2010; 114(3): 276-80.
105. Pan Y, Zhang Y, Jia T, et al. Development of a microRNA delivery system based on bacteriophage MS2 virus-like particles. FEBS J 2012; 279(7): 1198-208.
106. MacDiarmid JA, Brahmbhatt H. Minicells: versatile vectors for targeted drug or si/shRNA cancer therapy. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2011; 22(6): 909-16.
107. MacDiarmid JA, Mugridge NB, Weiss JC, et al. Bacterially derived 400 nm particles for encapsulation and cancer cell targeting of chemotherapeutics. Cancer Cell 2007; 11(5): 431-45.
108. MacDiarmid JA, Amaro-Mugridge NB, Madrid-Weiss J, et al. Sequential treatment of drug-resistant tumors with targeted minicells containing siRNA or a cytotoxic drug. Nat Biotechnol 2009; 27(7): 643-51.
109. Gibbings DJ, Ciaudo C, Erhardt M, et al. Multivesicular bodies associate with components of miRNA effector complexes and modulate miRNA activity. Nat Cell Biol 2009; 11(9): 1143-9.
110. Akao Y, Iio A, Itoh T, et al. Microvesicle-mediated RNA molecule delivery system using monocytes/macrophages. Mol Ther 2011; 19(2): 395-9.
111. Guohong Z, Min S, Duenmei W, et al. Genetic heterogeneity of oesophageal cancer in high-incidence areas of southern and northern China. PLoS One 2010; 5(3): e9668.
112. Karamitopoulou E, Zlobec I, Koumarianou A, et al. Expression of p16 in lymph node metastases of adjuvantly treated stage III colorectal cancer patients identifies poor prognostic subgroups: a retrospective analysis of biomarkers in matched primary tumor and lymph node metastases. Cancer 2010; 116(19): 4474-86.
113. Wu JM, Fackler MJ, Halushka MK, et al. Heterogeneity of breast cancer metastases: comparison of therapeutic target expression and promoter methylation between primary tumors and their multifocal metastases. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14(7): 1938-46.
114. Goasguen N, de Chaisemartin C, Brouquet A, et al. Evidence of heterogeneity within colorectal liver metastases for allelic losses, mRNA level expression and in vitro response to chemotherapeutic agents. Int J Cancer 2010; 127(5): 1028-37.
115. Liu Q, Lv GD, Qin X, et al. Role of microRNA let-7 and effect to HMGA2 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39(2): 1239.
116. Matsushima K, Isomoto H, Kohno S, et al. MicroRNAs and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Digestion 2010; 82(3): 138-44.
117. Tian Y, Luo A, Cai Y, et al. MicroRNA-10b promotes migration and invasion through KLF4 in human esophageal cancer cell lines. J Biol Chem 2010; 285(11): 7986-94.
118. Liu M, Wang Z, Yang S, et al. TNF-alpha is a novel target of miR-19a. Int J Oncol 2011; 38(4): 1013-22.
119. Fassan M, Realdon S, Pizzi M, et al. Programmed cell death 4 nuclear loss and miR-21 or activated Akt overexpression in esophageal squamous cell carcinogenesis. Dis Esophagus 2012; 25(3): 263-268.
120. Kimura S, Naganuma S, Susuki D, et al. Expression of microRNAs in squamous cell carcinoma of human head and neck and the esophagus: miR-205 and miR-21 are specific markers for HNSCC and ESCC. Oncol Rep 2010; 23(6): 1625-33.
121. Ding DP, Chen ZL, Zhao XH, et al. miR-29c induces cell cycle arrest in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by modulating cyclin E expression. Carcinogenesis 2011; 32(7): 1025-32.
122. Zhang T, Wang Q, Zhao D, et al. The oncogenetic role of microRNA-31 as a potential biomarker in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Sci (Lond) 2011; 121(10): 437-47.
123. Kano M, Seki N, Kikkawa N, et al. miR-145, miR-133a and miR-133b: Tumor-suppressive miRNAs target FSCN1 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2010; 127(12): 2804-14.
124. Imanaka Y, Tsuchiya S, Sato F, et al. MicroRNA-141 confers resistance to cisplatin-induced apoptosis by targeting YAP1 in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J Hum Genet 2011; 56(4): 270-6.
125. Liu R, Liao J, Yang M, et al. The cluster of miR-143 and miR-145 affects the risk for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma through co-regulating fascin homolog 1. PLoS One 2012; 7(3): e33987.
126. Wu BL, Xu LY, Du ZP, et al. miRNA profile in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: downregulation of miR-143 and miR-145. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17(1): 79-88.
127. Guo H, Wang K, Xiong G, et al. A functional varient in microRNA-146a is associated with risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Chinese Han. Fam Cancer 2010; 9(4): 599-603.
128. Luthra R, Singh RR, Luthra MG, et al. MicroRNA-196a targets annexin A1: a microRNA-mediated mechanism of annexin A1 downregulation in cancers. Oncogene 2008; 27(52): 6667-78.
129. Wang K, Guo H, Hu H, et al. A functional variation in premicroRNA-196a is associated with susceptibility of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma risk in Chinese Han. Biomarkers 2010; 15(7): 614-8.
130. Yuan Y, Zeng ZY, Liu XH, et al. MicroRNA-203 inhibits cell proliferation by repressing DeltaNp63 expression in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2011; 1157.
131. Tsuchiya S, Fujiwara T, Sato F, et al. MicroRNA-210 regulates cancer cell proliferation through targeting fibroblast growth factor receptor-like 1 (FGFRL1). J Biol Chem 2011; 286(1): 420-8.
132. Hong L, Han Y, Zhang H, et al. The prognostic and chemotherapeutic value of miR-296 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Ann Surg 2010; 251(6): 1056-63.
133. Lee KH, Goan YG, Hsiao M, et al. MicroRNA-373 (miR-373) post-transcriptionally regulates large tumor suppressor, homolog 2 (LATS2) and stimulates proliferation in human esophageal cancer. Exp Cell Res 2009; 315(15): 2529-38.
134. Zhang T, Zhao D, Wang Q, et al. MicroRNA-1322 regulates ECRG2 allele specifically and acts as a potential biomarker in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Carcinog 2012; [Epub ahead of print] doi: 10.1002/mc.21880.