Escherichia coli O104: H4 outbreak from sprouted seeds

International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health

Volumn 216, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 346-354

  Soon, J M ^a,b   Seaman, P ^c   Baines, R N ^a  

^a ROYAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA KELANTAN   (Malaysia)

^c NONE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Farm food safety; Foodborne disease; Hand hygiene; Reporting system; Training

Indexed keywords

ESCHERICHIA COLI;

EID: 84875368115     PISSN: 14384639     EISSN: 1618131X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2012.07.005     Document Type: Short Survey

References (100)

1. Altmann A., Wadl M., Altmann D., Benzler J., Eckmanns T., Krause G., Spode A., An der Heiden M. Timeliness of surveillance during outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infection, Germany, 2011. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2011, 17:1906-1909.
2. Arvanitoyannis I.S., Kassaveti A. HACCP and ISO 22000 - a comparison of the two systems. HACCP and ISO 22000 Application to Foods of Animal Origin 2009, 3-45. Wiley-Blackwell Limited, Oxford. I.S. Arvanitoyannis (Ed.).
3. Askar M., Faber M.S., Frank C., Bernard H., Gilsdorf A., Fruth A., Prager R., Höhle M., Suess T., Wadl M., Krause G., Stark K., Werber D. Update on the ongoing outbreak of haemolytic uraemic syndrome due to Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) serotype O104, Germany, May 2011. Eurosurveillance 2011, 16. http://www.eurosurveillance.org/images/dynamic/EE/V16N22/art19883.pdf (accessed 16.11.11) pii:19883.
4. Bae W.K., Lee Y.K., Cho M.S., Ma S.K., Kim S.W., Kim N.H., Choi K.C. A case of hemolytic uraemic syndrome caused by Escherichia coli O104:H4. Yons. Med. J. 2006, 47:437-439.
5. Baker A.H., Wardle J. Sex differences in fruit and vegetable intake in older adults. Appetite 2003, 40:269-275.
6. BfR, 2011. EHEC: BfR, BVL and RKI issue specified consumption recommendations for uncooked sprouts and shoots (germ buds). (accessed 01.12.11). http://www.bfr.bund.de/en/press_information/2011/23/ehec__bfr__bvl_and_rki_issue_specified_consumption_recommendations_for_uncooked_sprouts_and_shoots__germ_buds_-106086.html.
7. Bielaszewska M., Friedrich A.W., Aldick T., Schürk-Bulgrin R., Karch H. Shiga toxin activatable by intestinal mucus in Escherichia coli isolated from humans: predictor for a severe clinical outcome. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2006, 43:1160-1167.
8. Bielaszewska M., Mellmann A., Zhang W., Köck R., Fruth A., Bauwens A., Peters G., Karch H. Characterisation of the Escherichia coli strain associated with an outbreak of haemolytic uraemic syndrome in Germany 2011: a microbiological study. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2011, 11:671-676.
9. Brooks J.T., Rowe S.Y., Shillam P., Heltzel D.M., Hunter S.B., Slutsker L., Hoekstra R.M., Luby S.P. Salmonella Typhimurium infections transmitted by chlorine-pretreated clover sprout seeds. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2001, 154:1020-1028.
10. Brzuszkiewicz E., Thürmer A., Schuldes J., Leimbach A., Liesegang H., Meyer F.-D., Boelter J., Petersen H., Gottschalk G., Daniel R. Genome sequence analyses of two isolates from the recent Escherichia coli outbreak in Germany reveal the emergence of a new pathotype: entero-aggregative-haemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EAHEC). Arch. Microbiol. 2011, 193:883-891.
11. Cassar C.A., Ottaway M., Paiba G.A., Futter R., Newbould S., Woodward M.J. Absence of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli in farmed animals in Great Britain. Vet. Rec. 2004, 154:237-239.
12. CDC Outbreak of acute gastroenteritis attibutable to Escherichia coli serotype O104:H21 - Helena Montana, 1994. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR Morb. Mortal Wkly. Rep. 1995, 44:501-503.
13. CDC Outbreaks of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection associated with eating alfalfa sprouts - Michigan and Virginia, June-July 1997. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR Morb. Mortal Wkly. Rep. 1997, 46:741-744.
14. CDC Incidence of foodborne illnesses: preliminary data from the Foodborne Disease Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) - United States, 1998. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR Morb. Mortal Wkly. Rep. 1999, 48:189-194.
15. CDC Outbreak of Salmonella serotype Kottbus infections associated with eating alfalfa sprouts - Arizona, California, Colorado and New Mexico, February-April 2001. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR Morb. Mortal Wkly. Rep. 2002, 51:7-9.
16. CDC Outbreak of Salmonella serotype Saintpaul infections associated with eating alfalfa sprouts - United States, 2009. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR Morb. Mortal Wkly. Rep. 2009, 58:500-503.
17. CDC, 2009. Investigation of an outbreak of Salmonella Saintpaul infections linked to raw alfalfa sprouts. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (accessed 12.01.10). http://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/saintpaul/alfalfa/.
18. CDC, 2010. Multistate outbreak of E. coli O157 infections associated with beef from National Steak and Poultry. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available from: (accessed 12.01.10). http://www.cdc.gov/ecoli/2010/index.html.
19. CDC, 2010b. Investigation update: multistate outbreak of human Salmonella Newport infections linked to raw alfalfa aprouts. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (accessed 12.01.10). http://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/newport/.
20. CDC, 2011. Investigation announcement: multistate outbreak of E. coli O157:H7 infections linked to romaine lettuce. Available from: (accessed 06.01.12). http://www.cdc.gov/ecoli/2011/ecoliO157/romainelettuce/120711/index.html.
21. Cook P. Salmonella Bareilly outbreak in the UK associated with bean sprouts. IAFP European Symposium 2011.
22. Cotterelle B., Drougard C., Rolland J., Becamel M., Boudon M., Pinede S., Traore O., Balay K., Pothier P., Espie E. Outbreak of norovirus infection associated with the consumption of frozen raspberries, France, March 2005. Eurosurveillance 2005, 10. http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=2690 (accessed 01.01.10) pii:2690.
23. de Jong B., Oberg J., Svenungsson B. Outbreak of salmonellosis in a restaurant in Stockholm, Sweden, September-October 2006. Eurosurveillance 2007, 12(11). http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=749 (accessed 31.12.09) pii:749.
24. Denny J., Threlfall J., Takkinen J., Lofdahl S., Westrell T., Varela C., Adak B., Boxall N., Ethelberg S., Torpdahl M., van Pelt W. Multinational Salmonella Paratyphi B variant Java (Salmonella Java) outbreak, August-December 2007. Eurosurveillance 2007, 12(51). http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=3332 (accessed 31.12.09) pii:3332.
25. Directive 2003/99/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 November 2003 on the monitoring of zoonoses and zoonotic agents, amending Council Decision 90/424/EEC and repealing Council Directive 92/117/EEC. Off. J. L 325, 31-40. (accessed 30.12.09). http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32003L0099:EN:HTML.
26. EFSA Scientific report of EFSA. Urgent advice on the public health risk of Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli in fresh vegetables. EFSA J. 2011, 9(6):2274. http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/doc/2274.pdf (accessed 18.11.11).
27. Elias, Czeczulin J.R., Henderson I.R., Trabulsi L.R., Nataro J.P. Organization of biogenesis genes for aggregative adherence fimbria II defines a virulence gene cluster in enteroaggregative Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 1999, 181:1779-1785.
28. Emberland K.E., Ethelberg S., Kuusi M., Jensvoll L., Lindstedt B.-A., Nygard K., Kjelso C., Torpdahl M., Sorensen G., Jensen T., Lukinmaa S., Niskanen T., Kapperud G. Outbreak of Salmonella Weltevreden infections in Norway, Denmark and Finland associated with alfalfa sprouts, July-October 2007. Eurosurveillance 2007, 12. http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=3321 (accessed 14.12.09) pii:3321.
29. Faensen D., Claus H., Benzler J., Ammon A., Pfoch T., Breuer T., Krause G. SurvNet@RKI - a multistate electronic reporting system for communicable diseases. Eurosurveillance 2006, 11:100-103.
30. Falkenhorst G., Krusell L., Lisby M., Bo Madsen S., Bottiger B., Molbak K. Imported frozen raspberries cause a series of norovirus outbreaks in Denmark, 2005. Eurosurveillance 2005, 10. http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=2795 (accessed 15.12.09) pii:2795.
31. FDA, 2010. Chapter IV. Outbreaks associated with fresh and fresh-cut produce. Incidence, growth, and survival of pathogens in fresh and fresh-cut produce. (accessed 15.03.10). http://www.fda.gov/Food/ScienceResearch/ResearchAreas/SafePracticesforFoodProcesses/ucm091265.htm.
32. Ferguson D.D., Scheftel J., Cronquist A., Smith K., Woo-Ming A., Anderson E., Knutsen J., De A.K., Gershman K. Temporally distinct Escherichia coli O157 outbreaks associated with alfalfa sprouts linked to a common seed source - Colorado and Minnesota, 2003. Epidemiol. Infect. 2005, 133:439-447.
33. Fernandes T., van Duynhoven Y.T.H.P., de Jager C.M., Wannet W.J.B., van Pelt W. Outbreak of S. enteriditis PT4b infection in the Netherlands. Eurosurveillance 2000, 4. http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=1469 (accessed 13.01.10) pii:1469.
34. Frank C., Werber D., Cramer J.P., Askar M., Faber M., An der Heiden M., Bernard H., Fruth A., Prager R., Spode A., Wadl M., Zoufaly A., Jordan S., Kemper M.J., Follin P., Müller L., King L.A., Rosner B., Buchholz U., Stark K., Krause G. Epidemic profile of Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli O104:H4 outbreak in Germany. N. Engl. J. Med. 2011, 365:1771-1780. for the HUS Investigation Team.
35. Frank C., Faber M.S., Askar M., Bernard H., Fruth A., Gilsdorf A., Höhle M., Karch H., Krause G., Prager R., Spode A., Stark K., Werber D., on behalf of the HUS Investigation Team Large and ongoing outbreak of haemolytic uraemic syndrome, Germany, May 2011. Eurosuveillance 2011, http://www.eurosurveillance.org/images/dynamic/EE/V16N21/art19878.pdf (accessed 16.11.11) pii:19878.
36. Friesema I., Sigmundsdottir G., van der Zwaluw K., Heuvelink A., Schimmer B., de Jager C., Briem H., Hardardottir H., Atladottir A., Gudmundsdottir E., van Pelt W. An international outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 infection due to lettuce, September-October 2007. Eurosurveillance 2008, 13. http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=19065 (accessed 31.12.09) pii:19065.
37. FSA, 2011. Import ban on produce from Egypt extended. (accessed 22.01.12). http://www.food.gov.uk/news/newsarchive/2011/nov/egyptban.
38. Gault G., Weill F.X., Mariani-Kurkdjian P., Jourdan-da Silva N., King L., Aldabe B., Charron M., Ong N., Castor C., Macé M., Bingen E., Noël H., Vaillant V., Bone A., Vendrely B., Delmas Y., Combe C., Bercion R., d'Andigné E., Desjardin M., de Valk H., Rolland P. Outbreak of haemolytic uraemic syndrome and bloody diarrhoea due to Escherichia coli O104:H4, south-west France, June 2011. Eurosurveillance 2011, 16. http://www.eurosurveillance.org/images/dynamic/EE/V16N26/art19905.pdf (accessed 16.11.11) pii:19905.
39. Goldwater P.N., Bettelheim K.A. An outbreak of hemolytic uremic syndrome due to Escherichia coli O157:H-:Or was it?. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 1996, 2:153-154.
40. Greenland K., de Jager C., Heuvelink A., van der Zwaluw K., Heck M., Notermans D., van Pelt W., Friesema I. Nationwide outbreak of STEC O157 infection in the Netherlands, December 2008-January 2009: continuous risk of consuming raw beef products. Eurosurveillance 2009, 14. Available from: http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=19129 (accessed 30.12.09) pii:19129.
41. Gyles C.L. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli: an overview. J. Anim. Sci. 2006, 85:E45-E62.
42. Hara-Kudo Y., Konuma H., Iwaki M., Kasuga F., Sugita-Konishi Y., Ito Y., Kumagai S. Potential hazard of radish sprouts as a vehicle of Escherichia coli O157:H7. J. Food Prot. 1997, 60:1125-1127.
43. Harrington S.M., Strauman M.C., Abe C.M., Nataro J.P. Aggregative adherence fimbriae contribute to the inflammatory response of epithelial cells infected with enteroaggregative Escherichia coli. Cell. Microbiol. 2005, 7:1565-1578.
44. Harrington S.M., Dudley E.G., Nataro J.P. Pathogenesis of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli infection. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 2006, 254:12-18.
45. Heier B.T., Nygard K., Kapperud G., Lindstedt B.A., Johannessen G.S., Blekkan H. Shigella sonnei infections in Norway associated with sugar peas, May-June 2009. Eurosurveillance 2009, 14. http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=19243 (accessed 31.12.09) pii:19243.
46. HPA Foodborne Outbreak Surveillance and Risk Assessment 2009, Health Protection Agency, http://www.hpa.org.uk/HPA/Topics/InfectiousDiseases/InfectionsAZ/1240294799790/ (accessed 11.12.09).
47. Huang D.B., Mohanty A., DuPont H.L., Okhuysen P.C., Chiang T. A review of an emerging enteric pathogen: enteroaggregative Escherichia coli. J. Med. Microbiol. 2006, 55:1303-1311.
48. Itoh Y., Sugita-Konishi Y., Kasuga F., Iwaki M., Hara-Kudo Y., Saito N., Noguchi Y., Konuma H., Kumagai S. Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 present in radish sprouts. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1998, 64:1532-1535.
49. Jansen A., Kielstein J.T. The new face of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli infections. Eurosurveillance 2011, 16. http://www.eurosurveillance.org/images/dynamic/EE/V16N25/art19898.pdf (accessed 16.11.11) pii:19898.
50. JevŠnik M., Hlebec V., Raspor P. Survey of safe and hygienic practices among Slovenian sauerkraut growers. Food Control 2009, 20:677-685.
51. Kaper J.B., Nataro J.P., Mobley H.L.T. Pathogenic Esherichia coli. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2004, 2:123-140.
52. Konowalchuk J., Speirs J.I., Stavric S. Vero response to a cytotoxin of Escherichia coli. Infect. Immun. 1977, 18:775-779.
53. Kulkarni H., Goldwater P.N., Martin A., Bettelheim K.A. Escherichia coli 'O' group serological responses and clinical correlations in epidemic HUS patients. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2002, 25:249-268.
54. Krause G., Altmann D., Faensen D., Porten K., Benzler J., Pfoch T., Ammon A., Kramer M., Claus H. SurvNet electronic surveillance system for infectious disease outbreaks, Germany. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2007, 13:1548-1555.
55. Lofdahl M., Ivarsson S., Andersson S., Langmark J., Plym-Forshell L. An outbreak of Shigella dysenteriae in Sweden, May-June 2009, with sugar snaps as the suspected source. Eurosurveillance 2009, 14. http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=19268 (accessed 31.12.09) pii:19268.
56. Mahon B., Ponka A., Hall W.N., Komatsu K., Dietrich S.E., Siitonen A., Cage G., Hayes P.S., Lambert-Fair M.A., Bean N.H., Griffin P.M., Slutsker L. An international outbreak of Salmonella infections caused by alfalfa sprouts grown from contaminated seeds. J. Infect. Dis. 1997, 175:876-882.
57. Mellmann A., Bielaszewska M., Köck R., Friedrich A.W., Fruth A., Middendorf B., Harmsen D., Schmidt M.A., Karch H. Analysis of collection of hemolytic uraemic syndrome - associated enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2008, 14:1287-1290.
58. Michino H., Araki K., Minami S., Takaya S., Sakai N., Miyazaki M., Ono A., Yanagawa H. Massive outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection in schoolchildren in Sakai City Japan, associated with consumption of white radish sprouts. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1999, 150:787-796.
59. NACMCF National Advisory Committee on Microbiological Criteria for Foods Microbiological evaluations and recommendations on sprouted seeds. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 1999, 52:123-153.
60. Nataro J.P., Deng Y., Maneval D.R., German A.L., Martin W.C., Levine M.M. Aggregative adherence fimbriae I of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli mediate adherence to HEp-2 cells and hemagglutination of human erythrocytes. Infect. Immun. 1992, 60:2297-2304.
61. Nataro J.P., Kaper J.B. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 1998, 11:142-201.
62. Nataro J.P., Steiner T., Guerrant R.L. Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 1998, 4:251-261.
63. Nature Contaminated food for thought. Nature 2011, 474:251.
64. Neumark-Sztainer D., French S.A., Jeffery R.W. Dieting for weight loss associations with nutrient intake among women. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 1996, 96:1172-1175.
65. Nieto-Montenegro S., Brown J.L., LaBorde L.F. Development and assessment of pilot food safety educational materials and training strategies for Hispanic workers in the mushroom industry using the Health Action Model. Food Control 2008, 19:616-633.
66. Nørrung B., Buncic S. Microbial safety of meat in the European Union. Meat Sci. 2008, 78:14-24.
67. Peñas E., Gómez R., Frías J., Vidal-Valverde C. Effects of combined treatments of high pressure, temperature and antimicrobial products on germination of mung bean seeds and microbial quality of sprouts. Food Control 2010, 21:82-88.
68. Pennington H. Escherichia coli O104, Germany 2011. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2011, 11:652-653.
69. Pezzoli L., Elson R., Little C., Fisher I., Yip H., Peters T., Hampton M., De Pinna E., Coia J.E., Mather H.A., Brown D.J., Moller Nielsen E., Ethelberg S., Heck M., de Jager C., Threlfall J. International outbreak of Salmonella Sefternberg in 2007. Eurosurveillance 2007, 12. http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=3218 (accessed 31.12.09) pii:3218.
70. Ponka A., Andersson Y., Siitonen A., de Yong B., Jahkola M., Haikala O., Kuhmonen A., Pakkala P. Salmonella in alfalfa sprouts. Lancet 1995, 345:462-463.
71. Proctor M.E., Hamacher M., Tortorello M.L., Archer J.R., Davis J.P. Multistate outbreak of Salmonella serovar Muenchen infections associated with alfalfa sprouts grown from seeds pretreated with calcium hypochlorite. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2001, 39:3461-3465.
72. Rangarajan A., Pritts M.P., Reiners S., Pedersen L.H. Focusing food safety training based on current grower practices and farm scale. Hort. Technol. 2000, 12:126-131.
73. Riley L.W., Remis R.S., Helgerson S.D., McGee H.B., Wells J.G., Davis B.R., Hebert R.J., Olcott E.S., Johnson L.M., Hargrett N.T., Blake P.A., Cohen M.L. Hemorrhagic colitis associated with a rare Escherichia coli serotype. N. Engl. J. Med. 1983, 308:681-685.
74. RKI, 2011. Press Release of RKI. EHEC/HUS O104:H4 - the outbreak is considered to be over. (accessed 22.01.12). http://www.rki.de/cln_234/nn_217400/EN/Home/PM__EHEC.html.
75. Ruggenenti P., Remuzzi G. A German outbreak of haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Lancet 2011, 378:1057-1058.
76. Salmon R. Outbreak of verotoxin producing E. coli O157 infections involving over forty schools in south Wales, September 2005. Eurosurveillance 2005, 10. http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=2804 (accessed 01.01.10) pii:2804.
77. Scheutz F., Nielsen E.M., Frimodt-Møller J., Boisen N., Morabito S., Tozzoli R., Nataro J.P., Caprioli A. Characteristics of the entero aggregative Shiga toxin/verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O104:H4 strain causing the outbreak of haemolytic uraemic syndrome in Germany, May to June 2011. Eurosurveillance 2011, 16. http://www.eurosurveillance.org/images/dynamic/EE/V16N24/art19889.pdf (accessed 16.11.11) pii:19889.
78. Scouten A.J., Beuchat L.R. Combined effects of chemical, heat and ultrasound treatments to kill Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157:H7 on alfalfa seeds. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2002, 92:668-674.
79. Silvestro L., Caputo M., Blancato S., Decastelli L., Fioravanti A., Tozzoli R., Morabito S., Caprioli A. Asymptomatic carriage of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 in farm workers in Northern Italy. Epidemiol. Infect. 2004, 132:915-919.
80. Soderstrom A., Osterberg P., Lindqvist A., Jonsson B., Lindberg A., Blide Ulander S., Welinder-Olsson C., Lofdahl S., De Jong B., Kuhlmann-Berenzon S., Boqvist S., Eriksson E., Szanto E., Andersson S., Allestam G., Hedenstrom I., Ledet Muller L., Andersson Y. A large Escherichia coli O157 outbreak in Sweden associated with locally produced lettuce. Foodborne Pathog. Dis. 2008, 5:339-349.
81. Soon J.M., Baines R.N. Food safety training and the evaluation of handwashing intention among fresh produce farm workers. Food Control 2012, 23:437-448.
82. Soon J.M., Chadd S.A., Baines R.N. Escherichia coli O157:H7 in beef cattle: on farm contamination and pre-slaughter control methods. Anim. Health Res. Rev. 2011, 12:197-211.
83. Soon J.M., Manning L., Davies W.P., Baines R.N. Fresh produce-associated outbreaks: a call for HACCP on farms?. Brit. Food J. 2012, 114:553-597.
84. Soon J.M., Singh H., Baines R. Foodborne diseases in Malaysia: a review. Food Control 2011, 22:823-830.
85. Speirs J.I., Stavric S., Konowalchuk J. Assay of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin with vero cells. Infect. Immun. 1977, 16:617-622.
86. Sprenger M. Understanding the 2011 EHEC/STEC Outbreak in Germany. ICAAC Conference 2011, http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/aboutus/organisation/Director%20Speeches/201109_MarcSprenger_STEC_ICAAC.pdf (accessed 16.11.11).
87. Stephan R., Ragettli S., Untermann F. Prevalence and characteristics of verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) in stool samples from asymptomatic human carriers working in the meat processing industry in Switzerland. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2000, 88:335-341.
88. Stirling A., McCartney G., Ahmed S., Cowden J. An outbreak of Escherichia coli O157 phage type 2 infection in Paisley, Scotland. Eurosurveillance 2007, 12. http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=3253 (accessed 31.12.09) pii:3253.
89. Struelens M.J., Palm D., Takkinen J. Enteroaggregative, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O104:H4 outbreak: new microbiological findings boost coordinated investigations by European Public Health Laboratories. Eurosurveillance 2011, 16. http://www.eurosurveillance.org/images/dynamic/EE/V16N24/art19890.pdf (accessed 16.11.11) pii:19890.
90. Suerbaum S. No tech gaps in E. coli outbreak. Nature 2011, 476:33.
91. Suslow T.V., Oria M.P., Beuchat L.R., Garrett E.H., Parish M.E., Harris L.J., Farber J.N., Busta F.F. Production practices as risk factors in microbial food safety of fresh and fresh-cut produce. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 2003, 2:38-77.
92. Taormina P.J., Beuchat L.R., Slutsker L. Infections associated with eating seed sprouts: an international concern. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 1999, 5:626-634.
93. Tarr P.I., Gordon C.A., Chandler W.L. Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli and haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Lancet 2005, 365:1073-1086.
94. Turner M. Microbe outbreak panics Europe. Nature 2011, 474:137.
95. Uber A.P., Trabulsi L.R., Irino K., Beutin L., Ghilardi å.C.R., Gomes T.A.T., Liberatore A.M.A., de Castro A.F.P., Elias W.P. Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli from humans and animals differ in major phenotypical traits and virulence genes. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 2006, 256:251-257.
96. Wadl M., Rieck T., Nachtnebel M., Greutélaers B., An der Heiden M., Altmann D., Hellenbrand W., Faber M., Frank C., Schweickert B., Krause G., Benzler J., Eckmanns T. Enhanced surveillance during a large outbreak of bloody diarrhoea and haemolytic uraemic syndrome caused by Shiga toxin/verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli in Germany, May to June 2011. Euro Surveillance 2011, 16. on behalf of the HUS Surveillance and Laboratory Team, http://www.eurosurveillance.org/images/dynamic/EE/V16N24/art19893.pdf (accessed 16.11.11) pii:19893.
97. Warriner K., Huber A., Namvar A., Wei F., Dunfield K. Chapter 4: recent advances in the microbial safety of fresh fruits and vegetables. Advances in Food and Nutrition Research, vol. 57 2009, 155-208. S.L. Taylor (Ed.).
98. Werner S., Boman K., Einemo I., Erntell M., Helisola R., de Jong B., Lindqvist A., Lofdahl M., Meeuwisse A., Ohlen G., Olsson M., Persson I., Runehagen A., Rydevik G., Stamer U., Sellstrom E., Andersson Y. Outbreak of Salmonella Stanley in Sweden associated with alfalfa sprouts, July-August 2007. Eurosurveillance 2007, 12. http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=3291 (accessed 16.11.11) pii:3291.
99. Wieler L.H. The HUSEC041 epidemic in Europe - time for a paradigm shift. Vet. Microbiol. 2011, 152:217-218.
100. Zhang C., Lu Z., Li Y., Shang Y., Zhang G., Cao W. Reduction of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enteritidis on mung bean seeds and sprouts by slightly acidic electrolyzed water. Food Control 2011, 22:792-796.