Antiepileptic drug effects on mood and behavior: Molecular targets

Epilepsy and Behavior

Volumn 26, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 440-449

  Perucca, Piero ^a   Mula, Marco ^b  

^a MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PIEDMONT   (Italy)

Author keywords

Antiepileptic drugs; Depression; Epilepsy; Lacosamide; Psychosis; Retigabine

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; BARBITURIC ACID DERIVATIVE; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; CARBAMAZEPINE; ESLICARBAZEPINE ACETATE; ETHOSUXIMIDE; ETIRACETAM; FELBAMATE; GABAPENTIN; GLUTAMIC ACID; HARKOSERIDE; LAMOTRIGINE; OXCARBAZEPINE; PHENYTOIN; PREGABALIN; RETIGABINE; RUFINAMIDE; STIRIPENTOL; TIAGABINE; TOPIRAMATE; VALPROIC ACID; VIGABATRIN; VOLTAGE GATED CALCIUM CHANNEL; ZONISAMIDE;

AGGRESSION; AGITATION; ANTICONVULSANT THERAPY; ANXIETY DISORDER; DEPRESSION; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG TARGETING; HUMAN; HYPERACTIVITY; IN VITRO STUDY; INTELLECTUAL IMPAIRMENT; IRRITABILITY; NERVE CELL; NEUROTRANSMISSION; PSYCHOSIS; REVIEW; SEIZURE; SIDE EFFECT;

AFFECT; ANTICONVULSANTS; BEHAVIOR; EPILEPSY; HUMANS; ION CHANNELS; MODELS, NEUROLOGICAL; SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION;

EID: 84875242462     PISSN: 15255050     EISSN: 15255069     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2012.09.018     Document Type: Review

References (180)

1. Mula M. New antiepileptic drugs: molecular targets. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem 2009, 9:79-86.
2. Johannessen Landmark C., Johannessen S.I. Pharmacological management of epilepsy: recent advances and future prospects. Drugs 2008, 68:1925-1939.
3. Perucca P., Carter J., Vahle V., Gilliam F.G. Adverse antiepileptic drug effects: toward a clinically and neurobiologically relevant taxonomy. Neurology 2009, 72:1223-1229.
4. Ettinger A.B. Psychotropic effects of antiepileptic drugs. Neurology 2006, 67:1916-1925.
5. Mula M., Pini S., Cassano G.B. The role of anticonvulsant drugs in anxiety disorders: a critical review of the evidence. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2007, 27:263-272.
6. Spina E., Perugi G. Antiepileptic drugs: indications other than epilepsy. Epileptic Disord 2004, 6:57-75.
7. Mula M., Sander J.W. Negative effects of antiepileptic drugs on mood in patients with epilepsy. Drug Saf 2007, 30:555-567.
8. Sanacora G., Saricicek A. GABAergic contributions to the pathophysiology of depression and the mechanism of antidepressant action. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 2007, 6:127-140.
9. Comai S., Tau M., Gobbi G. The psychopharmacology of aggressive behavior: a translational approach: part 1: neurobiology. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2012, 32:83-94.
10. Loring D.W., Marino S., Meador K.J. Neuropsychological and behavioral effects of antiepilepsy drugs. Neuropsychol Rev 2007, 17:413-425.
11. Olajide D., Lader M. Depression following withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: a report of four cases. Psychol Med 1984, 14:937-940.
12. Hauser P., Devinsky O., De Bellis M., Theodore W.H., Post R.M. Benzodiazepine withdrawal delirium with catatonic features. Occurrence in patients with partial seizure disorders. Arch Neurol 1989, 46:696-699.
13. Sheline Y.I. Hippocampal atrophy in major depression: a result of depression-induced neurotoxicity?. Mol Psychiatry 1996, 1:298-299.
14. Sapolsky R.M. Glucocorticoids and hippocampal atrophy in neuropsychiatric disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000, 57:925-935.
15. Kendell S.F., Krystal J.H., Sanacora G. GABA and glutamate systems as therapeutic targets in depression and mood disorders. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2005, 9:153-168.
16. Bagley J., Moghaddam B. Temporal dynamics of glutamate efflux in the prefrontal cortex and in the hippocampus following repeated stress: effects of pretreatment with saline or diazepam. Neuroscience 1997, 77:65-73.
17. Nowak G., Ordway G.A., Paul I.A. Alterations in the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor complex in the frontal cortex of suicide victims. Brain Res 1995, 675:157-164.
18. Bartanusz V., Aubry J.M., Pagliusi S., Jezova D., Baffi J., Kiss J.Z. Stress-induced changes in messenger RNA levels of N-methyl-d-aspartate and AMPA receptor subunits in selected regions of the rat hippocampus and hypothalamus. Neuroscience 1995, 66:247-252.
19. Altamura C.A., Mauri M.C., Ferrara A., Moro A.R., D'Andrea G., Zamberlan F. Plasma and platelet excitatory amino acids in psychiatric disorders. Am J Psychiatry 1993, 150:1731-1733.
20. Mauri M.C., Ferrara A., Boscati L., et al. Plasma and platelet amino acid concentrations in patients affected by major depression and under fluvoxamine treatment. Neuropsychobiology 1998, 37:124-129.
21. Lerer B., Macciardi F. Pharmacogenetics of antidepressant and mood-stabilizing drugs: a review of candidate-gene studies and future research directions. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2002, 5:255-275.
22. Vawter M.P., Freed W.J., Kleinman J.E. Neuropathology of bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2000, 48:486-504.
23. Naylor G.J., McNamee H.B., Moody J.P. Changes in erythrocyte sodium and potassium on recovery from a depressive illness. Br J Psychiatry 1971, 118:219-223.
24. Mendels J., Frazer A. Alterations in cell membrane activity in depression. Am J Psychiatry 1974, 131:1240-1246.
25. El-Mallakh R.S., Huff M.O. Mood stabilizers and ion regulation. Harv Rev Psychiatry 2001, 9:23-32.
26. Farber N.B., Jiang X.P., Heinkel C., Nemmers B. Antiepileptic drugs and agents that inhibit voltage-gated sodium channels prevent NMDA antagonist neurotoxicity. Mol Psychiatry 2002, 7:726-733.
27. Bhat S., Dao D.T., Terrillion C.E., et al. CACNA1C (Ca(v)1.2) in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disease. Prog Neurobiol 2012, 99:1-14.
28. Mogilnicka E., Czyrak A., Maj J. Dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonists reduce immobility in the mouse behavioral despair test; antidepressants facilitate nifedipine action. Eur J Pharmacol 1987, 138:413-416.
29. Galeotti N., Bartolini A., Ghelardini C. Blockade of intracellular calcium release induces an antidepressant-like effect in the mouse forced swimming test. Neuropharmacology 2006, 50:309-316.
30. 2+ channels. J Clin Invest 2004, 113:1430-1439.
31. 2+ alpha2delta-1 subunit. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011, 338:240-245.
32. Dooley D.J., Mieske C.A., Borosky S.A. Inhibition of K(+)-evoked glutamate release from rat neocortical and hippocampal slices by gabapentin. Neurosci Lett 2000, 280:107-110.
33. Schloss P., Williams D.C. The serotonin transporter: a primary target for antidepressant drugs. J Psychopharmacol 1998, 12:115-121.
34. Kupfer D.J., Frank E., Phillips M.L. Major depressive disorder: new clinical, neurobiological, and treatment perspectives. Lancet 2012, 379:1045-1055.
35. Whitton P.S., Oreskovic D., Jernej B., Bulat M. Effect of valproic acid on 5-hydroxytryptamine turnover in mouse brain. J Pharm Pharmacol 1985, 37:199-200.
36. 2+. Eur J Pharmacol 1997, 328:153-162.
37. Clinckers R., Smolders I., Meurs A., Ebinger G., Michotte Y. Hippocampal dopamine and serotonin elevations as pharmacodynamic markers for the anticonvulsant efficacy of oxcarbazepine and 10,11-dihydro-10-hydroxycarbamazepine. Neurosci Lett 2005, 390:48-53.
38. Yamamura S., Hamaguchi T., Ohoyama K., et al. Topiramate and zonisamide prevent paradoxical intoxication induced by carbamazepine and phenytoin. Epilepsy Res 2009, 84:172-186.
39. Okada M., Hirano T., Kawata Y., et al. Biphasic effects of zonisamide on serotonergic system in rat hippocampus. Epilepsy Res 1999, 34:187-197.
40. Southam E., Kirkby D., Higgins G.A., Hagan R.M. Lamotrigine inhibits monoamine uptake in vitro and modulates 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 1998, 358:19-24.
41. Diehl D.J., Gershon S. The role of dopamine in mood disorders. Compr Psychiatry 1992, 33:115-120.
42. Brown A.S., Gershon S. Dopamine and depression. J Neural Transm Gen Sect 1993, 91:75-109.
43. Nutt D.J. The role of dopamine and norepinephrine in depression and antidepressant treatment. J Clin Psychiatry 2006, 67(Suppl. 6):3-8.
44. Loscher W., Honack D. Valproate and its major metabolite E-2-en-valproate induce different effects on behaviour and brain monoamine metabolism in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 1996, 299:61-67.
45. Okada M., Kaneko S., Hirano T., et al. Effects of zonisamide on dopaminergic system. Epilepsy Res 1995, 22:193-205.
46. Rogawski M.A., Loscher W. The neurobiology of antiepileptic drugs for the treatment of nonepileptic conditions. Nat Med 2004, 10:685-692.
47. Grunze H.C. Anticonvulsants in bipolar disorder. J Ment Health 2010, 19:127-141.
48. Landolt H. Psychic disorders in epilepsy. Clinical and electroencephalographic research. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1962, 87:446-452.
49. Krishnamoorthy E.S., Trimble M.R. Forced normalization: clinical and therapeutic relevance. Epilepsia 1999, 40(Suppl. 10):S57-S64.
50. Trimble M.R., Schmitz B. Forced normalization and alternative psychoses of epilepsy 1998, Wrightson Biomedical Publishing Ltd, Petersfield.
51. Mula M. The Landolt's phenomenon: an update. Epileptologia 2010, 18:39-44.
52. Brent D.A., Crumrine P.K., Varma R.R., Allan M., Allman C. Phenobarbital treatment and major depressive disorder in children with epilepsy. Pediatrics 1987, 80:909-917.
53. Lopez-Gomez M., Ramirez-Bermudez J., Campillo C., Sosa A.L., Espinola M., Ruiz I. Primidone is associated with interictal depression in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2005, 6:413-416.
54. Vining E.P., Mellitis E.D., Dorsen M.M., et al. Psychologic and behavioral effects of antiepileptic drugs in children: a double-blind comparison between phenobarbital and valproic acid. Pediatrics 1987, 80:165-174.
55. Mishory A., Yaroslavsky Y., Bersudsky Y., Belmaker R.H. Phenytoin as an antimanic anticonvulsant: a controlled study. Am J Psychiatry 2000, 157:463-465.
56. Mishory A., Winokur M., Bersudsky Y. Prophylactic effect of phenytoin in bipolar disorder: a controlled study. Bipolar Disord 2003, 5:464-467.
57. Nemets B., Bersudsky Y., Belmaker R.H. Controlled double-blind trial of phenytoin vs. fluoxetine in major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2005, 66:586-590.
58. Stanford M.S., Helfritz L.E., Conklin S.M., et al. A comparison of anticonvulsants in the treatment of impulsive aggression. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2005, 13:72-77.
59. Mula M., Monaco F. Phenytoin and other hydantoins: clinical efficacy and use in psychiatric disorders. Antiepileptic drugs 2002, 600-604. Lippincott William & Wilkins, Baltimore. 5th ed. R. Levy, R. Mattson, B. Meldrum, E. Perucca (Eds.).
60. McLellan D.L., Swash M. Choreo-athetosis and encephalopathy induced by phenytoin. Br Med J 1974, 2:204-205.
61. Chua H.C., Venketasubramanian N., Tan C.B., Tjia H. Paradoxical seizures in phenytoin toxicity. Singapore Med J 1999, 40:276-277.
62. Schmitz B. Psychiatric syndromes related to antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsia 1999, 40(Suppl. 10):S65-S70.
63. Fischer M., Korskjaer G., Pedersen E. Psychotic episodes in Zarondan treatment. Effects and side-effects in 105 patients. Epilepsia 1965, 6:325-334.
64. Roger J., Grangeon H., Gueyj J., Lob H. Psychiatric and psychologic effects of ethosuximide treatment of epileptics. Encéphale 1968, 57:407-438.
65. Post R.M., Ketter T.A., Uhde T., Ballenger J.C. Thirty years of clinical experience with carbamazepine in the treatment of bipolar illness: principles and practice. CNS Drugs 2007, 21:47-71.
66. Weisler R.H., Kalali A.H., Ketter T.A. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of extended-release carbamazepine capsules as monotherapy for bipolar disorder patients with manic or mixed episodes. J Clin Psychiatry 2004, 65:478-484.
67. Weisler R.H., Keck P.E., Swann A.C., Cutler A.J., Ketter T.A., Kalali A.H. Extended-release carbamazepine capsules as monotherapy for acute mania in bipolar disorder: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2005, 66:323-330.
68. Greil W., Ludwig-Mayerhofer W., Erazo N., et al. Lithium versus carbamazepine in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorders-a randomised study. J Affect Disord 1997, 43:151-161.
69. Hartong E.G., Moleman P., Hoogduin C.A., Broekman T.G., Nolen W.A. Prophylactic efficacy of lithium versus carbamazepine in treatment-naive bipolar patients. J Clin Psychiatry 2003, 64:144-151.
70. Greil W., Kleindienst N., Erazo N., Muller-Oerlinghausen B. Differential response to lithium and carbamazepine in the prophylaxis of bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1998, 18:455-460.
71. Zhang Z.J., Tan Q.R., Tong Y., et al. The effectiveness of carbamazepine in unipolar depression: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. J Affect Disord 2008, 109:91-97.
72. Leucht S., Kissling W., McGrath J., White P. Carbamazepine for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007, CD001258.
73. Bourgeois B.F.D. Valproate. The treatment of epilepsy 2009, 685-698. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford. 3rd ed. S. Shorvon, E. Perucca, J. Engel (Eds.).
74. Kelly K.M., Gross R.A., Macdonald R.L. Valproic acid selectively reduces the low-threshold (T) calcium current in rat nodose neurons. Neurosci Lett 1990, 116:233-238.
75. Machado-Vieira R., Ibrahim L., Zarate C.A. Histone deacetylases and mood disorders: epigenetic programming in gene-environment interactions. CNS Neurosci Ther 2011, 17:699-704.
76. Gyulai L., Bowden C.L., McElroy S.L., et al. Maintenance efficacy of divalproex in the prevention of bipolar depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003, 28:1374-1382.
77. Bond D.J., Lam R.W., Yatham L.N. Divalproex sodium versus placebo in the treatment of acute bipolar depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2010, 124:228-234.
78. Bowden C.L., Calabrese J.R., McElroy S.L., et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled 12-month trial of divalproex and lithium in treatment of outpatients with bipolar I disorder. Divalproex maintenance study group. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000, 57:481-489.
79. Lindenmayer J.P., Kotsaftis A. Use of sodium valproate in violent and aggressive behaviors: a critical review. J Clin Psychiatry 2000, 61:123-128.
80. Levinson D.F., Devinsky O. Psychiatric adverse events during vigabatrin therapy. Neurology 1999, 53:1503-1511.
81. Chadwick D. Safety and efficacy of vigabatrin and carbamazepine in newly diagnosed epilepsy: a multicentre randomised double-blind study. Vigabatrin European monotherapy study group. Lancet 1999, 354:13-19.
82. Ferrie C.D., Robinson R.O., Panayiotopoulos C.P. Psychotic and severe behavioural reactions with vigabatrin: a review. Acta Neurol Scand 1996, 93:1-8.
83. Thomas L., Trimble M., Schmitz B., Ring H. Vigabatrin and behaviour disorders: a retrospective survey. Epilepsy Res 1996, 25:21-27.
84. Wroe S.J. Zonisamide. The treatment of epilespy 2009, 713-720. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford. 3rd ed. S. Shorvon, E. Perucca, J. Engel (Eds.).
85. Mimaki T., Suzuki Y., Tagawa T., Karasawa T., Yabuuchi H. [3H]zonisamide binding in rat brain. Med J Osaka Univ 1990, 39:19-22.
86. Ueda Y., Doi T., Tokumaru J., Willmore L.J. Effect of zonisamide on molecular regulation of glutamate and GABA transporter proteins during epileptogenesis in rats with hippocampal seizures. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 2003, 116:1-6.
87. +, carbamazepine and zonisamide on hippocampal extracellular glutamate monitored with a microdialysis electrode. Br J Pharmacol 1998, 124:1277-1285.
88. McElroy S.L., Suppes T., Keck P.E., et al. Open-label adjunctive zonisamide in the treatment of bipolar disorders: a prospective trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2005, 66:617-624.
89. Ghaemi S.N., Shirzadi A.A., Klugman J., Berv D.A., Pardo T.B., Filkowski M.M. Is adjunctive open-label zonisamide effective for bipolar disorder?. J Affect Disord 2008, 105:311-314.
90. Dauphinais D., Knable M., Rosenthal J., Polanski M., Rosenthal N. Zonisamide for bipolar disorder, mania or mixed states: a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled adjunctive trial. Psychopharmacol Bull 2011, 44:5-17.
91. White J.R., Walczak T.S., Marino S.E., Beniak T.E., Leppik I.E., Birnbaum A.K. Zonisamide discontinuation due to psychiatric and cognitive adverse events: a case-control study. Neurology 2010, 75:513-518.
92. Meldrum B.S. Lamotrigine-a novel approach. Seizure 1994, 3:41-45. [Suppl. A].
93. Cunningham M.O., Jones R.S. The anticonvulsant, lamotrigine decreases spontaneous glutamate release but increases spontaneous GABA release in the rat entorhinal cortex in vitro. Neuropharmacology 2000, 39:2139-2146.
94. Wang S.J., Sihra T.S., Gean P.W. Lamotrigine inhibition of glutamate release from isolated cerebrocortical nerve terminals (synaptosomes) by suppression of voltage-activated calcium channel activity. Neuroreport 2001, 12:2255-2258.
95. Zona C., Tancredi V., Longone P., et al. Neocortical potassium currents are enhanced by the antiepileptic drug lamotrigine. Epilepsia 2002, 43:685-690.
96. Kocki T., Wielosz M., Turski W.A., Urbanska E.M. Enhancement of brain kynurenic acid production by anticonvulsants-novel mechanism of antiepileptic activity?. Eur J Pharmacol 2006, 541:147-151.
97. Frye M.A. Clinical practice. Bipolar disorder-a focus on depression. N Engl J Med 2011, 364:51-59.
98. Goodwin G.M., Bowden C.L., Calabrese J.R., et al. A pooled analysis of 2 placebo-controlled 18-month trials of lamotrigine and lithium maintenance in bipolar I disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2004, 65:432-441.
99. Schindler F., Anghelescu I.G. Lithium versus lamotrigine augmentation in treatment resistant unipolar depression: a randomized, open-label study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2007, 22:179-182.
100. Ettinger A.B., Kustra R.P., Hammer A.E. Effect of lamotrigine on depressive symptoms in adult patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2007, 10:148-154.
101. Kremer I., Vass A., Gorelik I., et al. Placebo-controlled trial of lamotrigine added to conventional and atypical antipsychotics in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2004, 56:441-446.
102. Goff D.C., Keefe R., Citrome L., et al. Lamotrigine as add-on therapy in schizophrenia: results of 2 placebo-controlled trials. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2007, 27:582-589.
103. Tritt K., Nickel C., Lahmann C., et al. Lamotrigine treatment of aggression in female borderline-patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Psychopharmacol 2005, 19:287-291.
104. Reich D.B., Zanarini M.C., Bieri K.A. A preliminary study of lamotrigine in the treatment of affective instability in borderline personality disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2009, 24:270-275.
105. Beran R.G., Gibson R.J. Aggressive behaviour in intellectually challenged patients with epilepsy treated with lamotrigine. Epilepsia 1998, 39:280-282.
106. Besag F.M. Behavioural effects of the newer antiepileptic drugs: an update. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2004, 3:1-8.
107. McCabe R.T., Wasterlain C.G., Kucharczyk N., Sofia R.D., Vogel J.R. Evidence for anticonvulsant and neuroprotectant action of felbamate mediated by strychnine-insensitive glycine receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1993, 264:1248-1252.
108. Ketter T.A., Post R.M., Theodore W.H. Positive and negative psychiatric effects of antiepileptic drugs in patients with seizure disorders. Neurology 1999, 53(5 Suppl 2):S53-S67.
109. Gay P.E., Mecham G.F., Coskey J.S., Sadler T., Thompson J.A. Behavioral effects of felbamate in childhood epileptic encephalopathy (Lennox-Gastaut syndrome). Psychol Rep 1995, 77(3 Pt 2):1208-1210.
110. Theodore W.H., Albert P., Stertz B., et al. Felbamate monotherapy: implications for antiepileptic drug development. Epilepsia 1995, 36:1105-1110.
111. Pande A.C., Davidson J.R., Jefferson J.W., et al. Treatment of social phobia with gabapentin: a placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1999, 19:341-348.
112. Pande A.C., Crockatt J.G., Janney C.A., Werth J.L., Tsaroucha G. Gabapentin in bipolar disorder: a placebo-controlled trial of adjunctive therapy. Gabapentin bipolar disorder study group. Bipolar Disord 2000, 2(3 Pt 2):249-255.
113. Frye M.A., Ketter T.A., Kimbrell T.A., et al. A placebo-controlled study of lamotrigine and gabapentin monotherapy in refractory mood disorders. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2000, 20:607-614.
114. Vieta E., Manuel Goikolea J., Martinez-Aran A., et al. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, prophylaxis study of adjunctive gabapentin for bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2006, 67:473-477.
115. Wolf S.M., Shinnar S., Kang H., Gil K.B., Moshe S.L. Gabapentin toxicity in children manifesting as behavioral changes. Epilepsia 1995, 36:1203-1205.
116. Lee D.O., Steingard R.J., Cesena M., Helmers S.L., Riviello J.J., Mikati M.A. Behavioral side effects of gabapentin in children. Epilepsia 1996, 37:87-90.
117. Mula M., Trimble M.R., Lhatoo S.D., Sander J.W. Topiramate and psychiatric adverse events in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsia 2003, 44:659-663.
118. Mula M., Hesdorffer D.C., Trimble M., Sander J.W. The role of titration schedule of topiramate for the development of depression in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsia 2009, 50:1072-1076.
119. Nickel C., Lahmann C., Tritt K., et al. Topiramate in treatment of depressive and anger symptoms in female depressive patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Affect Disord 2005, 87:243-252.
120. Mowla A., Kardeh E. Topiramate augmentation in patients with resistant major depressive disorder: a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011, 35:970-973.
121. Nickel M.K., Nickel C., Mitterlehner F.O., et al. Topiramate treatment of aggression in female borderline personality disorder patients: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry 2004, 65:1515-1519.
122. Nickel M.K., Nickel C., Kaplan P., et al. Treatment of aggression with topiramate in male borderline patients: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Biol Psychiatry 2005, 57:495-499.
123. Tiihonen J., Halonen P., Wahlbeck K., et al. Topiramate add-on in treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2005, 66:1012-1015.
124. Afshar H., Roohafza H., Mousavi G., et al. Topiramate add-on treatment in schizophrenia: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Psychopharmacol 2009, 23:157-162.
125. Muscatello M.R., Bruno A., Pandolfo G., et al. Topiramate augmentation of clozapine in schizophrenia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Psychopharmacol 2011, 25:667-674.
126. Delbello M.P., Findling R.L., Kushner S., et al. A pilot controlled trial of topiramate for mania in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2005, 44:539-547.
127. Roy Chengappa K.N., Schwarzman L.K., Hulihan J.F., Xiang J., Rosenthal N.R. Adjunctive topiramate therapy in patients receiving a mood stabilizer for bipolar I disorder: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2006, 67:1698-1706.
128. Lindley S.E., Carlson E.B., Hill K. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of augmentation topiramate for chronic combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2007, 27:677-681.
129. Tucker P., Trautman R.P., Wyatt D.B., et al. Efficacy and safety of topiramate monotherapy in civilian posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry 2007, 68:201-206.
130. Leombruni P., Lavagnino L., Fassino S. Treatment of obese patients with binge eating disorder using topiramate: a review. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2009, 5:385-392.
131. Mula M., Cavanna A.E., Monaco F. Psychopharmacology of topiramate: from epilepsy to bipolar disorder. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2006, 2:475-488.
132. Dodrill C.B., Arnett J.L., Shu V., Pixton G.C., Lenz G.T., Sommerville K.W. Effects of tiagabine monotherapy on abilities, adjustment, and mood. Epilepsia 1998, 39:33-42.
133. Suppes T., Chisholm K.A., Dhavale D., et al. Tiagabine in treatment refractory bipolar disorder: a clinical case series. Bipolar Disord 2002, 4:283-289.
134. Rosenthal M. Tiagabine for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: a randomized, open-label, clinical trial with paroxetine as a positive control. J Clin Psychiatry 2003, 64:1245-1249.
135. Leppik I.E. Tiagabine: the safety landscape. Epilepsia 1995, 36(Suppl. 6):S10-S13.
136. Wagner K.D., Kowatch R.A., Emslie G.J., et al. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of oxcarbazepine in the treatment of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents. Am J Psychiatry 2006, 163:1179-1186.
137. Vasudev A., Macritchie K., Vasudev K., Watson S., Geddes J., Young A.H. Oxcarbazepine for acute affective episodes in bipolar disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011, CD004857.
138. Vasudev A., Macritchie K., Watson S., Geddes J.R., Young A.H. Oxcarbazepine in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008, CD005171.
139. Mattes J.A. Oxcarbazepine in patients with impulsive aggression: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2005, 25:575-579.
140. Mula M., Monaco F. Antiepileptic drugs and psychopathology of epilepsy: an update. Epileptic Disord 2009, 11:1-9.
141. Lynch B.A., Lambeng N., Nocka K., et al. The synaptic vesicle protein SV2A is the binding site for the antiepileptic drug levetiracetam. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004, 101:9861-9866.
142. French J.A., Tonner F. Levetiracetam. The treatment of epilepsy 2009, 559-574. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford. 3rd ed. S. Shorvon, E. Perucca, J. Engel (Eds.).
143. Muralidharan A., Bhagwagar Z. Potential of levetiracetam in mood disorders: a preliminary review. CNS Drugs 2006, 20:969-979.
144. Zhang W., Connor K.M., Davidson J.R. Levetiracetam in social phobia: a placebo controlled pilot study. J Psychopharmacol 2005, 19:551-553.
145. Saricicek A., Maloney K., Muralidharan A., et al. Levetiracetam in the management of bipolar depression: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2011, 72:744-750.
146. Stein M.B., Ravindran L.N., Simon N.M., et al. Levetiracetam in generalized social anxiety disorder: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2010, 71:627-631.
147. Mattes J.A. Levetiracetam in patients with impulsive aggression: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2008, 69:310-315.
148. Mula M., Trimble M.R., Yuen A., Liu R.S., Sander J.W. Psychiatric adverse events during levetiracetam therapy. Neurology 2003, 61:704-706.
149. White J.R., Walczak T.S., Leppik I.E., et al. Discontinuation of levetiracetam because of behavioral side effects: a case-control study. Neurology 2003, 61:1218-1221.
150. Helmstaedter C, Mihov Y, Toliat MR, et al. Genetic variation in dopaminergic activity is associated with the risk for psychiatric side effects of levetiracetam. Epilepsia (in press).
151. Kassai B., Chiron C., Augier S., et al. Severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy: a systematic review and a meta-analysis of individual patient data. Epilepsia 2008, 49:343-348.
152. Fisher J.L. The effects of stiripentol on GABA(A) receptors. Epilepsia 2011, 52(Suppl. 2):76-78.
153. Chiron C., Marchand M.C., Tran A., et al. Stiripentol in severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy: a randomised placebo-controlled syndrome-dedicated trial. STICLO study group. Lancet 2000, 356:1638-1642.
154. Inoue Y., Ohtsuka Y., Oguni H., et al. Stiripentol open study in Japanese patients with Dravet syndrome. Epilepsia 2009, 50:2362-2368.
155. Montgomery S., Chatamra K., Pauer L., Whalen E., Baldinetti F. Efficacy and safety of pregabalin in elderly people with generalised anxiety disorder. Br J Psychiatry 2008, 193:389-394.
156. Kasper S., Herman B., Nivoli G., et al. Efficacy of pregabalin and venlafaxine-XR in generalized anxiety disorder: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled 8-week trial. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2009, 24:87-96.
157. Feltner D.E., Liu-Dumaw M., Schweizer E., Bielski R. Efficacy of pregabalin in generalized social anxiety disorder: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, fixed-dose study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2011, 26:213-220.
158. Greist J.H., Liu-Dumaw M., Schweizer E., Feltner D. Efficacy of pregabalin in preventing relapse in patients with generalized social anxiety disorder: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled 26-week study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2011, 26:243-251.
159. Englisch S., Esser A., Enning F., Hohmann S., Schanz H., Zink M. Augmentation with pregabalin in schizophrenia. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2010, 30:437-440.
160. Showraki M. Pregabalin in the treatment of depression. J Psychopharmacol 2007, 21:883-884.
161. Zaccara G., Gangemi P., Perucca P., Specchio L. The adverse event profile of pregabalin: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Epilepsia 2011, 52:826-836.
162. Yuen A.W., Singh R., Bell G.S., et al. The long-term retention of pregabalin in a large cohort of patients with epilepsy at a tertiary referral centre. Epilepsy Res 2009, 87:120-123.
163. Arroyo S. Rufinamide. Neurotherapeutics 2007, 4:155-162.
164. Wheless J.W., Conry J., Krauss G., Mann A., LoPresti A., Narurkar M. Safety and tolerability of rufinamide in children with epilepsy: a pooled analysis of 7 clinical studies. J Child Neurol 2009, 24:1520-1525.
165. Fava M. The possible antianxiety and mood-stabilizing effects of rufinamide. Psychother Psychosom 2010, 79:194-195.
166. Kaufman K.R., Struck P.J. Activation of suicidal ideation with adjunctive rufinamide in bipolar disorder. Epilepsy Behav 2010, 20:386-389.
167. Fattore C., Perucca E. Novel medications for epilepsy. Drugs 2011, 71:2151-2178.
168. Errington A.C., Stohr T., Heers C., Lees G. The investigational anticonvulsant lacosamide selectively enhances slow inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels. Mol Pharmacol 2008, 73:157-169.
169. Becerra J.L., Ojeda J., Corredera E., Ruiz Gimenez J. Review of therapeutic options for adjuvant treatment of focal seizures in epilepsy: focus on lacosamide. CNS Drugs 2011, 25(Suppl. 1):3-16.
170. Hainzl D., Parada A., Soares-da-Silva P. Metabolism of two new antiepileptic drugs and their principal metabolites S(+)- and R(-)-10,11-dihydro-10-hydroxy carbamazepine. Epilepsy Res 2001, 44:197-206.
171. Gunthorpe M.J., Large C.H., Sankar R. The mechanism of action of retigabine (ezogabine), a first-in-class K+ channel opener for the treatment of epilepsy. Epilepsia 2012, 53:412-424.
172. Dencker D., Husum H. Antimanic efficacy of retigabine in a proposed mouse model of bipolar disorder. Behav Brain Res 2010, 207:78-83.
173. Korsgaard M.P., Hartz B.P., Brown W.D., Ahring P.K., Strobaek D., Mirza N.R. Anxiolytic effects of Maxipost (BMS-204352) and retigabine via activation of neuronal Kv7 channels. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005, 314:282-292.
174. Porter R.J., Partiot A., Sachdeo R., Nohria V., Alves W.M. Randomized, multicenter, dose-ranging trial of retigabine for partial-onset seizures. Neurology 2007, 68:1197-1204.
175. Brodie M.J., Lerche H., Gil-Nagel A., et al. Efficacy and safety of adjunctive ezogabine (retigabine) in refractory partial epilepsy. Neurology 2010, 75:1817-1824.
176. French J.A., Abou-Khalil B.W., Leroy R.F., et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of ezogabine (retigabine) in partial epilepsy. Neurology 2011, 76:1555-1563.
177. Potiga Precribing information. Research Triangle Park (NC): GlaxoSmithKline 2012, [online]. Available from URL: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2011/022345s000lbl.pdf. [Accessed 29 June 2012].
178. Perucca P., Gilliam F.G. Adverse effects of antiepileptic drugs. Lancet Neurol 2012, 11:792-802.
179. Marson A.G., Williamson P.R. Interpreting regulatory trials in epilepsy. Curr Opin Neurol 2009, 22:167-173.
180. Howard P., Twycross R., Shuster J., Mihalyo M., Remi J., Wilcock A. Anti-epileptic drugs. J Pain Symptom Manage 2011, 42:788-804.