The psychopharmacology of aggressive behavior: A translational approach: Part 1: Neurobiology

Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology

Volumn 32, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 83-94

  Comai, Stefano ^a   Tau, Michael ^a   Gobbi, Gabriella ^a  

^a MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

aggression; dopamine; GABA; glutamate; knockout mice; norepinephrine; psychopharmacology; serotonin; translational medicine

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; 5 HYDROXYINDOLEACETIC ACID; ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT; DOPAMINE; FLUOXETINE; GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR; GLUTAMIC ACID; HALOPERIDOL; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR; NEUROTRANSMITTER; NORADRENALIN; PAROXETINE; SEROTONIN;

AGGRESSION; AMYGDALOID NUCLEUS; DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; GABAERGIC TRANSMISSION; HIPPOCAMPUS; HUMAN; MENTAL DISEASE; NEUROBIOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PERIAQUEDUCTAL GRAY MATTER; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY; REVIEW; SEPTUM NUCLEUS; SEROTONINERGIC SYSTEM; TRANSGENIC ANIMAL; TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH;

ADULT; AGGRESSION; ANIMALS; BRAIN; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; HUMANS; MICE; NEUROTRANSMITTER AGENTS; PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS; RECEPTORS, NEUROTRANSMITTER; TRANSLATIONAL MEDICAL RESEARCH;

EID: 84855346059     PISSN: 02710749     EISSN: 1533712X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/JCP.0b013e31823f8770     Document Type: Review

References (154)

1. Arseneault L, Moffitt TE, Caspi A, et al. Mental disorders and violence in a total birth cohort: results from the Dunedin Study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000;57:979-986.
2. Gobbi G, Gaudreau PO, Leblanc N. Efficacy of topiramate, valproate, and their combination on aggression/agitation behavior in patients with psychosis. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2006;26:467-473. (Pubitemid 44401465)
3. Takahashi A, Quadros IM, de Almeida RM, et al. Brain serotonin receptors and transporters: initiation vs. termination of escalated aggression. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2011;213:183-212.
4. Lesch KP, Merschdorf U. Impulsivity, aggression, and serotonin: a molecular psychobiological perspective. Behav Sci Law. 2000;18:581-604. (Pubitemid 32006046)
5. Neumann ID, Veenema AH, Beiderbeck DI. Aggression and anxiety: social context and neurobiological links. Front Behav Neurosci. 2010;4:12.
6. de Almeida RM, Ferrari PF, Parmigiani S, et al. Escalated aggressive behavior: dopamine, serotonin and GABA. Eur J Pharmacol. 2005;526:51-64. (Pubitemid 41744105)
7. Miczek KA, de Almeida RM, Kravitz EA, et al. Neurobiology of escalated aggression and violence. J Neurosci. 2007;27:11803-11806. (Pubitemid 350072089)
8. Takahashi A, Shimamoto A, Boyson CO, et al. GABA(B) receptor modulation of serotonin neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus and escalation of aggression in mice. J Neurosci. 2010;30:11771-11780.
9. Buckholtz JW, Meyer-Lindenberg A. MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. Trends Neurosci. 2008;31:120-129.
10. Nelson RJ, Trainor BC, Chiavegatto S, et al. Pleiotropic contributions of nitric oxide to aggressive behavior. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2006;30:346-355. (Pubitemid 43227963)
11. Gostin LO. Biomedical research involving prisoners: ethical values and legal regulation. JAMA. 2007;297:737-740.
12. Woolf SH. The meaning of translational research and why it matters. JAMA. 2008;299:211-213.
13. Natarajan D, Caramaschi D. Animal violence demystified. Front Behav Neurosci. 2010;4:9.
14. Gregg TR, Siegel A. Brain structures and neurotransmitters regulating aggression in cats: implications for human aggression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2001;25:91-140. (Pubitemid 32173790)
15. World Health Organization. World Report on Violence and Health: Summary. Geneva, Switzerland; 2002.
16. Gollan JK, Lee R, Coccaro EF. Developmental psychopathology and neurobiology of aggression. Dev Psychopathol. 2005;17:1151-1171. (Pubitemid 43362208)
17. Coccaro EF, Siever LJ, Klar HM, et al. Serotonergic studies in patients with affective and personality disorders. Correlates with suicidal and impulsive aggressive behavior. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1989;46:587-599. (Pubitemid 19180336)
18. Vitiello B, Behar D, Hunt J, et al. Subtyping aggression in children and adolescents. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1990;2:189-192. (Pubitemid 20168654)
19. Blanchard RJ, Blanchard DC. Aggressive behavior in the rat. Behav Biol. 1977;21:197-224. (Pubitemid 8203252)
20. Veenema AH. Early life stress, the development of aggression and neuroendocrine and neurobiological correlates: what can we learn from animal models? Front Neuroendocrinol. 2009;30:497-518.
21. Haller J, Kruk MR. Normal and abnormal aggression: human disorders and novel laboratory models. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2006;30: 292-303. (Pubitemid 43227960)
22. Bourgault PC, Karczmar AG, Scudder CL. Contrasting behavioral, pharmacological, neurophysiological, and biochemical profiles of C57 B1/6 and Sc-I strains of mice. Life Sci. 1963;8:533-553.
23. Raleigh MJ, McGuire MT, Brammer GL, et al. Social and environmental influences on blood serotonin concentrations in monkeys. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1984;41:405-410. (Pubitemid 14172473)
24. Krakowski M. Violence and serotonin: influence of impulse control, affect regulation, and social functioning. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2003;15:294-305. (Pubitemid 36999372)
25. de Boer SF, Koolhaas JM. 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptor agonists and aggression: a pharmacological challenge of the serotonin deficiency hypothesis. Eur J Pharmacol. 2005;526:125-139. (Pubitemid 41744111)
26. Consolo S, Garattini S, Valzelli L. Sensitivity of aggressive mice to centrally acting drugs. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1965;17:594.
27. Garattini S, Giacalone E, Valzelli L. Isolation, aggressiveness and brain 5-hydroxytryptamine turnover. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1967;19: 338-339.
28. Karli P, Vergnes M. [Role of the rhinencephalon in the control of interspecies rat-mouse aggressive behavior]. J Physiol (Paris). 1963;55:272-273.
29. Koe BK, Weissman A. p-Chlorophenylalanine: a specific depletor of brain serotonin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1966;154:499-516.
30. Di Chiara G, Camba R, Spano PF. Evidence for inhibition by brain serotonin of mouse killing behaviour in rats. Nature. 1971;233:272-273.
31. Hodge GK, Butcher LL. 5-Hydroxytryptamine correlates of isolation-induced aggression in mice. Eur J Pharmacol. 1974;28:326-337.
32. van Erp AM, Miczek KA. Aggressive behavior, increased accumbal dopamine, and decreased cortical serotonin in rats. J Neurosci. 2000;20:9320-9325. (Pubitemid 32042936)
33. Higley JD, Mehlman PT, Taub DM, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid monoamine and adrenal correlates of aggression in free-ranging rhesus monkeys. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1992;49:436-441.
34. Higley JD, King ST Jr, Hasert MF, et al. Stability of interindividual differences in serotonin function and its relationship to severe aggression and competent social behavior in rhesus macaque females. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1996;14:67-76. (Pubitemid 26047186)
35. Mehlman PT, Higley JD, Faucher I, et al. Low CSF 5-HIAA concentrations and severe aggression and impaired impulse control in nonhuman primates. Am J Psychiatry. 1994;151:1485-1491. (Pubitemid 24301694)
36. Higley JD, Mehlman PT, Poland RE, et al. CSF testosterone and 5-HIAA correlate with different types of aggressive behaviors. Biol Psychiatry. 1996;40:1067-1082. (Pubitemid 26400871)
37. Higley JD, Mehlman PT, Higley SB, et al. Excessive mortality in young free-ranging male nonhuman primates with low cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentrations. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1996;53:537-543. (Pubitemid 26175573)
38. Raleigh MJ, McGuire MT, Brammer GL, et al. Serotonergic mechanisms promote dominance acquisition in adult male vervet monkeys. Brain Res. 1991;559:181-190.
39. Saudou F, Amara DA, Dierich A, et al. Enhanced aggressive behavior in mice lacking 5-HT1B receptor. Science. 1994;265:1875-1878.
40. Cases O, Seif I, Grimsby J, et al. Aggressive behavior and altered amounts of brain serotonin and norepinephrine in mice lacking MAOA. Science. 1995;268:1763-1766.
41. Brunner D, Hen R. Insights into the neurobiology of impulsive behavior from serotonin receptor knockout mice. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1997;836:81-105. (Pubitemid 28044021)
42. Zhuang X, Gross C, Santarelli L, et al. Altered emotional states in knockout mice lacking 5-HT1A or 5-HT1B receptors. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1999;21:52SY60S.
43. Holmes A, Murphy DL, Crawley JN. Reduced aggression in mice lacking the serotonin transporter. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2002;161:160-167. (Pubitemid 34492661)
44. Beaulieu JM, Zhang X, Rodriguiz RM, et al. Role of GSK3 beta in behavioral abnormalities induced by serotonin deficiency. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105:1333-1338. (Pubitemid 351397053)
45. Osipova DV, Kulikov AV, Popova NK. C1473G polymorphism in mouse tph2 gene is linked to tryptophan hydroxylase-2 activity in the brain, intermale aggression, and depressive-like behavior in the forced swim test. J Neurosci Res. 2009;87:1168-1174.
46. Alenina N, Kikic D, Todiras M, et al. Growth retardation and altered autonomic control in mice lacking brain serotonin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106:10332-10337.
47. Gogos JA, Morgan M, Luine V, et al. Catechol-O- methyltransferaseYdeficient mice exhibit sexually dimorphic changes in catecholamine levels and behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998;95:9991-9996. (Pubitemid 28415282)
48. Rodriguiz RM, Chu R, Caron MG, et al. Aberrant responses in social interaction of dopamine transporter knockout mice. Behav Brain Res. 2004;148:185-198. (Pubitemid 37543667)
49. Stork O, Ji FY, Kaneko K, et al. Postnatal development of a GABA deficit and disturbance of neural functions in mice lacking GAD65. Brain Res. 2000;865:45-58. (Pubitemid 30256206)
50. Gammie SC, Auger AP, Jessen HM, et al. Altered gene expression in mice selected for high maternal aggression. Genes Brain Behav. 2007;6:432-443. (Pubitemid 47028460)
51. Liu GX, Liu S, Cai GQ, et al. Reduced aggression in mice lacking GABA transporter subtype 1. J Neurosci Res. 2007;85:649-655.
52. Brodkin ES, Goforth SA, Keene AH, et al. Identification of quantitative trait loci that affect aggressive behavior in mice. J Neurosci. 2002;22:1165-1170. (Pubitemid 34141796)
53. Duncan GE, Moy SS, Perez A, et al. Deficits in sensorimotor gating and tests of social behavior in a genetic model of reduced NMDA receptor function. Behav Brain Res. 2004;153:507-519. (Pubitemid 38953128)
54. Vekovischeva OY, Aitta-aho T, Echenko O, et al. Reduced aggression in AMPA-type glutamate receptor GluR-A subunit-deficient mice. Genes Brain Behav. 2004;3:253-265. (Pubitemid 39277413)
55. Sallinen J, Haapalinna A, Viitamaa T, et al. Adrenergic alpha(2C)-receptors modulate the acoustic startle reflex, prepulse inhibition, and aggression in mice. J Neurosci. 1998;18:3035-3042. (Pubitemid 28163233)
56. Haller J, Bakos N, Rodriguiz RM, et al. Behavioral responses to social stress in noradrenaline transporter knockout mice: effects on social behavior and depression. Brain Res Bull. 2002;58:279-284. (Pubitemid 34786459)
57. Marino MD, Bourdelat-Parks BN, Cameron Liles L, et al. Genetic reduction of noradrenergic function alters social memory and reduces aggression in mice. Behav Brain Res. 2005;161:197-203. (Pubitemid 40732401)
58. Taylor DP. Buspirone, a new approach to the treatment of anxiety. FASEB J. 1988;2:2445-2452.
59. Brown GL, Goodwin FK, Ballenger JC, et al. Aggression in humans correlates with cerebrospinal fluid amine metabolites. Psychiatry Res. 1979;1:131-139. (Pubitemid 10124723)
60. Brown GL, Ebert MH, Goyer PF, et al. Aggression, suicide, and serotonin: relationships to CSF amine metabolites. Am J Psychiatry. 1982;139:741-746. (Pubitemid 12123213)
61. Asberg M, Traskman L, Thoren P. 5-HIAA in the cerebrospinal fluid. A biochemical suicide predictor? Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1976;33: 1193-1197.
62. Linnoila M, Virkkunen M, Scheinin M, et al. Low cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentration differentiates impulsive from nonimpulsive violent behavior. Life Sci. 1983;33:2609-2614. (Pubitemid 14203851)
63. Virkkunen M, Goldman D, Nielsen DA, et al. Low brain serotonin turnover rate (low CSF 5-HIAA) and impulsive violence. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 1995;20:271-275.
64. Kruesi MJ, Rapoport JL, Hamburger S, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolites, aggression, and impulsivity in disruptive behavior disorders of children and adolescents. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1990;47:419-426. (Pubitemid 20161260)
65. Roggenbach J, Muller-Oerlinghausen B, Franke L. Suicidality, impulsivity and aggressionYis there a link to 5HIAA concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid? Psychiatry Res. 2002;113:193-206. (Pubitemid 35447736)
66. Coccaro EF, Berman ME, Kavoussi RJ, et al. Relationship of prolactin response to D-fenfluramine to behavioral and questionnaire assessments of aggression in personality-disordered men. Biol Psychiatry. 1996;40:157-164. (Pubitemid 26349107)
67. Cleare AJ, Bond AJ. Ipsapirone challenge in aggressive men shows an inverse correlation between 5-HT1A receptor function and aggression. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2000;148:344-349. (Pubitemid 30169750)
68. Manuck SB, Flory JD, McCaffery JM, et al. Aggression, impulsivity, and central nervous system serotonergic responsivity in a nonpatient sample. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1998;19:287-299. (Pubitemid 28491338)
69. Rinne T, Westenberg HG, den Boer JA, et al. Serotonergic blunting to meta-chlorophenylpiperazine (m-CPP) highly correlates with sustained childhood abuse in impulsive and autoaggressive female borderline patients. Biol Psychiatry. 2000;47:548-556. (Pubitemid 30129083)
70. Berman ME, McCloskey MS, Fanning JR, et al. Serotonin augmentation reduces response to attack in aggressive individuals. Psychol Sci. 2009;20:714-720.
71. Coccaro EF, Kavoussi RJ. Fluoxetine and impulsive aggressive behavior in personality-disordered subjects. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1997;54:1081-1088. (Pubitemid 27524373)
72. Winstanley CA, Theobald DE, Dalley JW, et al. 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptor antagonists have opposing effects on a measure of impulsivity: interactions with global 5-HT depletion. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2004;176:376-385. (Pubitemid 40012745)
73. Rosell DR, Thompson JL, Slifstein M, et al. Increased serotonin 2A receptor availability in the orbitofrontal cortex of physically aggressive personality disordered patients. Biol Psychiatry. 2010;67: 1154-1162.
74. Soloff PH, Price JC, Meltzer CC, et al. 5HT2A receptor binding is increased in borderline personality disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2007;62:580-587. (Pubitemid 47314369)
75. Karczmar AG, Scudder CL. Behavioral responses to drugs and brain catecholamine levels in mice of different strains and genera. Fed Proc. 1967;26:1186-1191.
76. Miczek KA, Fish EW, De Bold JF, et al. Social and neural determinants of aggressive behavior: pharmacotherapeutic targets at serotonin, dopamine and gamma-aminobutyric acid systems. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2002;163:434-458.
77. Pontieri FE, Tanda G, Di Chiara G. Intravenous cocaine, morphine, and amphetamine preferentially increase extracellular dopamine in the "shell" as compared with the "core" of the rat nucleus accumbens. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995;92:12304-12308.
78. Di Chiara G, Imperato A. Drugs abused by humans preferentially increase synaptic dopamine concentrations in the mesolimbic system of freely moving rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988;85:5274-5278.
79. Hoaken PN, Stewart SH. Drugs of abuse and the elicitation of human aggressive behavior. Addict Behav. 2003;28:1533-1554. (Pubitemid 37491302)
80. Nelson RJ, Chiavegatto S. Molecular basis of aggression. Trends Neurosci. 2001;24:713-719. (Pubitemid 33097538)
81. Ricci LA, Schwartzer JJ, Melloni RH Jr. Alterations in the anterior hypothalamic dopamine system in aggressive adolescent AAS-treated hamsters. Horm Behav. 2009;55:348-355.
82. Schwartzer JJ, Melloni RH Jr. Dopamine activity in the lateral anterior hypothalamus modulates AAS-induced aggression through D2 but not D5 receptors. Behav Neurosci. 2010;124:645-655.
83. Filipenko ML, Alekseyenko OV, Beilina AG, et al. Increase of tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine transporter mRNA levels in ventral tegmental area of male mice under influence of repeated aggression experience. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 2001;96:77-81. (Pubitemid 33145366)
84. Couppis MH, Kennedy CH, Stanwood GD. Differences in aggressive behavior and in the mesocorticolimbic DA system between A/J and BALB/cJ mice. Synapse. 2008;62:715-724.
85. Anstrom KK, Miczek KA, Budygin EA. Increased phasic dopamine signaling in the mesolimbic pathway during social defeat in rats. Neuroscience. 2009;161:3-12.
86. Hadfield MG. Dopamine: mesocortical vs nigrostriatal uptake in isolated fighting mice and controls. Behav Brain Res. 1983;7:269-281. (Pubitemid 13139303)
87. Tidey JW, Miczek KA. Social defeat stress selectively alters mesocorticolimbic dopamine release: an in vivo microdialysis study. Brain Res. 1996;721:140-149. (Pubitemid 26179847)
88. Ferrari PF, van Erp AM, Tornatzky W, et al. Accumbal dopamine and serotonin in anticipation of the next aggressive episode in rats. Eur J Neurosci. 2003;17:371-378. (Pubitemid 36459517)
89. van Erp AM, Miczek KA. Increased accumbal dopamine during daily alcohol consumption and subsequent aggressive behavior in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2007;191:679-688. (Pubitemid 46355900)
90. Miczek KA, Tidey JW. Amphetamines: aggressive and social behavior. In: Asghar K, De Souza E, eds. Pharmacology and Toxicology of Amphetamine and Related Designer Drugs. Washington, DC: National Institute on Drug Abuse 1989: 68-100 (Pubitemid 20091161)
91. Tidey JW, Miczek KA. Effects of SKF 38393 and quinpirole on aggressive, motor and schedule-controlled behaviors in mice. Behav Pharmacol. 1992;3:553-565. (Pubitemid 23009875)
92. Rodriguez-Arias M, Minarro J, Aguilar MA, et al. Effects of risperidone and SCH 23390 on isolation-induced aggression in male mice. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 1998;8:95-103. (Pubitemid 28210335)
93. Aguilar MA, Minarro J, Perez-Iranzo N, et al. Behavioral profile of raclopride in agonistic encounters between male mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1994;47:753-756. (Pubitemid 24077751)
94. Sanchez C, Arnt J, Hyttel J, et al. The role of serotonergic mechanisms in inhibition of isolation-induced aggression in male mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1993;110:53-59. (Pubitemid 23029427)
95. Lenox RH, Newhouse PA, Creelman WL, et al. Adjunctive treatment of manic agitation with lorazepam versus haloperidol: a double-blind study. J Clin Psychiatry. 1992;53:47-52.
96. Lerner Y, Lwow E, Levitin A, et al. Acute high-dose parenteral haloperidol treatment of psychosis. Am J Psychiatry. 1979;136:1061-1064. (Pubitemid 9221652)
97. Dorevitch A, Katz N, Zemishlany Z, et al. Intramuscular flunitrazepam versus intramuscular haloperidol in the emergency treatment of aggressive psychotic behavior. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156:142-144. (Pubitemid 29034895)
98. Brody JF, DeFeudis PA, DeFeudis FV. Effects of micro-injections of L-glutamate into the hypothalamus on attack and flight behaviour in cats. Nature. 1969;224:1330.
99. de Almeida RM, Rowlett JK, Cook JM, et al. GABAA/alpha1 receptor agonists and antagonists: effects on species-typical and heightened aggressive behavior after alcohol self-administration in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2004;172:255-263. (Pubitemid 38392317)
100. Olivier B, Mos J, Miczek KA. Ethopharmacological studies of anxiolytics and aggression. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 1991;1:97-100.
101. Gardos G, DiMascio A, Salzman C, et al. Differential actions of chlordiazepoxide and oxazepam on hostility. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1968;18:757-760.
102. Barratt ES, Stanford MS, Felthous AR, et al. The effects of phenytoin on impulsive and premeditated aggression: a controlled study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1997;17:341-349. (Pubitemid 27414389)
103. Stanford MS, Houston RJ, Mathias CW, et al. A double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study of phenytoin in individuals with impulsive aggression. Psychiatry Res. 2001;103:193-203. (Pubitemid 32817080)
104. Lieving LM, Cherek DR, Lane SD, et al. Effects of acute tiagabine administration on aggressive responses of adult male parolees. J Psychopharmacol. 2008;22:144-152. (Pubitemid 351322863)
105. Mack G, Mandel P. Inhibition of mouse-killing behavior by rats with taurine, GABA, and its analogues [in French]. C R Acad Sci Hebd Seances Acad Sci D. 1976;283:361-362.
106. Clement J, Simler S, Ciesielski L, et al. Age-dependent changes of brain GABA levels, turnover rates and shock-induced aggressive behavior in inbred strains of mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1987;26:83-88.
107. Potegal M, Perumal AS, Barkai AI, et al. GABA binding in the brains of aggressive and non-aggressive female hamsters. Brain Res. 1982;247:315-324. (Pubitemid 12012917)
108. Gourley SL, Debold JF, Yin W, et al. Benzodiazepines and heightened aggressive behavior in rats: reduction by GABA(A)/alpha(1) receptor antagonists. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2005;178:232-240. (Pubitemid 40379218)
109. Miczek KA. Intraspecies aggression in rats: effects of D-amphetamine and chlordiazepoxide. Psychopharmacologia. 1974;39:275-301.
110. Ferrari PF, Parmigiani S, Rodgers RJ, et al. Differential effects of chlordiazepoxide on aggressive behavior in male mice: the influence of social factors. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1997;134:258-265. (Pubitemid 27520979)
111. Depaulis A, Vergnes M. Induction of mouse-killing in the rat by intraventricular injection of a GABA-agonist. Physiol Behav. 1983;30:383-388. (Pubitemid 13057258)
112. Bjork JM, Moeller FG, Kramer GL, et al. Plasma GABA levels correlate with aggressiveness in relatives of patients with unipolar depressive disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2001;101:131-136. (Pubitemid 32245796)
113. Soreni N, Apter A, Weizman A, et al. Decreased platelet peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptors in adolescent inpatients with repeated suicide attempts. Biol Psychiatry. 1999;46:484-488. (Pubitemid 29369074)
114. Lee R, Petty F, Coccaro EF. Cerebrospinal fluid GABA concentration: relationship with impulsivity and history of suicidal behavior, but not aggression, in human subjects. J Psychiatr Res. 2009;43:353-359.
115. Miczek KA, Fish EW. Monoamines, GABA, glutamate and aggression. In: Nelson RJ, ed. Biology of Aggression. New York, NY: Oxford University Press 2005:114-150.
116. Belozertseva IV, Bespalov AY. Effects of NMDA receptor channel blockade on aggression in isolated male mice. Aggress Behav. 1999;25:381-396.
117. Musty RE, Consroe PF. Phencyclidine produces aggressive-behavior in rapid eye-movement sleepYdeprived rats. Life Sci. 1982;30: 1733-1738. (Pubitemid 12051428)
118. Wilmot CA, Vanderwende C, Spoerlein MT. The effects of phencyclidine on fighting in differentially housed mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1987;28:341-346. (Pubitemid 18002782)
119. Lumley LA, Robison CL, Slusher BS, et al. Reduced isolation-induced aggressiveness in mice following NAALADase inhibition. Psychopharmacology. 2004;171:375-381. (Pubitemid 38200048)
120. Navarro JF, De Castro V, Martin-Lopez M. JNJ16259685, a selective mGlu(1) antagonist, suppresses isolation-induced aggression in male mice. Eur J Pharmacol. 2008;586:217-220.
121. Wilcock GK, Ballard CG, Cooper JA, et al. Memantine for agitation/aggression and psychosis in moderately severe to severe Alzheimer's disease: a pooled analysis of 3 studies. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008;69:341-348. (Pubitemid 351549385)
122. Lamprecht F, Eichelman B, Thoa NB, et al. Rat fighting behavior: serum dopamine-hydroxylase and hypothalamic tyrosine hydroxylase. Science. 1972;177:1214-1215.
123. Crawley JN, Contrera JF. Intraventricular 6-hydroxydopamine lowers isolation-induced fighting behavior in male mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1976;4:381-384.
124. Thoa NB, Richards JS, Eichelma B, et al. 6-Hydroxydopa depletion of brain norepinephrine and facilitation of aggressive behavior. Science. 1972;178:75-77.
125. Cutler MG, Rodgers RJ, Jackson JE. Behavioural effects in mice of subchronic chlordiazepoxide, maprotiline, and fluvoxamine. Social interactions. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1997;57: 119-125. (Pubitemid 27261401)
126. Matsumoto K, Cai B, Satoh T, et al. Desipramine enhances isolation-induced aggressive-behavior in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1991;39:167-170.
127. Kemble ED, Behrens M, Rawleigh JM, et al. Effects of yohimbine on isolation-induced aggression, social attraction, and conspecific odor preference in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1991;40:781-785.
128. Elliott FA. Propranolol for control of belligerent behavior following acute brain-damage. Ann Neurol. 1977;1:489-491.
129. Sorgi PJ, Ratey JJ, Polakoff S. beta-Adrenergic blockers for the control of aggressive behaviors in patients with chronic-schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 1986;143:775-776. (Pubitemid 16050853)
130. Yudofsky S, Williams D, Gorman J. Propranolol in the treatment of rage and violent behavior in patients with chronic brain syndromes. Am J Psychiatry. 1981;138:218-220. (Pubitemid 11170271)
131. Caspi N, Modai I, Barak P, et al. Pindolol augmentation in aggressive schizophrenic patients: a double-blind crossover randomized study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2001;16:111-115. (Pubitemid 32171836)
132. Silver JM, Yudofsky SC, Slater JA, et al. Propranolol treatment of chronically hospitalized aggressive patients. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1999;11:328-335. (Pubitemid 29408477)
133. Fava M. Psychopharmacologic treatment of pathologic aggression. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 1997;20:427-451.
134. Siever LJ. Neurobiology of aggression and violence. Am J Psychiatry. 2008;165:429-442. (Pubitemid 351694285)
135. Bufkin JL, Luttrell VR. Neuroimaging studies of aggressive and violent behavior: current findings and implications for criminology and criminal justice. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2005;6:176-191.
136. Davidson RJ, Putnam KM, Larson CL. Dysfunction in the neural circuitry of emotion regulationVa possible prelude to violence. Science. 2000;289:591-594. (Pubitemid 30622056)
137. Labonte B, Bambico FR, Gobbi G. Potentiation of excitatory serotonergic responses by MK-801 in the medial prefrontal cortex. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2009;380:383-397.
138. Seo D, Patrick CJ, Kennealy PJ. Role of serotonin and dopamine system interactions in the neurobiology of impulsive aggression and its comorbidity with other clinical disorders. Aggress Violent Behav. 2008;13:383-395.
139. Klüver H, Bucy PC. Preliminary analysis of functions of the temporal lobes in monkeys. Arch Neurol Psychiatry. 1939;42:979-1000.
140. Klüver H, Bucy PC. "Psychic blindness" and other symptoms following bilateral temporal lobectomy in rhesus monkeys. Am J Physiol. 1937;119:352-353.
141. Weiger WA, Bear DM. An approach to the neurology of aggression. J Psychiatr Res. 1988;22:85-98.
142. Siegel A, Schubert KL, Shaikh MB. Neurotransmitters regulating defensive rage behavior in the cat. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1997;21:733-742. (Pubitemid 27524768)
143. Terzian H, Ore GD. Syndrome of Kluver and Bucy; reproduced in man by bilateral removal of the temporal lobes. Neurology. 1955;5:373-380.
144. Mpakopoulou M, Gatos H, Brotis A, et al. Stereotactic amygdalotomy in the management of severe aggressive behavioral disorders. Neurosurg Focus. 2008;25:E6.
145. Lin D, Boyle MP, Dollar P, et al. Functional identification of an aggression locus in the mouse hypothalamus. Nature. 2011;470:221-226.
146. Witte AV, Floel A, Stein P, et al. Aggression is related to frontal serotonin-1A receptor distribution as revealed by PET in healthy subjects. Hum Brain Mapp. 2009;30:2558-2570.
147. Cochran SM, McKerchar CE, Morris BJ, et al. Induction of differential patterns of local cerebral glucose metabolism and immediate-early genes by acute clozapine and haloperidol. Neuropharmacology. 2002;43:394-407. (Pubitemid 35257931)
148. Gobbi G, Janiri L. Clozapine blocks dopamine, 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 responses in the medial prefrontal cortex: an in vivo microiontophoretic study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 1999;10:43-49.
149. Locchi F, Dall'olio R, Gandolfi O, et al. Olanzapine counteracts stress-induced anxiety-like behavior in rats. Neurosci Lett. 2008;438:146-149.
150. Girgenti MJ, Nisenbaum LK, Bymaster F, et al. Antipsychotic-induced gene regulation in multiple brain regions. J Neurochem. 2010;113: 175-187.
151. Orsetti M, Di Brisco F, Rinaldi M, et al. Some molecular effectors of antidepressant action of quetiapine revealed by DNA microarray in the frontal cortex of anhedonic rats. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2009;19:600-612.
152. Gobbi G, Janiri L. Sodium- and magnesium-valproate in vivo modulate glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses in the medial prefrontal cortex. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2006;185:255-262. (Pubitemid 43363622)
153. Dong E, Agis-Balboa RC, Simonini MV, et al. Reelin and glutamic acid decarboxylase67 promoter remodeling in an epigenetic methionine-induced mouse model of schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;102:12578-12583. (Pubitemid 41266401)
154. Beaulieu JM, Gainetdinov RR, Caron MG. Akt/GSK3 signaling in the action of psychotropic drugs. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2009;49:327-347.