A systematic review and economic evaluation of newgeneration computed tomography scanners for imaging in coronary artery disease and congenital heart disease: Somatom definition flash, Aquilion ONE, Brilliance ICT and Discovery CT750 HD

Health Technology Assessment

Volumn 17, Issue 9, 2013, Pages 1-243

  Westwood, M ^a   Al, M ^b   Burgers, L ^b   Redekop, K ^b   Lhachimi, S ^b   Armstrong, N ^a   Raatz, H ^c   Misso, K ^a   Severens, J ^b   Kleijnen, J ^a  

^a KLEIJNEN SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS LTD   (United Kingdom)

^b ERASMUS UNIVERSITY ROTTERDAM   (Netherlands)

^c UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL BASEL   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANTIANGINA PECTORIS AGENT; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; IVABRADINE; LONG ACTING DRUG; NICORANDIL; NITRATE; RANOLAZINE; SHORT ACTING DRUG;

ANGIOCARDIOGRAPHY; CARDIAC IMAGING; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY SCANNER; CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; CORONARY ARTERY OBSTRUCTION; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; DEATH; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; DIAGNOSTIC TEST ACCURACY STUDY; HEALTH CARE COST; HEALTH CARE SYSTEM; HEALTH ECONOMICS; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART INFARCTION; HUMAN; IMAGE ANALYSIS; IMAGE PROCESSING; IMAGE QUALITY; IN-STENT RESTENOSIS; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; LIFE EXPECTANCY; MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS; MATHEMATICAL MODEL; MULTIDETECTOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PATIENT MONITORING; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREDICTIVE VALUE; QUALITY CONTROL; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVASCULARIZATION; REVIEW; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; STABLE ANGINA PECTORIS; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW;

AGED; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; FEMALE; GREAT BRITAIN; HEART DEFECTS, CONGENITAL; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT, BIOMEDICAL; TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY COMPUTED;

EID: 84875166255     PISSN: 13665278     EISSN: 20464924     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3310/hta17090     Document Type: Review

References (128)

1. British Heart Foundation (BHF). UK coronary heart disease statistics 2009-10. London: BHF, 2010. URL: www.bhf.org.uk/publications/view-publication.aspx?ps=1001141 (accessed 18 May 2011).
2. Cooper A, Calvert N, Skinner J, Sawyer L, Sparrow K, Timmis A, et al. Chest pain of recent onset: assessment and diagnosis of recent onset chest pain or discomfort of suspected cardiac origin. Full guideline 95. London: National Clinical Guideline Centre for Acute and Chronic Conditions; 2010. URL: http://guidance.nice.org.uk/CG95 (accessed 12 January 2011).
3. Mowatt G, Cummins E, Waugh N, Walker S, Cook J, Jia X, et al. Systematic review of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of 64-slice or higher computed tomography angiography as an alternative to invasive coronary angiography in the investigation of coronary artery disease. Health Technol Assess 2008;12(17).
4. Schuetz GM, Zacharopoulou NM, Schlattmann P, Dewey M. Meta-analysis: noninvasive coronary angiography using computed tomography versus magnetic resonance imaging. Ann Intern Med 2010;152:167-77.
5. Khan R, Rawal S, Eisenberg MJ. Transitioning from 16-slice to 64-slice multidetector computed tomography for the assessment of coronary artery disease: are we really making progress? Can J Cardiol 2009;25:533-42.
6. British Heart Foundation. Incidence of congenital heart disease. 2005. URL: www.heartstats.org/datapage.asp?id=3395 (accessed 12 January 2011).
7. Cheng Z, Wang X, Duan Y, Wu L, Wu D, Chao B, et al. Low-dose prospective ECGtriggering dual-source CT angiography in infants and children with complex congenital heart disease: first experience. Eur Radiol 2010;20:2503-11.
8. Hope SA, Crossett M, Nasis A, Seneviratne S. Early experience with Aquilion One 320 slice computed tomography scanner in paediatric and congenital heart disease. Fifth World Congress of Paediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, Cairns, Australia, 21-26 June 2010.
9. NHS Purchasing and Supply Agency, Centre for Evidence-based Purchasing. Market review: advanced CT scanners for coronary angiography. CEP10043. London: Centre for Evidencebased Purchasing; 2010.
10. Noto TJ, Jr, Johnson LW, Krone R, Weaver WF, Clark DA, Kramer JR, Jr, et al. Cardiac catheterization 1990: a report of the Registry of the Society for Cardiac Angiography and Interventions (SCA&I). Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 1991;24:75-83.
11. Scanlon PJ, Faxon DP, Audet AM, Carabello B, Dehmer GJ, Eagle KA, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for coronary angiography. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines (Committee on Coronary Angiography). Developed in collaboration with the Society for Cardiac Angiography and Interventions. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;33:1756-824.
12. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). Management of stable angina. NICE clinical guideline 126. London: NICE; 2011. URL: www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/13549/55660/55660.pdf (accessed 16 January 2013).
13. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). Ischaemic heart disease: coronary artery stents. Technology Appraisals 71. London: NICE; 2003. URL: http://guidance.nice.org.uk/TA71 (accessed 20 April 2011).
14. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). Drug-eluting stents for the treatment of coronary artery disease. Technology Appraisals 152. London: NICE; 2008. URL: http://guidance.nice.org.uk/TA152(accessed 20 April 2011).
15. NHS choices. Congenital heart disease: NHS; 2009. URL: www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Congenital-heart-disease/Pages/Introduction.aspx (accessed 18 May 2011).
16. Tidy C. Congenital heart disease in children. Leeds: Patient UK; 2011. URL: www.patient.co.uk/doctor/Congenital-Heart-Disease-%28CHD%29-in-Children.htm (accessed 18 May 2011).
17. Baumgartner H, Bonhoeffer P, De Groot NM, de Haan F, Deanfield JE, Galie N, et al. ESC Guidelines for the management of grown-up congenital heart disease (new version 2010). Eur Heart J 2010;31:2915-57.
18. Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (CRD). Systematic reviews: CRD's guidance forundertaking reviews in health care. York: University of York; 2009. URL: www.york.ac.uk/inst/crd/index_guidance.htm (accessed 12 January 2011).
19. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). Diagnostics Assessment Programme: interim methods statement (version 2). London: NICE; 2010. URL: www.nice.org.uk/media/164/3C/DAPInterimMethodsStatementProgramme.pdf (accessed 12 January 2011).
20. Cochrane Diagnostic Test Accuracy Working Group. Handbook for DTA Reviews: Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. URL: http://srdta.cochrane.org/handbook-dta-reviews (accessed 12 January 2011).
21. Whiting P, Westwood M, Beynon R, Burke M, Sterne JA, Glanville J. Inclusion of methodological filters in searches for diagnostic test accuracy studies misses relevant studies. J Clin Epidemiol 2011;64:602-7.
22. Whiting P, Rutjes AW, Reitsma JB, Bossuyt PM, Kleijnen J. The development of QUADAS: a tool for the quality assessment of studies of diagnostic accuracy included in systematic reviews. BMC Med Res Methodol 2003;3:25.
23. Whiting PF, Rutjes AW, Westwood ME, Mallett S, Deeks JJ, Reitsma JB, et al. QUADAS-2: a revised tool for the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies. Ann Intern Med 2011;155:529-36.
24. Reitsma JB, Glas AS, Rutjes AW, Scholten RJ, Bossuyt PM, Zwinderman AH. Bivariate analysis of sensitivity and specificity produces informative summary measures in diagnostic reviews. J Clin Epidemiol 2005;58:982-90.
25. Harbord RM, Deeks JJ, Egger M, Whiting P, Sterne JA. Unification of models for metaanalysis of diagnostic accuracy studies. Biostatistics 2006;1:1-21.
26. Harbord RM, Whiting P. Metandi: meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy using hierarchical logistic regression. Stata J 2009;9:211-29.
27. Zamora J, Abraira V, Muriel A, Khan K, Coomarasamy A. Meta-DiSc: a software for metaanalysis of test accuracy data. BMC Med Res Methodol 2006;6:31.
28. Higgins JP, Thompson SG. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Stat Med 2002;21:1539-58.
29. Paul N, Nguyen E, Doyle D, Crean A, Bret P. Prospective ECG gated low dose CT angiography with 320-MDCT. Presented at 2nd World Congress of Thoracic Imaging and Diagnosis in Chest Disease, Valencia, Spain, 30 May to 2 June 2009. J Thorac Imaging 2009;24:4.
30. Sun ML. Diagnostic accuracy of dual-source CT coronary angiography with prospective ECG triggering on different heart rate patients. Cardiology 2010;117:114-15.
31. Leschka S, Scheffel H, Husmann L, Wildermuth S, Marincek B, Kaufmann PA, et al. Influence of body-mass-index, calcium-score and heart heart rate on the accuracy of DSCTcoronary angiography. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2007;132:S35.
32. Stinn B, Leschka S, Schmid F, Thurnheer M, Schultes B, Wildermuth S. CT-coronary angiography: Improvement of evaluation quality of coronary artery for morbid obesity with the new Dual-Source CT in comparison to 64-lines CT. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2007;132:S36.
33. Kepka C, Opolski MP, Kruk M, Pregowski J, Michalowska I, Demkow M, et al. Dual-source computed tomography angiography in patients after bypass grafting: comparison with invasive coronary angiography. Postep Kardiol Inter 2010;6:12-20.
34. Pflederer T, Seltmann M, Marwan M, Ropers D, Daniel WG, Achenbach S. Detection of coronary artery stenoses in patients with previous coronary revascularization by 128-slice dual source computed tomography. (Abstract 953). Presented at European Society of Cardiology, ESC Congress, Stockholm, Sweden, 28 August to 1 September 2010. Eur Heart J 2010;31:152.
35. Rixe J, Rolf A, Erkapic D, Koch A, Moellmann H, Nef H, et al. Usefulness of dual-source computed tomography for the detection of coronary artery disease in patients with arrhythmia: comparison to invasive angiography. (Abstract P1364). Eur Heart J Suppl 2009;30(206).
36. van Mieghem CA, Weustink A, Meijboom B, Pugliese F, Serruys PW, de Feyter PJ. Abstract 2328: clinical value of ct coronary angiography in symptomatic patients after percutaneous coronary intervention. Circulation 2007;116(II509).
37. Ropers D, Ropers U, Pflederer T, Bachmann S, Daniel WG, Achenbach S. Accuracy of dual source CT coronary angiography in patients after coronary bypass surgery: comparison to invasive angiography in 78 patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;51:A143.
38. LaBounty T, Leipsic J, Mancini GBJ, Heilbron B, Patel S, Kazerooni E, et al. A prospective multicenter study evaluating the diagnostic accuracy of high-definition coronary computed tomographic angiography: an intent-to-diagnose analysis. Presented at American College of Cardiology's 59th Annual Scientific Session and i2 Summit: Innovation in Intervention, 2010 14-16 Mar; Atlanta, United States. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;55:A68-E637.
39. Ropers U, Ropers D, Pflederer T, Anders K, Kuettner A, Stilianakis NI, et al. Influence of heart rate on the diagnostic accuracy of dual-source computed tomography coronary angiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50:2393-8.
40. de Graaf FR, Schuijf JD, van Velzen JE, Boogers MJ, Kroft LJ, de Roos A, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of 320-row multidetector computed tomography coronary angiography to noninvasively assess in-stent restenosis. Invest Radiol 2010;45:331-40.
41. Alkadhi H, Scheffel H, Desbiolles L, Gaemperli O, Stolzmann P, Plass A, et al. Dual-source computed tomography coronary angiography: influence of obesity, calcium load, and heart rate on diagnostic accuracy. Eur Heart J 2008;29:766-76.
42. Brodoefel H, Tsiflikas I, Burgstahler C, Reimann A, Thomas C, Schroeder S, et al. Cardiac dual-source computed tomography: effect of body mass index on image quality and diagnostic accuracy. Invest Radiol 2008;43:712-18.
43. Leber AW, Johnson T, Becker A, von Ziegler F, Tittus J, Nikolaou K, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of dual-source multi-slice CT-coronary angiography in patients with an intermediate pretest likelihood for coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J 2007;28:2354-60.
44. Lin CJ, Hsu JC, Lai Y, Wang KL, Lee JY, Li AH, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of dual-source CT coronary angiography in a population unselected for degree of coronary artery calcification and without heart rate modification. Clin Radiol 2010;65:109-17.
45. Weustink AC, Neefjes LA, Kyrzopoulos S, Van Straten M, Eu RN, Meijboom WB, et al. Impact of heart rate frequency and variability on radiation exposure, image quality, and diagnostic performance in dual-source spiral CT coronary angiography. Radiology 2009;253:672-80.
46. Brodoefel H, Burgstahler C, Tsiflikas I, Reimann A, Schroeder S, Claussen CD, et al. Dual source CT: effect of heart rate, heart rate variability, and calcification on image quality and diagnostic accuracy. Radiology 2008;247:346-55.
47. Marwan M, Pflederer T, Schepis T, Lang A, Muschiol G, Ropers D, et al. Accuracy of dual source computed tomography to identify significant coronary artery disease in patients with atrial fibrillation: comparison with coronary angiography. Eur Heart J 2010;31:2230-7.
48. Meng L, Cui L, Cheng Y, Wu X, Tang Y, Wang Y, et al. Effect of heart rate and coronary calcification on the diagnostic accuracy of the dual-source CT coronary angiography in patients with suspected coronary artery disease. Korean J Radiol 2009;10:347-54.
49. Oncel D, Oncel G, Tastan A. Effectiveness of dual-source CT coronary angiography for the evaluation of coronary artery disease in patients with atrial fibrillation: initial experience. Radiology 2007;245:703-11.
50. Oncel D, Oncel G, Tastan A, Tamci B. Evaluation of coronary stent patency and in-stent restenosis with dual-source CT coronary angiography without heart rate control. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2008;191:56-63.
51. Pflederer T, Marwan M, Renz A, Bachmann S, Ropers D, Kuettner A, et al. Noninvasive assessment of coronary in-stent restenosis by dual-source computed tomography. Am J Cardiol 2009;103:812-17.
52. Pugliese F, Weustink AC, Van Mieghem C, Alberghina F, Otsuka M, Meijboom WB, et al. Dual source coronary computed tomography angiography for detecting in-stent restenosis. Heart 2008;94:848-54.
53. Pugliese F, Alberghina F, Weustink AC, Otsuka M, Mollet NR, de Feyter PJ, et al. Dual source computed tomography angiography for the assessment of in-stent restenosis in coronary arteries. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2007;188:A4.
54. Rist C, Johnson TR, Mueller-Starck J, Arnoldi E, Saam T, Becker A, et al. Noninvasive coronary angiography using dual-source computed tomography in patients with atrial fibrillation. Invest Radiol 2009;44:159-67.
55. Scheffel H, Alkadhi H, Plass A, Vachenauer R, Desbiolles L, Gaemperli O, et al. Accuracy of dual-source CT coronary angiography: first experience in a high pre-test probability population without heart rate control. Eur Radiol 2006;16:2739-47.
56. Tsiflikas I, Drosch T, Brodoefel H, Thomas C, Reimann A, Till A, et al. Diagnostic accuracy and image quality of cardiac dual-source computed tomography in patients with arrhythmia. Int J Cardiol 2010;143:79-85.
57. Drosch T, Reimann A, Brodoefel H, Tsiflikas I, Thomas C, Heuschmid M, et al. Diagnostic accuracy and image quality of cardiac dual-source computed tomography in patients with arrhythmia. Circulation 2008;118:S845.
58. Weustink AC, Nieman K, Pugliese F, Mollet NR, Meijboom BW, van Mieghem C, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of computed tomography angiography in patients after bypass grafting. Comparison with invasive coronary angiography. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2009;2:816-24.
59. Zhang LJ, Wu SY, Wang J, Lu Y, Zhang ZL, Jiang SS, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of dual-source CT coronary angiography: the effect of average heart rate, heart rate variability, and calcium score in a clinical perspective. Acta Radiol 2010;51:727-40.
60. de Jonge GJ, van Ooijen PMA, Piers LH, Dikkers R, Tio RA, Willems TP, et al. Visualization of anomalous coronary arteries on dual-source computed tomography. Eur Radiol 2008;18:2425-32.
61. McKenna C, Wade R, Faria R, Yang H, Stirk L, Gummerson N, et al. EOS 2D/3D X-ray Imaging System: a Diagnostics Assessment Report. York: Centre for Reviews and Dissemination/Centre for Health Economics, University of York; 2011. URL: http://guidance.nice.org.uk/DT/1/AssessmentReport/pdf/English (accessed 1 June 2011).
62. Greenwood JP, Maredia N, Radjenovic A, Brown JM, Nixon J, Farrin AJ, et al. Clinical evaluation of magnetic resonance imaging in coronary heart disease: the CE-MARC study. Trials 2009;10:62.
63. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). Chest pain of recent onset: assessment and diagnosis of recent onset chest pain or discomfort of suspected cardiac origin. Clinical Guidelines 95. London: NICE; 2010 URL: http://guidance.nice.org.uk/CG95 (accessed 20 April 2011).
64. Walker S. CE-MARC cost-effectiveness analysis model. York: Centre for Health Economics, University of York; 2011.
65. Office of Population Censuses and Surveys, Government Statistical Service, Office for National Statistics. Mortality statistics (Cause). Review of the Registrar General on deaths by cause, sex, and age, in England and Wales. Series DH2. London: HMSO; 2006.
66. Sandercock P, Berge E, Dennis M, Forbes J, Hand P, Kwan J, et al. Cost-effectiveness of thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke assessed by a model based on UKNHS costs. Stroke 2004;35:1490-7.
67. National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions. Stroke: diagnosis and initial management of acute stroke and transient ischaemic attack (TIA). NICE clinical guideline 68. London: NICE; 2008. URL: www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/12018/41331/41331.pdf (accessed 18 May 2011).
68. Fox KM, Bertrand M, Ferrari R, Remme WJ, Simoons ML, Remme WJ, et al. Efficacy of perindopril in reduction of cardiovascular events among patients with stable coronary artery disease: randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial (the EUROPA study). Lancet 2003;362:782-8.
69. Briggs A, Mihaylova B, Sculpher M, Hall A, Wolstenholme J, Simoons M, et al. Cost effectiveness of perindopril in reducing cardiovascular events in patients with stable coronary artery disease using data from the EUROPA study. Heart 2007;93:1081-6.
70. Daly CA, Clemens F, Sendon JLL, Tavazzi L, Boersma E, Danchin N, et al. The initial management of stable angina in Europe, from the Euro Heart Survey: a description of pharmacological management and revascularization strategies initiated within the first month of presentation to a cardiologist in the Euro Heart Survey of Stable Angina. Eur Heart J 2005;26:1011-22.
71. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). Management of stable angina. NICE guideline. Draft for consultation. London: NICE; 2010. URL: www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/11878/52141/52141.pdf (accessed 20 April 2011).
72. Deckers JW, Goedhart DM, Boersma E, Briggs A, Bertrand M, Ferrari R, et al. Treatment benefit by perindopril in patients with stable coronary artery disease at different levels of risk. Eur Heart J 2006;27:796-801.
73. Joosen I, Versteylen M, Laufer E, Winkens M, Narula J, Hofstra L. The use of Framingham risk score, coronary calcium score and coronary computed tomographic angiography in patients with stable chest pain. Maastricht: Maastricht University Medical Center; 2011.
74. Shemesh J, Stroh CI, Tenenbaum A, Hod H, Boyko V, Fisman EZ, et al. Comparison of coronary calcium in stable angina pectoris and in first acute myocardial infarction utilizing double helical computerized tomography. Am J Cardiol 1998;81:271-5.
75. Hippisley-Cox J, Coupland C, Vinogradova Y, Robson J, Minhas R, Sheikh A, et al. Predicting cardiovascular risk in England and Wales: prospective derivation and validation of QRISK2. BMJ 2008;336:1475-82.
76. Banasiak W, Pociupany R, Wilkins A, Ponikowski P. Characteristics of patients with coronary artery disease managed on an outpatient basis in the population of Poland. Results of the multicentre RECENT trial. Kardiol Pol 2007;65:132-42.
77. Hall EJ, Brenner DJ. Cancer risks from diagnostic radiology. Br J Radiol 2008;81:362-78.
78. Brenner D, Elliston C, Hall E, Berdon W. Estimated risks of radiation-induced fatal cancer from pediatric CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2001;176:289-96.
79. Wall B, Hillier M, Haylock R, Hart D, Jansen J, Shrimpton P. Radiation risks from medical x-ray examinations as a function of the age and sex of the patient. Draft report-academic in confidence. Didcot: Health Protection Agency, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards; 2011.
80. International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. ICRP publication 103. Ann ICRP 2007;37:1-332.
81. Shrimpton P, Hillier M, Lewis M, Dunn M. Doses from computed tomography (CT) examinations in the UK: 2003 review. Didcot: National Radiological Protection Board; 2005. URL: www.hpa.org.uk/web/HPAwebFile/HPAweb_C/1194947420292 (accessed 16 May 2011).
82. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. Sources and effects of ionizing radiation. UNSCEAR 2008: report to the General Assembly with scientific annexes. New York, NY: United Nations; 2010. URL: www.unscear.org/unscear/en/publications/2008_1.html (accessed 16 May 2011).
83. Linet MS, Kim KP, Rajaraman P. Children's exposure to diagnostic medical radiation andcancer risk: epidemiologic and dosimetric considerations. Pediatr Radiol 2009;39(Suppl 1.):4-26.
84. Department of Health. NHS Reference costs 2010/11. Collection Guidance. London: Department of Health; 2010. URL: www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_122803 (accessed 19 May 2011).
85. ImPACT Group. Buyer's guide: multi-slice CT scanners. CEP08007. London: Centre for Evidence-Based Purchasing; 2009. URL: www.impactscan.org/clix/clix.php?http://nhscep.useconnect.co.uk/ShowDocument.ashx?id=79&i=true (accessed 19 May 2011).
86. National Audit Office. Managing high value capital equipment in the NHS in England. London: The Stationery Office; 2011. URL: www.nao.org.uk/publications/1011/nhs_high_value_equipment.aspx (accessed 19 May 2011).
87. Personal Social Services Research Unit (PSSRU). Unit Costs of Health and Social Care. Canterbury: University of Kent; 2010. URL: www.pssru.ac.uk/pdf/uc/uc2010/uc2010.pdf (accessed 16 May 2011).
88. NHS Information Centre for Health and Social Care. Hospital Episode Statistics: healthcare resource groups-HRG version 3 [Excel spreadsheet]. London: Health and Social Care Information Centre; 2010. URL: www.hesonline.nhs.uk/Ease/servlet/ContentServer?siteID=1937&categoryID=206 (accessed 20 May 2011).
89. West R, Ellis G, Brooks N, Joint Audit Comm British Cardiac S. Complications of diagnostic cardiac catheterisation: results from a confidential inquiry into cardiac catheter complications. Heart 2006;92:810-14.
90. Batyraliev T, Ayalp MR, Sercelik A, Karben Z, Dinler G, Besnili F, et al. Complications of cardiac catheterization: a single-center study. Angiology 2005;56:75-80.
91. Chandrasekar B, Doucet S, Bilodeau L, Crepeau J, deGuise P, Gregoire J, et al. Complications of cardiac catheterization in the current era: a single-center experience. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2001;52:289-95.
92. Smith LDR, Spyer G, Dean JW. Audit of cardiac catheterisation in a district general hospital: implications for training. Heart 1999;81:461-4.
93. Bridgewater B, Grayson AD, Brooks N, Grotte G, Fabri BM, Au J, et al. Has the publication of cardiac surgery outcome data been associated with changes in practice in northwest England: an analysis of 25,730 patients undergoing CABG surgery under 30 surgeons over eight years. Heart 2007;93:744-8.
94. Tarakji KG, Sabik JF, 3rd, Bhudia SK, Batizy LH, Blackstone EH. Temporal onset, risk factors, and outcomes associated with stroke after coronary artery bypass grafting. JAMA 2011;305:381-90.
95. Serruys PW, Unger F, Sousa JE, Jatene A, Bonnier HJRM, Schonberger JPAM, et al. Comparison of coronary-artery bypass surgery and stenting for the treatment of multivessel disease. N Engl J Med 2001;344:1117-24.
96. Rajani R, Lindblom M, Dixon G, Khawaja M, Hildick-Smith D, Holmberg S, et al. Evolving trends in percutaneous coronary intervention. Br J Cardiol 2011;18:73-6.
97. Namasivayam S, Kalra MK, Torres WE, Small WC. Adverse reactions to intravenous iodinated contrast media: a primer for radiologists. Emerg Radiol 2006;12:210-15.
98. Katzberg RW, Newhouse JH. Intravenous contrast medium-induced nephrotoxicity: is the medical risk really as great as we have come to believe? Radiology 2010;256:21-8.
99. Stacul F, van der Molen AJ, Reimer P, Webb JA, Thomsen HS, Morcos SK, et al. Contrast Media Safety Committee of European Society of Urogenital Radiology (ESUR). Contrast induced nephropathy: updated ESUR Contrast Media Safety Committee guidelines. Eur Radiol 2011;21:2527-41.
100. Kind P, Hardman G, Macran S. UK population norms for EQ-5D. Centre for Health Economics discussion paper 172. York: Centre for Health Economics; 1999.
101. National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE). Guide to the methods of technology appraisal. London: NICE; 2008. URL: www.nice.org.uk/media/B52/A7/TAMethodsGuideUpdatedJune2008.pdf (accessed 16 May 2011).
102. Campeau L. Letter: Grading of angina pectoris. Circulation 1976;54:522-3.
103. Longworth L, Buxton MJ, Sculpher M, Smith DH. Estimating utility data from clinical indicators for patients with stable angina. Eur J Health Econ 2005;6:347-53.
104. Sullivan PW, Ghushchyan V. Preference-based EQ-5D index scores for chronic conditions in the United States. Med Decis Making 2006;26:410-20.
105. Hankey GJ, Jamrozik K, Broadhurst RJ, Forbes S, Burvill PW, Anderson CS, et al. Five-year survival after first-ever stroke and related prognostic factors in the Perth Community Stroke Study. Stroke 2000;31:2080-6.
106. Oreopoulos A, Padwal R, McAlister FA, Ezekowitz J, Sharma AM, Kalantar-Zadeh K, et al. Association between obesity and health-related quality of life in patients with coronary artery disease. Int J Obes 2010;34:1434-41.
107. National Research Council, Committee to Assess Health Risks from Exposure to Low Level of Ionizing Radiation. Health risks from exposure to low levels of ionizing radiation: BEIR VII Phase 2. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2006.
108. Deeks JJ, Macaskill P, Irwig L. The performance of tests of publication bias and other sample size effects in systematic reviews of diagnostic test accuracy was assessed. J Clin Epidemiol 2005;58:882-93.
109. Zhou X, McClish D, Obuchowski NA. Statistical methods in diagnostic medicine. New York, NY: Wiley Interscience; 2002.
110. Zwinderman AH, Bossuyt PM. We should not pool diagnostic likelihood ratios in systematic reviews. Stat Med 2008;27:687-97.
111. Blankenhorn DH, Curry PJ. The accuracy of arteriography and ultrasound imaging for atherosclerosis measurement. A review. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1982;106:483-9.
112. Arnett EN, Isner JM, Redwood DR, Kent KM, Baker WP, Ackerstein H, et al. Coronary artery narrowing in coronary heart disease: comparison of cineangiographic and necropsy findings. Ann Intern Med 1979;91:350-6.
113. Roberts WC, Jones AA. Quantitation of coronary arterial narrowing at necropsy in sudden coronary death: analysis of 31 patients and comparison with 25 control subjects. Am J Cardiol 1979;44:39-45.
114. Grondin CM, Dyrda I, Pasternac A, Campeau L, Bourassa MG, Lesperance J. Discrepancies between cineangiographic and postmortem findings in patients with coronary artery disease and recent myocardial revascularization. Circulation 1974;49:703-8.
115. Vlodaver Z, Frech R, Van Tassel RA, Edwards JE. Correlation of the antemortem coronary arteriogram and the postmortem specimen. Circulation 1973;47:162-9.
116. Arnoldi E, Ramos-Duran L, Abro JA, Zwerner PL, Nikolaou K, Reiser MF, et al. Coronary CT angiography using prospective ECG triggering. Radiologe 2010;50:500-6.
117. Burgstahler C, Reimann A, Drosch T, Heuschmid M, Brodoefel H, Tsiflikas I, et al. Cardiac dual-source computed tomography in patients with severe coronary calcifications and a high prevalence of coronary artery disease. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr 2007;1:143-51.
118. Chen BX, Ma FY, Wen ZY, Luo W, Zhao XZ, Kang F, et al. [Diagnostic value of 128-slice CT coronary angiography in comparison with invasive coronary angiography.] Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi 2008;36:223-8.
119. Chen HW, Fang XM, Hu XY, Bao J, Hu CH, Chen Y, et al. Efficacy of dual-source CT coronary angiography in evaluating coronary stenosis: initial experience. Clin Imaging 2010;34:165-71.
120. Chen S-Y, Su Y-S, Xie P-Y, Xu S-l, Fang Y-Q, Huang A-R. [Clinical value of dual-source CT in evaluating coronary artery disease.] Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 2010;30:2125-7.
121. Fang XM, Chen HW, Hu XY, Bao J, Chen Y, Yang ZY, et al. Dual-source CT coronary angiography without heart rate or rhythm control in comparison with conventional coronary angiography. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2010;26:323-31.
122. Herzog BA, Husmann L, Burkhard N, Gaemperli O, Valenta I, Tatsugami F, et al. Accuracy of low-dose computed tomography coronary angiography using prospective electrocardiogramtriggering: first clinical experience. Eur Heart J 2008;29:3037-42.
123. Heuschmid M, Burgstahler C, Reimann A, Brodoefel H, Mysal I, Haeberle E, et al. Usefulness of noninvasive cardiac imaging using dual-source computed tomography in an unselected population with high prevalence of coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 2007;100:587-92.
124. Johnson TR, Nikolaou K, Busch S, Leber AW, Becker A, Wintersperger BJ, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of dual-source computed tomography in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. Invest Radiol 2007;42:684-91.
125. Nance JW, Jr, Bastarrika G, Kang DK, Ruzsics B, Vogt S, Schmidt B, et al. High-temporal resolution dual-energy computed tomography of the heart using a novel hybrid image reconstruction algorithm: initial experience. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2011;35:119-25.
126. Bossuyt PM, Reitsma JB, Bruns DE, Gatsonis CA, Glasziou PP, Irwig LM, et al. Towards complete and accurate reporting of studies of diagnostic accuracy: the STARD initiative. BMJ 2003;326:41-4.
127. Bossuyt PM, Reitsma JB, Bruns DE, Gatsonis CA, Glasziou PP, Irwig LM, et al. The STARD statement for reporting studies of diagnostic accuracy: explanation and elaboration. Ann Intern Med 2003;138:W1-12.
128. Morise AP, Haddad WJ, Beckner D. Development and validation of a clinical score to estimate the probability of coronary artery disease in men and women presenting with suspected coronary disease. Am J Med 1997;102:350-6.