Children's exposure to diagnostic medical radiation and cancer risk: Epidemiologic and dosimetric considerations

Pediatric Radiology

Volumn 39, Issue SUPPL. 1, 2009, Pages

  Linet, Martha S ^a   Kim, Kwang Pyo ^a,b   Rajaraman, Preetha ^a  

^a NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b Kyung Hee University   (South Korea)

Author keywords

Cancer risks; CT; Diagnostic radiography; Ionizing radiation; Pediatric neoplasms

Indexed keywords

BRAIN TUMOR; CANCER RISK; CHILDHOOD CANCER; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CONFERENCE PAPER; DOSIMETRY; HUMAN; IONIZING RADIATION; LEUKEMIA; MATERNAL CARE; MULTIDETECTOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY; PERINATAL PERIOD; PREGNANCY; PREGNANT WOMAN; PRENATAL PERIOD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIATION EXPOSURE; X RAY; CHILD; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; FEMALE; FETUS; PRENATAL EXPOSURE; RADIATION DOSE; RADIATION INJURY; RADIOGRAPHY; REVIEW; RISK; SCINTISCANNING;

CHILD; FEMALE; FETUS; HUMANS; NEOPLASMS, RADIATION-INDUCED; PREGNANCY; PRENATAL EXPOSURE DELAYED EFFECTS; RADIATION DOSAGE; RADIOGRAPHY; RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING; RISK; TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY COMPUTED;

EID: 63249126021     PISSN: 03010449     EISSN: 14321998     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00247-008-1026-3     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (126)

1. Ries LA, Melbert D, Krapcho M et al (eds) (2008) SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2005. National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, based on November 2007 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site ( http://seer.cancer.gov/ csr/1975-2005/ )
2. E Steliarova-Foucher C Stiller B Lacour 2005 International Classification of Childhood Cancer, 3rd ed Cancer 103 1457-1467 (Pubitemid 40410743)
3. Ross JA, Spector LG (2006) Cancers in children. In: Schottenfeld D, Fraumeni JF Jr (eds) Cancer epidemiology and prevention, 3rd ed. Oxford University Press, Bethesda, MD, p 1251-1261
4. Parkin DM, Kramarova E, Draper GJ et al (eds) (1998) IARC Scientific Publications No. 144: International Incidence of Childhood Cancer, Vol. II. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
5. Ries LA, Smith MA, Gurney JG et al (eds) (1999) Cancer incidence and survival among children and adolescents: United States SEER program 1975-1995, Pub. No. 99-4649. National Cancer Institute, SEER program, NIH, Bethesda, MD
6. CA Stiller DM Parkin 1996 Geographic and ethnic variations in the incidence of childhood cancer Br Med Bull 52 682-703 (Pubitemid 27007679)
7. DM Parkin 1998 Epidemiology of cancer: global patterns and trends Toxicol Lett 102-103 227-234 (Pubitemid 29021225)
8. AM Stewart J Webb D Giles 1956 Malignant disease in childhood and diagnostic irradiation in utero Lancet ii 447
9. A Stewart J Webb D Hewitt 1958 A survey of childhood malignancies Br Med J 1 1495-1508
10. R Wakeford 1995 The risk of childhood cancer from intrauterine and preconceptional exposure to ionizing radiation Environ Health Perspect 103 1018-1025
11. Boice JD Jr, Land CE, Preston DL (1996) Ionizing radiation. In: Schottenfeld D, Fraumeni JF Jr (eds) Cancer epidemiology and prevention. 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, New York, NY, p 319-346
12. Little J (1999) IARC Scientific publication no. 149: epidemiology of childhood cancer. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France, pp 132-147
13. ICRP (2003) Publication 90: biological effects after prenatal irradiation (embryo and fetus), pp 167-170
14. R Schulze-Rath GP Hammer M Blettner 2008 Are pre- or postnatal diagnostic X-rays a risk factor for childhood cancer? A systematic review Radiat Environ Biophys 47 301-312
15. JF Bithell CA Stiller 1988 A new calculation of the carcinogenic risk of obstetric X-raying Stat Med 7 857-864 (Pubitemid 18182108)
16. R Doll R Wakeford 1997 Risk of childhood cancer from fetal irradiation Br J Radiol 70 130-139 (Pubitemid 27091013)
17. JD Boice Jr RW Miller 1999 Childhood and adult cancer after intrauterine exposure to ionizing radiation Teratology 59 227-233 (Pubitemid 29231839)
18. Mettler FA Jr (2007) Magnitude of radiation uses and doses in the United States: NCRP Scientific Committee 6-2 analysis of medical exposures. Annual meeting program-advances in radiation protection in medicine, Arlington, Virginia, pp 9-10
19. KP Kim DL Miller S Balter 2008 Occupational radiation doses to operators performing cardiac catheterization procedures Health Phys 94 211 227
20. UNSCEAR (2000) Sources and effects of ionizing radiation, vol. I. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, New York
21. Hewitt JM, Shuttleworth PG, Nelthorpe PA (1989) Improving protection standards in dental radiography. In: Goldfinch EP (ed) Radiation protection-theory and practice. Institute of Physics, Bristol, pp 81-84
22. Hart D, Hillier MC et al (2007) Dose to patients from radiographic and fluoroscopic x-ray imaging procedures in the UK-2005 review. Health Protection Agency, Chilton, UK
23. ID Napier 1999 Reference doses for dental radiography Br Dent J 186 392 396
24. Hart D, Hillier MC et al (2002) Dose to patients from medical x-ray examinations in the UK-2000 review. National Radiological Protection Board, Chilton, UK
25. Shrimpton PC, Hillier MC et al (2005) Doses from computed tomography (CT) examinations in the UK-2003 review. National Radiological Protection Board, Chilton, UK
26. Shrimpton PC, Jones DG et al (1991) Survey of CT practice in the UK. Part 2-dosimetric aspects. National Radiological Protection Board, Chilton, UK
27. DJ Brenner EJ Hall 2007 Computed tomography-an increasing source of radiation exposure N Engl J Med 357 2277 2284 (Pubitemid 350190758)
28. G Brix HD Nagel G Stamm 2003 Radiation exposure in multi-slice versus single-slice spiral CT: results of a nationwide survey Eur Radiol 13 1979 1991 (Pubitemid 36949729)
29. R Gadd PJ Mountford JW Oxtoby 1999 Effective dose to children and adolescents from radiopharmaceuticals Nucl Med Commun 20 569 573 (Pubitemid 29509995)
30. Galanski M, Nagel HD, Stamm G (2006) Paediatric CT exposure practice in the Federal Republic of Germany-results of a nation-wide survey in 2005/2006. Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
31. DGW Onnasch FK Schroder G Fischer 2007 Diagnostic reference levels and effective dose in paediatric cardiac catheterization Brit J Radiol 80 177 185 (Pubitemid 47007808)
32. A Piepsz K Hahn I Roca 1990 A radiopharmaceuticals schedule for imaging in paediatrics. Paediatric Task Group European Association Nuclear Medicine Eur J Nucl Med 17 127 129
33. CE Land 1995 Studies of cancer and radiation dose among atomic bomb survivors. The example of breast cancer JAMA 274 402 407
34. DL Preston S Kusumi M Tomonaga 1994 Cancer incidence in atomic bomb survivors. Part III. Leukemia, lymphoma and multiple myeloma, 1950-1987 Radiat Res 137 S68-S97 (Pubitemid 24060245)
35. DL Preston E Ron S Tokuoka 2007 Solid cancer incidence in atomic bomb survivors: 1958-1998 Radiat Res 168 1 64
36. Rosenstein M, Beck T et al (1979) Handbook of selected tissue doses for projections common in pediatric radiology. Food and Drug Administration, Rockville MD
37. RH Mole 1990 Childhood cancer after prenatal exposure to diagnostic X-ray examinations in Britain Br J Cancer 62 152 168 (Pubitemid 20226466)
38. DK Bewley JW Laws CJ Myddleton 1957 Maternal and foetal radiation dosage during obstetric radiographic examinations Br J Radiol 30 286 290
39. CG Clayton FT Farmer CK Warrick 1957 Radiation doses to the foetal and maternal gonads in obstetric radiography during late pregnancy Br J Radiol 30 291 294
40. JC Matthews H Miller 1969 Radiation hazards from diagnostic radiology. A repeat survey over a small area Br J Radiol 42 814 817
41. HMSO (1960) Great Britain, Ministry of Health Committee on Radiological Hazards to Patients: second report of the Committee. HMSO, London, UK
42. Clark KC (1956) Positioning in radiography, 7th edn. Heineman Medical, London, UK
43. HMSO (1966) Great Britain, Ministry of Health Committee on Radiological Hazards to Patients: final report of the Committee. HMSO, London, UK
44. EK Osei K Faulkner 1999 Fetal doses from radiological examinations Br J Radiol 72 773 780 (Pubitemid 29387035)
45. Hart D, Jones DG et al (1994) Normalised organ doses for medical x-ray examinations calculated using Monte Carlo techniques. National Radiological Protection Board, Chilton, UK
46. FJ Thomton EK Paulson TT Yoshizumi 2003 Single versus multi-detector row CT: comparison of radiation doses and dose profiles Acad Radiol 10 379 385 (Pubitemid 36383968)
47. LM Hurwitz T Yoshizumi RE Reiman 2006 Radiation dose to the fetus from body MDCT during early gestation AJR 186 871 876 (Pubitemid 46100280)
48. Loevinger R, Budinger TF, Watson EE (1991) MIRD primer for absorbed dose calculations. Society of Nuclear Medicine, New York, NY
49. JR Russell MG Stabin RB Sparks 1997 Radiation absorbed dose to the embryo/fetus from radiopharmaceuticals Health Phys 73 756 769 (Pubitemid 27444395)
50. CRCPD (2005) Nationwide evaluation of x-ray trends (NEXT): tabulation and graphical summary of 2001 survey of adult chest radiography. Conference of Radiation Control Program Directors, Frankfort, KY, p 77
51. G Chodick C Ronckers E Ron 2006 The utilization of pediatric computed tomography in a large Israeli Health Maintenance Organization Pediatr Radiol 36 485 490 (Pubitemid 43750609)
52. N Ghotbi A Ohtsuru Y Ogawa 2006 Pediatric CT scan usage in Japan: results of a hospital survey Radiat Med 24 560 567
53. DM Macgregor L McKie 2005 CT or not CT-that is the question. Whether 'tis better to evaluate clinically and x-ray than to undertake a CT head scan Emerg Med J 22 541 543 (Pubitemid 41102723)
54. J Broder LA Fordham DM Warshauer 2007 Increasing utilization of computed tomography in the pediatric emergency department, 2000-2006 Emerg Radiol 14 227 232 (Pubitemid 47312546)
55. CRCPD (2007) Nationwide evaluation of x-ray trends (NEXT): tabulation and graphical summary of 2000 survey of computed tomography. Conference of Radiation Control Program Directors, Frankfort, KY, p 154
56. FA Mettler Jr. PW Wiest JA Locken 2000 CT scanning: patterns of use and dose J Radiol Prot 20 353 359 (Pubitemid 32015689)
57. Shrimpton PC, Hart D et al (1991) Survey of CT practice in the UK. Part 1-aspects of examination frequency and quality assurance. National Radiological Protection Board, Chilton, UK
58. NCI (2008) Radiation risks and pediatric computed tomography (CT): a guide for health care providers. Available via: http://www.cancer.gov/ cancertopics/causes/radiation-risks-pediatric-CT
59. OW Linton FA Mettler Jr. 2003 National conference on dose reduction in CT, with an emphasis on pediatric patients AJR 181 321 329 (Pubitemid 36909472)
60. JF Bithell AM Stewart 1975 Pre-natal irradiation and childhood malignancy: a review of British data from the Oxford Survey Br J Cancer 31 271 287
61. B MacMahon 1962 Prenatal x-ray exposure and childhood cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 28 1173 1191
62. Monson RR, MacMahon B (1984) Prenatal x-ray exposure and cancer in children. In: Boice JD Jr, Fraumeni JF Jr (eds) Radiation carcinogenesis: epidemiology and biological significance. Raven, New York, NY, pp 97-105
63. EG Knox AM Stewart GW Kneale EA Gilman 1987 Prenatal irradiation and childhood cancer J Soc Radiol Prot 7 177 189 (Pubitemid 17165309)
64. S Graham ML Levin AM Lilienfeld 1966 Preconception, intrauterine, and postnatal irradiation as related to leukemia Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 19 347 371
65. T Salonen L Saxen 1975 Risk indicators in childhood malignancies Int J Cancer 15 941 946
66. HS Kaplan 1958 An evaluation of the somatic and genetic hazards of the medical uses of radiation Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med 80 696 706
67. DW Polhemus R Koch 1959 Leukemia and medical radiation Pediatrics 23 453 461
68. HA van Steensel-Moll HA Valkenburg JP Vandenbroucke 1985 Are maternal fertility problems related to childhood leukaemia Int J Epidemiol 14 555 559 (Pubitemid 16172702)
69. XO Shu YT Gao LA Brinton 1988 A population-based case-control study of childhood leukemia in Shanghai Cancer 62 635 644 (Pubitemid 18176752)
70. C Magnani G Pastore L Luzzatto 1990 Parental occupation and other environmental factors in the etiology of leukemias and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas in childhood: a case-control study Tumori 76 413 419
71. E Naumburg R Bellocco S Cnattingius 2001 Intrauterine exposure to diagnostic X rays and risk of childhood leukemia subtypes Radiat Res 156 718 723 (Pubitemid 34024266)
72. XO Shu F Jin MS Linet 1994 Diagnostic X-ray and ultrasound exposure and risk of childhood cancer Br J Cancer 70 531 536 (Pubitemid 24268560)
73. XO Shu JD Potter MS Linet 2002 Diagnostic X-rays and ultrasound exposure and risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia by immunophenotype Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 11 177 185 (Pubitemid 34202999)
74. CM van Duijn HA van Steensel-Moll JW Coebergh 1994 Risk factors for childhood acute non-lymphocytic leukemia: an association with maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 3 457 460 (Pubitemid 24280967)
75. GR Bunin JD Buckley CP Boesel 1994 Risk factors for astrocytic glioma and primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the brain in young children: a report from the Children's Cancer Group Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 3 197 204 (Pubitemid 24172530)
76. S Preston-Martin MC Yu B Benton 1982 N-Nitroso compounds and childhood brain tumors: a case-control study Cancer Res 42 5240 5245 (Pubitemid 13223175)
77. J Schuz U Kaletsch P Kaatsch 2001 Risk factors for pediatric tumors of the central nervous system: results from a German population-based case-control study Med Pediatr Oncol 36 274 282 (Pubitemid 32121312)
78. AF Olshan NE Breslow JM Falletta 1993 Risk factors for Wilms tumor. Report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Cancer 72 938 944 (Pubitemid 23215286)
79. DM Winn FP Li LL Robison 1992 A case-control study of the etiology of Ewing's sarcoma Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 1 525 532
80. EA Gilman GW Kneale EG Knox 1988 Pregnancy x-rays and childhood cancers J Radiol Prot 8 3 8
81. UNSCEAR (1972) A report of the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation to the General Assembly, with annexes. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects Of Atomic Radiation, New York
82. JR Totter HG MacPherson 1981 Do childhood cancers result from prenatal x-rays Health Phys 40 511 524 (Pubitemid 11152765)
83. EA Gilman AM Stewart EG Knox 1989 Trends in obstetric radiography J Radiol Prot 9 93 102
84. EB Harvey JD Boice Jr M Honeyman 1985 Prenatal x-ray exposure and childhood cancer in twins N Engl J Med 312 541 545 (Pubitemid 15174149)
85. Y Rodvall G Pershagen Z Hrubec 1990 Prenatal X-ray exposure and childhood cancer in Swedish twins Int J Cancer 46 362 365 (Pubitemid 20291085)
86. JH Carmichael RJ Berry 1976 Diagnostic x-rays in late pregnancy and in the neonate Lancet 1 351 352
87. J Chamberlain 1978 Human benefits and costs of a national screening programme for neural-tube defects Lancet 2 1293 1296 (Pubitemid 9097627)
88. Kendall BE, Darby SC, Harries SV et al (1980) A frequency survey of radiological examination carried out in national health service hospitals in Great Britain in 1977 for diagnostic purposes. National Radiological Protection Board Report. HSMO, London
89. BF Wall PC Shrimpton 1980 Bone marrow dose in chest radiography: the posteroanterior vs. anteroposterior projection Radiology 137 258 259
90. GM Kendall BF Wall SC Darby 1989 X-ray exposures of the foetus J Radiol Prot 9 285 293 (Pubitemid 20036995)
91. S Levi 1997 The history of ultrasound in gynecology 1950-1980 Ultrasound Med Biol 23 481 552 (Pubitemid 27268467)
92. RA Cartwright PA McKinney PA Hopton 1984 Ultrasound examinations in pregnancy and childhood cancer Lancet 2 999 1000 (Pubitemid 14021710)
93. LM Kinnier Wilson JA Waterhouse 1984 Obstetric ultrasound and childhood malignancies Lancet 2 997 999 (Pubitemid 14021709)
94. T Sorahan R Lancashire A Stewart 1995 Pregnancy ultrasound and childhood cancer: a second report from the Oxford Survey of Childhood Cancers Br J Obstet Gynaecol 102 831 832
95. A Fajardo-Gutierrez J Garduno-Espinosa L Yamamoto-Kimura 1993 Risk factors associated with the development of leukemia in children Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex 50 248 257
96. AL Hartley JM Birch PA McKinney 1988 The Inter-Regional Epidemiological Study of Childhood Cancer (IRESCC): past medical history in children with cancer J Epidemiol Community Health 42 235 242 (Pubitemid 18233630)
97. C Infante-Rivard JE Deadman 2003 Maternal occupational exposure to extremely low frequency magnetic fields during pregnancy and childhood leukemia Epidemiology 14 437 441 (Pubitemid 40417061)
98. C Infante-Rivard G Mathonnet D Sinnett 2000 Risk of childhood leukemia associated with diagnostic irradiation and polymorphisms in DNA repair genes Environ Health Perspect 108 495 498 (Pubitemid 30453769)
99. EA Ager LM Schuman HM Wallace 1965 An epidemiological study of childhood leukemia J Chronic Dis 18 113 132
100. GR Howe JD Burch AM Chiarelli 1989 An exploratory case-control study of brain tumors in children Cancer Res 49 4349 4352 (Pubitemid 19207285)
101. AE Daigle 1987 Epidemiologic study of etiologic factors in Ewing's sarcoma (abstract) Diss Abstr Int 47 2861 B Available via http://www.proquest. com/products-pq/descriptions/dai.shtml
102. DA Hoffman JE Lonstein MM Morin 1989 Breast cancer in women with scoliosis exposed to multiple diagnostic x rays J Natl Cancer Inst 81 1307 1312 (Pubitemid 19221792)
103. CM Ronckers MM Doody JE Lonstein 2008 Multiple diagnostic X-rays for spine deformities and risk of breast cancer Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 17 605 613
104. S Preston-Martin A Paganini-Hill BE Henderson 1980 Case-control study of intracranial meningiomas in women in Los Angeles County, California J Natl Cancer Inst 65 67 73 (Pubitemid 10071598)
105. DL Preston H Cullings A Suyama 2008 Solid cancer incidence in atomic bomb survivors exposed in utero or as young children J Natl Cancer Inst 100 428 436
106. GW Kneale AM Stewart 1980 Pre-conception X-rays and childhood cancers Br J Cancer 41 222 226 (Pubitemid 10176405)
107. JD Buckley LL Robison R Swotinsky 1989 Occupational exposures of parents of children with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: a report from the Children's Cancer Study Group Cancer Res 49 4030 4037 (Pubitemid 19197440)
108. GR Bunin S Kramer O Marrero 1987 Gestational risk factors for Wilms' tumor: results of a case-control study Cancer Res 47 2972 2977 (Pubitemid 17113445)
109. E Gold L Gordis J Tonascia 1979 Risk factors for brain tumors in children Am J Epidemiol 109 309 319 (Pubitemid 10209606)
110. S Kramer E Ward AT Meadows 1987 Medical and drug risk factors associated with neuroblastoma: a case-control study J Natl Cancer Inst 78 797 804 (Pubitemid 17093003)
111. C Magnani G Pastore L Luzzatto 1989 Risk factors for soft tissue sarcomas in childhood: a case-control study Tumori 75 396 400 (Pubitemid 19260358)
112. E Roman A Watson V Beral 1993 Case-control study of leukaemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma among children aged 0-4 years living in west Berkshire and north Hampshire health districts Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 306 615 621 (Pubitemid 23065823)
113. PH Shiono CS Chung NC Myrianthopoulos 1980 Preconception radiation, intrauterine diagnostic radiation, and childhood neoplasia J Natl Cancer Inst 65 681 686 (Pubitemid 10059955)
114. Heston JF, Kelly JB, Meigs JW et al (1986) Forty-five years of cancer incidence in Connecticut: 1935-79. National Cancer Institute monograph no. 70. NIH, Bethesda, MD
115. T Hakulinen A Andersen B Malker 1986 Trends in cancer incidence in the Nordic countries. A collaborative study of the five Nordic Cancer Registries Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand Suppl 288 1 151 (Pubitemid 16029699)
116. CA Stiller GJ Draper 1982 Trends in childhood leukaemia in Britain 1968-1978 Br J Cancer 45 543 551
117. A Berrington de Gonzalez A Ekbom AG Glass 2003 Comparison of documented and recalled histories of exposure to diagnostic x-rays in case-control studies of thyroid cancer Am J Epidemiol 157 652 663 (Pubitemid 36368536)
118. S Bhatia LL Robison O Oberlin 1996 Breast cancer and other second neoplasms after childhood Hodgkin's disease N Engl J Med 334 745 751 (Pubitemid 26089355)
119. JP Neglia LL Robison M Stovall 2006 New primary neoplasms of the central nervous system in survivors of childhood cancer: a report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study J Natl Cancer Inst 98 1528 1537 (Pubitemid 44680904)
120. E Ron B Modan JD Boice Jr 1988 Tumors of the brain and nervous system after radiotherapy in childhood N Engl J Med 319 1033 1039 (Pubitemid 18247989)
121. RE Shore N Hildreth P Dvoretsky 1993 Thyroid cancer among persons given X-ray treatment in infancy for an enlarged thymus gland Am J Epidemiol 137 1068 1080 (Pubitemid 23191074)
122. AJ Sigurdson CM Ronckers AC Mertens 2005 Primary thyroid cancer after a first tumour in childhood (the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study): a nested case-control study Lancet 365 2014 2023 (Pubitemid 40805009)
123. E Cardis A Kesminiene V Ivanov 2005 Risk of thyroid cancer after exposure to 131I in childhood J Natl Cancer Inst 97 724 732 (Pubitemid 40872379)
124. MD Tronko GR Howe TI Bogdanova 2006 A cohort study of thyroid cancer and other thyroid diseases after the Chornobyl accident: thyroid cancer in Ukraine detected during first screening J Natl Cancer Inst 98 897 903 (Pubitemid 44018919)
125. RE Shore 2002 Gaps in the epidemiology of in utero radiation-exposure effects Int Congr Ser 1236 13 18
126. Spelic DC (2006) Dose and image quality on mammography trends during the first decade of MQSA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD