메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 8, Issue 2, 2013, Pages

Using Phenotype MicroArrays to Determine Culture Conditions That Induce or Repress Toxin Production by Clostridium difficile and Other Microorganisms

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADENINE; ARGININE; CARBON; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE TOXIN A; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE TOXIN B; GLUTAMIC ACID; GLYCINE; GUANOSINE; LEUCINE; METHYLAMINE; NITROGEN; PHOSPHORUS; SULFUR;

EID: 84874280743     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056545     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (16)

References (93)
  • 1
    • 0037379691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New technologies to assess genotype-phenotype relationships
    • Bochner BR, (2003) New technologies to assess genotype-phenotype relationships. Nat Rev Genet 4: 309-314.
    • (2003) Nat Rev Genet , vol.4 , pp. 309-314
    • Bochner, B.R.1
  • 2
    • 0034911878 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phenotype microarrays for high-throughput phenotypic testing and assay of gene function
    • Bochner BR, Gadzinski P, Panomitros E, (2001) Phenotype microarrays for high-throughput phenotypic testing and assay of gene function. Genome Res 11: 1246-1255.
    • (2001) Genome Res , vol.11 , pp. 1246-1255
    • Bochner, B.R.1    Gadzinski, P.2    Panomitros, E.3
  • 3
    • 57649123534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global phenotypic characterization of bacteria
    • Bochner BR, (2009) Global phenotypic characterization of bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Rev 33: 191-205.
    • (2009) FEMS Microbiol Rev , vol.33 , pp. 191-205
    • Bochner, B.R.1
  • 4
    • 79953062146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assay of the multiple energy-producing pathways of mammalian cells
    • Bochner BR, Siri M, Huang RH, Noble S, Lei XH, et al. (2011) Assay of the multiple energy-producing pathways of mammalian cells. PLoS One 6: e18147.
    • (2011) PLoS One , vol.6
    • Bochner, B.R.1    Siri, M.2    Huang, R.H.3    Noble, S.4    Lei, X.H.5
  • 5
    • 67349135220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nutrient profiling reveals potent inducers of trichothecene biosynthesis in Fusarium graminearum
    • Gardiner DM, Kazan K, Manners JM, (2009) Nutrient profiling reveals potent inducers of trichothecene biosynthesis in Fusarium graminearum. Fungal Genet Biol 46: 604-613.
    • (2009) Fungal Genet Biol , vol.46 , pp. 604-613
    • Gardiner, D.M.1    Kazan, K.2    Manners, J.M.3
  • 6
    • 69949131247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low pH regulates the production of deoxynivalenol by Fusarium graminearum
    • Gardiner DM, Osborne S, Kazan K, Manners JM, (2009) Low pH regulates the production of deoxynivalenol by Fusarium graminearum. Microbiology 155: 3149-3156.
    • (2009) Microbiology , vol.155 , pp. 3149-3156
    • Gardiner, D.M.1    Osborne, S.2    Kazan, K.3    Manners, J.M.4
  • 7
    • 62349085538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Application of Biolog FF MicroPlate for substrate utilization and metabolite profiling of closely related fungi
    • Singh MP, (2009) Application of Biolog FF MicroPlate for substrate utilization and metabolite profiling of closely related fungi. J Microbiol Methods 77: 102-108.
    • (2009) J Microbiol Methods , vol.77 , pp. 102-108
    • Singh, M.P.1
  • 9
    • 0019521794 scopus 로고
    • Occurrence of toxin-producing Clostridium difficile in antibiotic-associated diarrhea in Sweden
    • Aronsson B, Mollby R, Nord CE, (1981) Occurrence of toxin-producing Clostridium difficile in antibiotic-associated diarrhea in Sweden. Med Microbiol Immunol 170: 27-35.
    • (1981) Med Microbiol Immunol , vol.170 , pp. 27-35
    • Aronsson, B.1    Mollby, R.2    Nord, C.E.3
  • 10
    • 0018075343 scopus 로고
    • Role of Clostridium difficile in antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis
    • Bartlett JG, Moon N, Chang TW, Taylor N, Onderdonk AB, (1978) Role of Clostridium difficile in antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. Gastroenterology 75: 778-782.
    • (1978) Gastroenterology , vol.75 , pp. 778-782
    • Bartlett, J.G.1    Moon, N.2    Chang, T.W.3    Taylor, N.4    Onderdonk, A.B.5
  • 11
    • 67649391053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection: new developments in epidemiology and pathogenesis
    • Rupnik M, Wilcox MH, Gerding DN, (2009) Clostridium difficile infection: new developments in epidemiology and pathogenesis. Nat Rev Microbiol 7: 526-536.
    • (2009) Nat Rev Microbiol , vol.7 , pp. 526-536
    • Rupnik, M.1    Wilcox, M.H.2    Gerding, D.N.3
  • 12
    • 28844494379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile: an important pathogen of food animals
    • Songer JG, Anderson MA, (2006) Clostridium difficile: an important pathogen of food animals. Anaerobe 12: 1-4.
    • (2006) Anaerobe , vol.12 , pp. 1-4
    • Songer, J.G.1    Anderson, M.A.2
  • 13
  • 14
    • 33749628473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative phylogenomics of Clostridium difficile reveals clade specificity and microevolution of hypervirulent strains
    • Stabler RA, Gerding DN, Songer JG, Drudy D, Brazier JS, et al. (2006) Comparative phylogenomics of Clostridium difficile reveals clade specificity and microevolution of hypervirulent strains. J Bacteriol 188: 7297-7305.
    • (2006) J Bacteriol , vol.188 , pp. 7297-7305
    • Stabler, R.A.1    Gerding, D.N.2    Songer, J.G.3    Drudy, D.4    Brazier, J.S.5
  • 15
    • 76249088522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative genome and phenotypic analysis of Clostridium difficile 027 strains provides insight into the evolution of a hypervirulent bacterium
    • Stabler RA, He M, Dawson L, Martin M, Valiente E, et al. (2009) Comparative genome and phenotypic analysis of Clostridium difficile 027 strains provides insight into the evolution of a hypervirulent bacterium. Genome Biol 10: R102.
    • (2009) Genome Biol , vol.10
    • Stabler, R.A.1    He, M.2    Dawson, L.3    Martin, M.4    Valiente, E.5
  • 16
    • 79960332015 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In-depth genetic analysis of Clostridium difficile PCR-ribotype 027 strains reveals high genome fluidity including point mutations and inversions
    • Stabler RA, Valiente E, Dawson LF, He M, Parkhill J, et al. (2010) In-depth genetic analysis of Clostridium difficile PCR-ribotype 027 strains reveals high genome fluidity including point mutations and inversions. Gut Microbes 1: 269-276.
    • (2010) Gut Microbes , vol.1 , pp. 269-276
    • Stabler, R.A.1    Valiente, E.2    Dawson, L.F.3    He, M.4    Parkhill, J.5
  • 17
    • 33745550745 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The multidrug-resistant human pathogen Clostridium difficile has a highly mobile, mosaic genome
    • Sebaihia M, Wren BW, Mullany P, Fairweather NF, Minton N, et al. (2006) The multidrug-resistant human pathogen Clostridium difficile has a highly mobile, mosaic genome. Nat Genet 38: 779-786.
    • (2006) Nat Genet , vol.38 , pp. 779-786
    • Sebaihia, M.1    Wren, B.W.2    Mullany, P.3    Fairweather, N.F.4    Minton, N.5
  • 18
    • 25144469664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxin production by an emerging strain of Clostridium difficile associated with outbreaks of severe disease in North America and Europe
    • Warny M, Pepin J, Fang A, Killgore G, Thompson A, et al. (2005) Toxin production by an emerging strain of Clostridium difficile associated with outbreaks of severe disease in North America and Europe. Lancet 366: 1079-1084.
    • (2005) Lancet , vol.366 , pp. 1079-1084
    • Warny, M.1    Pepin, J.2    Fang, A.3    Killgore, G.4    Thompson, A.5
  • 20
    • 67649213761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The first case of antibiotic-associated colitis by Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 027 in Korea
    • Tae CH, Jung SA, Song HJ, Kim SE, Choi HJ, et al. (2009) The first case of antibiotic-associated colitis by Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 027 in Korea. J Korean Med Sci 24: 520-524.
    • (2009) J Korean Med Sci , vol.24 , pp. 520-524
    • Tae, C.H.1    Jung, S.A.2    Song, H.J.3    Kim, S.E.4    Choi, H.J.5
  • 21
    • 79959846365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Isolation of the first three cases of Clostridium difficile polymerase chain reaction ribotype 027 in Singapore
    • Lim PL, Ling ML, Lee HY, Koh TH, Tan AL, et al. (2011) Isolation of the first three cases of Clostridium difficile polymerase chain reaction ribotype 027 in Singapore. Singapore Med J 52: 361-364.
    • (2011) Singapore Med J , vol.52 , pp. 361-364
    • Lim, P.L.1    Ling, M.L.2    Lee, H.Y.3    Koh, T.H.4    Tan, A.L.5
  • 22
    • 28844441314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A predominantly clonal multi-institutional outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea with high morbidity and mortality
    • Loo VG, Poirier L, Miller MA, Oughton M, Libman MD, et al. (2005) A predominantly clonal multi-institutional outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea with high morbidity and mortality. N Engl J Med 353: 2442-2449.
    • (2005) N Engl J Med , vol.353 , pp. 2442-2449
    • Loo, V.G.1    Poirier, L.2    Miller, M.A.3    Oughton, M.4    Libman, M.D.5
  • 23
    • 0029054398 scopus 로고
    • Glucosylation of Rho proteins by Clostridium difficile toxin B
    • Just I, Selzer J, Wilm M, von Eichel-Streiber C, Mann M, et al. (1995) Glucosylation of Rho proteins by Clostridium difficile toxin B. Nature 375: 500-503.
    • (1995) Nature , vol.375 , pp. 500-503
    • Just, I.1    Selzer, J.2    Wilm, M.3    von Eichel-Streiber, C.4    Mann, M.5
  • 24
    • 45249093628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glucosylation of Rho GTPases by Clostridium difficile toxin A triggers apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells
    • Gerhard R, Nottrott S, Schoentaube J, Tatge H, Olling A, et al. (2008) Glucosylation of Rho GTPases by Clostridium difficile toxin A triggers apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells. J Med Microbiol 57: 765-770.
    • (2008) J Med Microbiol , vol.57 , pp. 765-770
    • Gerhard, R.1    Nottrott, S.2    Schoentaube, J.3    Tatge, H.4    Olling, A.5
  • 25
    • 0028177598 scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile toxin B acts on the GTP-binding protein Rho
    • Just I, Fritz G, Aktories K, Giry M, Popoff MR, et al. (1994) Clostridium difficile toxin B acts on the GTP-binding protein Rho. J Biol Chem 269: 10706-10712.
    • (1994) J Biol Chem , vol.269 , pp. 10706-10712
    • Just, I.1    Fritz, G.2    Aktories, K.3    Giry, M.4    Popoff, M.R.5
  • 26
    • 0029011449 scopus 로고
    • The enterotoxin from Clostridium difficile (ToxA) monoglucosylates the Rho proteins
    • Just I, Wilm M, Selzer J, Rex G, von Eichel-Streiber C, et al. (1995) The enterotoxin from Clostridium difficile (ToxA) monoglucosylates the Rho proteins. J Biol Chem 270: 13932-13936.
    • (1995) J Biol Chem , vol.270 , pp. 13932-13936
    • Just, I.1    Wilm, M.2    Selzer, J.3    Rex, G.4    von Eichel-Streiber, C.5
  • 27
    • 77957988127 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of toxin A and toxin B in Clostridium difficile infection
    • Kuehne SA, Cartman ST, Heap JT, Kelly ML, Cockayne A, et al. (2010) The role of toxin A and toxin B in Clostridium difficile infection. Nature 467: 711-713.
    • (2010) Nature , vol.467 , pp. 711-713
    • Kuehne, S.A.1    Cartman, S.T.2    Heap, J.T.3    Kelly, M.L.4    Cockayne, A.5
  • 28
    • 0020659377 scopus 로고
    • Pseudomembranous colitis in Clostridium difficile-monoassociated rats
    • Czuprynski CJ, Johnson WJ, Balish E, Wilkins T, (1983) Pseudomembranous colitis in Clostridium difficile-monoassociated rats. Infect Immun 39: 1368-1376.
    • (1983) Infect Immun , vol.39 , pp. 1368-1376
    • Czuprynski, C.J.1    Johnson, W.J.2    Balish, E.3    Wilkins, T.4
  • 29
    • 0018098448 scopus 로고
    • Clindamycin-induced enterocolitis in hamsters as a model of pseudomembranous colitis in patients
    • Chang TW, Bartlett JG, Gorbach SL, Onderdonk AB, (1978) Clindamycin-induced enterocolitis in hamsters as a model of pseudomembranous colitis in patients. Infect Immun 20: 526-529.
    • (1978) Infect Immun , vol.20 , pp. 526-529
    • Chang, T.W.1    Bartlett, J.G.2    Gorbach, S.L.3    Onderdonk, A.B.4
  • 30
    • 0018316798 scopus 로고
    • Clindamycin-associated enterocolitis in guinea pigs: evidence for a bacterial toxin
    • Knoop FC, (1979) Clindamycin-associated enterocolitis in guinea pigs: evidence for a bacterial toxin. Infect Immun 23: 31-33.
    • (1979) Infect Immun , vol.23 , pp. 31-33
    • Knoop, F.C.1
  • 31
    • 0021995801 scopus 로고
    • Effects of Clostridium difficile toxins given intragastrically to animals
    • Lyerly DM, Saum KE, MacDonald DK, Wilkins TD, (1985) Effects of Clostridium difficile toxins given intragastrically to animals. Infect Immun 47: 349-352.
    • (1985) Infect Immun , vol.47 , pp. 349-352
    • Lyerly, D.M.1    Saum, K.E.2    MacDonald, D.K.3    Wilkins, T.D.4
  • 32
    • 0027985585 scopus 로고
    • Role of toxins A and B in the pathogenesis of Clostridium difficile disease
    • Bongaerts GP, Lyerly DM, (1994) Role of toxins A and B in the pathogenesis of Clostridium difficile disease. Microb Pathog 17: 1-12.
    • (1994) Microb Pathog , vol.17 , pp. 1-12
    • Bongaerts, G.P.1    Lyerly, D.M.2
  • 33
    • 0034628426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Asymptomatic carriage of Clostridium difficile and serum levels of IgG antibody against toxin A
    • Kyne L, Warny M, Qamar A, Kelly CP, (2000) Asymptomatic carriage of Clostridium difficile and serum levels of IgG antibody against toxin A. N Engl J Med 342: 390-397.
    • (2000) N Engl J Med , vol.342 , pp. 390-397
    • Kyne, L.1    Warny, M.2    Qamar, A.3    Kelly, C.P.4
  • 34
    • 74249096590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serum anti-toxin B antibody correlates with protection from recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (CDI)
    • Leav BA, Blair B, Leney M, Knauber M, Reilly C, et al. (2010) Serum anti-toxin B antibody correlates with protection from recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). Vaccine 28: 965-969.
    • (2010) Vaccine , vol.28 , pp. 965-969
    • Leav, B.A.1    Blair, B.2    Leney, M.3    Knauber, M.4    Reilly, C.5
  • 35
    • 74849098405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment with monoclonal antibodies against Clostridium difficile toxins
    • Lowy I, Molrine DC, Leav BA, Blair BM, Baxter R, et al. (2010) Treatment with monoclonal antibodies against Clostridium difficile toxins. N Engl J Med 362: 197-205.
    • (2010) N Engl J Med , vol.362 , pp. 197-205
    • Lowy, I.1    Molrine, D.C.2    Leav, B.A.3    Blair, B.M.4    Baxter, R.5
  • 36
    • 79952062024 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxin-Specific Antibodies for the Treatment of Clostridium difficile: Current Status and Future Perspectives
    • Hussack G, Tanha J, (2010) Toxin-Specific Antibodies for the Treatment of Clostridium difficile: Current Status and Future Perspectives. Toxins (Basel) 2: 998-1018.
    • (2010) Toxins (Basel) , vol.2 , pp. 998-1018
    • Hussack, G.1    Tanha, J.2
  • 37
    • 78651111353 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection: epidemiology, risk factors and management
    • Ananthakrishnan AN, (2011) Clostridium difficile infection: epidemiology, risk factors and management. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 8: 17-26.
    • (2011) Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.8 , pp. 17-26
    • Ananthakrishnan, A.N.1
  • 38
    • 78650828068 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reference assays for Clostridium difficile infection: one or two gold standards?
    • Planche T, Wilcox M, (2011) Reference assays for Clostridium difficile infection: one or two gold standards? J Clin Pathol 64: 1-5.
    • (2011) J Clin Pathol , vol.64 , pp. 1-5
    • Planche, T.1    Wilcox, M.2
  • 39
    • 63649106579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Autocatalytic processing of Clostridium difficile toxin B. Binding of inositol hexakisphosphate
    • Egerer M, Giesemann T, Herrmann C, Aktories K, (2009) Autocatalytic processing of Clostridium difficile toxin B. Binding of inositol hexakisphosphate. J Biol Chem 284: 3389-3395.
    • (2009) J Biol Chem , vol.284 , pp. 3389-3395
    • Egerer, M.1    Giesemann, T.2    Herrmann, C.3    Aktories, K.4
  • 40
    • 34548472183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Auto-catalytic cleavage of Clostridium difficile toxins A and B depends on cysteine protease activity
    • Egerer M, Giesemann T, Jank T, Satchell KJ, Aktories K, (2007) Auto-catalytic cleavage of Clostridium difficile toxins A and B depends on cysteine protease activity. J Biol Chem 282: 25314-25321.
    • (2007) J Biol Chem , vol.282 , pp. 25314-25321
    • Egerer, M.1    Giesemann, T.2    Jank, T.3    Satchell, K.J.4    Aktories, K.5
  • 41
    • 35648975533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MARTX, multifunctional autoprocessing repeats-in-toxin toxins
    • Satchell KJ, (2007) MARTX, multifunctional autoprocessing repeats-in-toxin toxins. Infect Immun 75: 5079-5084.
    • (2007) Infect Immun , vol.75 , pp. 5079-5084
    • Satchell, K.J.1
  • 42
    • 78649357145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rational design of inhibitors and activity-based probes targeting Clostridium difficile virulence factor TcdB
    • Puri AW, Lupardus PJ, Deu E, Albrow VE, Garcia KC, et al. (2010) Rational design of inhibitors and activity-based probes targeting Clostridium difficile virulence factor TcdB. Chem Biol 17: 1201-1211.
    • (2010) Chem Biol , vol.17 , pp. 1201-1211
    • Puri, A.W.1    Lupardus, P.J.2    Deu, E.3    Albrow, V.E.4    Garcia, K.C.5
  • 43
    • 80052483609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Host S-nitrosylation inhibits clostridial small molecule-activated glucosylating toxins
    • Savidge TC, Urvil P, Oezguen N, Ali K, Choudhury A, et al. (2011) Host S-nitrosylation inhibits clostridial small molecule-activated glucosylating toxins. Nat Med 17: 1136-1141.
    • (2011) Nat Med , vol.17 , pp. 1136-1141
    • Savidge, T.C.1    Urvil, P.2    Oezguen, N.3    Ali, K.4    Choudhury, A.5
  • 44
    • 77958132074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variations in TcdB activity and the hypervirulence of emerging strains of Clostridium difficile
    • Lanis JM, Barua S, Ballard JD, (2010) Variations in TcdB activity and the hypervirulence of emerging strains of Clostridium difficile. PLoS Pathog 6: e1001061.
    • (2010) PLoS Pathog , vol.6
    • Lanis, J.M.1    Barua, S.2    Ballard, J.D.3
  • 45
    • 84858866411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TcdB from hypervirulent Clostridium difficile exhibits increased efficiency of autoprocessing
    • Lanis JM, Hightower LD, Shen A, Ballard JD, (2012) TcdB from hypervirulent Clostridium difficile exhibits increased efficiency of autoprocessing. Mol Microbiol 84: 66-76.
    • (2012) Mol Microbiol , vol.84 , pp. 66-76
    • Lanis, J.M.1    Hightower, L.D.2    Shen, A.3    Ballard, J.D.4
  • 46
    • 0037312024 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile testing: after 20 years, still challenging
    • Wilkins TD, Lyerly DM, (2003) Clostridium difficile testing: after 20 years, still challenging. J Clin Microbiol 41: 531-534.
    • (2003) J Clin Microbiol , vol.41 , pp. 531-534
    • Wilkins, T.D.1    Lyerly, D.M.2
  • 47
    • 55849145460 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic relatedness of Clostridium difficile isolates from various origins determined by triple-locus sequence analysis based on toxin regulatory genes tcdC, tcdR, and cdtR
    • Bouvet PJ, Popoff MR, (2008) Genetic relatedness of Clostridium difficile isolates from various origins determined by triple-locus sequence analysis based on toxin regulatory genes tcdC, tcdR, and cdtR. J Clin Microbiol 46: 3703-3713.
    • (2008) J Clin Microbiol , vol.46 , pp. 3703-3713
    • Bouvet, P.J.1    Popoff, M.R.2
  • 48
    • 0019454424 scopus 로고
    • Intoxication of cultured human lung fibroblasts with Clostridium difficile toxin
    • Florin I, Thelestam M, (1981) Intoxication of cultured human lung fibroblasts with Clostridium difficile toxin. Infect Immun 33: 67-74.
    • (1981) Infect Immun , vol.33 , pp. 67-74
    • Florin, I.1    Thelestam, M.2
  • 49
    • 0026793251 scopus 로고
    • Cytotoxicity of Clostridium difficile toxin A for human colonic and pancreatic carcinoma cell lines
    • Kushnaryov VM, Redlich PN, Sedmak JJ, Lyerly DM, Wilkins TD, et al. (1992) Cytotoxicity of Clostridium difficile toxin A for human colonic and pancreatic carcinoma cell lines. Cancer Res 52: 5096-5099.
    • (1992) Cancer Res , vol.52 , pp. 5096-5099
    • Kushnaryov, V.M.1    Redlich, P.N.2    Sedmak, J.J.3    Lyerly, D.M.4    Wilkins, T.D.5
  • 50
    • 0021061819 scopus 로고
    • Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays
    • Mosmann T, (1983) Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. J Immunol Methods 65: 55-63.
    • (1983) J Immunol Methods , vol.65 , pp. 55-63
    • Mosmann, T.1
  • 51
    • 0027638145 scopus 로고
    • The (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium) colorimetric assay for the quantitation of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae cytotoxin
    • Chung WB, Backstrom LR, McDonald J, Collins MT, (1993) The (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium) colorimetric assay for the quantitation of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae cytotoxin. Can J Vet Res 57: 159-165.
    • (1993) Can J Vet Res , vol.57 , pp. 159-165
    • Chung, W.B.1    Backstrom, L.R.2    McDonald, J.3    Collins, M.T.4
  • 52
    • 56649108115 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expression of recombinant Clostridium difficile toxin A and B in Bacillus megaterium
    • Yang G, Zhou B, Wang J, He X, Sun X, et al. (2008) Expression of recombinant Clostridium difficile toxin A and B in Bacillus megaterium. BMC Microbiol 8: 192.
    • (2008) BMC Microbiol , vol.8 , pp. 192
    • Yang, G.1    Zhou, B.2    Wang, J.3    He, X.4    Sun, X.5
  • 53
    • 0029868433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of Clostridium difficile toxin A on human intestinal epithelial cells: induction of interleukin 8 production and apoptosis after cell detachment
    • Mahida YR, Makh S, Hyde S, Gray T, Borriello SP, (1996) Effect of Clostridium difficile toxin A on human intestinal epithelial cells: induction of interleukin 8 production and apoptosis after cell detachment. Gut 38: 337-347.
    • (1996) Gut , vol.38 , pp. 337-347
    • Mahida, Y.R.1    Makh, S.2    Hyde, S.3    Gray, T.4    Borriello, S.P.5
  • 54
    • 79953322027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Primary human colonic myofibroblasts are resistant to Clostridium difficile toxin A-induced, but not toxin B-induced, cell death
    • Mullan N, Hughes KR, Mahida YR, (2011) Primary human colonic myofibroblasts are resistant to Clostridium difficile toxin A-induced, but not toxin B-induced, cell death. Infect Immun 79: 1623-1630.
    • (2011) Infect Immun , vol.79 , pp. 1623-1630
    • Mullan, N.1    Hughes, K.R.2    Mahida, Y.R.3
  • 55
    • 0022515108 scopus 로고
    • Technique for measuring 50% end points in cytotoxicity assays for Clostridium difficile toxins
    • Rothman SW, (1986) Technique for measuring 50% end points in cytotoxicity assays for Clostridium difficile toxins. J Clin Pathol 39: 672-676.
    • (1986) J Clin Pathol , vol.39 , pp. 672-676
    • Rothman, S.W.1
  • 56
    • 0021750955 scopus 로고
    • Differential cytotoxic effects of toxins A and B isolated from Clostridium difficile
    • Rothman SW, Brown JE, Diecidue A, Foret DA, (1984) Differential cytotoxic effects of toxins A and B isolated from Clostridium difficile. Infect Immun 46: 324-331.
    • (1984) Infect Immun , vol.46 , pp. 324-331
    • Rothman, S.W.1    Brown, J.E.2    Diecidue, A.3    Foret, D.A.4
  • 57
    • 0345700250 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expression of Clostridium difficile toxins A and B and their sigma factor TcdD is controlled by temperature
    • Karlsson S, Dupuy B, Mukherjee K, Norin E, Burman LG, et al. (2003) Expression of Clostridium difficile toxins A and B and their sigma factor TcdD is controlled by temperature. Infect Immun 71: 1784-1793.
    • (2003) Infect Immun , vol.71 , pp. 1784-1793
    • Karlsson, S.1    Dupuy, B.2    Mukherjee, K.3    Norin, E.4    Burman, L.G.5
  • 58
    • 0028868816 scopus 로고
    • The toxigenic element of Clostridium difficile strain VPI 10463
    • Hammond GA, Johnson JL, (1995) The toxigenic element of Clostridium difficile strain VPI 10463. Microb Pathog 19: 203-213.
    • (1995) Microb Pathog , vol.19 , pp. 203-213
    • Hammond, G.A.1    Johnson, J.L.2
  • 59
    • 33745120517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular analysis of Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 027 isolates from Eastern and Western Canada
    • MacCannell DR, Louie TJ, Gregson DB, Laverdiere M, Labbe AC, et al. (2006) Molecular analysis of Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 027 isolates from Eastern and Western Canada. J Clin Microbiol 44: 2147-2152.
    • (2006) J Clin Microbiol , vol.44 , pp. 2147-2152
    • MacCannell, D.R.1    Louie, T.J.2    Gregson, D.B.3    Laverdiere, M.4    Labbe, A.C.5
  • 60
    • 45249095548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile toxin synthesis is negatively regulated by TcdC
    • Dupuy B, Govind R, Antunes A, Matamouros S, (2008) Clostridium difficile toxin synthesis is negatively regulated by TcdC. J Med Microbiol 57: 685-689.
    • (2008) J Med Microbiol , vol.57 , pp. 685-689
    • Dupuy, B.1    Govind, R.2    Antunes, A.3    Matamouros, S.4
  • 61
    • 33846253977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • tcdC genotypes associated with severe TcdC truncation in an epidemic clone and other strains of Clostridium difficile
    • Curry SR, Marsh JW, Muto CA, O'Leary MM, Pasculle AW, et al. (2007) tcdC genotypes associated with severe TcdC truncation in an epidemic clone and other strains of Clostridium difficile. J Clin Microbiol 45: 215-221.
    • (2007) J Clin Microbiol , vol.45 , pp. 215-221
    • Curry, S.R.1    Marsh, J.W.2    Muto, C.A.3    O'Leary, M.M.4    Pasculle, A.W.5
  • 62
    • 68949109768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid detection of the Clostridium difficile ribotype 027 tcdC gene frame shift mutation at position 117 by real-time PCR and melt curve analysis
    • Wolff D, Bruning T, Gerritzen A, (2009) Rapid detection of the Clostridium difficile ribotype 027 tcdC gene frame shift mutation at position 117 by real-time PCR and melt curve analysis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 28: 959-962.
    • (2009) Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis , vol.28 , pp. 959-962
    • Wolff, D.1    Bruning, T.2    Gerritzen, A.3
  • 63
    • 34249782307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile toxin expression is inhibited by the novel regulator TcdC
    • Matamouros S, England P, Dupuy B, (2007) Clostridium difficile toxin expression is inhibited by the novel regulator TcdC. Mol Microbiol 64: 1274-1288.
    • (2007) Mol Microbiol , vol.64 , pp. 1274-1288
    • Matamouros, S.1    England, P.2    Dupuy, B.3
  • 64
    • 67650766698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Truncation in the tcdC region of the Clostridium difficile PathLoc of clinical isolates does not predict increased biological activity of Toxin B or Toxin A
    • Murray R, Boyd D, Levett PN, Mulvey MR, Alfa MJ, (2009) Truncation in the tcdC region of the Clostridium difficile PathLoc of clinical isolates does not predict increased biological activity of Toxin B or Toxin A. BMC Infect Dis 9: 103.
    • (2009) BMC Infect Dis , vol.9 , pp. 103
    • Murray, R.1    Boyd, D.2    Levett, P.N.3    Mulvey, M.R.4    Alfa, M.J.5
  • 65
    • 71049165929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High prevalence of tcdC deletion-carrying Clostridium difficile and lack of association with disease severity
    • Verdoorn BP, Orenstein R, Rosenblatt JE, Sloan LM, Schleck CD, et al. (2010) High prevalence of tcdC deletion-carrying Clostridium difficile and lack of association with disease severity. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 66: 24-28.
    • (2010) Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis , vol.66 , pp. 24-28
    • Verdoorn, B.P.1    Orenstein, R.2    Rosenblatt, J.E.3    Sloan, L.M.4    Schleck, C.D.5
  • 66
    • 79956067927 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lack of association of tcdC type and binary toxin status with disease severity and outcome in toxigenic Clostridium difficile
    • Goldenberg SD, French GL, (2011) Lack of association of tcdC type and binary toxin status with disease severity and outcome in toxigenic Clostridium difficile. J Infect 62: 355-362.
    • (2011) J Infect , vol.62 , pp. 355-362
    • Goldenberg, S.D.1    French, G.L.2
  • 67
    • 67949102239 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile strain NAP-1 is not associated with severe disease in a nonepidemic setting
    • e862
    • Cloud J, Noddin L, Pressman A, Hu M, Kelly C, (2009) Clostridium difficile strain NAP-1 is not associated with severe disease in a nonepidemic setting. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 7: 868-873 e862.
    • (2009) Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.7 , pp. 868-873
    • Cloud, J.1    Noddin, L.2    Pressman, A.3    Hu, M.4    Kelly, C.5
  • 68
    • 77953002541 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictors of death after Clostridium difficile infection: a report on 128 strain-typed cases from a teaching hospital in the United Kingdom
    • Wilson V, Cheek L, Satta G, Walker-Bone K, Cubbon M, et al. (2010) Predictors of death after Clostridium difficile infection: a report on 128 strain-typed cases from a teaching hospital in the United Kingdom. Clin Infect Dis 50: e77-81.
    • (2010) Clin Infect Dis , vol.50
    • Wilson, V.1    Cheek, L.2    Satta, G.3    Walker-Bone, K.4    Cubbon, M.5
  • 69
    • 82455209353 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lack of association between clinical outcome of Clostridium difficile infections, strain type, and virulence-associated phenotypes
    • Sirard S, Valiquette L, Fortier LC, (2011) Lack of association between clinical outcome of Clostridium difficile infections, strain type, and virulence-associated phenotypes. J Clin Microbiol 49: 4040-4046.
    • (2011) J Clin Microbiol , vol.49 , pp. 4040-4046
    • Sirard, S.1    Valiquette, L.2    Fortier, L.C.3
  • 70
    • 71749105366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of the sporulation initiation pathway of Clostridium difficile and its role in toxin production
    • Underwood S, Guan S, Vijayasubhash V, Baines SD, Graham L, et al. (2009) Characterization of the sporulation initiation pathway of Clostridium difficile and its role in toxin production. J Bacteriol 191: 7296-7305.
    • (2009) J Bacteriol , vol.191 , pp. 7296-7305
    • Underwood, S.1    Guan, S.2    Vijayasubhash, V.3    Baines, S.D.4    Graham, L.5
  • 71
    • 79959354609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The key sigma factor of transition phase, SigH, controls sporulation, metabolism, and virulence factor expression in Clostridium difficile
    • Saujet L, Monot M, Dupuy B, Soutourina O, Martin-Verstraete I, (2011) The key sigma factor of transition phase, SigH, controls sporulation, metabolism, and virulence factor expression in Clostridium difficile. J Bacteriol 193: 3186-3196.
    • (2011) J Bacteriol , vol.193 , pp. 3186-3196
    • Saujet, L.1    Monot, M.2    Dupuy, B.3    Soutourina, O.4    Martin-Verstraete, I.5
  • 73
    • 77957834634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Integration of metabolism and virulence by Clostridium difficile CodY
    • Dineen SS, McBride SM, Sonenshein AL, (2010) Integration of metabolism and virulence by Clostridium difficile CodY. J Bacteriol 192: 5350-5362.
    • (2010) J Bacteriol , vol.192 , pp. 5350-5362
    • Dineen, S.S.1    McBride, S.M.2    Sonenshein, A.L.3
  • 74
    • 0029989720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhancement of Clostridium difficile toxin production in biotin-limited conditions
    • Yamakawa K, Karasawa T, Ikoma S, Nakamura S, (1996) Enhancement of Clostridium difficile toxin production in biotin-limited conditions. J Med Microbiol 44: 111-114.
    • (1996) J Med Microbiol , vol.44 , pp. 111-114
    • Yamakawa, K.1    Karasawa, T.2    Ikoma, S.3    Nakamura, S.4
  • 75
    • 0031718661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of enhanced toxin production by Clostridium difficile in biotin-limited conditions
    • Yamakawa K, Karasawa T, Ohta T, Hayashi H, Nakamura S, (1998) Inhibition of enhanced toxin production by Clostridium difficile in biotin-limited conditions. J Med Microbiol 47: 767-771.
    • (1998) J Med Microbiol , vol.47 , pp. 767-771
    • Yamakawa, K.1    Karasawa, T.2    Ohta, T.3    Hayashi, H.4    Nakamura, S.5
  • 76
    • 57349199337 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Induction of toxins in Clostridium difficile is associated with dramatic changes of its metabolism
    • Karlsson S, Burman LG, Akerlund T, (2008) Induction of toxins in Clostridium difficile is associated with dramatic changes of its metabolism. Microbiology 154: 3430-3436.
    • (2008) Microbiology , vol.154 , pp. 3430-3436
    • Karlsson, S.1    Burman, L.G.2    Akerlund, T.3
  • 77
    • 0032781028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Suppression of toxin production in Clostridium difficile VPI 10463 by amino acids
    • Karlsson S, Burman LG, Akerlund T, (1999) Suppression of toxin production in Clostridium difficile VPI 10463 by amino acids. Microbiology 145 (Pt 7): 1683-1693.
    • (1999) Microbiology , vol.145 , Issue.Pt 7 , pp. 1683-1693
    • Karlsson, S.1    Burman, L.G.2    Akerlund, T.3
  • 78
    • 79551662947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CcpA-mediated repression of Clostridium difficile toxin gene expression
    • Antunes A, Martin-Verstraete I, Dupuy B, (2011) CcpA-mediated repression of Clostridium difficile toxin gene expression. Mol Microbiol 79: 882-899.
    • (2011) Mol Microbiol , vol.79 , pp. 882-899
    • Antunes, A.1    Martin-Verstraete, I.2    Dupuy, B.3
  • 79
    • 0031973385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulated transcription of Clostridium difficile toxin genes
    • Dupuy B, Sonenshein AL, (1998) Regulated transcription of Clostridium difficile toxin genes. Mol Microbiol 27: 107-120.
    • (1998) Mol Microbiol , vol.27 , pp. 107-120
    • Dupuy, B.1    Sonenshein, A.L.2
  • 80
    • 0027493140 scopus 로고
    • Nutritional aspects of cytotoxin production by Clostridium difficile
    • Osgood DP, Wood NP, Sperry JF, (1993) Nutritional aspects of cytotoxin production by Clostridium difficile. Appl Environ Microbiol 59: 3985-3988.
    • (1993) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.59 , pp. 3985-3988
    • Osgood, D.P.1    Wood, N.P.2    Sperry, J.F.3
  • 81
    • 0030748994 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of arginine on toxin production by Clostridium difficile in defined medium
    • Karasawa T, Maegawa T, Nojiri T, Yamakawa K, Nakamura S, (1997) Effect of arginine on toxin production by Clostridium difficile in defined medium. Microbiol Immunol 41: 581-585.
    • (1997) Microbiol Immunol , vol.41 , pp. 581-585
    • Karasawa, T.1    Maegawa, T.2    Nojiri, T.3    Yamakawa, K.4    Nakamura, S.5
  • 82
    • 0036140869 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linkage between toxin production and purine biosynthesis in Clostridium difficile
    • Maegawa T, Karasawa T, Ohta T, Wang X, Kato H, et al. (2002) Linkage between toxin production and purine biosynthesis in Clostridium difficile. J Med Microbiol 51: 34-41.
    • (2002) J Med Microbiol , vol.51 , pp. 34-41
    • Maegawa, T.1    Karasawa, T.2    Ohta, T.3    Wang, X.4    Kato, H.5
  • 83
    • 0022520944 scopus 로고
    • Growth of Clostridium difficile and production of toxins A and B in complex and defined media
    • Haslam SC, Ketley JM, Mitchell TJ, Stephen J, Burdon DW, et al. (1986) Growth of Clostridium difficile and production of toxins A and B in complex and defined media. J Med Microbiol 21: 293-297.
    • (1986) J Med Microbiol , vol.21 , pp. 293-297
    • Haslam, S.C.1    Ketley, J.M.2    Mitchell, T.J.3    Stephen, J.4    Burdon, D.W.5
  • 84
    • 0028926674 scopus 로고
    • A defined growth medium for Clostridium difficile
    • Karasawa T, Ikoma S, Yamakawa K, Nakamura S, (1995) A defined growth medium for Clostridium difficile. Microbiology 141 (Pt 2): 371-375.
    • (1995) Microbiology , vol.141 , Issue.Pt 2 , pp. 371-375
    • Karasawa, T.1    Ikoma, S.2    Yamakawa, K.3    Nakamura, S.4
  • 85
    • 84874261023 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of human fecal components and study of methods for their recovery in space systems
    • OH: Aeronautical Systems Division. ix
    • Goldblith SA, Wick EL (1961) Analysis of human fecal components and study of methods for their recovery in space systems. Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH: Aeronautical Systems Division. ix, 57 pp.
    • (1961) Wright-Patterson Air Force Base , pp. 57
    • Goldblith, S.A.1    Wick, E.L.2
  • 86
    • 0022929923 scopus 로고
    • Interaction of Clostridium difficile and Escherichia coli with microfloras in continuous-flow cultures and gnotobiotic mice
    • Wilson KH, Freter R, (1986) Interaction of Clostridium difficile and Escherichia coli with microfloras in continuous-flow cultures and gnotobiotic mice. Infect Immun 54: 354-358.
    • (1986) Infect Immun , vol.54 , pp. 354-358
    • Wilson, K.H.1    Freter, R.2
  • 87
    • 0023751801 scopus 로고
    • Role of competition for nutrients in suppression of Clostridium difficile by the colonic microflora
    • Wilson KH, Perini F, (1988) Role of competition for nutrients in suppression of Clostridium difficile by the colonic microflora. Infect Immun 56: 2610-2614.
    • (1988) Infect Immun , vol.56 , pp. 2610-2614
    • Wilson, K.H.1    Perini, F.2
  • 88
    • 0022648984 scopus 로고
    • Gnotobiotic models for study of the microbial ecology of Clostridium difficile and Escherichia coli
    • Wilson KH, Sheagren JN, Freter R, Weatherbee L, Lyerly D, (1986) Gnotobiotic models for study of the microbial ecology of Clostridium difficile and Escherichia coli. J Infect Dis 153: 547-551.
    • (1986) J Infect Dis , vol.153 , pp. 547-551
    • Wilson, K.H.1    Sheagren, J.N.2    Freter, R.3    Weatherbee, L.4    Lyerly, D.5
  • 89
    • 78049517380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of Clostridium difficile infections by quantitative detection of tcdB toxin by use of a real-time cell analysis system
    • Ryder AB, Huang Y, Li H, Zheng M, Wang X, et al. (2010) Assessment of Clostridium difficile infections by quantitative detection of tcdB toxin by use of a real-time cell analysis system. J Clin Microbiol 48: 4129-4134.
    • (2010) J Clin Microbiol , vol.48 , pp. 4129-4134
    • Ryder, A.B.1    Huang, Y.2    Li, H.3    Zheng, M.4    Wang, X.5
  • 90
    • 0028935286 scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile toxin B is more potent than toxin A in damaging human colonic epithelium in vitro
    • Riegler M, Sedivy R, Pothoulakis C, Hamilton G, Zacherl J, et al. (1995) Clostridium difficile toxin B is more potent than toxin A in damaging human colonic epithelium in vitro. J Clin Invest 95: 2004-2011.
    • (1995) J Clin Invest , vol.95 , pp. 2004-2011
    • Riegler, M.1    Sedivy, R.2    Pothoulakis, C.3    Hamilton, G.4    Zacherl, J.5
  • 91
    • 77957376775 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human hypervirulent Clostridium difficile strains exhibit increased sporulation as well as robust toxin production
    • Merrigan M, Venugopal A, Mallozzi M, Roxas B, Viswanathan VK, et al. (2010) Human hypervirulent Clostridium difficile strains exhibit increased sporulation as well as robust toxin production. J Bacteriol 192: 4904-4911.
    • (2010) J Bacteriol , vol.192 , pp. 4904-4911
    • Merrigan, M.1    Venugopal, A.2    Mallozzi, M.3    Roxas, B.4    Viswanathan, V.K.5
  • 92
    • 0031878772 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A novel toxinotyping scheme and correlation of toxinotypes with serogroups of Clostridium difficile isolates
    • Rupnik M, Avesani V, Janc M, von Eichel-Streiber C, Delmee M, (1998) A novel toxinotyping scheme and correlation of toxinotypes with serogroups of Clostridium difficile isolates. J Clin Microbiol 36: 2240-2247.
    • (1998) J Clin Microbiol , vol.36 , pp. 2240-2247
    • Rupnik, M.1    Avesani, V.2    Janc, M.3    von Eichel-Streiber, C.4    Delmee, M.5
  • 93
    • 79958024067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile toxinotyping
    • Rupnik M, (2010) Clostridium difficile toxinotyping. Methods Mol Biol 646: 67-76.
    • (2010) Methods Mol Biol , vol.646 , pp. 67-76
    • Rupnik, M.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.