Lyme Disease

Kelley's Textbook of Rheumatology: Volume 1-2, Ninth Edition

Volumn 2, Issue , 2012, Pages 1815-1828

  Bockenstedt, Linda K ^a  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84874041169     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-1-4377-1738-9.00110-9     Document Type: Chapter

References (268)

1. LK Bockenstedt and SE Malawista (2008) Lyme disease. RL Cecil, L Goldman, JC Bennett,(Eds) The Cecil textbook of medicine ed 23 Philadelphia: WB Saunders 2289-2294
2. AC Steere, SE Malawista, DR Snydman, et al. (1977) Lyme arthritis: an epidemic of oligoarticular arthritis in children and adults in three Connecticut communities. Arthritis Rheum 20(1), 7-17
3. W Burgdorfer, AG Barbour, SF Hayes, et al. (1982) Lyme disease—a tick-borne spirochetosis? Science 216(4552), 1317-1319
4. AC Steere, RL Grodzicki, AN Kornblatt, et al. (1983) The spirochetal etiology of Lyme disease. N Engl J Med 308(13), 733-740
5. J Piesman and L Gern (2004) Lyme borreliosis in Europe and North America. Parasitology 129(Suppl), S191-S220
6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Reported Lyme disease cases by state, 1995-2009 (website). www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/lyme/ld_rptdLymeCasesbyState.htm Accessed 2010
7. AC Steere, J Coburn and L Glickstein (2004) The emergence of Lyme disease. J Clin Invest 113(8), 1093-1101
8. SM Dunham-Ems, MJ Caimano, U Pal, et al. (2009) Live imaging reveals a biphasic mode of dissemination of Borrelia burgdorferi within ticks. J Clin Invest 119(12), 3652-3665
9. CM Fraser, S Casjens, WM Huang, et al. (1997) Genomic sequence of a Lyme disease spirochaete, Borrelia burgdorferi. Nature 390(6660), 580-586
10. U Pal, AM de Silva, RR Montgomery, et al. (2000) Attachment of Borrelia burgdorferi within Ixodes scapularis mediated by outer surface protein A. J Clin Invest 106(4), 561-569
11. K Tilly, JG Krum, A Bestor, et al. (2006) Borrelia burgdorferi OspC protein required exclusively in a crucial early stage of mammalian infection. Infect Immun 74(6), 3554-3564
12. V Lagal, D Pornoi, G Faure, et al. (2006) Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto invasiveness is correlated with OspC-plasminogen affinity. Microbes Infect 8(3), 645-652
13. SJ Norris (2006) Antigenic variation with a twist—the Borrelia story. Mol Microbiol 60(6), 1319-1322
14. PH Duray (1989) Histopathology of clinical phases of human Lyme disease. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 15(4), 691-710
15. AC Steere and L Glickstein (2004) Elucidation of Lyme arthritis. Nat Rev Immunol 4(2), 143-152
16. T Kawai and S Akira (2005) Pathogen recognition with Toll-like receptors. Curr Opin Immunol 17(4), 338-344
17. AK Behera, E Hildebrand, S Uematsu, et al. (2006) Identification of a TLR-independent pathway for Borrelia burgdorferi-induced expression of matrix metalloproteinases and inflammatory mediators through binding to integrin alpha 3 beta 1. J Immunol 177(1), 657-664
18. M Oosting, A Berende, P Sturm, et al. (2010) Recognition of Borrelia burgdorferi by NOD2 is central for the induction of an inflammatory reaction. J Infect Dis 201(12), 1849-1858
19. E Fikrig, SW Barthold, M Chen, et al. (1996) Protective antibodies in murine Lyme disease arise independently of CD40 ligand. J Immunol 157(1), 1-3
20. MD McKisic and SW Barthold (2000) T-cell-independent responses to Borrelia burgdorferi are critical for protective immunity and resolution of Lyme disease. Infect Immun 68(9), 5190-5197
21. JA Hardin, AC Steere and SE Malawista (1979) Immune complexes and the evolution of Lyme arthritis: dissemination and localization of abnormal C1q binding activity. N Engl J Med 301(25), 1358-1363
22. M Senel, TA Rupprecht, H Tumani, et al. (2010) The chemokine CXCL13 in acute neuroborreliosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 81(8), 929-933. Correction 81(10):1177, 2010
23. ME Aguero-Rosenfeld, G Wang, I Schwartz, et al. (2005) Diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 18(3), 484-509
24. Z Dai, H Lackland, S Stein, et al. (1993) Molecular mimicry in Lyme disease: monoclonal antibody H9724 to Borrelia burgdorferi flagellin specifically detects chaperonin-HSP60. Biochim Biophys Acta 1181(1), 97-100
25. A Alaedini and N Latov (2005) Antibodies against OspA epitopes of Borrelia burgdorferi cross-react with neural tissue. J Neuroimmunol 159(1-2), 192-195
26. A Chandra, GP Wormser, MS Klempner, et al. (2010) Anti-neural antibody reactivity in patients with a history of Lyme borreliosis and persistent symptoms. Brain Behavior Autoimm 24(6), 1018-1024
27. DM Gross, AC Steere and BT Huber (1998) T helper 1 response is dominant and localized to the synovial fluid in patients with Lyme arthritis. J Immunol 160(2), 1022-1028
28. M Widhe, S Jarefors, C Ekerfelt, et al. (2004) Borrelia-specific interferon-gamma and interleukin-4 secretion in cerebrospinal fluid and blood during Lyme borreliosis in humans: association with clinical outcome. J Infect Dis 189(10), 1881-1891
29. G Codolo, A Amedei, AC Steere, et al. (2008) Borrelia burgdorferi NapA-driven Th17 cell inflammation in Lyme arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 58(11), 3609-3617
30. RA Kalish, JM Leong and AC Steere (1993) Association of treatment-resistant chronic Lyme arthritis with HLA-DR4 and antibody reactivity to OspA and OspB of Borrelia burgdorferi. Infect Immun 61(7), 2774-2779
31. B Lengl-Janssen, AF Strauss, AC Steere, et al. (1994) The T helper cell response in Lyme arthritis: differential recognition of Borrelia burgdorferi outer surface protein A in patients with treatment-resistant or treatment-responsive Lyme arthritis. J Exp Med 180(6), 2069-2078
32. BP Iliopoulou, J Alroy and BT Huber (2007) CD28 deficiency exacerbates joint inflammation upon Borrelia burgdorferi infection, resulting in the development of chronic Lyme arthritis. J Immunol 179(12), 8076-8082
33. MS Vincent, K Roessner, D Lynch, et al. (1996) Apoptosis of Fas(high) CD4+ synovial T cells by Borrelia-reactive Fas-ligand(high) gamma delta T cells in Lyme arthritis. J Exp Med 184(6), 2109-2117
34. I Chary-Valckenaere, B Jaulhac, J Champigneulle, et al. (1998) Ultrastructural demonstration of intracellular localization of Borrelia burgdorferi in Lyme arthritis. Br J Rheumatol 37(4), 468-470
35. P Kraiczy, C Skerka, M Kirschfink, et al. (2001) Immune evasion of Borrelia burgdorferi by acquisition of human complement regulators FHL-1/reconectin and factor H. Eur J Immunol 31(6), 1674-1684
36. B Stevenson, N El-Hage, MA Hines, et al. (2002) Differential binding of host complement inhibitor factor H by Borrelia burgdorferi Erp surface proteins: a possible mechanism underlying the expansive host range of Lyme disease spirochetes. Infect Immun 70(2), 491-497
37. FT Liang, FK Nelson and E Fikrig (2002) Molecular adaptation of Borrelia burgdorferi in the murine host. J Exp Med 196(2), 275-280
38. SW Barthold, MS de Souza, JL Janotka, et al. (1993) Chronic Lyme borreliosis in the laboratory mouse. Am J Pathol 143(3), 959-971
39. JA Edlow (2002) Erythema migrans. Med Clin North Am 86(2), 239-260
40. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi) 2008 case definition (website). www.cdc.gov/ncphi/disss/nndss/casedef/lyme_disease_2008.htm Accessed 2010
41. HM Feder Jr, MA Gerber, PJ Krause, et al. (1993) Early Lyme disease. A flu-like illness without erythema migrans. Pediatrics 91(2), 456-459
42. AC Steere, A Dhar, J Hernandez, et al. (2003) Systemic symptoms without erythema migrans as the presenting picture of early Lyme disease. Am J Med 114(1), 58-62
43. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Southern tick-associated rash illness (website). www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/stari/ Accessed 2010
44. AC Steere, WP Batsford, M Weinberg, et al. (1980) Lyme carditis: cardiac abnormalities of Lyme disease. Ann Intern Med 93(1), 8-16
45. O Sangha, CB Phillips, KE Fleischmann, et al. (1998) Lack of cardiac manifestations among patients with previously treated Lyme disease. Ann Intern Med 128(5), 346-353
46. L Reik, AC Steere, NH Bartenhagen, et al. (1979) Neurologic abnormalities of Lyme disease. Medicine (Baltimore) 58(4), 281-294
47. JJ Halperin, HL Pass, AK Anand, et al. (1988) Nervous system abnormalities in Lyme disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 539(1), 24-34
48. JJ Halperin (2003) Lyme disease and the peripheral nervous system. Muscle Nerve 28(2), 133-143
49. SA Nachman and L Pontrelli (2003) Central nervous system Lyme disease. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis 14(2), 123-130
50. SC Eppes, DK Nelson, LL Lewis, et al. (1999) Characterization of Lyme meningitis and comparison with viral meningitis in children. Pediatrics 103(5), 957-960
51. AC Steere (1989) Lyme disease. N Engl J Med 321(9), 586-596
52. EL Logigian, RF Kaplan and AC Steere (1990) Chronic neurologic manifestations of Lyme disease. N Engl J Med 323(21), 1438-1444
53. JJ Halperin (2005) Central nervous system Lyme disease. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 5(6), 446-452
54. PK Coyle, LB Krupp and C Doscher (1993) Significance of reactive Lyme serology in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 34(5), 745-747
55. JJ Halperin, BW Little, PK Coyle, et al. (1987) Lyme disease: cause of a treatable peripheral neuropathy. Neurology 37(11), 1700-1706
56. JJ Halperin, LB Krupp, MG Golightly, et al. (1990) Lyme borreliosis-associated encephalopathy. Neurology 40(9), 1340-1343
57. EL Logigian, RF Kaplan and AC Steere (1999) Successful treatment of Lyme encephalopathy with intravenous ceftriaxone. J Infect Dis 180(2), 377-383
58. E Asbrink, A Hovmark and I Olsson (1986) Clinical manifestations of acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans in 50 Swedish patients. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 263(1-2), 253-261
59. AC Steere, RT Schoen and E Taylor (1987) The clinical evolution of Lyme arthritis. Ann Intern Med 107(5), 725-731
60. AC Steere, SE Malawista, JA Hardin, et al. (1977) Erythema chronicum migrans and Lyme arthritis: the enlarging clinical spectrum. Ann Intern Med 86(6), 685-698
61. IS Szer, E Taylor and AC Steere (1991) The long-term course of Lyme arthritis in children. N Engl J Med 325(3), 159-163
62. AC Steere and SM Angelis (2006) Therapy for Lyme arthritis: strategies for the treatment of antibiotic-refractory arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 54(10), 3079-3086
63. KL Jones, GA McHugh, LJ Glickstein, et al. (2009) Analysis of Borrelia burgdorferi genotypes in patients with Lyme arthritis: high frequency of RST1 strains in antibiotic-refractory arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 60(7), 2174-2182
64. LK Bockenstedt, D Gonzalez, A Haberman, et al. (2012) Spirochete antigens persist near cartilage after murine Lyme borreliosis therapy. J Clin Invest 122(7), 2652-2660
65. K Strle, JJ Shin, L Glickstein, et al. (2010) Toll-like receptor 1 polymorphism (1805GG) is a risk factor for antibiotic-refractory Lyme arthritis [abstract 12]. Programs and abstracts of the XIIth International Conference on Lyme Borreliosis and Other Tick-Borne Diseases Ljubljana: Slovenia 12
66. AC Steere, W Klitz, EE Drouin, et al. (2006) Antibiotic-refractory Lyme arthritis is associated with HLA-DR molecules that bind a Borrelia burgdorferi peptide. J Exp Med 203(4), 961-971
67. DM Gross, T Forsthuber, M Tary-Lehmann, et al. (1998) Identification of LFA-1 as a candidate autoantigen in treatment-resistant Lyme arthritis. Science 281(5377), 703-706
68. C Trollmo, AL Meyer, AC Steere, et al. (2001) Molecular mimicry in Lyme arthritis demonstrated at the single cell level: LFA-1 alpha L is a partial agonist for outer surface protein A-reactive T cells. J Immunol 166(8), 5286-5291
69. S Ghosh, R Seward, CE Costello, et al. (2006) Autoantibodies from synovial lesions in chronic, antibiotic treatment-resistant Lyme arthritis bind cytokeratin-10. J Immunol 177(4), 2486-2494
70. EE Drouin, RJ Seward, C Yao, et al. (2010) A novel human autoantigen endothelial cell growth factor induces linked T and B cell responses in patients with antibiotic-refractory Lyme arthritis [abstract 13]. Programs and abstracts of the XIIth International Conference on Lyme Borreliosis and Other Tick-Borne Diseases Ljubljana: Slovenia 13
71. S Shen, JJ Shin, K Strle, et al. (2010) Treg cell numbers and function in patients with antibiotic-refractory or antibiotic-responsive Lyme arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 62(7), 2127-2137
72. AC Steere, VK Sikand, RT Schoen, et al. (2003) Asymptomatic infection with Borrelia burgdorferi. Clin Infect Dis 37(4), 528-532
73. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1995) Recommendations for test performance and interpretation from the Second National Conference on Serologic Diagnosis of Lyme Disease. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 44(31), 590-591
74. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2005) Notice to readers: caution regarding testing for Lyme disease. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 54(05), 125
75. ME Aguero-Rosenfeld, J Nowakowski, S Bittker, et al. (1996) Evolution of the serologic response to Borrelia burgdorferi in treated patients with culture-confirmed erythema migrans. J Clin Microbiol 34(1), 1-9
76. RM Bacon, BJ Biggerstaff, ME Schriefer, et al. (2003) Serodiagnosis of Lyme disease by kinetic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using recombinant VlsE1 or peptide antigens of Borrelia burgdorferi compared with 2-tiered testing using whole-cell lysates. J Infect Dis 187(8), 1187-1199
77. RA Kalish, G McHugh, J Granquist, et al. (2001) Persistence of immunoglobulin M or immunoglobulin G antibody responses to Borrelia burgdorferi 10-20 years after active Lyme disease. Clin Infect Dis 33(6), 780-785
78. M Peltomaa, G McHugh and AC Steere (2003) Persistence of the antibody response to the VlsE sixth invariant region (IR6) peptide of Borrelia burgdorferi after successful antibiotic treatment of Lyme disease. J Infect Dis 187(8), 1178-1186
79. B Wilske, G Schierz, V Preac-Mursic, et al. (1986) Intrathecal production of specific antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi in patients with lymphocytic meningoradiculitis (Bannwarth's syndrome). J Infect Dis 153(2), 304-314
80. BL Schmidt (1997) PCR in laboratory diagnosis of human Borrelia burgdorferi infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 10(1), 185-201
81. JP Lawson and DW Rahn (1992) Lyme disease and radiologic findings in Lyme arthritis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 158(5), 1065-1069
82. K Ecklund, S Vargas, D Zurakowski, et al. (2005) MRI features of Lyme arthritis in children. AJR Am J Roentgenol 184(6), 1904-1909
83. P Kalina, A Decker, E Kornel, et al. (2005) Lyme disease of the brainstem. Neuroradiology 47(12), 903-907
84. F Agosta, MA Rocca, B Benedetti, et al. (2006) MR imaging assessment of brain and cervical cord damage in patients with neuroborreliosis. Am J Neuroradiol 27(4), 892-894
85. JP Steinbach, A Melms, M Skalej, et al. (2005) Delayed resolution of white matter changes following therapy of B. burgdorferi encephalitis. Neurology 64 758-759
86. K Morgen, R Martin, RD Stone, et al. (2001) FLAIR and magnetization transfer imaging of patients with post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome. Neurology 57(11), 1980-1985
87. EL Logigian, KA Johnson, MF Kijewski, et al. (1997) Reversible cerebral hypoperfusion in Lyme encephalopathy. Neurology 49(6), 1661-1670
88. BA Fallon, J Keilp, I Prohovnik, et al. (2003) Regional cerebral blood flow and cognitive deficits in chronic Lyme disease. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 15(3), 326-332
89. GP Wormser, RJ Dattwyler, ED Shapiro, et al. (2006) The clinical assessment, treatment, and prevention of Lyme disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, and babesiosis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 43(9), 1089-1134
90. RT Schoen, JM Aversa, DW Rahn, et al. (1991) Treatment of refractory chronic Lyme arthritis with arthroscopic synovectomy. Arthritis Rheum 34(8), 1056-1060
91. PA Schlesinger, PH Duray, BA Burke, et al. (1985) Maternal-fetal transmission of the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi. Ann Intern Med 103(1), 67-68
92. CL Williams, B Strobino, A Weinstein, et al. (1995) Maternal Lyme disease and congenital malformations: a cord blood serosurvey in endemic and control areas. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 9(3), 320-330
93. BA Strobino, CL Williams, S Abid, et al. (1993) Lyme disease and pregnancy outcome: a prospective study of two thousand prenatal patients. Am J Obstet Gynecol 169(2 Pt 1), 367-374
94. ED Shapiro (2002) Long-term outcomes of persons with Lyme disease. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2(4), 279-281
95. NA Shadick, CB Phillips, O Sangha, et al. (1999) Musculoskeletal and neurologic outcomes in patients with previously treated Lyme disease. Ann Intern Med 131(12), 919-926
96. GP Wormser, R Ramanathan, J Nowakowski, et al. (2003) Duration of antibiotic therapy for early Lyme disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 138(9), 697-704
97. PJ Krause, K McKay, CA Thompson, et al. (2002) Disease-specific diagnosis of coinfection tickborne zoonoses: babesiosis, human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, and Lyme disease. Clin Infect Dis 34(9), 1184-1191
98. ES Asch, DI Bujak, M Weiss, et al. (1994) Lyme disease: an infectious and postinfectious syndrome. J Rheumatol 21(3), 454-461
99. MS Klempner, LT Hu, J Evans, et al. (2001) Two controlled trials of antibiotic treatment in patients with persistent symptoms and a history of Lyme disease. N Engl J Med 345(2), 85-92
100. LB Krupp, LG Hyman, R Grimson, et al. (2003) Study and treatment of post Lyme disease (STOP-LD). A randomized double masked clinical trial. Neurology 60(12), 1923-1930
101. BA Fallon, JG Keilp, KM Corbera, et al. (2008) A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of repeated IV antibiotic therapy for Lyme encephalopathy. Neurology 70(13), 992-1003
102. NA Shadick, CB Phillips, EL Logigian, et al. (1994) The long-term clinical outcomes of Lyme disease. A population-based retrospective cohort study. Ann Intern Med 121(8), 560-567
103. EG Seltzer, MA Gerber, ML Cartter, et al. (2000) Long-term outcomes of persons with Lyme disease. JAMA 283(5), 609-616
104. NA Shadick, CB Phillips, O Sangha, et al. (2002) Diminished health-related quality-of-life improves over time in Lyme disease: the 12 yr followup from the Nantucket Lyme disease cohort study [abstract O-36]. Programs and abstracts of the IX International Conference on Lyme Borreliosis and Other Tick-borne Diseases 36. New York
105. AL Hassett, DC Radvanski, S Buyske, et al. (2008) Role of psychiatric comorbidity in chronic Lyme disease. Arthritis Rheum 59(12), 1742-1749
106. D Cerar, T Cerar, E Ruzic-Sabljic, et al. (2010) Subjective symptoms after treatment of early Lyme disease. Am J Med 123(1), 79-86
107. S Weissenbacher, J Ring and H Hofmann (2005) Gabapentin for the symptomatic treatment of chronic neuropathic pain in patients with late-stage Lyme borreliosis: a pilot study. Dermatology 211(2), 123-127
108. MC Reid, RT Schoen, J Evans, et al. (1998) The consequences of overdiagnosis and overtreatment of Lyme disease: an observational study. Ann Intern Med 128(5), 354-362
109. HM Feder Jr, BJB Johnson, S O’Connell, et al. (2007) A critical appraisal of “chronic Lyme disease”. N Engl J Med 357(14), 1422-1430
110. JD Rothstein, S Patel, MR Regan, et al. (2005) Beta-lactam antibiotics offer neuroprotection by increasing glutamate transporter expression. Nature 433(7021), 73-77
111. T Sadowski and J Steinmeyer (2001) Effects of tetracyclines on the production of matrix metalloproteinases and plasminogen activators as well as of their natural inhibitors, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Inflamm Res 50(3), 175-182
112. L Bernardino, D Kaushal and MT Philipp (2009) The antibiotics doxycycline and minocycline inhibit the inflammatory responses to the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. J Infect Dis 199(9), 1379-1388
113. EB Hayes and J Piesman (2003) How can we prevent Lyme disease? N Engl J Med 348(24), 2424-2430
114. RB Nadelman, J Nowakowski, D Fish, et al. (2001) Prophylaxis with single-dose doxycycline for the prevention of Lyme disease after an Ixodes scapularis tick bite. N Engl J Med 345(2), 79-84
115. AC Steere, VK Sikand, F Meurice, et al. (1998) Vaccination against Lyme disease with recombinant Borrelia burgdorferi outer-surface lipoprotein A with adjuvant. Lyme Disease Vaccine Study Group. N Engl J Med 339(4), 209-215
116. MS Hanson and R Edelman (2003) Progress and controversy surrounding vaccines against Lyme disease. Expert Rev Vaccines 2(5), 683-703
117. LK Bockenstedt and SE Malawista (2008) Lyme disease. RL Cecil, L Goldman, JC Bennett,(Eds) The Cecil textbook of medicine ed 23 Philadelphia: WB Saunders 2289-2294
118. AC Steere, SE Malawista, DR Snydman, et al. (1977) Lyme arthritis: an epidemic of oligoarticular arthritis in children and adults in three Connecticut communities. Arthritis Rheum 20(1), 7-17
119. K Weber and HW Pfister (1993) History of Lyme borreliosis in Europe. K Weber, W Burgdorfer,(Eds) Aspects of Lyme borreliosis Berlin: Springer-Verlag 1-20
120. LK Bockenstedt (2008) Lyme disease. JH Stone, LJ Crofford, PH White,(Eds) Primer on the Rheumatic Diseases ed 13 New York: Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 282-289
121. W Burgdorfer, AG Barbour, SF Hayes, et al. (1982) Lyme disease—a tick-borne spirochetosis? Science 216(4552), 1317-1319
122. AC Steere, RL Grodzicki, AN Kornblatt, et al. (1983) The spirochetal etiology of Lyme disease. N Engl J Med 308(13), 733-740
123. J Piesman and L Gern (2004) Lyme borreliosis in Europe and North America. Parasitology 129(Suppl), S191-S220
124. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Reported Lyme disease cases by state, 1995-2009 (website). www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/lyme/ld_rptdLymeCasesbyState.htm Accessed 2010
125. T Balmelli and JC Piffaretti (1995) Association between different clinical manifestations of Lyme disease and different species of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. Res Microbiol 146(4), 329-340
126. AC Steere, J Coburn and L Glickstein (2004) The emergence of Lyme disease. J Clin Invest 113(8), 1093-1101
127. AM De Silva and E Fikrig (1997) Borrelia burgdorferi genes selectively expressed in ticks and mammals. Parasitol Today 13(7), 267-270
128. SM Dunham-Ems, MJ Caimano, U Pal, et al. (2009) Live imaging reveals a biphasic mode of dissemination of Borrelia burgdorferi within ticks. J Clin Invest 119(12), 3652-3665
129. CM Fraser, S Casjens, WM Huang, et al. (1997) Genomic sequence of a Lyme disease spirochaete, Borrelia burgdorferi. Nature 390(6660), 580-586
130. SE Schutzer, CM Fraser-Liggett, SR Casjens, et al. (2011) Whole genome sequences of 13 isolates of Borrelia burgdorferi. J Bacteriol 193(4), 1018-1020
131. U Pal, AM de Silva, RR Montgomery, et al. (2000) Attachment of Borrelia burgdorferi within Ixodes scapularis mediated by outer surface protein A. J Clin Invest 106(4), 561-569
132. K Tilly, JG Krum, A Bestor, et al. (2006) Borrelia burgdorferi OspC protein required exclusively in a crucial early stage of mammalian infection. Infect Immun 74(6), 3554-3564
133. JL Coleman, JA Gebbia, J Piesman, et al. (1997) Plasminogen is required for efficient dissemination of Borrelia burgdorferi in ticks and for enhancement of spirochetemia in mice. Cell 89(7), 1111-1119
134. V Lagal, D Pornoi, G Faure, et al. (2006) Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto invasiveness is correlated with OspC-plasminogen affinity. Microbes Infect 8(3), 645-652
135. BP Guo, EL Brown, DW Dorward, et al. (1998) Decorin-binding adhesins from Borrelia burgdorferi. Mol Microbiol 30(4), 711-723
136. WS Probert and BJ Johnson (1998) Identification of a 47kDa fibronectin-binding protein expressed by Borrelia burgdorferi isolate B31. Mol Microbiol 30(5), 1003-1015
137. JM Leong, H Wang, L Magoun, et al. (1998) Different classes of proteoglycans contribute to the attachment of Borrelia burgdorferi ito cultured endothelial and brain cells. Infect Immun 66(3), 994-999
138. J Coburn, JM Leong and JK Erban (1993) Integrin alpha IIb beta 3 mediates binding of the Lyme disease agent Borrelia burgdorferi to human platelets. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90(15), 7059-7063
139. SJ Norris (2006) Antigenic variation with a twist—the Borrelia story. Mol Microbiol 60(6), 1319-1322
140. T Bankhead and G Chaconas (2007) The role of VlsE antigenic variation in the Lyme disease spirochete: persistence through a mechanism that differs from other pathogens. Mol Microbiol 65(6), 1547-1558
141. PH Duray (1989) Histopathology of clinical phases of human Lyme disease. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 15(4), 691-710
142. AC Steere and L Glickstein (2004) Elucidation of Lyme arthritis. Nat Rev Immunol 4(2), 143-152
143. M Hirschfeld, CJ Kirschning, R Schwandner, et al. (1999) Cutting edge; inflammatory signaling by Borrelia burgdorferi lipoproteins is mediated by toll-like receptor 2. J Immunol 163(5), 2382-2386
144. HD Brightbill, DH Libraty, SR Krutzik, et al. (1999) Host defense mechanisms triggered by microbial lipoproteins through toll-like receptors. Science 285(5428), 732-736
145. T Kawai and S Akira (2005) Pathogen recognition with Toll-like receptors. Curr Opin Immunol 17(4), 338-344
146. AK Behera, E Hildebrand, S Uematsu, et al. (2006) Identification of a TLR-independent pathway for Borrelia burgdorferi-induced expression of matrix metalloproteinases and inflammatory mediators through binding to integrin alpha 3 beta 1. J Immunol 177(1), 657-664
147. M Oosting, A Berende, P Sturm, et al. (2010) Recognition of Borrelia burgdorferi by NOD2 is central for the induction of an inflammatory reaction. J Infect Dis 201(12), 1849-1858
148. E Fikrig, SW Barthold, M Chen, et al. (1996) Protective antibodies in murine Lyme disease arise independently of CD40 ligand. J Immunol 157(1), 1-3
149. MD McKisic and SW Barthold (2000) T-cell-independent responses to Borrelia burgdorferi are critical for protective immunity and resolution of Lyme disease. Infect Immun 68(9), 5190-5197
150. JA Hardin, AC Steere and SE Malawista (1979) Immune complexes and the evolution of Lyme arthritis: dissemination and localization of abnormal C1q binding activity. N Engl J Med 301(25), 1358-1363
151. M Senel, TA Rupprecht, H Tumani, et al. (2010) The chemokine CXCL13 in acute neuroborreliosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 81(8), 929-933. Correction 81(10):1177, 2010
152. ME Aguero-Rosenfeld, G Wang, I Schwartz, et al. (2005) Diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 18(3), 484-509
153. Z Dai, H Lackland, S Stein, et al. (1993) Molecular mimicry in Lyme disease: monoclonal antibody H9724 to Borrelia burgdorferi flagellin specifically detects chaperonin-HSP60. Biochim Biophys Acta 1181(1), 97-100
154. E Aberer, C Brunner, G Suchanek, et al. (1989) Molecular mimicry and Lyme borreliosis: a shared antigenic determinant between Borrelia burgdorferi and human tissue. Ann Neurol 26(6), 732-737
155. A Alaedini and N Latov (2005) Antibodies against OspA epitopes of Borrelia burgdorferi cross-react with neural tissue. J Neuroimmunol 159(1-2), 192-195
156. A Chandra, GP Wormser, MS Klempner, et al. (2010) Anti-neural antibody reactivity in patients with a history of Lyme borreliosis and persistent symptoms. Brain Behavior Autoimm 24(6), 1018-1024
157. Deleted in proofs
158. DM Gross, AC Steere and BT Huber (1998) T helper 1 response is dominant and localized to the synovial fluid in patients with Lyme arthritis. J Immunol 160(2), 1022-1028
159. M Widhe, S Jarefors, C Ekerfelt, et al. (2004) Borrelia-specific interferon-gamma and interleukin-4 secretion in cerebrospinal fluid and blood during Lyme borreliosis in humans: association with clinical outcome. J Infect Dis 189(10), 1881-1891
160. G Codolo, A Amedei, AC Steere, et al. (2008) Borrelia burgdorferi NapA-driven Th17 cell inflammation in Lyme arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 58(11), 3609-3617
161. RA Kalish, JM Leong and AC Steere (1993) Association of treatment-resistant chronic Lyme arthritis with HLA-DR4 and antibody reactivity to OspA and OspB of Borrelia burgdorferi. Infect Immun 61(7), 2774-2779
162. B Lengl-Janssen, AF Strauss, AC Steere, et al. (1994) The T helper cell response in Lyme arthritis: differential recognition of Borrelia burgdorferi outer surface protein A in patients with treatment-resistant or treatment-responsive Lyme arthritis. J Exp Med 180(6), 2069-2078
163. BP Iliopoulou, J Alroy and BT Huber (2007) CD28 deficiency exacerbates joint inflammation upon Borrelia burgdorferi infection, resulting in the development of chronic Lyme arthritis. J Immunol 179(12), 8076-8082
164. MS Vincent, K Roessner, D Lynch, et al. (1996) Apoptosis of Fas(high) CD4+ synovial T cells by Borrelia-reactive Fas-ligand(high) gamma delta T cells in Lyme arthritis. J Exp Med 184(6), 2109-2117
165. I Chary-Valckenaere, B Jaulhac, J Champigneulle, et al. (1998) Ultrastructural demonstration of intracellular localization of Borrelia burgdorferi in Lyme arthritis. Br J Rheumatol 37(4), 468-470
166. K von Lackum, JC Miller, T Bykowski, et al. (2005) Borrelia burgdorferi regulates expression of complement regulatory-acquiring surface protein 1 during the mammal-tick infection cycle. Infect Immun 73(11), 7398-7405
167. P Kraiczy, C Skerka, M Kirschfink, et al. (2001) Immune evasion of Borrelia burgdorferi by acquisition of human complement regulators FHL-1/reconectin and factor H. Eur J Immunol 31(6), 1674-1684
168. B Stevenson, N El-Hage, MA Hines, et al. (2002) Differential binding of host complement inhibitor factor H by Borrelia burgdorferi Erp surface proteins: a possible mechanism underlying the expansive host range of Lyme disease spirochetes. Infect Immun 70(2), 491-497
169. FT Liang, FK Nelson and E Fikrig (2002) Molecular adaptation of Borrelia burgdorferi in the murine host. J Exp Med 196(2), 275-280
170. SW Barthold, MS de Souza, JL Janotka, et al. (1993) Chronic Lyme borreliosis in the laboratory mouse. Am J Pathol 143(3), 959-971
171. JA Edlow (2002) Erythema migrans. Med Clin North Am 86(2), 239-260
172. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi) 2008 case definition (website). www.cdc.gov/ncphi/disss/nndss/casedef/lyme_disease_2008.htm Accessed 2010
173. RP Smith, RT Schoen, DW Rahn, et al. (2002) Clinical characteristics and treatment outcome of early Lyme disease patients with microbiologically confirmed erythema migrans. Ann Intern Med 136(6), 421-428
174. AC Steere and VK Sikand (2003) The presenting manifestations of Lyme disease and the outcomes of treatment. N Engl J Med 348(24), 2472-2474
175. HM Feder Jr, MA Gerber, PJ Krause, et al. (1993) Early Lyme disease. A flu-like illness without erythema migrans. Pediatrics 91(2), 456-459
176. AC Steere, A Dhar, J Hernandez, et al. (2003) Systemic symptoms without erythema migrans as the presenting picture of early Lyme disease. Am J Med 114(1), 58-62
177. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Southern tick-associated rash illness (website). www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/stari/ Accessed 2010
178. GP Wormser, E Masters, D Liveris, et al. (2005) Microbiologic evaluation of patients from Missouri with erythema migrans. Clin Infect Dis 40(3), 423-428
179. AC Steere, WP Batsford, M Weinberg, et al. (1980) Lyme carditis: cardiac abnormalities of Lyme disease. Ann Intern Med 93(1), 8-16
180. O Sangha, CB Phillips, KE Fleischmann, et al. (1998) Lack of cardiac manifestations among patients with previously treated Lyme disease. Ann Intern Med 128(5), 346-353
181. L Reik, AC Steere, NH Bartenhagen, et al. (1979) Neurologic abnormalities of Lyme disease. Medicine (Baltimore) 58(4), 281-294
182. JJ Halperin, HL Pass, AK Anand, et al. (1988) Nervous system abnormalities in Lyme disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 539(1), 24-34
183. JJ Halperin (2003) Lyme disease and the peripheral nervous system. Muscle Nerve 28(2), 133-143
184. SA Nachman and L Pontrelli (2003) Central nervous system Lyme disease. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis 14(2), 123-130
185. JJ Halperin (2008) Nervous system Lyme disease. Infect Dis Clin North Am 22(2), 261-274
186. JJ Halperon and M Golightly (1992) Lyme borreliosis in Bell's palsy. Long Island Neuroborreliosis Collaborative Study Group. Neurology 42(7), 1268-1270
187. SC Eppes, DK Nelson, LL Lewis, et al. (1999) Characterization of Lyme meningitis and comparison with viral meningitis in children. Pediatrics 103(5), 957-960
188. AC Steere (1989) Lyme disease. N Engl J Med 321(9), 586-596
189. EL Logigian, RF Kaplan and AC Steere (1990) Chronic neurologic manifestations of Lyme disease. N Engl J Med 323(21), 1438-1444
190. JJ Halperin (2005) Central nervous system Lyme disease. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 5(6), 446-452
191. PK Coyle (2002) Lyme disease. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2(6), 479-487
192. PK Coyle, LB Krupp and C Doscher (1993) Significance of reactive Lyme serology in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 34(5), 745-747
193. JJ Halperin, BW Little, PK Coyle, et al. (1987) Lyme disease: cause of a treatable peripheral neuropathy. Neurology 37(11), 1700-1706
194. JJ Halperin, LB Krupp, MG Golightly, et al. (1990) Lyme borreliosis-associated encephalopathy. Neurology 40(9), 1340-1343
195. EL Logigian, RF Kaplan and AC Steere (1999) Successful treatment of Lyme encephalopathy with intravenous ceftriaxone. J Infect Dis 180(2), 377-383
196. E Ruzic-Sabljic, V Maraspin, S Lotric-Furlan, et al. (2002) Characterization of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato strains isolated from human material in Slovenia. Wien Klin Wochenschr 114(13-14), 544-550
197. E Asbrink, A Hovmark and I Olsson (1986) Clinical manifestations of acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans in 50 Swedish patients. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 263(1-2), 253-261
198. AC Steere, RT Schoen and E Taylor (1987) The clinical evolution of Lyme arthritis. Ann Intern Med 107(5), 725-731
199. AC Steere, SE Malawista, JA Hardin, et al. (1977) Erythema chronicum migrans and Lyme arthritis: the enlarging clinical spectrum. Ann Intern Med 86(6), 685-698
200. IS Szer, E Taylor and AC Steere (1991) The long-term course of Lyme arthritis in children. N Engl J Med 325(3), 159-163
201. AC Steere and SM Angelis (2006) Therapy for Lyme arthritis: strategies for the treatment of antibiotic-refractory arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 54(10), 3079-3086
202. KL Jones, GA McHugh, LJ Glickstein, et al. (2009) Analysis of Borrelia burgdorferi genotypes in patients with Lyme arthritis: high frequency of RST1 strains in antibiotic-refractory arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 60(7), 2174-2182
203. GP Wormser, D Liveris, J Nowakowski, et al. (1999) Association of specific subtypes of Borrelia burgdorferi with hematogenous dissemination in early Lyme disease. J Infect Dis 180(3), 720-725
204. LK Bockenstedt, D Gonzalez, A Haberman, et al. (2012) Spirochete antigens persist near cartilage after murine Lyme borreliosis therapy. J Clin Invest 122(7), 2652-2660
205. K Strle, JJ Shin, L Glickstein, et al. (2010) Toll-like receptor 1 polymorphism (1805GG) is a risk factor for antibiotic-refractory Lyme arthritis [abstract 12]. Programs and abstracts of the XIIth International Conference on Lyme Borreliosis and Other Tick-Borne Diseases Ljubljana: Slovenia 12
206. AC Steere, W Klitz, EE Drouin, et al. (2006) Antibiotic-refractory Lyme arthritis is associated with HLA-DR molecules that bind a Borrelia burgdorferi peptide. J Exp Med 203(4), 961-971
207. DM Gross, T Forsthuber, M Tary-Lehmann, et al. (1998) Identification of LFA-1 as a candidate autoantigen in treatment-resistant Lyme arthritis. Science 281(5377), 703-706
208. C Trollmo, AL Meyer, AC Steere, et al. (2001) Molecular mimicry in Lyme arthritis demonstrated at the single cell level: LFA-1 alpha L is a partial agonist for outer surface protein A-reactive T cells. J Immunol 166(8), 5286-5291
209. S Ghosh, R Seward, CE Costello, et al. (2006) Autoantibodies from synovial lesions in chronic, antibiotic treatment-resistant Lyme arthritis bind cytokeratin-10. J Immunol 177(4), 2486-2494
210. EE Drouin, RJ Seward, C Yao, et al. (2010) A novel human autoantigen endothelial cell growth factor induces linked T and B cell responses in patients with antibiotic-refractory Lyme arthritis [abstract 13]. Programs and abstracts of the XIIth International Conference on Lyme Borreliosis and Other Tick-Borne Diseases Ljubljana: Slovenia 13
211. S Shen, JJ Shin, K Strle, et al. (2010) Treg cell numbers and function in patients with antibiotic-refractory or antibiotic-responsive Lyme arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 62(7), 2127-2137
212. BJ Johnson, KE Robbins, RE Bailey, et al. (1996) Serodiagnosis of Lyme disease: accuracy of a two-step approach using a flagella-based ELISA and immunoblotting. J Infect Dis 174(2), 346-353
213. AC Steere, VK Sikand, RT Schoen, et al. (2003) Asymptomatic infection with Borrelia burgdorferi. Clin Infect Dis 37(4), 528-532
214. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1995) Recommendations for test performance and interpretation from the Second National Conference on Serologic Diagnosis of Lyme Disease. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 44(31), 590-591
215. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2005) Notice to readers: caution regarding testing for Lyme disease. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 54(5), 125
216. ME Aguero-Rosenfeld, J Nowakowski, S Bittker, et al. (1996) Evolution of the serologic response to Borrelia burgdorferi in treated patients with culture-confirmed erythema migrans. J Clin Microbiol 34(1), 1-9
217. RM Bacon, BJ Biggerstaff, ME Schriefer, et al. (2003) Serodiagnosis of Lyme disease by kinetic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using recombinant VlsE1 or peptide antigens of Borrelia burgdorferi compared with 2-tiered testing using whole-cell lysates. J Infect Dis 187(8), 1187-1199
218. FT Liang, AC Steere, AR Marques, et al. (1999) Sensitive and specific serodiagnosis of Lyme disease by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with a peptide based on an immunodominant conserved region of Borrelia burgdorferi vlsE. J Clin Microbiol 37(12), 3990-3996
219. RA Kalish, G McHugh, J Granquist, et al. (2001) Persistence of immunoglobulin M or immunoglobulin G antibody responses to Borrelia burgdorferi 10-20 years after active Lyme disease. Clin Infect Dis 33(6), 780-785
220. M Peltomaa, G McHugh and AC Steere (2003) Persistence of the antibody response to the VlsE sixth invariant region (IR6) peptide of Borrelia burgdorferi after successful antibiotic treatment of Lyme disease. J Infect Dis 187(8), 1178-1186
221. B Wilske, G Schierz, V Preac-Mursic, et al. (1986) Intrathecal production of specific antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi in patients with lymphocytic meningoradiculitis (Bannwarth's syndrome). J Infect Dis 153(2), 304-314
222. BL Schmidt (1997) PCR in laboratory diagnosis of human Borrelia burgdorferi infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 10(1), 185-201
223. JJ Nocton, F Dressler, BJ Rutledge, et al. (1994) Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi DNA by polymerase chain reaction in synovial fluid from patients with Lyme arthritis. N Engl J Med 330(4), 229-234
224. JP Lawson and DW Rahn (1992) Lyme disease and radiologic findings in Lyme arthritis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 158(5), 1065-1069
225. K Ecklund, S Vargas, D Zurakowski, et al. (2005) MRI features of Lyme arthritis in children. AJR Am J Roentgenol 184(6), 1904-1909
226. P Kalina, A Decker, E Kornel, et al. (2005) Lyme disease of the brainstem. Neuroradiology 47(12), 903-907
227. F Agosta, MA Rocca, B Benedetti, et al. (2006) MR imaging assessment of brain and cervical cord damage in patients with neuroborreliosis. Am J Neuroradiol 27(4), 892-894
228. JP Steinbach, A Melms, M Skalej, et al. (2005) Delayed resolution of white matter changes following therapy of B. burgdorferi encephalitis. Neurology 64 758-759
229. K Morgen, R Martin, RD Stone, et al. (2001) FLAIR and magnetization transfer imaging of patients with post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome. Neurology 57(11), 1980-1985
230. EL Logigian, KA Johnson, MF Kijewski, et al. (1997) Reversible cerebral hypoperfusion in Lyme encephalopathy. Neurology 49(6), 1661-1670
231. BA Fallon, J Keilp, I Prohovnik, et al. (2003) Regional cerebral blood flow and cognitive deficits in chronic Lyme disease. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 15(3), 326-332
232. GP Wormser, RJ Dattwyler, ED Shapiro, et al. (2006) The clinical assessment, treatment, and prevention of Lyme disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, and babesiosis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 43(9), 1089-1134
233. R Borg, L Dotevall, L Hagberg, et al. (2005) Intravenous ceftriaxone compared with oral doxycycline for the treatment of Lyme neuroborreliosis. Scand J Infect Dis 37(6-7), 449-454
234. L Dotevall and L Hagberg (1999) Successful oral doxycycline treatment of Lyme disease-associated facial palsy and meningitis. Clin Infect Dis 28(3), 569-574
235. JJ Halperin (2003) Facial nerve palsy associated with Lyme disease. Muscle Nerve 28(4), 516-517
236. RJ Dattwyler, GP Wormser, TJ Rush, et al. (2005) A comparison of two treatment regimens of ceftriaxone in late Lyme disease. Wien Klin Wochenschr 117(11-12), 393-397
237. RT Schoen, JM Aversa, DW Rahn, et al. (1991) Treatment of refractory chronic Lyme arthritis with arthroscopic synovectomy. Arthritis Rheum 34(8), 1056-1060
238. PA Schlesinger, PH Duray, BA Burke, et al. (1985) Maternal-fetal transmission of the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi. Ann Intern Med 103(1), 67-68
239. CL Williams, B Strobino, A Weinstein, et al. (1995) Maternal Lyme disease and congenital malformations: a cord blood serosurvey in endemic and control areas. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 9(3), 320-330
240. BA Strobino, CL Williams, S Abid, et al. (1993) Lyme disease and pregnancy outcome: a prospective study of two thousand prenatal patients. Am J Obstet Gynecol 169(2 Pt 1), 367-374
241. ED Shapiro (2002) Long-term outcomes of persons with Lyme disease. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2(4), 279-281
242. NA Shadick, CB Phillips, O Sangha, et al. (1999) Musculoskeletal and neurologic outcomes in patients with previously treated Lyme disease. Ann Intern Med 131(12), 919-926
243. GP Wormser, R Ramanathan, J Nowakowski, et al. (2003) Duration of antibiotic therapy for early Lyme disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 138(9), 697-704
244. PJ Krause, K McKay, CA Thompson, et al. (2002) Disease-specific diagnosis of coinfection tickborne zoonoses: babesiosis, human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, and Lyme disease. Clin Infect Dis 34(9), 1184-1191
245. ES Asch, DI Bujak, M Weiss, et al. (1994) Lyme disease: an infectious and postinfectious syndrome. J Rheumatol 21(3), 454-461
246. MS Klempner, LT Hu, J Evans, et al. (2001) Two controlled trials of antibiotic treatment in patients with persistent symptoms and a history of Lyme disease. N Engl J Med 345(2), 85-92
247. LB Krupp, LG Hyman, R Grimson, et al. (2003) Study and treatment of post Lyme disease (STOP-LD). A randomized double masked clinical trial. Neurology 60(12), 1923-1930
248. BA Fallon, JG Keilp, KM Corbera, et al. (2008) A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of repeated IV antibiotic therapy for Lyme encephalopathy. Neurology 70(13), 992-1003
249. DI Bujak, A Weinstein and RL Dornbush (1996) Clinical and neurocognitive features of the post Lyme syndrome. J Rheumatol 23(8), 1392-1397
250. NA Shadick, CB Phillips, EL Logigian, et al. (1994) The long-term clinical outcomes of Lyme disease. A population-based retrospective cohort study. Ann Intern Med 121(8), 560-567
251. EG Seltzer, MA Gerber, ML Cartter, et al. (2000) Long-term outcomes of persons with Lyme disease. JAMA 283(5), 609-616
252. NA Shadick, CB Phillips, O Sangha, et al. (2002) Diminished health-related quality-of-life improves over time in Lyme disease: the 12 yr followup from the Nantucket Lyme disease cohort study [abstract O-36]. Programs and abstracts of the IX International Conference on Lyme Borreliosis and Other Tick-borne Diseases 36. New York
253. AL Hassett, DC Radvanski, S Buyske, et al. (2008) Role of psychiatric comorbidity in chronic Lyme disease. Arthritis Rheum 59(12), 1742-1749
254. D Cerar, T Cerar, E Ruzic-Sabljic, et al. (2010) Subjective symptoms after treatment of early Lyme disease. Am J Med 123(1), 79-86
255. S Weissenbacher, J Ring and H Hofmann (2005) Gabapentin for the symptomatic treatment of chronic neuropathic pain in patients with late-stage Lyme borreliosis: a pilot study. Dermatology 211(2), 123-127
256. LH Sigal (1990) Summary of the first 100 patients seen at a Lyme disease referral center. Am J Med 88(6), 577-581
257. AC Steere, E Taylor, GL McHugh, et al. (1993) The overdiagnosis of Lyme disease. JAMA 269(14), 1812-1816
258. MC Reid, RT Schoen, J Evans, et al. (1998) The consequences of overdiagnosis and overtreatment of Lyme disease: an observational study. Ann Intern Med 128(5), 354-362
259. MZ Qureshi, D New, NJ Zulqarni, et al. (2002) Overdiagnosis and overtreatment of Lyme disease in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 21(1), 12-14
260. HM Feder Jr, BJB Johnson, S O’Connell, et al. (2007) A critical appraisal of “chronic Lyme disease. N Engl J Med 357(14), 1422-1430
261. S Wessely (2001) Chronic fatigue: symptom and syndrome. Ann Intern Med 134(9), 838-843
262. JD Rothstein, S Patel, MR Regan, et al. (2005) Beta-lactam antibiotics offer neuroprotection by increasing glutamate transporter expression. Nature 433(7021), 73-77
263. T Sadowski and J Steinmeyer (2001) Effects of tetracyclines on the production of matrix metalloproteinases and plasminogen activators as well as of their natural inhibitors, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Inflamm Res 50(3), 175-182
264. L Bernardino, D Kaushal and MT Philipp (2009) The antibiotics doxycycline and minocycline inhibit the inflammatory responses to the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. J Infect Dis 199(9), 1379-1388
265. EB Hayes and J Piesman (2003) How can we prevent Lyme disease? N Engl J Med 348(24), 2424-2430
266. RB Nadelman, J Nowakowski, D Fish, et al. (2001) Prophylaxis with single-dose doxycycline for the prevention of Lyme disease after an Ixodes scapularis tick bite. N Engl J Med 345(2), 79-84
267. AC Steere, VK Sikand, F Meurice, et al. (1998) Vaccination against Lyme disease with recombinant Borrelia burgdorferi outer-surface lipoprotein A with adjuvant. Lyme Disease Vaccine Study Group. N Engl J Med 339(4), 209-215
268. MS Hanson and R Edelman (2003) Progress and controversy surrounding vaccines against Lyme disease. Expert Rev Vaccines 2(5), 683-703