메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 19, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 194-204

Clostridium difficile infection in the inflammatory bowel disease patient

Author keywords

Antibiotic associated diarrhea; Binary toxin; Clostridium difficile; Colonization; Crohn's disease; Fecal transplantation; Fidaxomicin; Inflammatory bowel disease; Metronidazole; Nitazoxanide; Pseudomembranous colitis; Teicoplanin; Toxin A; Toxin B; Ulcerative colitis; Vancomycin

Indexed keywords

ADP RIBOSYLATING BINARY TOXIN; BACITRACIN; CLOSTRIDIUM TOXIN; CLOSTRIDIUM TOXIN A; CLOSTRIDIUM TOXIN B; FIDAXOMICIN; FUSIDIC ACID; METRONIDAZOLE; NITAZOXANIDE; PROBIOTIC AGENT; RIFAMPICIN; RIFAXIMIN; TEICOPLANIN; TIGECYCLINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VANCOMYCIN;

EID: 84873727471     PISSN: 10780998     EISSN: 15364844     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ibd.22964     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (128)

References (129)
  • 1
    • 58849083648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increasing incidence of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in inflammatory bowel disease
    • Bossuyt P, Verhaegen J, Van Assche G, et al. Increasing incidence of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2009;3:4-7.
    • (2009) J Crohns Colitis , vol.3 , pp. 4-7
    • Bossuyt, P.1    Verhaegen, J.2    Van Assche, G.3
  • 2
    • 33947111354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of Clostridium difficile on inflammatory bowel disease
    • Issa M, Vijayapal A, Graham MB, et al. Impact of Clostridium difficile on inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;5: 345-351.
    • (2007) Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.5 , pp. 345-351
    • Issa, M.1    Vijayapal, A.2    Graham, M.B.3
  • 3
    • 66949151443 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The vexed relationship between Clostridium difficile and inflammatory bowel disease: Anassessment of carriage in an outpatient setting among patients inremission
    • Clayton EM, Rea MC, Shanahan F, et al. The vexed relationship between Clostridium difficile and inflammatory bowel disease: anassessment of carriage in an outpatient setting among patients inremission. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104:1162-1169.
    • (2009) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.104 , pp. 1162-1169
    • Clayton, E.M.1    Rea, M.C.2    Shanahan, F.3
  • 4
    • 33947105999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incidence of Clostridium difficile infection in inflammatory bowel disease
    • Rodemann JF, Dubberke ER, Reske KA, et al. Incidence of Clostridium difficile infection in inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;5:339-344.
    • (2007) Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.5 , pp. 339-344
    • Rodemann, J.F.1    Dubberke, E.R.2    Reske, K.A.3
  • 6
    • 61549093691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A 76-year-old man with recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: Review of C. difficile infection
    • Kelly CP. A 76-year-old man with recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: review of C. difficile infection. JAMA. 2009;301:954-962.
    • (2009) JAMA , vol.301 , pp. 954-962
    • Kelly, C.P.1
  • 7
    • 70449488916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Therapy-and non-therapy-dependent infectious complications in inflammatory bowel disease
    • Epple HJ. Therapy-and non-therapy-dependent infectious complications in inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis. 2009;27:555-559.
    • (2009) Dig Dis , vol.27 , pp. 555-559
    • Epple, H.J.1
  • 8
    • 38049084783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Update on the changing epidemiology of Clostridium difficile-associated disease
    • McFarland LV. Update on the changing epidemiology of Clostridium difficile-associated disease. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008; 5:40-48.
    • (2008) Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.5 , pp. 40-48
    • McFarland, L.V.1
  • 9
    • 0034628426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Asymptomatic carriage of Clostridium difficile and serum levels of IgG antibody against toxin A
    • Kyne L, Warny M, Qamar A, et al. Asymptomatic carriage of Clostridium difficile and serum levels of IgG antibody against toxin A. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:390-397.
    • (2000) N Engl J Med , vol.342 , pp. 390-397
    • Kyne, L.1    Warny, M.2    Qamar, A.3
  • 10
    • 80355129608 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scientists seek strategies to prevent Clostridium difficile infections
    • Kuehn BM. Scientists seek strategies to prevent Clostridium difficile infections. JAMA. 2010;306:1849-1850.
    • (2010) JAMA , vol.306 , pp. 1849-1850
    • Kuehn, B.M.1
  • 11
    • 19344364596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relatively poor outcome aftertreatment of Clostridium difficile colitis with metronidazole
    • Musher DM, Aslam S, Logan N, et al. Relatively poor outcome aftertreatment of Clostridium difficile colitis with metronidazole. ClinInfect Dis. 2005;40:1586-1590.
    • (2005) ClinInfect Dis , vol.40 , pp. 1586-1590
    • Musher, D.M.1    Aslam, S.2    Logan, N.3
  • 12
    • 0037204196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical practice. Antibiotic-associated diarrhea
    • Bartlett JG. Clinical practice. Antibiotic-associated diarrhea. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:334-339.
    • (2002) N Engl J Med , vol.346 , pp. 334-339
    • Bartlett, J.G.1
  • 14
    • 77954581650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The changing epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infections
    • Freeman J, Bauer MP, Baines SD, et al. The changing epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infections. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2010;23: 529-549.
    • (2010) Clin Microbiol Rev , vol.23 , pp. 529-549
    • Freeman, J.1    Bauer, M.P.2    Baines, S.D.3
  • 15
    • 33644523410 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection in patients discharged from US short-stay hospitals, 1996-2003
    • McDonald LC, Owings M, Jernigan DB. Clostridium difficile infection in patients discharged from US short-stay hospitals, 1996-2003. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12:409-415.
    • (2006) Emerg Infect Dis , vol.12 , pp. 409-415
    • McDonald, L.C.1    Owings, M.2    Jernigan, D.B.3
  • 16
    • 84873724951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • QuickStats: Rates of Clostridium difficile infection among hospitalized patients aged $65 years, by age group-National Hospital Discharge Survey, United States, 1996-2009
    • QuickStats: Rates of Clostridium difficile infection among hospitalized patients aged $65 years, by age group-National Hospital Discharge Survey, United States, 1996-2009. CDD Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR). 2011;60.
    • (2011) CDD Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) , vol.60
  • 17
    • 4444382260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in a region of Quebec from 1991 to 2003: A changing pattern of disease severity
    • Pepin J, Valiquette L, Alary ME, et al. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in a region of Quebec from 1991 to 2003: a changing pattern of disease severity. CMAJ. 2004; 171:466-472.
    • (2004) CMAJ , vol.171 , pp. 466-472
    • Pepin, J.1    Valiquette, L.2    Alary, M.E.3
  • 18
    • 77951026738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by the society for healthcare epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the infectious diseases society of America (IDSA)
    • Cohen SH, Gerding DN, Johnson S, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by the society for healthcare epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the infectious diseases society of America (IDSA). Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2010;31: 431-455.
    • (2010) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.31 , pp. 431-455
    • Cohen, S.H.1    Gerding, D.N.2    Johnson, S.3
  • 19
    • 38549093523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Excess hospitalisation burden associated with Clostridium difficile in patients with inflammatory bowel disease
    • Ananthakrishnan AN, McGinley EL, Binion DG. Excess hospitalisation burden associated with Clostridium difficile in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gut. 2008;57:205-210.
    • (2008) Gut , vol.57 , pp. 205-210
    • Ananthakrishnan, A.N.1    McGinley, E.L.2    Binion, D.G.3
  • 20
    • 79952458766 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temporaltrends in disease outcomes related to Clostridium difficile infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease
    • Ananthakrishnan AN, McGinley EL, Saeian K, et al. Temporaltrends in disease outcomes related to Clostridium difficile infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2011;17:976-983.
    • (2011) Inflamm Bowel Dis , vol.17 , pp. 976-983
    • Ananthakrishnan, A.N.1    McGinley, E.L.2    Saeian, K.3
  • 21
    • 44949261865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A national survey of theprevalence and impact of Clostridium difficile infection among hospitalized inflammatory bowel disease patients
    • Nguyen GC, Kaplan GG, Harris ML, et al. A national survey of theprevalence and impact of Clostridium difficile infection among hospitalized inflammatory bowel disease patients. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103: 1443-1450.
    • (2008) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.103 , pp. 1443-1450
    • Nguyen, G.C.1    Kaplan, G.G.2    Harris, M.L.3
  • 22
    • 64049106774 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of Clostridium difficile colitis in hospitalized patients with inflammatory bowel diseases
    • Ricciardi R, Ogilvie JW Jr, Roberts PL, et al. Epidemiology of Clostridium difficile colitis in hospitalized patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Dis Colon Rectum. 2009;52:40-55.
    • (2009) Dis Colon Rectum , vol.52 , pp. 40-55
    • Ricciardi, R.1    Ogilvie Jr., J.W.2    Roberts, P.L.3
  • 23
    • 78751545522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systematic review: Clostridium difficile and inflammatory bowel disease
    • Goodhand JR, Alazawi W, Rampton DS. Systematic review: Clostridium difficile and inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010;33:428-541.
    • (2010) Aliment Pharmacol Ther , vol.33 , pp. 428-541
    • Goodhand, J.R.1    Alazawi, W.2    Rampton, D.S.3
  • 25
    • 17444366186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile toxins: Mechanism of action and role in disease
    • Voth DE, Ballard JD. Clostridium difficile toxins: mechanism of action and role in disease. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2005;18:247-263.
    • (2005) Clin Microbiol Rev , vol.18 , pp. 247-263
    • Voth, D.E.1    Ballard, J.D.2
  • 26
    • 67349114409 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxin B is essential for virulence of Clostridium difficile
    • Lyras D, O'Connor JR, Howarth PM, et al. Toxin B is essential for virulence of Clostridium difficile. Nature. 2009;458:1176-1179.
    • (2009) Nature , vol.458 , pp. 1176-1179
    • Lyras, D.1    O'Connor, J.R.2    Howarth, P.M.3
  • 27
    • 77957988127 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of toxin A and toxin B in Clostridium difficile infection
    • Kuehne SA, Cartman ST, Heap JT, et al. The role of toxin A and toxin B in Clostridium difficile infection. Nature. 2010;467:711-713.
    • (2010) Nature , vol.467 , pp. 711-713
    • Kuehne, S.A.1    Cartman, S.T.2    Heap, J.T.3
  • 28
    • 79957761288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Super toxins from a superbug: Structure and function of Clostridium difficile toxins
    • Davies AH, Roberts AK, Shone CC, et al. Super toxins from a superbug: structure and function of Clostridium difficile toxins. Biochem J. 2011; 436:517-526.
    • (2011) Biochem J , vol.436 , pp. 517-526
    • Davies, A.H.1    Roberts, A.K.2    Shone, C.C.3
  • 29
    • 25144469664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxin production by an emerging strain of Clostridium difficile associated with outbreaks of severe disease in North America and Europe
    • Warny M, Pepin J, Fang A, et al. Toxin production by an emerging strain of Clostridium difficile associated with outbreaks of severe disease in North America and Europe. Lancet. 2005;366:1079-1084.
    • (2005) Lancet , vol.366 , pp. 1079-1084
    • Warny, M.1    Pepin, J.2    Fang, A.3
  • 30
    • 82455209353 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lack of association between clinical outcome of Clostridium difficile infections, strain type, and virulenceassociated phenotypes
    • Sirard S, Valiquette L, Fortier LC. Lack of association between clinical outcome of Clostridium difficile infections, strain type, and virulenceassociated phenotypes. J Clin Microbiol. 2011;49:4040-4046.
    • (2011) J Clin Microbiol , vol.49 , pp. 4040-4046
    • Sirard, S.1    Valiquette, L.2    Fortier, L.C.3
  • 31
    • 0028949932 scopus 로고
    • Clostridium-difficile colitis-an increasing hospital-acquired illness
    • Jobe BA, Grasley A, Deveney KE, et al. Clostridium-difficile colitis-an increasing hospital-acquired illness. Am J Surg. 1995;169:480-483.
    • (1995) Am J Surg , vol.169 , pp. 480-483
    • Jobe, B.A.1    Grasley, A.2    Deveney, K.E.3
  • 33
    • 76849114352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical outcomes of patientswith ulcerative colitis and co-existing Clostridium difficile infection
    • Jodorkovsky D, Young Y, Abreu MT. Clinical outcomes of patientswith ulcerative colitis and co-existing Clostridium difficile infection. Dig Dis Sci. 2010;55:415-420.
    • (2010) Dig Dis Sci , vol.55 , pp. 415-420
    • Jodorkovsky, D.1    Young, Y.2    Abreu, M.T.3
  • 34
    • 78049520847 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of Clostridiumdifficile infection in patients with ulcerative colitis
    • Kariv R, Navaneethan U, Venkatesh PG, et al. Impact of Clostridiumdifficile infection in patients with ulcerative colitis. J Crohns Colitis. 2011;5:34-40.
    • (2011) J Crohns Colitis , vol.5 , pp. 34-40
    • Kariv, R.1    Navaneethan, U.2    Venkatesh, P.G.3
  • 35
    • 38649115342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microbial influences in inflammatory bowel diseases
    • Sartor RB. Microbial influences in inflammatory bowel diseases. Gastroenterology. 2008;134:577-594.
    • (2008) Gastroenterology , vol.134 , pp. 577-594
    • Sartor, R.B.1
  • 36
    • 0026527192 scopus 로고
    • Human colonic aspirates containing immunoglobulin A antibody to Clostridium difficile toxin A inhibit toxin A-receptor binding
    • Kelly CP, Pothoulakis C, Orellana J, et al. Human colonic aspirates containing immunoglobulin A antibody to Clostridium difficile toxin A inhibit toxin A-receptor binding. Gastroenterology. 1992; 102:35-40.
    • (1992) Gastroenterology , vol.102 , pp. 35-40
    • Kelly, C.P.1    Pothoulakis, C.2    Orellana, J.3
  • 37
    • 0028089161 scopus 로고
    • Human antibody responseto Clostridium difficile toxin A in relation to clinical course of infection
    • Warny M, Vaerman JP, Avesani V, et al. Human antibody responseto Clostridium difficile toxin A in relation to clinical course of infection. Infect Immun. 1994;62:384-389.
    • (1994) Infect Immun , vol.62 , pp. 384-389
    • Warny, M.1    Vaerman, J.P.2    Avesani, V.3
  • 38
    • 80455173556 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Host and pathogen factors for Clostridium difficile infection and colonization
    • Loo VG, Bourgault AM, Poirier L, et al. Host and pathogen factors for Clostridium difficile infection and colonization. N Engl J Med. 2011; 365:1693-703.
    • (2011) N Engl J Med , vol.365 , pp. 1693-1703
    • Loo, V.G.1    Bourgault, A.M.2    Poirier, L.3
  • 39
    • 77954426370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Asymptomatic colonization by Clostridium difficile in infants: Implications for disease in later life
    • Jangi S, Lamont JT. Asymptomatic colonization by Clostridium difficile in infants: implications for disease in later life. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2011;51:2-7.
    • (2011) J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr , vol.51 , pp. 2-7
    • Jangi, S.1    Lamont, J.T.2
  • 41
    • 33746298416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of Clostridium difficile colonization at admission to rehabilitation
    • Marciniak C, Chen D, Stein AC, et al. Prevalence of Clostridium difficile colonization at admission to rehabilitation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2006;87:1086-1090.
    • (2006) Arch Phys Med Rehabil , vol.87 , pp. 1086-1090
    • Marciniak, C.1    Chen, D.2    Stein, A.C.3
  • 42
    • 0038489184 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of asymptomatic Clostridium difficile colonization in a nursing home population: A cross-sectional study
    • Rivera EV, Woods S. Prevalence of asymptomatic Clostridium difficile colonization in a nursing home population: a cross-sectional study. J Gend Specif Med. 2003;6:27-30.
    • (2003) J Gend Specif Med , vol.6 , pp. 27-30
    • Rivera, E.V.1    Woods, S.2
  • 43
    • 0031958706 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection
    • Kelly CP, LaMont JT. Clostridium difficile infection. Annu Rev Med. 1998;49:375-390.
    • (1998) Annu Rev Med , vol.49 , pp. 375-390
    • Kelly, C.P.1    Lamont, J.T.2
  • 44
    • 77952241224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and clinical impact of endoscopic pseudomembranes in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and Clostridium difficile infection
    • Ben-Horin S, Margalit M, Bossuyt P, et al. Prevalence and clinical impact of endoscopic pseudomembranes in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and Clostridium difficile infection. J Crohns Colitis. 2010; 4:194-198.
    • (2010) J Crohns Colitis , vol.4 , pp. 194-198
    • Ben-Horin, S.1    Margalit, M.2    Bossuyt, P.3
  • 45
    • 48249135038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection andinflammatory bowel disease: A marker for disease extent?
    • author reply 4
    • Powell N, Jung SE, Krishnan B. Clostridium difficile infection andinflammatory bowel disease: a marker for disease extent? Gut. 2008;57: 1183-1184; author reply 4.
    • (2008) Gut , vol.57 , pp. 1183-1184
    • Powell, N.1    Jung, S.E.2    Krishnan, B.3
  • 46
    • 79956355437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile enteritis: A review andpooled analysis of the cases
    • Kim JH, Muder RR. Clostridium difficile enteritis: a review andpooled analysis of the cases. Anaerobe. 2011;17:52-55.
    • (2011) Anaerobe , vol.17 , pp. 52-55
    • Kim, J.H.1    Muder, R.R.2
  • 47
    • 77954960655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment and prevention of pouchitis after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for chronic ulcerative colitis
    • Holubar SD, Cima RR, Sandborn WJ, et al. Treatment and prevention of pouchitis after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for chronic ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;CD001176.
    • (2010) Cochrane Database Syst Rev
    • Holubar, S.D.1    Cima, R.R.2    Sandborn, W.J.3
  • 48
    • 68449101065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fulminant Clostridium difficile-associated pouchitis with a fatal outcome
    • Shen B, Remzi FH, Fazio VW. Fulminant Clostridium difficile-associated pouchitis with a fatal outcome. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;6:492-495.
    • (2009) Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.6 , pp. 492-495
    • Shen, B.1    Remzi, F.H.2    Fazio, V.W.3
  • 49
    • 45849135980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection in patients with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis
    • Shen BO, Jiang ZD, Fazio VW, et al. Clostridium difficile infection in patients with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;6:782-788.
    • (2008) Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.6 , pp. 782-788
    • Shen, B.O.1    Jiang, Z.D.2    Fazio, V.W.3
  • 50
    • 0025161604 scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for Clostridium difficile carriage and C. difficile-associated diarrhea in a cohortof hospitalized patients
    • McFarland LV, Surawicz CM, Stamm WE. Risk factors for Clostridium difficile carriage and C. difficile-associated diarrhea in a cohortof hospitalized patients. J Infect Dis. 1990;162:678-684.
    • (1990) J Infect Dis , vol.162 , pp. 678-684
    • McFarland, L.V.1    Surawicz, C.M.2    Stamm, W.E.3
  • 51
    • 77952155563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Iatrogenic gastric acid suppression and the risk of nosocomial Clostridium difficile infection
    • Howell MD, Novack V, Grgurich P, et al. Iatrogenic gastric acid suppression and the risk of nosocomial Clostridium difficile infection. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170:784-790.
    • (2010) Arch Intern Med , vol.170 , pp. 784-790
    • Howell, M.D.1    Novack, V.2    Grgurich, P.3
  • 52
    • 0018882007 scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea: A role in inflammatory bowel disease?
    • Bolton RP, Sherriff RJ, Read AE. Clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea: a role in inflammatory bowel disease? Lancet. 1980;1:383-384.
    • (1980) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 383-384
    • Bolton, R.P.1    Sherriff, R.J.2    Read, A.E.3
  • 53
    • 0019484831 scopus 로고
    • Association of Clostridium difficile toxinwith symptomatic relapse of chronic inflammatory bowel disease
    • Trnka YM, LaMont JT. Association of Clostridium difficile toxinwith symptomatic relapse of chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 1981;80:693-696.
    • (1981) Gastroenterology , vol.80 , pp. 693-696
    • Trnka, Y.M.1    Lamont, J.T.2
  • 54
    • 76149131339 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for and estimated incidence of community-associated Clostridium difficile infection, North Carolina, USA
    • Kutty PK, Woods CW, Sena AC, et al. Risk factors for and estimated incidence of community-associated Clostridium difficile infection, North Carolina, USA. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16:197-204.
    • (2010) Emerg Infect Dis , vol.16 , pp. 197-204
    • Kutty, P.K.1    Woods, C.W.2    Sena, A.C.3
  • 55
    • 84930484891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile Infection in Outpatients, Maryland and Connecticut, USA, 2002-2007
    • Hirshon JM, Thompson AD, Limbago B, et al. Clostridium difficile Infection in Outpatients, Maryland and Connecticut, USA, 2002-2007. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011;17:1946-1949.
    • (2011) Emerg Infect Dis , vol.17 , pp. 1946-1949
    • Hirshon, J.M.1    Thompson, A.D.2    Limbago, B.3
  • 56
    • 78650108131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recurrence rate of clostridium difficile infection in hospitalized pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease
    • Kelsen JR, Kim J, Latta D, et al. Recurrence rate of clostridium difficile infection in hospitalized pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2011;17:50-55.
    • (2011) Inflamm Bowel Dis , vol.17 , pp. 50-55
    • Kelsen, J.R.1    Kim, J.2    Latta, D.3
  • 57
    • 77956340254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glucocorticoids are associated with increased risk of short-term mortality in hospitalized patients with clostridium difficile-associated disease
    • Das R, Feuerstadt P, Brandt LJ. Glucocorticoids are associated with increased risk of short-term mortality in hospitalized patients with clostridium difficile-associated disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010; 105:2040-2049.
    • (2010) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.105 , pp. 2040-2049
    • Das, R.1    Feuerstadt, P.2    Brandt, L.J.3
  • 58
    • 67650430007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infliximab and other immunomodulating drugs in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and the risk of serious bacterial infections
    • Schneeweiss S, Korzenik J, Solomon DH, et al. Infliximab and other immunomodulating drugs in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and the risk of serious bacterial infections. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009;30:253-264.
    • (2009) Aliment Pharmacol Ther , vol.30 , pp. 253-264
    • Schneeweiss, S.1    Korzenik, J.2    Solomon, D.H.3
  • 59
    • 81155162401 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential risk of Clostridium difficile infection with proton pump inhibitor use by level of antibiotic exposure
    • Stevens V, Dumyati G, Brown J, et al. Differential risk of Clostridium difficile infection with proton pump inhibitor use by level of antibiotic exposure. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2010;20:1035-1042.
    • (2010) Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf , vol.20 , pp. 1035-1042
    • Stevens, V.1    Dumyati, G.2    Brown, J.3
  • 60
    • 77952196958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proton pump inhibitors and risk for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection
    • Linsky A, Gupta K, Lawler EV, et al. Proton pump inhibitors and risk for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170: 772-778.
    • (2010) Arch Intern Med , vol.170 , pp. 772-778
    • Linsky, A.1    Gupta, K.2    Lawler, E.V.3
  • 61
    • 77649230508 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proton pump inhibitors as arisk factor for paediatric Clostridium difficile infection
    • Turco R, Martinelli M, Miele E, et al. Proton pump inhibitors as arisk factor for paediatric Clostridium difficile infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010;31:754-759.
    • (2010) Aliment Pharmacol Ther , vol.31 , pp. 754-759
    • Turco, R.1    Martinelli, M.2    Miele, E.3
  • 62
    • 84857189040 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association between proton pump inhibitor therapy and Clostridium difficile infection in a metaanalysis
    • Deshpande A, Pant C, Pasupuleti V, et al. Association between proton pump inhibitor therapy and Clostridium difficile infection in a metaanalysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;10:225-233.
    • (2012) Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.10 , pp. 225-233
    • Deshpande, A.1    Pant, C.2    Pasupuleti, V.3
  • 63
    • 33750689923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proton pump inhibitors and hospitalization for Clostridium difficile-associated disease: A populationbased study
    • Lowe DO, Mamdani MM, Kopp A, et al. Proton pump inhibitors and hospitalization for Clostridium difficile-associated disease: a populationbased study. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43:1272-1276.
    • (2006) Clin Infect Dis , vol.43 , pp. 1272-1276
    • Lowe, D.O.1    Mamdani, M.M.2    Kopp, A.3
  • 64
    • 67349197840 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of Clostridium difficile infection on pediatric inflammatory bowel disease
    • Pascarella F, Martinelli M, Miele E, et al. Impact of Clostridium difficile infection on pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. J Pediatr. 2009;154: 854-858.
    • (2009) J Pediatr , vol.154 , pp. 854-858
    • Pascarella, F.1    Martinelli, M.2    Miele, E.3
  • 65
    • 77953198919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety of the long-term use of proton pump inhibitors
    • Thomson AB, Sauve MD, Kassam N, et al. Safety of the long-term use of proton pump inhibitors. World J Gastroenterol. 2010;16: 2323-2330.
    • (2010) World J Gastroenterol , vol.16 , pp. 2323-2330
    • Thomson, A.B.1    Sauve, M.D.2    Kassam, N.3
  • 66
    • 0036845101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Underlying disease severity as a major risk factor for nosocomial Clostridium difficile diarrhea
    • Kyne L, Sougioultzis S, McFarland LV, et al. Underlying disease severity as a major risk factor for nosocomial Clostridium difficile diarrhea. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2002;23:653-659.
    • (2002) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.23 , pp. 653-659
    • Kyne, L.1    Sougioultzis, S.2    McFarland, L.V.3
  • 67
    • 79960420811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The host immune response to Clostridium difficile
    • Kelly CP, Kyne L. The host immune response to Clostridium difficile. J Med Microbiol. 2010;60:1070-1079.
    • (2010) J Med Microbiol , vol.60 , pp. 1070-1079
    • Kelly, C.P.1    Kyne, L.2
  • 68
    • 56249107224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meta-analysis to assess risk factors for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection
    • Garey KW, Sethi S, Yadav Y, et al. Meta-analysis to assess risk factors for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. J Hosp Infect. 2008;70: 298-304.
    • (2008) J Hosp Infect , vol.70 , pp. 298-304
    • Garey, K.W.1    Sethi, S.2    Yadav, Y.3
  • 69
    • 0035915688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association between antibody response to toxin A and protection against recurrent Clostridium difficile diarrhoea
    • Kyne L, Warny M, Qamar A, et al. Association between antibody response to toxin A and protection against recurrent Clostridium difficile diarrhoea. Lancet. 2001;357:189-193.
    • (2001) Lancet , vol.357 , pp. 189-193
    • Kyne, L.1    Warny, M.2    Qamar, A.3
  • 70
    • 62949146399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prospective derivation and validation of a clinical prediction rule for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection
    • Hu MY, Katchar K, Kyne L, et al. Prospective derivation and validation of a clinical prediction rule for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. Gastroenterology. 2009;136:1206-1214.
    • (2009) Gastroenterology , vol.136 , pp. 1206-1214
    • Hu, M.Y.1    Katchar, K.2    Kyne, L.3
  • 71
    • 0024545882 scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial acquisition of Clostridium difficile infection
    • McFarland LV, Mulligan ME, Kwok RY, et al. Nosocomial acquisition of Clostridium difficile infection. N Engl J Med. 1989;320:204-210.
    • (1989) N Engl J Med , vol.320 , pp. 204-210
    • McFarland, L.V.1    Mulligan, M.E.2    Kwok, R.Y.3
  • 72
    • 0022492273 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of culture, cytotoxicity assays, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for toxin A and toxin B in the diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-related enteric disease
    • Walker RC, Ruane PJ, Rosenblatt JE, et al. Comparison of culture, cytotoxicity assays, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for toxin A and toxin B in the diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-related enteric disease. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 1986;5:61-69.
    • (1986) Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis , vol.5 , pp. 61-69
    • Walker, R.C.1    Ruane, P.J.2    Rosenblatt, J.E.3
  • 73
    • 0027411786 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of three enzyme immunoassays, a cytotoxicity assay, and toxigenic culture for diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea
    • Barbut F, Kajzer C, Planas N, et al. Comparison of three enzyme immunoassays, a cytotoxicity assay, and toxigenic culture for diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. J Clin Microbiol. 1993; 31:963-967.
    • (1993) J Clin Microbiol , vol.31 , pp. 963-967
    • Barbut, F.1    Kajzer, C.2    Planas, N.3
  • 74
    • 0028265436 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of four commercially available rapid enzyme immunoassays with cytotoxin assay for detection of Clostridium difficile toxin(s) from stool specimens
    • Merz CS, Kramer C, Forman M, et al. Comparison of four commercially available rapid enzyme immunoassays with cytotoxin assay for detection of Clostridium difficile toxin(s) from stool specimens. J Clin Microbiol. 1994;32:1142-1147.
    • (1994) J Clin Microbiol , vol.32 , pp. 1142-1147
    • Merz, C.S.1    Kramer, C.2    Forman, M.3
  • 75
    • 80054030152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Both, toxin A and toxin B, are important in Clostridium difficile infection
    • Kuehne SA, Cartman ST, Minton NP. Both, toxin A and toxin B, are important in Clostridium difficile infection. Gut Microbes. 2011;2: 252-255.
    • (2011) Gut Microbes , vol.2 , pp. 252-255
    • Kuehne, S.A.1    Cartman, S.T.2    Minton, N.P.3
  • 76
    • 79960557102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Repeat stool testing to diagnose Clostridium difficile infection using enzyme immunoassay does not increase diagnostic yield
    • Deshpande A, Pasupuleti V, Patel P, et al. Repeat stool testing to diagnose Clostridium difficile infection using enzyme immunoassay does not increase diagnostic yield. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;9:665-669e1.
    • (2011) Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.9
    • Deshpande, A.1    Pasupuleti, V.2    Patel, P.3
  • 77
    • 5444240100 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Performance of the TechLab C.DIFF CHEK-60 enzyme immunoassay (EIA) in combination withthe C. difficile Tox A/B II EIA kit, the Triage C. difficile panel immunoassay, and a cytotoxin assay for diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea
    • Snell H, Ramos M, Longo S, et al. Performance of the TechLab C.DIFF CHEK-60 enzyme immunoassay (EIA) in combination withthe C. difficile Tox A/B II EIA kit, the Triage C. difficile panel immunoassay, and a cytotoxin assay for diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42:4863-4865.
    • (2004) J Clin Microbiol , vol.42 , pp. 4863-4865
    • Snell, H.1    Ramos, M.2    Longo, S.3
  • 78
    • 3843141731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multicenter evaluation of a new screening test that detects Clostridium difficile in fecal specimens
    • Zheng L, Keller SF, Lyerly DM, et al. Multicenter evaluation of a new screening test that detects Clostridium difficile in fecal specimens. J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42:3837-3840.
    • (2004) J Clin Microbiol , vol.42 , pp. 3837-3840
    • Zheng, L.1    Keller, S.F.2    Lyerly, D.M.3
  • 79
    • 79958148446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effective utilization of evolving methods for the laboratory diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection
    • Kufelnicka AM, Kirn TJ. Effective utilization of evolving methods for the laboratory diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection. ClinInfect Dis. 2011;52:1451-1457.
    • (2011) ClinInfect Dis , vol.52 , pp. 1451-1457
    • Kufelnicka, A.M.1    Kirn, T.J.2
  • 80
    • 79960418173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of two commercial molecular tests for the detection of Clostridium difficile in the routine diagnostic laboratory
    • Zidaric V, Kevorkijan BK, Oresic N, et al. Comparison of two commercial molecular tests for the detection of Clostridium difficile in the routine diagnostic laboratory. J Med Microbiol. 2011;60:1131-1136.
    • (2011) J Med Microbiol , vol.60 , pp. 1131-1136
    • Zidaric, V.1    Kevorkijan, B.K.2    Oresic, N.3
  • 81
    • 78650074645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of the Cepheid Xpert Clostridium difficile Epi assay for diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection and typing of the NAP1 strain at a cancer hospital
    • Babady NE, Stiles J, Ruggiero P, et al. Evaluation of the Cepheid Xpert Clostridium difficile Epi assay for diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection and typing of the NAP1 strain at a cancer hospital. J Clin Microbiol. 2010;48:4519-5624.
    • (2010) J Clin Microbiol , vol.48 , pp. 4519-5624
    • Babady, N.E.1    Stiles, J.2    Ruggiero, P.3
  • 82
    • 80053519955 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Presumptive identification of Clostridium difficile strain 027/NAP1/BI on Cepheid Xpert: Interpret with caution
    • Kok J, Wang Q, Thomas LC, et al. Presumptive identification of Clostridium difficile strain 027/NAP1/BI on Cepheid Xpert: interpret with caution. J Clin Microbiol. 2011;49:3719-3721.
    • (2011) J Clin Microbiol , vol.49 , pp. 3719-3721
    • Kok, J.1    Wang, Q.2    Thomas, L.C.3
  • 83
    • 84855289168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathology consultation on detection of Clostridium difficile
    • Svensson AM, Lasala PR. Pathology consultation on detection of Clostridium difficile. Am J Clin Pathol. 2011;137:10-15.
    • (2011) Am J Clin Pathol , vol.137 , pp. 10-15
    • Svensson, A.M.1    Lasala, P.R.2
  • 84
    • 0142184121 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activity of three disinfectants and acidified nitrite against Clostridium difficile spores
    • Wullt M, Odenholt I, Walder M. Activity of three disinfectants and acidified nitrite against Clostridium difficile spores. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2003;24:765-768.
    • (2003) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.24 , pp. 765-768
    • Wullt, M.1    Odenholt, I.2    Walder, M.3
  • 85
    • 69249181666 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combination immunomodulator and antibiotic treatment in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and clostridium difficile infection
    • Ben-Horin S, Margalit M, Bossuyt P, et al. Combination immunomodulator and antibiotic treatment in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and clostridium difficile infection. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;7:981-987.
    • (2009) Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.7 , pp. 981-987
    • Ben-Horin, S.1    Margalit, M.2    Bossuyt, P.3
  • 86
    • 79958795293 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Practice of gastroenterologists in treating flaring inflammatory bowel disease patients with clostridium difficile: Antibiotics alone or combined antibiotics/immunomodulators?
    • Yanai H, Nguyen GC, Yun L, et al. Practice of gastroenterologists in treating flaring inflammatory bowel disease patients with clostridium difficile: antibiotics alone or combined antibiotics/immunomodulators? Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2011;17:1540-1546.
    • (2011) Inflamm Bowel Dis , vol.17 , pp. 1540-1546
    • Yanai, H.1    Nguyen, G.C.2    Yun, L.3
  • 87
    • 77955729162 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile and inflammatory bowel disease: More questions than answers?
    • Ananthakrishnan AN, Binion DG. Clostridium difficile and inflammatory bowel disease: more questions than answers? Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2010;16:1445-1446.
    • (2010) Inflamm Bowel Dis , vol.16 , pp. 1445-1446
    • Ananthakrishnan, A.N.1    Binion, D.G.2
  • 88
    • 34547133720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of vancomycin and metronidazole for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, stratified by disease severity
    • Zar FA, Bakkanagari SR, Moorthi KM, et al. A comparison of vancomycin and metronidazole for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, stratified by disease severity. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45: 302-307.
    • (2007) Clin Infect Dis , vol.45 , pp. 302-307
    • Zar, F.A.1    Bakkanagari, S.R.2    Moorthi, K.M.3
  • 89
    • 35248881442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic treatment for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in adults
    • Nelson R. Antibiotic treatment for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;CD004610.
    • (2007) Cochrane Database Syst Rev
    • Nelson, R.1
  • 90
    • 0024492975 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of antibiotic-associated Clostridium difficile colitis with oral vancomycin: Comparison of two dosage regimens
    • Fekety R, Silva J, Kauffman C, et al. Treatment of antibiotic-associated Clostridium difficile colitis with oral vancomycin: comparison of two dosage regimens. Am J Med. 1989;86:15-19.
    • (1989) Am J Med , vol.86 , pp. 15-19
    • Fekety, R.1    Silva, J.2    Kauffman, C.3
  • 91
    • 0034886457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravenous metronidazole for the treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis
    • Friedenberg F, Fernandez A, Kaul V, et al. Intravenous metronidazole for the treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001; 44:1176-1180.
    • (2001) Dis Colon Rectum , vol.44 , pp. 1176-1180
    • Friedenberg, F.1    Fernandez, A.2    Kaul, V.3
  • 92
    • 0037105769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adjunctive intracolonic vancomycin for severe Clostridium difficile colitis: Case series and review of the literature
    • Apisarnthanarak A, Razavi B, Mundy LM. Adjunctive intracolonic vancomycin for severe Clostridium difficile colitis: case series and review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;35:690-696.
    • (2002) Clin Infect Dis , vol.35 , pp. 690-696
    • Apisarnthanarak, A.1    Razavi, B.2    Mundy, L.M.3
  • 93
    • 0036119754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Severe Clostridium difficile colitis: The role of intracolonic vancomycin?
    • Apisarnthanarak A, Khoury H, Reinus WR, et al. Severe Clostridium difficile colitis: the role of intracolonic vancomycin? Am J Med. 2002; 112:328-329.
    • (2002) Am J Med , vol.112 , pp. 328-329
    • Apisarnthanarak, A.1    Khoury, H.2    Reinus, W.R.3
  • 94
    • 33645971969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recurrent clostridium difficile
    • Maroo S, Lamont JT. Recurrent clostridium difficile. Gastroenterology. 2006;130:1311-1316.
    • (2006) Gastroenterology , vol.130 , pp. 1311-1316
    • Maroo, S.1    Lamont, J.T.2
  • 95
    • 0031891748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recurrence of symptoms in Clostridium difficile infection-relapse or reinfection?
    • Wilcox MH, Fawley WN, Settle CD, et al. Recurrence of symptoms in Clostridium difficile infection-relapse or reinfection? J HospInfect. 1998;38:93-100.
    • (1998) J HospInfect , vol.38 , pp. 93-100
    • Wilcox, M.H.1    Fawley, W.N.2    Settle, C.D.3
  • 96
    • 0022348861 scopus 로고
    • Approach to patients with multiple relapses of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis
    • Tedesco FJ, Gordon D, Fortson WC. Approach to patients with multiple relapses of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 1985;80:867-868.
    • (1985) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.80 , pp. 867-868
    • Tedesco, F.J.1    Gordon, D.2    Fortson, W.C.3
  • 97
    • 77951026738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by the society for healthcare epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the infectious diseases society of America (IDSA)
    • Cohen SH, Gerding DN, Johnson S, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by the society for healthcare epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the infectious diseases society of America (IDSA). Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2011;31: 431-455.
    • (2011) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.31 , pp. 431-455
    • Cohen, S.H.1    Gerding, D.N.2    Johnson, S.3
  • 98
    • 33746626011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitazoxanide for the treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis
    • Musher DM, Logan N, Hamill RJ, et al. Nitazoxanide for the treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43:421-427.
    • (2006) Clin Infect Dis , vol.43 , pp. 421-427
    • Musher, D.M.1    Logan, N.2    Hamill, R.J.3
  • 99
    • 58749112167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitazoxanide versus vancomycin in Clostridium difficile infection: A randomized, double-blind study
    • Musher DM, Logan N, Bressler AM, et al. Nitazoxanide versus vancomycin in Clostridium difficile infection: a randomized, double-blind study. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48:e41-46.
    • (2009) Clin Infect Dis , vol.48
    • Musher, D.M.1    Logan, N.2    Bressler, A.M.3
  • 100
    • 33747603490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prospective, randomized inpatient study of oral metronidazole versus oral metronidazole and rifampin for treatment of primary episode of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea
    • Lagrotteria D, Holmes S, Smieja M, et al. Prospective, randomized inpatient study of oral metronidazole versus oral metronidazole and rifampin for treatment of primary episode of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43:547-552.
    • (2006) Clin Infect Dis , vol.43 , pp. 547-552
    • Lagrotteria, D.1    Holmes, S.2    Smieja, M.3
  • 101
    • 62249214077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rifaximin in treatment ofrecurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: An uncontrolled pilot study
    • Garey KW, Jiang ZD, Bellard A, et al. Rifaximin in treatment ofrecurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: an uncontrolled pilot study. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2009;43:91-93.
    • (2009) J Clin Gastroenterol , vol.43 , pp. 91-93
    • Garey, K.W.1    Jiang, Z.D.2    Bellard, A.3
  • 102
    • 81855199757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study to assess the ability of rifaximin to prevent recurrent diarrhoea in patients with Clostridium difficile infection
    • Garey KW, Ghantoji SS, Shah DN, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study to assess the ability of rifaximin to prevent recurrent diarrhoea in patients with Clostridium difficile infection. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66:2850-2855.
    • (2011) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.66 , pp. 2850-2855
    • Garey, K.W.1    Ghantoji, S.S.2    Shah, D.N.3
  • 103
    • 79551527297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fidaxomicin versus vancomy-cinfor Clostridium difficile infection
    • Louie TJ, Miller MA, Mullane KM, et al. Fidaxomicin versus vancomy-cinfor Clostridium difficile infection. N Engl J Med. 2011;364: 422-431.
    • (2011) N Engl J Med , vol.364 , pp. 422-431
    • Louie, T.J.1    Miller, M.A.2    Mullane, K.M.3
  • 104
    • 80051957059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of fidaxomicin versus vancomycin as therapy for Clostridium difficile infection in individuals taking concomitant antibiotics for other concurrent infections
    • Mullane KM, Miller MA, Weiss K, et al. Efficacy of fidaxomicin versus vancomycin as therapy for Clostridium difficile infection in individuals taking concomitant antibiotics for other concurrent infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53:440-447.
    • (2011) Clin Infect Dis , vol.53 , pp. 440-447
    • Mullane, K.M.1    Miller, M.A.2    Weiss, K.3
  • 105
    • 77955680488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rifaximin for the treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection after liver transplantation: A case series
    • Neff G, Zacharias V, Kaiser TE, et al. Rifaximin for the treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection after liver transplantation: A case series. Liver Transpl. 2011;16:960-963.
    • (2011) Liver Transpl , vol.16 , pp. 960-963
    • Neff, G.1    Zacharias, V.2    Kaiser, T.E.3
  • 106
    • 48749108219 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rifampin and rifaximin resistance in clinical isolates of Clostridium difficile
    • O'Connor JR, Galang MA, Sambol SP, et al. Rifampin and rifaximin resistance in clinical isolates of Clostridium difficile. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008;52:2813-2817.
    • (2008) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.52 , pp. 2813-2817
    • O'Connor, J.R.1    Galang, M.A.2    Sambol, S.P.3
  • 107
    • 80055115172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic treatment for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in adults
    • Nelson RL, Kelsey P, Leeman H, et al. Antibiotic treatment for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;9:CD004610.
    • (2011) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.9
    • Nelson, R.L.1    Kelsey, P.2    Leeman, H.3
  • 108
    • 0030056217 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of vancomycin, teicoplanin, metronidazole, and fusidic acid for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea
    • Wenisch C, Parschalk B, Hasenhundl M, et al. Comparison of vancomycin, teicoplanin, metronidazole, and fusidic acid for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis. 1996;22:813-818.
    • (1996) Clin Infect Dis , vol.22 , pp. 813-818
    • Wenisch, C.1    Parschalk, B.2    Hasenhundl, M.3
  • 109
    • 83755183852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative effectiveness of Clostridium difficile treatments: A systematic review
    • Drekonja DM, Butler M, Macdonald R, et al. Comparative effectiveness of Clostridium difficile treatments: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2011;155:839-847.
    • (2011) Ann Intern Med , vol.155 , pp. 839-847
    • Drekonja, D.M.1    Butler, M.2    MacDonald, R.3
  • 110
    • 79960822735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tigecycline for the treatment of severe Clostridium difficile infection
    • Larson KC, Belliveau PP, Spooner LM. Tigecycline for the treatment of severe Clostridium difficile infection. Ann Pharmacother. 2011;45: 1005-1010.
    • (2011) Ann Pharmacother , vol.45 , pp. 1005-1010
    • Larson, K.C.1    Belliveau, P.P.2    Spooner, L.M.3
  • 111
    • 77956621047 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Failure of tigecycline to treat severe Clostridium difficile infection
    • Kopterides P, Papageorgiou C, Antoniadou A, et al. Failure of tigecycline to treat severe Clostridium difficile infection. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2011;38:755-758.
    • (2011) Anaesth Intensive Care , vol.38 , pp. 755-758
    • Kopterides, P.1    Papageorgiou, C.2    Antoniadou, A.3
  • 112
    • 80054092791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Probiotics in Clostridium difficile Infection
    • Na X, Kelly C. Probiotics in Clostridium difficile Infection. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2011;45(Suppl):S154-158.
    • (2011) J Clin Gastroenterol , vol.45 , Issue.SUPPL.
    • Na, X.1    Kelly, C.2
  • 113
    • 22744446859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Probiotic therapy for the prevention and treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: A systematic review
    • Dendukuri N, Costa V, McGregor M, et al. Probiotic therapy for the prevention and treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: a systematic review. CMAJ. 2005;173:167-170.
    • (2005) CMAJ , vol.173 , pp. 167-170
    • Dendukuri, N.1    Costa, V.2    McGregor, M.3
  • 114
    • 0028226085 scopus 로고
    • A randomized placebocontrolled trial of Saccharomyces boulardii in combination with standard antibiotics for Clostridium difficile disease
    • McFarland LV, Surawicz CM, Greenberg RN, et al. A randomized placebocontrolled trial of Saccharomyces boulardii in combination with standard antibiotics for Clostridium difficile disease. JAMA. 1994;271:1913-1918.
    • (1994) JAMA , vol.271 , pp. 1913-1918
    • McFarland, L.V.1    Surawicz, C.M.2    Greenberg, R.N.3
  • 115
    • 42449115458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Probiotics for treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated colitis in adults
    • Pillai A, Nelson R. Probiotics for treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated colitis in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;CD004611.
    • (2008) Cochrane Database Syst Rev
    • Pillai, A.1    Nelson, R.2
  • 116
    • 0033980941 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Colonic food: Pre-and probiotics
    • Bengmark S. Colonic food: pre-and probiotics. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000;95:S5-7.
    • (2000) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.95
    • Bengmark, S.1
  • 117
    • 34447517430 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for the use of probiotics and prebiotics in inflammatory bowel disease: A review of clinical trials
    • Hedin C, Whelan K, Lindsay JO. Evidence for the use of probiotics and prebiotics in inflammatory bowel disease: a review of clinical trials. Proc Nutr Soc. 2007;66:307-315.
    • (2007) Proc Nutr Soc , vol.66 , pp. 307-315
    • Hedin, C.1    Whelan, K.2    Lindsay, J.O.3
  • 118
    • 80052473669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The intestinal microbiota and chronic disorders of the gut
    • DuPont AW, DuPont HL. The intestinal microbiota and chronic disorders of the gut. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;8:523-531.
    • (2011) Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.8 , pp. 523-531
    • Dupont, A.W.1    Dupont, H.L.2
  • 119
    • 78549241710 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Results of faecal donor instillation therapy for recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea
    • Garborg K, Waagsbo B, Stallemo A, et al. Results of faecal donor instillation therapy for recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. Scand J Infect Dis. 2011;42:857-861.
    • (2011) Scand J Infect Dis , vol.42 , pp. 857-861
    • Garborg, K.1    Waagsbo, B.2    Stallemo, A.3
  • 120
    • 77955985109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fecal flora reconstitution forrecurrent Clostridium difficile infection: Results and methodology
    • Rohlke F, Surawicz CM, Stollman N. Fecal flora reconstitution forrecurrent Clostridium difficile infection: results and methodology. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2010;44:567-570.
    • (2010) J Clin Gastroenterol , vol.44 , pp. 567-570
    • Rohlke, F.1    Surawicz, C.M.2    Stollman, N.3
  • 121
    • 77950861655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Success of self-administered home fecal transplantation for chronic Clostridium difficile infection
    • Silverman MS, Davis I, Pillai DR. Success of self-administered home fecal transplantation for chronic Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;8:471-473.
    • (2011) Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.8 , pp. 471-473
    • Silverman, M.S.1    Davis, I.2    Pillai, D.R.3
  • 122
    • 77955982119 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of refractory/recurrent C. difficile-associated disease by donated stool transplanted via colonoscopy: A case series of 12 patients
    • Yoon SS, Brandt LJ. Treatment of refractory/recurrent C. difficile-associated disease by donated stool transplanted via colonoscopy: a case series of 12 patients. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2010;44:562-566.
    • (2010) J Clin Gastroenterol , vol.44 , pp. 562-566
    • Yoon, S.S.1    Brandt, L.J.2
  • 123
    • 82955233474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treating Clostridium difficile infection with fecal microbiota transplantation
    • Bakken JS, Borody T, Brandt LJ, et al. Treating Clostridium difficile infection with fecal microbiota transplantation. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;9:1044-1049.
    • (2011) Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.9 , pp. 1044-1049
    • Bakken, J.S.1    Borody, T.2    Brandt, L.J.3
  • 124
    • 84855772543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fecal microbiota transplantation for relapsing Clostridium difficile Infection in 26 patients: Methodology and results
    • Kelly CR, de Leon L, Jasutkar N. Fecal microbiota transplantation for relapsing Clostridium difficile Infection in 26 patients: methodology and results. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2012;46:145-149.
    • (2012) J Clin Gastroenterol , vol.46 , pp. 145-149
    • Kelly, C.R.1    De Leon, L.2    Jasutkar, N.3
  • 125
    • 80054736926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systematic review of intestinal microbiota transplantation (fecal bacteriotherapy) for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection
    • Gough E, Shaikh H, Manges AR. Systematic review of intestinal microbiota transplantation (fecal bacteriotherapy) for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53:994-1002.
    • (2011) Clin Infect Dis , vol.53 , pp. 994-1002
    • Gough, E.1    Shaikh, H.2    Manges, A.R.3
  • 126
    • 74949110785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of severe Clostridium difficile colitis: An observational study and review of the literature
    • Abougergi MS, Broor A, Cui W, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of severe Clostridium difficile colitis: an observational study and review of the literature. J Hosp Med. 2011;5:E1-9.
    • (2011) J Hosp Med , vol.5
    • Abougergi, M.S.1    Broor, A.2    Cui, W.3
  • 127
    • 74249096590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serum anti-toxin B antibody correlates with protection from recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (CDI)
    • Leav BA, Blair B, Leney M, et al. Serum anti-toxin B antibody correlates with protection from recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). Vaccine. 2011;28:965-969.
    • (2011) Vaccine , vol.28 , pp. 965-969
    • Leav, B.A.1    Blair, B.2    Leney, M.3
  • 128
    • 33644837200 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management and outcomes ofa first recurrence of Clostridium difficile-associated disease in Quebec, Canada
    • Pepin J, Routhier S, Gagnon S, et al. Management and outcomes ofa first recurrence of Clostridium difficile-associated disease in Quebec, Canada. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42:758-764.
    • (2006) Clin Infect Dis , vol.42 , pp. 758-764
    • Pepin, J.1    Routhier, S.2    Gagnon, S.3
  • 129
    • 0031878855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incidence and impact of Clostridium difficile infection in the UK, 1993-1996
    • Wilcox MH, Smyth ET. Incidence and impact of Clostridium difficile infection in the UK, 1993-1996. J Hosp Infect. 1998;39:181-187.
    • (1998) J Hosp Infect , vol.39 , pp. 181-187
    • Wilcox, M.H.1    Smyth, E.T.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.