메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 301, Issue 9, 2009, Pages 954-962

A 76-year-old man with recurrent clostridium difficile associated diarrhea: review of c difficile infection

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CEFPODOXIME; CEFTRIAXONE; METRONIDAZOLE; RIFAXIMIN; VANCOMYCIN; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; BACTERIAL TOXIN; PROBIOTIC AGENT;

EID: 61549093691     PISSN: 00987484     EISSN: 15383598     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1001/jama.2009.171     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (77)

References (76)
  • 1
    • 0000795948 scopus 로고
    • Intestinal flora in new-born infants: With a description of a new pathogenic anaerobe, Bacillus difficilis
    • Hall IC, O'Toole E. Intestinal flora in new-born infants: with a description of a new pathogenic anaerobe, Bacillus difficilis. AJDC. 1935;49:390-402.
    • (1935) AJDC , vol.49 , pp. 390-402
    • Hall, I.C.1    O'Toole, E.2
  • 2
    • 0037204196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic-associated diarrhea
    • Bartlett JG. Antibiotic-associated diarrhea. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(5):334- 339.
    • (2002) N Engl J Med , vol.346 , Issue.5 , pp. 334-339
    • Bartlett, J.G.1
  • 3
    • 54349091533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns of antibiotic use and risk of hospital admission because of Clostridium difficile infection
    • Dial S, Kezouh A, Dascal A, Barkun A, Suissa S. Patterns of antibiotic use and risk of hospital admission because of Clostridium difficile infection. CMAJ. 2008; 179(8):767-772.
    • (2008) CMAJ , vol.179 , Issue.8 , pp. 767-772
    • Dial, S.1    Kezouh, A.2    Dascal, A.3    Barkun, A.4    Suissa, S.5
  • 4
    • 27444437759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergence of fluoroquinolones as the predominant risk factor for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: A cohort study during an epidemic in Quebec
    • Pépin J, Saheb N, Coulombe MA, et al. Emergence of fluoroquinolones as the predominant risk factor for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: a cohort study during an epidemic in Quebec. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41(9):1254-1260.
    • (2005) Clin Infect Dis , vol.41 , Issue.9 , pp. 1254-1260
    • Pépin, J.1    Saheb, N.2    Coulombe, M.A.3
  • 5
    • 0033604532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemics of diarrhea caused by a clindamycin-resistant strain of Clostridium difficile in four hospitals
    • Johnson S, Samore MH, Farrow KA, et al. Epidemics of diarrhea caused by a clindamycin-resistant strain of Clostridium difficile in four hospitals. N Engl J Med. 1999;341(22):1645-1651.
    • (1999) N Engl J Med , vol.341 , Issue.22 , pp. 1645-1651
    • Johnson, S.1    Samore, M.H.2    Farrow, K.A.3
  • 6
    • 34547133720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Zar FA, Bakkanagari SR, Moorthi KM, Davis MB. A comparison of vancomycin and metronidazole for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, stratified by disease severity. Clin Infect Dis. 2O07;45(3):302-307.
    • Zar FA, Bakkanagari SR, Moorthi KM, Davis MB. A comparison of vancomycin and metronidazole for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, stratified by disease severity. Clin Infect Dis. 2O07;45(3):302-307.
  • 7
    • 32544446901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Severe Clostridium difficile- associated disease in populations previously at low risk. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2005;54(47):1201-12O5.
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Severe Clostridium difficile- associated disease in populations previously at low risk. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2005;54(47):1201-12O5.
  • 8
    • 0027175513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An and A, Glatt AE. Clostridium difficile infection associated with antineoplastic chemotherapy: a review. Clin Infect Dis. 1993;17(1):109-113
    • An and A, Glatt AE. Clostridium difficile infection associated with antineoplastic chemotherapy: a review. Clin Infect Dis. 1993;17(1):109-113.
  • 9
    • 4043089351 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enteric infection in relapse of inflammatory bowel disease: Importance of microbiological examination of stool
    • Mylonaki M, Langmead L, Pantes A, Johnson F, Rampton DS. Enteric infection in relapse of inflammatory bowel disease: importance of microbiological examination of stool. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;16(8):775-778.
    • (2004) Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.16 , Issue.8 , pp. 775-778
    • Mylonaki, M.1    Langmead, L.2    Pantes, A.3    Johnson, F.4    Rampton, D.S.5
  • 10
    • 44949261865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A national survey of the prevalence and impact of Clostridium difficile infection among hospitalized inflammatory bowel disease patients
    • Nguyen GC, Kaplan GG, Harris ML, Brant SR. A national survey of the prevalence and impact of Clostridium difficile infection among hospitalized inflammatory bowel disease patients. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103(6):1443-1450.
    • (2008) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.103 , Issue.6 , pp. 1443-1450
    • Nguyen, G.C.1    Kaplan, G.G.2    Harris, M.L.3    Brant, S.R.4
  • 11
    • 29144473282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of gastric acid-suppressive agents and the risk of community-acquired Clostridium difficile - assoc iated disease
    • Dial S, Delaney JA, Barkun AN, Suissa S. Use of gastric acid-suppressive agents and the risk of community-acquired Clostridium difficile - assoc iated disease. JAM A. 2005;294(23):2989-2995.
    • (2005) JAM A , vol.294 , Issue.23 , pp. 2989-2995
    • Dial, S.1    Delaney, J.A.2    Barkun, A.N.3    Suissa, S.4
  • 13
    • 34247260039 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Isolation and characterisation of toxin A-negative, toxin B-positive Clostridium difficile in Dublin, Ireland
    • Drudy D, Harnedy N, Fanning S, O'Mahony R, Kyne L. Isolation and characterisation of toxin A-negative, toxin B-positive Clostridium difficile in Dublin, Ireland. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2007;13(3):298-304.
    • (2007) Clin Microbiol Infect , vol.13 , Issue.3 , pp. 298-304
    • Drudy, D.1    Harnedy, N.2    Fanning, S.3    O'Mahony, R.4    Kyne, L.5
  • 14
    • 0035909092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fatal pseudomembranous colitis associated with a variant Clostridium difficile strain not detected by toxin A immunoassay
    • Johnson S, Kent SA, O'Leary KJ, et al. Fatal pseudomembranous colitis associated with a variant Clostridium difficile strain not detected by toxin A immunoassay. Ann Intern Med. 2001;135(6):434-438.
    • (2001) Ann Intern Med , vol.135 , Issue.6 , pp. 434-438
    • Johnson, S.1    Kent, S.A.2    O'Leary, K.J.3
  • 15
    • 0028935286 scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile toxin B is more potent than toxin A in damaging human colonic epithelium in vitro
    • RieglerM, Sedivy R, Pothoulakis C, et al. Clostridium difficile toxin B is more potent than toxin A in damaging human colonic epithelium in vitro. J Clin Invest. 1995;95(5):2004-2011.
    • (1995) J Clin Invest , vol.95 , Issue.5 , pp. 2004-2011
    • Riegler, M.1    Sedivy, R.2    Pothoulakis, C.3
  • 16
    • 0034628426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Asymptomatic carriage of Clostridium difficile and serum levels of IgG antibody against toxin A
    • Kyne L, Warny M, Qamar A, Kelly CP. Asymptomatic carriage of Clostridium difficile and serum levels of IgG antibody against toxin A. N Engl J Med. 2000; 342(6)390-397.
    • (2000) N Engl J Med , vol.342 , Issue.6 , pp. 390-397
    • Kyne, L.1    Warny, M.2    Qamar, A.3    Kelly, C.P.4
  • 17
    • 0028107662 scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of community-acquired Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea
    • Hirschhorn LR, Trnka Y, Onderdonk A, Lee ML, Piatt R. Epidemiology of community-acquired Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. J Infect Dis. 1994; 169(1):127-133.
    • (1994) J Infect Dis , vol.169 , Issue.1 , pp. 127-133
    • Hirschhorn, L.R.1    Trnka, Y.2    Onderdonk, A.3    Lee, M.L.4    Piatt, R.5
  • 18
    • 0036467063 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kyne L, Hamel MB, Polavaram R, Kelly CP. Health care costs and mortality associated with nosocomial diarrhea due to Clostridium difficile. Clin Infect Dis. 2O02;34(3):346-353.
    • Kyne L, Hamel MB, Polavaram R, Kelly CP. Health care costs and mortality associated with nosocomial diarrhea due to Clostridium difficile. Clin Infect Dis. 2O02;34(3):346-353.
  • 19
    • 33644523410 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection in patients discharged from US short-stay hospitals, 1996 to 2003
    • McDonald LC, Owings M, Jernigan DB. Clostridium difficile infection in patients discharged from US short-stay hospitals, 1996 to 2003. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12(3):409-415.
    • (2006) Emerg Infect Dis , vol.12 , Issue.3 , pp. 409-415
    • McDonald, L.C.1    Owings, M.2    Jernigan, D.B.3
  • 20
    • 0024545882 scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial acquisition of Clostridium difficile infection
    • McFarland LV, Mulligan ME, Kwok RY, Stamm WE. Nosocomial acquisition of Clostridium difficile infection. N Engl J Med. 1989;320(4):204-210.
    • (1989) N Engl J Med , vol.320 , Issue.4 , pp. 204-210
    • McFarland, L.V.1    Mulligan, M.E.2    Kwok, R.Y.3    Stamm, W.E.4
  • 21
    • 0036845101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Underlying disease severity as a major risk factor for nosocomial Clostridium difficile diarrhea
    • Kyne L, Sougioultzis S, McFarland LV, Kelly CP. Underlying disease severity as a major risk factor for nosocomial Clostridium difficile diarrhea. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2002;23(11):653-659.
    • (2002) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.23 , Issue.11 , pp. 653-659
    • Kyne, L.1    Sougioultzis, S.2    McFarland, L.V.3    Kelly, C.P.4
  • 22
    • 4444382260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in a region of Quebec from 1991 to 2003: A changing pattern of disease severity
    • Pépin J, Valiquette L, Alary ME, et al. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in a region of Quebec from 1991 to 2003: a changing pattern of disease severity.CMAJ. 2004;171(5):466-472.
    • (2004) CMAJ , vol.171 , Issue.5 , pp. 466-472
    • Pépin, J.1    Valiquette, L.2    Alary, M.E.3
  • 23
    • 28844441314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A predominantly clonal multi-institutional outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea with high morbidity and mortality
    • Loo VG, Poirier L, Miller MA, et al. A predominantly clonal multi-institutional outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea with high morbidity and mortality. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(23):2442-2449.
    • (2005) N Engl J Med , vol.353 , Issue.23 , pp. 2442-2449
    • Loo, V.G.1    Poirier, L.2    Miller, M.A.3
  • 24
    • 28844494086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An epidemic, toxin genevariant strain of Clostridium difficile
    • McDonald LC, Killgore GE, Thompson A, et al. An epidemic, toxin genevariant strain of Clostridium difficile. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(23):2433-2441.
    • (2005) N Engl J Med , vol.353 , Issue.23 , pp. 2433-2441
    • McDonald, L.C.1    Killgore, G.E.2    Thompson, A.3
  • 25
    • 0035915688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association between antibody response to toxin A and protection against recurrent Clostridium difficile diarrhoea
    • Kyne L, Warny M, Qamar A, Kelly CP. Association between antibody response to toxin A and protection against recurrent Clostridium difficile diarrhoea. Lancet. 2001;357(9251):189-193.
    • (2001) Lancet , vol.357 , Issue.9251 , pp. 189-193
    • Kyne, L.1    Warny, M.2    Qamar, A.3    Kelly, C.P.4
  • 26
    • 62449229045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UK National Statistics. Clostridium difficile: number of deaths increase in 2007. http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=1735. Accessed January 28,2009.
    • UK National Statistics. Clostridium difficile: number of deaths increase in 2007. http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=1735. Accessed January 28,2009.
  • 27
    • 25144469664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxin production by an emerging strain of Clostridium difficile associated with outbreaks of severe disease in North America and Europe
    • Warny M, Pepin J, Fang A, et al. Toxin production by an emerging strain of Clostridium difficile associated with outbreaks of severe disease in North America and Europe. Lancet. 2005;366(9491):1079-1084.
    • (2005) Lancet , vol.366 , Issue.9491 , pp. 1079-1084
    • Warny, M.1    Pepin, J.2    Fang, A.3
  • 28
    • 33745120517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular analysis of Clostridium difficile PCR ri bo type 027 isolates from Eastern and Western Canada
    • MacCannell DR, Louie TJ, Gregson DB, et al. Molecular analysis of Clostridium difficile PCR ri bo type 027 isolates from Eastern and Western Canada. J Clin Microbiol. 2006;44(6):2147-2152.
    • (2006) J Clin Microbiol , vol.44 , Issue.6 , pp. 2147-2152
    • MacCannell, D.R.1    Louie, T.J.2    Gregson, D.B.3
  • 29
    • 39749170731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical recognition and diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection
    • Bartlett JG, Gerding DN. Clinical recognition and diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46(suppl 1):S12-S18.
    • (2008) Clin Infect Dis , vol.46 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Bartlett, J.G.1    Gerding, D.N.2
  • 30
    • 0036334337 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: Comparison of triage C difficile panel, EIA for tox A/B and cytotoxin assays
    • Alfa MJ, Swan B, VanDekerkhove B, Pang P, Harding GK. The diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: comparison of triage C difficile panel, EIA for tox A/B and cytotoxin assays. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2002;43 (4):257-263.
    • (2002) Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis , vol.43 , Issue.4 , pp. 257-263
    • Alfa, M.J.1    Swan, B.2    VanDekerkhove, B.3    Pang, P.4    Harding, G.K.5
  • 31
    • 60849136597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stamper PD, Alcabasa R, Aird D, et al. Comparison of a commercial real-time PCR assay for tcdB detection to a cell culture cytotoxicity assay and toxigenic culture for direct detection of toxin producing Clostridium difficile in clinical samples [published online ahead of print December 10, 2008]. J Clin Microbiol. doi: 10.1128/JCM.01613-08.
    • Stamper PD, Alcabasa R, Aird D, et al. Comparison of a commercial real-time PCR assay for tcdB detection to a cell culture cytotoxicity assay and toxigenic culture for direct detection of toxin producing Clostridium difficile in clinical samples [published online ahead of print December 10, 2008]. J Clin Microbiol. doi: 10.1128/JCM.01613-08.
  • 32
    • 0025319466 scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile carriage after infection
    • Issack Ml, ElliottTS. Clostridium difficile carriage after infection. Lancet. 1990; 335(8689):610-611.
    • (1990) Lancet , vol.335 , Issue.8689 , pp. 610-611
    • Ml, I.1    ElliottTS2
  • 33
    • 39749120072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial- associated risk factors for Clostridium difficile infection
    • Owens RC Jr, Donskey CJ, Gaynes RP, Loo VG, Muto CA. Antimicrobial- associated risk factors for Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2008; 46(suppl 1):S19-S31.
    • (2008) Clin Infect Dis , vol.46 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Owens Jr, R.C.1    Donskey, C.J.2    Gaynes, R.P.3    Loo, V.G.4    Muto, C.A.5
  • 34
    • 34547154687 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Probiotics for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: Focus on Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Saccharomyces boulardii
    • Segarra-Newnham M. Probiotics for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: focus on Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Saccharomyces boulardii. Ann Pharmacother. 2007;41(7):1212-1221.
    • (2007) Ann Pharmacother , vol.41 , Issue.7 , pp. 1212-1221
    • Segarra-Newnham, M.1
  • 35
    • 34447630803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of probiotic Lactobacillus preparation to prevent diarrhoea associated with antibiotics: Randomised double blind placebo controlled trial
    • Hickson M, D'Souza AL, Muthu N, et al. Use of probiotic Lactobacillus preparation to prevent diarrhoea associated with antibiotics: randomised double blind placebo controlled trial. BMJ. 2007;335(7610):80.
    • (2007) BMJ , vol.335 , Issue.7610 , pp. 80
    • Hickson, M.1    D'Souza, A.L.2    Muthu, N.3
  • 36
    • 42449133334 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European C difficile- Infection Control Group; European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Infection control measures to limit the spread of Clostridium difficile
    • Vonberg RP, Kuijper EJ, Wilcox MH, etal; European C difficile- Infection Control Group; European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Infection control measures to limit the spread of Clostridium difficile. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2008;14(suppl 5):2-20.
    • (2008) Clin Microbiol Infect , vol.14 , Issue.SUPPL. 5 , pp. 2-20
    • Vonberg, R.P.1    Kuijper, E.J.2    Wilcox, M.H.3
  • 37
    • 39749111479 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measures to control and prevent Clostridium difficile infection
    • Gerding DN, Muto CA, Owens RC Jr. Measures to control and prevent Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46(suppl 1):S43-S49.
    • (2008) Clin Infect Dis , vol.46 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Gerding, D.N.1    Muto, C.A.2    Owens Jr., R.C.3
  • 38
    • 84869243593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accessed January 15, 2009
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Understanding Clostridium difficile: A Patient's Guide. http://www.rmei.com/cdadbrochure/ UnderstandingCD-Brochure.pdfPle. Accessed January 15, 2009.
    • Understanding Clostridium difficile: A Patient's Guide
  • 39
    • 0021038539 scopus 로고
    • Prospective randomised trial of metronidazole versus vancomycin for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea and colitis
    • Teasley DC, Gerding DN, Olson MM, et al. Prospective randomised trial of metronidazole versus vancomycin for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea and colitis. Lancet. 1983;2(8358):1043-1046.
    • (1983) Lancet , vol.2 , Issue.8358 , pp. 1043-1046
    • Teasley, D.C.1    Gerding, D.N.2    Olson, M.M.3
  • 40
    • 44449118384 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Results of a phase III trial comparing tolevamer, vancomycin and metronidazole in patients with Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDI). Abstract
    • presented at the September 17-20, Chicago, IL
    • Louie T, Gerdsom M, Grimard D, et al. Results of a phase III trial comparing tolevamer, vancomycin and metronidazole in patients with Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDI). Abstract presented at the 47th Annual Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chermotherapy Meeting; September 17-20, 2007; Chicago, IL.
    • (2007) 47th Annual Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chermotherapy Meeting
    • Louie, T.1    Gerdsom, M.2    Grimard, D.3
  • 41
    • 0036311186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Breaking the cycle: Treatment strategies for 163 cases of recurrent Clostridium difficile disease
    • McFarland LV, Elmer GW, Surawicz CM. Breaking the cycle: treatment strategies for 163 cases of recurrent Clostridium difficile disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97(7):1769-1775.
    • (2002) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.97 , Issue.7 , pp. 1769-1775
    • McFarland, L.V.1    Elmer, G.W.2    Surawicz, C.M.3
  • 42
    • 0018569077 scopus 로고
    • The periodic health examination
    • Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination
    • Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination. The periodic health examination. CMAJ. 1979;121(9):1193-1254.
    • (1979) CMAJ , vol.121 , Issue.9 , pp. 1193-1254
  • 43
    • 39749121022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of Clostridium difficile infection
    • Gerding DN, Muto CA, Owens RC Jr. Treatment of Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46(suppl 1):S32-S42.
    • (2008) Clin Infect Dis , vol.46 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Gerding, D.N.1    Muto, C.A.2    Owens Jr., R.C.3
  • 44
    • 0028945667 scopus 로고
    • Recommendations for preventing the spread of vancomycin resistance: Recommendations of the Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC)
    • Recommendations for preventing the spread of vancomycin resistance: recommendations of the Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). Am J Infect Control. 1995;23(2):87-94.
    • (1995) Am J Infect Control , vol.23 , Issue.2 , pp. 87-94
  • 45
    • 61549092185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment strategies for recurrent and refractory Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea
    • Stepan C, Surawicz CM. Treatment strategies for recurrent and refractory Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007; 1(2):295-305.
    • (2007) Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.1 , Issue.2 , pp. 295-305
    • Stepan, C.1    Surawicz, C.M.2
  • 47
    • 58149393176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical review of the management of fulminant Clostridium difficile infection
    • quiz 3204
    • Jaber MR, Olafsson S, Fung WL, Reeves ME. Clinical review of the management of fulminant Clostridium difficile infection. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008; 103(12)3195-3203, quiz 3204.
    • (2008) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.103 , Issue.12 , pp. 3195-3203
    • Jaber, M.R.1    Olafsson, S.2    Fung, W.L.3    Reeves, M.E.4
  • 48
    • 43049129555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Greenstein AJ, Byrn JC, Zhang LP, Swedish KA, Jahn AE, Divino CM. Risk factors for the development of fulminant Clostridium difficile colitis. Surgery. 2008; 143(5):623-629.
    • Greenstein AJ, Byrn JC, Zhang LP, Swedish KA, Jahn AE, Divino CM. Risk factors for the development of fulminant Clostridium difficile colitis. Surgery. 2008; 143(5):623-629.
  • 49
    • 0025874153 scopus 로고
    • Acute abdomen as the first presentation of pseudomembranous colitis
    • 685-691
    • Triadafilopoulos G, Hailstone AE. Acute abdomen as the first presentation of pseudomembranous colitis. GastroenteroIogy. 1991;101 (3):685-691.
    • (1991) GastroenteroIogy , vol.101 , Issue.3
    • Triadafilopoulos, G.1    Hailstone, A.E.2
  • 50
    • 0030763467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for severe Clostridium difficile colitis
    • Salcedo J, KeatesS, PothoulakisC, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for severe Clostridium difficile colitis. Gut. 1997;41(3):366-370.
    • (1997) Gut , vol.41 , Issue.3 , pp. 366-370
    • Salcedo, J.1    Keates, S.2    Pothoulakis, C.3
  • 51
    • 33847150865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical outcomes of intravenous immune globulin in severe Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea
    • Juang P, Skledar SJ, Zgheib NK, et al. Clinical outcomes of intravenous immune globulin in severe Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Am J Infect Control. 2007;35(2):131-137.
    • (2007) Am J Infect Control , vol.35 , Issue.2 , pp. 131-137
    • Juang, P.1    Skledar, S.J.2    Zgheib, N.K.3
  • 53
    • 0020551089 scopus 로고
    • Serum antibody response to toxins A and B of Clostridium difficile
    • Viscidi R, Laughon BE, Yolken R, et al. Serum antibody response to toxins A and B of Clostridium difficile. J Infect Dis. 1983;148(1):93-100.
    • (1983) J Infect Dis , vol.148 , Issue.1 , pp. 93-100
    • Viscidi, R.1    Laughon, B.E.2    Yolken, R.3
  • 54
    • 0034956340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recurrent Clostridium difficile diarrhoea
    • Kyne L, Kelly CP. Recurrent Clostridium difficile diarrhoea. Gut. 2001; 49(1):152-153.
    • (2001) Gut , vol.49 , Issue.1 , pp. 152-153
    • Kyne, L.1    Kelly, C.P.2
  • 55
    • 23944507069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated disease: Old therapies and new strategies
    • Aslam S, Hamill RJ, Musher DM. Treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated disease: old therapies and new strategies. Lancet Infect Dis. 2005;5(9): 549-557.
    • (2005) Lancet Infect Dis , vol.5 , Issue.9 , pp. 549-557
    • Aslam, S.1    Hamill, R.J.2    Musher, D.M.3
  • 56
    • 0028226085 scopus 로고
    • A randomized placebocontrolled trial of Saccharomyces boulardii in combination with standard antibiotics for Clostridium difficile disease
    • McFarland LV, Surawicz CM, Green berg RN, et al. A randomized placebocontrolled trial of Saccharomyces boulardii in combination with standard antibiotics for Clostridium difficile disease. JAMA. 1994;271(24):1913-1918.
    • (1994) JAMA , vol.271 , Issue.24 , pp. 1913-1918
    • McFarland, L.V.1    Surawicz, C.M.2    Green berg, R.N.3
  • 57
    • 0031891748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recurrence of symptoms in Clostridium difficile infection-relapse or reinfection?
    • Wilcox MH, Fawley WN, Settle CD, Davidson A. Recurrence of symptoms in Clostridium difficile infection-relapse or reinfection? J Hosp Infect. 1998; 38(2):93-100.
    • (1998) J Hosp Infect , vol.38 , Issue.2 , pp. 93-100
    • Wilcox, M.H.1    Fawley, W.N.2    Settle, C.D.3    Davidson, A.4
  • 58
    • 0022348861 scopus 로고
    • Approach to patients with multiple relapses of antibiotic - associated pseudomembranous colitis
    • Tedesco FJ, Gordon D, Fortson WC. Approach to patients with multiple relapses of antibiotic - associated pseudomembranous colitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 1985; 80(11):867-868.
    • (1985) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.80 , Issue.11 , pp. 867-868
    • Tedesco, F.J.1    Gordon, D.2    Fortson, W.C.3
  • 59
    • 0034450738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The search for a better treatment for recurrent Clostridium difficile disease: Use of high-dose vancomycin combined with Saccharomyces boulardii
    • Surawicz CM, McFarland LV, Green berg RN, et al. The search for a better treatment for recurrent Clostridium difficile disease: use of high-dose vancomycin combined with Saccharomyces boulardii. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;31(4):1012- 1017.
    • (2000) Clin Infect Dis , vol.31 , Issue.4 , pp. 1012-1017
    • Surawicz, C.M.1    McFarland, L.V.2    Green berg, R.N.3
  • 60
    • 0037373020 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recurrent Clostridium difficile colitis: Case series involving 18 patients treated with donor stool administered via a nasogastric tube
    • Aas J, Gessert CE, Bakken JS. Recurrent Clostridium difficile colitis: case series involving 18 patients treated with donor stool administered via a nasogastric tube. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;36(5):580-585.
    • (2003) Clin Infect Dis , vol.36 , Issue.5 , pp. 580-585
    • Aas, J.1    Gessert, C.E.2    Bakken, J.S.3
  • 61
    • 0023116806 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of relapsing Clostridium difficile diarrhoea by administration of a non-toxigenic strain
    • Seal D, Bordello SP, Barclay F, Welch A, Piper M, Bonnycastle M. Treatment of relapsing Clostridium difficile diarrhoea by administration of a non-toxigenic strain.Eur J Clin Microbiol. 1987;6(1):51-53.
    • (1987) Eur J Clin Microbiol , vol.6 , Issue.1 , pp. 51-53
    • Seal, D.1    Bordello, S.P.2    Barclay, F.3    Welch, A.4    Piper, M.5    Bonnycastle, M.6
  • 62
    • 33847630925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interruption of recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea episodes by serial therapy with vancomycin and rifaximin
    • Johnson S, Schriever C, Galang M, Kelly CP, Gerding DN. Interruption of recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea episodes by serial therapy with vancomycin and rifaximin. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44(6):846-848.
    • (2007) Clin Infect Dis , vol.44 , Issue.6 , pp. 846-848
    • Johnson, S.1    Schriever, C.2    Galang, M.3    Kelly, C.P.4    Gerding, D.N.5
  • 63
    • 0018075282 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis with cholestyramine resin
    • Kreutzer EW, Milligan FD. Treatment of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis with cholestyramine resin. Johns Hopkins Med J. 1978;143 (3):67-72.
    • (1978) Johns Hopkins Med J , vol.143 , Issue.3 , pp. 67-72
    • Kreutzer, E.W.1    Milligan, F.D.2
  • 64
    • 0025727765 scopus 로고
    • Treatment with intravenously administered gamma globulin of chronic relapsing colitis induced by Clostridium difficile toxin. 7
    • Leung DY, Kelly CP, Boguniewicz M, PothoulakisC, LaMontJT, Flores A. Treatment with intravenously administered gamma globulin of chronic relapsing colitis induced by Clostridium difficile toxin. 7 Pediatr. 1991;118(4 pt 1):633-637.
    • (1991) Pediatr , vol.118 , Issue.4 PART 1 , pp. 633-637
    • Leung, D.Y.1    Kelly, C.P.2    Boguniewicz, M.3    Pothoulakis, C.4    LaMont, J.T.5    Flores, A.6
  • 65
    • 2442705389 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Descriptive study of intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile diarrhoea
    • Wilcox MH. Descriptive study of intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile diarrhoea. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2004; 53(5):882-884.
    • (2004) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.53 , Issue.5 , pp. 882-884
    • Wilcox, M.H.1
  • 66
    • 0035145510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety and immunogenicity of increasing doses of a Clostridium difficile toxoid vaccine administered to healthy adults
    • Kotloff KL, Wasserman SS, Losonsky GA, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of increasing doses of a Clostridium difficile toxoid vaccine administered to healthy adults. Infect Immun. 2001;69(2):988-995.
    • (2001) Infect Immun , vol.69 , Issue.2 , pp. 988-995
    • Kotloff, K.L.1    Wasserman, S.S.2    Losonsky, G.A.3
  • 67
    • 20244383137 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile toxoid vaccine in recurrent C difficile-associated diarrhea
    • Sougioultzis S, Kyne L, Drudy D, et al. Clostridium difficile toxoid vaccine in recurrent C difficile-associated diarrhea. GastroenteroIogy. 2005;128(3):764-770.
    • (2005) GastroenteroIogy , vol.128 , Issue.3 , pp. 764-770
    • Sougioultzis, S.1    Kyne, L.2    Drudy, D.3
  • 68
    • 0031654540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prospects for a vaccine for Clostridium difficile
    • Kyne L, Kelly C. Prospects for a vaccine for Clostridium difficile. Bio Drugs. 1998;10(3):173-181.
    • (1998) Bio Drugs , vol.10 , Issue.3 , pp. 173-181
    • Kyne, L.1    Kelly, C.2
  • 69
    • 0037369921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile vaccine and serum immunoglobulin G antibody response to toxin A
    • Aboudola S, Kotloff KL, Kyne L, et al. Clostridium difficile vaccine and serum immunoglobulin G antibody response to toxin A. Infect Immun. 2003;71(3): 1608-1610.
    • (2003) Infect Immun , vol.71 , Issue.3 , pp. 1608-1610
    • Aboudola, S.1    Kotloff, K.L.2    Kyne, L.3
  • 70
    • 0842303177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Active and passive immunization against Clostridium difficile diarrhea and colitis
    • Giannasca PJ, Warny M. Active and passive immunization against Clostridium difficile diarrhea and colitis. Vaccine. 2004;22(7):848-856.
    • (2004) Vaccine , vol.22 , Issue.7 , pp. 848-856
    • Giannasca, P.J.1    Warny, M.2
  • 71
    • 33750493617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human monoclonal antibodies directed against toxins A and B prevent Clostridium difficile-induced mortality in hamsters
    • Babcock GJ, Broering TJ, Hernandez HJ, et al. Human monoclonal antibodies directed against toxins A and B prevent Clostridium difficile-induced mortality in hamsters. Infect Immun. 2006;74(11):6339-6347.
    • (2006) Infect Immun , vol.74 , Issue.11 , pp. 6339-6347
    • Babcock, G.J.1    Broering, T.J.2    Hernandez, H.J.3
  • 72
    • 34548303882 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Yeast as probiotics: Saccharomyces boulardii
    • Czerucka D, Piche T, Rampal P. Yeast as probiotics: Saccharomyces boulardii. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007;26(6):767-778.
    • (2007) Aliment Pharmacol Ther , vol.26 , Issue.6 , pp. 767-778
    • Czerucka, D.1    Piche, T.2    Rampal, P.3
  • 73
    • 0031713422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brewer's yeast and Saccharomyces boulardii both attenuate Clostridium difficile-induced colonic secretion in the rat
    • Izadnia F, Wong CT, Kocoshis SA. Brewer's yeast and Saccharomyces boulardii both attenuate Clostridium difficile-induced colonic secretion in the rat. Dig Dis Sci. 1998;43(9):2055-2060.
    • (1998) Dig Dis Sci , vol.43 , Issue.9 , pp. 2055-2060
    • Izadnia, F.1    Wong, C.T.2    Kocoshis, S.A.3
  • 74
    • 0035077712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Saccharomyces boulardii stimulates intestinal immunoglobulin A immune response to Clostridium difficile toxin A in mice
    • Qamar A, Aboudola S, Warny M, et al. Saccharomyces boulardii stimulates intestinal immunoglobulin A immune response to Clostridium difficile toxin A in mice. Infect Immun. 2001;69(4):2762-2765.
    • (2001) Infect Immun , vol.69 , Issue.4 , pp. 2762-2765
    • Qamar, A.1    Aboudola, S.2    Warny, M.3
  • 75
    • 0027516691 scopus 로고
    • Saccharomyces boulardii inhibits Clostridium difficile toxin A binding and enterotoxicity in rat ileum
    • Pothoulakis C, Kelly CP, Joshi MA, et al. Saccharomyces boulardii inhibits Clostridium difficile toxin A binding and enterotoxicity in rat ileum. Gastroenterology. 1993;104(4):1108-1115.
    • (1993) Gastroenterology , vol.104 , Issue.4 , pp. 1108-1115
    • Pothoulakis, C.1    Kelly, C.P.2    Joshi, M.A.3
  • 76
    • 33747699728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chen X, Kokkotou EG, Mustafa N, et a\. Saccharomyces boulardii inhibits ERK1/2 mitogen - activated protein kinase activation both in vitro and in vivo and protects against Clostridium difficile toxin A-induced enteritis. J Biol Chem. 2006; 281(34):24449-24454.
    • Chen X, Kokkotou EG, Mustafa N, et a\. Saccharomyces boulardii inhibits ERK1/2 mitogen - activated protein kinase activation both in vitro and in vivo and protects against Clostridium difficile toxin A-induced enteritis. J Biol Chem. 2006; 281(34):24449-24454.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.