메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn , Issue 3, 2007, Pages

Antibiotic treatment for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in adults

Author keywords

*Clostridium difficile; Anti bacterial agents adverse effects; *therapeutic use ; Diarrhea chemically induced; *drug therapy; microbiology ; Enterocolitis, pseudomembranous complications; *drug therapy

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; BACITRACIN; CYTOTOXIN; FUSIDIC ACID; METRONIDAZOLE; NITAZOXANIDE; PLACEBO; RIFAMPICIN; RIFAXIMIN; TEICOPLANIN; VANCOMYCIN;

EID: 35248881442     PISSN: 1469493X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004610.pub3     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (148)

References (44)
  • 1
    • 0028332370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anonymous 1994 {published data only} *Anonymous. Treatment of Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea and colitis with an oral preparation of teicoplanin; a dose finding study. The Swedish CDAD Study Group. Scand J Infect Dis 1994;26(3):309-16. [MEDLINE: 7939431].
    • Anonymous 1994 {published data only} *Anonymous. Treatment of Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea and colitis with an oral preparation of teicoplanin; a dose finding study. The Swedish CDAD Study Group. Scand J Infect Dis 1994;26(3):309-16. [MEDLINE: 7939431].
  • 2
    • 44949190153 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Boero 1990 {published data only} *Boero M, Berti E, Morgando A, Verme G. Treatement of pseudomembranous colitis: a randomized controlled trial with rifaximine vs vancomycin [Terapia della colite da Clostridium difficile: risultati di uno studio randomizzato aperto rifaximina vs. vancomicina]. Microbiologia Medica 1990;5(2):74-7.
    • Boero 1990 {published data only} *Boero M, Berti E, Morgando A, Verme G. Treatement of pseudomembranous colitis: a randomized controlled trial with rifaximine vs vancomycin [Terapia della colite da Clostridium difficile: risultati di uno studio randomizzato aperto rifaximina vs. vancomicina]. Microbiologia Medica 1990;5(2):74-7.
  • 3
    • 0026784482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • de Lalla 1992 {published data only} *de Lalla F, Nicolin R, Rinaldi E, Scarpellini P, Rigoli R, Manfrin V, et al. Prospective study of oral teicoplanin versus oral vancomycin for therapy of pseudomembranous colitis and Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1992;36(10):2192-6. [MEDLINE: 1444298].
    • de Lalla 1992 {published data only} *de Lalla F, Nicolin R, Rinaldi E, Scarpellini P, Rigoli R, Manfrin V, et al. Prospective study of oral teicoplanin versus oral vancomycin for therapy of pseudomembranous colitis and Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1992;36(10):2192-6. [MEDLINE: 1444298].
  • 4
    • 84941818386 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dudley 1986 {published data only} *Dudley MN, McLaughlin JC, Carrington G, Frick J, Nightingale CH, Quintiliani R. Oral bacitracin vs vancomycin therapy for Clostridium difficile-induced diarrhea. A randomized double-blind trial. Arch Intern Med 1986;146(6):1101-4. [MEDLINE: 3521518].
    • Dudley 1986 {published data only} *Dudley MN, McLaughlin JC, Carrington G, Frick J, Nightingale CH, Quintiliani R. Oral bacitracin vs vancomycin therapy for Clostridium difficile-induced diarrhea. A randomized double-blind trial. Arch Intern Med 1986;146(6):1101-4. [MEDLINE: 3521518].
  • 5
    • 0024492975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fekety 1989 {published data only} *Fekety R, Silva J, Kauffman C, Buggy B, Deery HG. Treatment of antibiotic-associated Clostridium difficile colitis with oral vancomycin: comparison of two dosage regimens. Am J Med 1989;86 (1):15-9. [MEDLINE: 2910090].
    • Fekety 1989 {published data only} *Fekety R, Silva J, Kauffman C, Buggy B, Deery HG. Treatment of antibiotic-associated Clostridium difficile colitis with oral vancomycin: comparison of two dosage regimens. Am J Med 1989;86 (1):15-9. [MEDLINE: 2910090].
  • 6
    • 0018220731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Keighley 1978 {published data only} *Keighley MR, Burdon DW, Arabi Y, Williams JA, Thompson H, Youngs D, et al. Randomised controlled trial of vancomycin for pseudomembranous colitis and postoperative diarrhoea. Br Med J 1978;2(6153):1667-9. [MEDLINE: 367509].
    • Keighley 1978 {published data only} *Keighley MR, Burdon DW, Arabi Y, Williams JA, Thompson H, Youngs D, et al. Randomised controlled trial of vancomycin for pseudomembranous colitis and postoperative diarrhoea. Br Med J 1978;2(6153):1667-9. [MEDLINE: 367509].
  • 7
    • 33747603490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lagrotteria 2006 {published data only} Lagrottereria D, Holmes S, Smieja M, Smaill F, Lee C. Prospective, randomized inpatient study of oral metronidazole versus oral metronidazole and rifampin for treatment of primary episode of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis 2006;43(5):547-52. [MEDLINE: 16886144].
    • Lagrotteria 2006 {published data only} Lagrottereria D, Holmes S, Smieja M, Smaill F, Lee C. Prospective, randomized inpatient study of oral metronidazole versus oral metronidazole and rifampin for treatment of primary episode of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis 2006;43(5):547-52. [MEDLINE: 16886144].
  • 8
    • 33746626011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Musher 2006 {published data only} Musher DM, Logan N, Hamill RJ, Dupont HL, Lentnek A, Gupta A, et al. Nitazoxanide for the treatment of Clostridium difficule colitis. Clin Infect Dis 2006;43(4):421- 7. [MEDLINE: 16838229].
    • Musher 2006 {published data only} Musher DM, Logan N, Hamill RJ, Dupont HL, Lentnek A, Gupta A, et al. Nitazoxanide for the treatment of Clostridium difficule colitis. Clin Infect Dis 2006;43(4):421- 7. [MEDLINE: 16838229].
  • 9
    • 0021038539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Teasley 1983 {published data only} *Teasley DG, Gerding DN, Olson MM, Peterson LR, Gebhard RL, Schwartz MJ, et al. Prospective randomised trial of metronidazole versus vancomycin for Clostridium-difficile- associated diarrhoea and colitis. Lancet 1983;2(8358):1043-6. [MEDLINE: 6138597].
    • Teasley 1983 {published data only} *Teasley DG, Gerding DN, Olson MM, Peterson LR, Gebhard RL, Schwartz MJ, et al. Prospective randomised trial of metronidazole versus vancomycin for Clostridium-difficile- associated diarrhoea and colitis. Lancet 1983;2(8358):1043-6. [MEDLINE: 6138597].
  • 10
    • 0030056217 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wenisch 1996 {published data only} *Wenisch C, Parschalk B, Hasenhundl M, Hirschl AM, Graninger W. Comparison of vancomycin, teicoplanin, metronidazole, and fusidic acid for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis 1996;22(5):813-8. [MEDLINE: 8722937].
    • Wenisch 1996 {published data only} *Wenisch C, Parschalk B, Hasenhundl M, Hirschl AM, Graninger W. Comparison of vancomycin, teicoplanin, metronidazole, and fusidic acid for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis 1996;22(5):813-8. [MEDLINE: 8722937].
  • 11
    • 3543083961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wullt 2004 {published data only} Wullt M, Odenholt I. A double-blind randomized controlled trial of fusidic acid and metronidazole for treatment of an initial episode of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. J Antimicrob Chemother 2004;54(1):211-6. [MEDLINE: 15163651].
    • Wullt 2004 {published data only} Wullt M, Odenholt I. A double-blind randomized controlled trial of fusidic acid and metronidazole for treatment of an initial episode of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. J Antimicrob Chemother 2004;54(1):211-6. [MEDLINE: 15163651].
  • 12
    • 0022382249 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Young 1985 {published data only} *Young GP, Ward PB, Bayley N, Gordon D, Higgins G, Trapani JA, et al. Antibiotic-associated colitis due to Clostridium difficile: double-blind comparison of vancomycin with bacitracin. Gastroenterology 1985;89(5):1038-45. [MEDLINE: 4043661].
    • Young 1985 {published data only} *Young GP, Ward PB, Bayley N, Gordon D, Higgins G, Trapani JA, et al. Antibiotic-associated colitis due to Clostridium difficile: double-blind comparison of vancomycin with bacitracin. Gastroenterology 1985;89(5):1038-45. [MEDLINE: 4043661].
  • 13
    • 0026663447 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Johnson 1992 *Johnson S, Homann SR, Bettin KM, Quick JN, Clabots CR, Peterson LR, et al. Treatment of asymptomatic Clostridium difficile carriers (fecal excretors) with vancomycin or metronidazole. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1992;117(4):297-302. [MEDLINE: 1322075].
    • Johnson 1992 *Johnson S, Homann SR, Bettin KM, Quick JN, Clabots CR, Peterson LR, et al. Treatment of asymptomatic Clostridium difficile carriers (fecal excretors) with vancomycin or metronidazole. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1992;117(4):297-302. [MEDLINE: 1322075].
  • 14
    • 33746656237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Louie 2006 Louie TJ, Peppe J, Watt CK, Johnson D, Mohammed R, Dow G, et al. Tolevamer, a novel nonantibiotic polymer, compared with vancomycin in the treatment of mild to moderately severe Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis 2006;43(4):411-20. [MEDLINE: 16838228].
    • Louie 2006 Louie TJ, Peppe J, Watt CK, Johnson D, Mohammed R, Dow G, et al. Tolevamer, a novel nonantibiotic polymer, compared with vancomycin in the treatment of mild to moderately severe Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis 2006;43(4):411-20. [MEDLINE: 16838228].
  • 15
    • 0036311186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • McFarland 2002 *McFarland LV, Elmer GW, Surawicz CM. Breaking the cycle: treatment strategies for 163 cases of recurrent Clostridium difficile disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2002;97(7):1769-75. [MEDLINE: 12135033].
    • McFarland 2002 *McFarland LV, Elmer GW, Surawicz CM. Breaking the cycle: treatment strategies for 163 cases of recurrent Clostridium difficile disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2002;97(7):1769-75. [MEDLINE: 12135033].
  • 16
    • 33748703903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Noren 2006 Noren T, Wullt M, Akerlund T, Back E, Odenholt I, Burman LG. Frequent emergence of resistance in Clostridium difficile during treatment of C. difficile-associated diarrhea with fusidic acid. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006;50(9):3028-32. [MEDLINE: 16940098].
    • Noren 2006 Noren T, Wullt M, Akerlund T, Back E, Odenholt I, Burman LG. Frequent emergence of resistance in Clostridium difficile during treatment of C. difficile-associated diarrhea with fusidic acid. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006;50(9):3028-32. [MEDLINE: 16940098].
  • 17
    • 0028945667 scopus 로고
    • Anonymous. Recommendations for preventing the spread of vancomycin resistance: Recommendations of the Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC)
    • MEDLINE: 7639408, Anonymous
    • Anonymous 1995 Anonymous. Recommendations for preventing the spread of vancomycin resistance: recommendations of the Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). Am J Infect Control 1995;23(2):87-94. [MEDLINE: 7639408].
    • (1995) Am J Infect Control , vol.23 , Issue.2 , pp. 87-94
  • 18
    • 44949247992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Baker2002 Baker SG, Kramer BS. The transitive fallicy in randomized trials: if A bests B and B bests C, is A better than C?. BMC Research Methodology 2002;2:13. [MEDLINE: 12429069].
    • Baker2002 Baker SG, Kramer BS. The transitive fallicy in randomized trials: if A bests B and B bests C, is A better than C?. BMC Research Methodology 2002;2:13. [MEDLINE: 12429069].
  • 19
    • 0019180153 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bartlett 1980 Bartlett JG, Taylor NS, Chang T, Dzink J. Clinical and laboratory observations in Clostridium difficile colitis. Am J Clin Nutr 1980;33(11 Suppl):2521-6. [MEDLINE: 7435423].
    • Bartlett 1980 Bartlett JG, Taylor NS, Chang T, Dzink J. Clinical and laboratory observations in Clostridium difficile colitis. Am J Clin Nutr 1980;33(11 Suppl):2521-6. [MEDLINE: 7435423].
  • 20
    • 0025093525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bartlett 1990 Bartlett JG. Clostridium difficile: clinical considerations. Rev Infect Dis 1990;12(Suppl 2):S243-51. [MEDLINE: 2406876].
    • Bartlett 1990 Bartlett JG. Clostridium difficile: clinical considerations. Rev Infect Dis 1990;12(Suppl 2):S243-51. [MEDLINE: 2406876].
  • 21
    • 0037204196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bartlett 2002 Bartlett JG. Clinical practice. Antibiotic- associated diarrhea. N Engl J Med 2002;346(5):334-9. [MEDLINE: 11821511].
    • Bartlett 2002 Bartlett JG. Clinical practice. Antibiotic- associated diarrhea. N Engl J Med 2002;346(5):334-9. [MEDLINE: 11821511].
  • 22
    • 25844453682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • BNF 2004 Joint Formulary Committee, 7th Edition. London: British Medical Association and Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain
    • BNF 2004 Joint Formulary Committee. British National Formulary. 7th Edition. London: British Medical Association and Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, 2004.
    • (2004) British National Formulary
  • 23
    • 0027396469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fekety 1993 Fekety R, Shah AB. Diagnosis and treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis. JAMA 1993;269(1):71-5. [MEDLINE: 8416409].
    • Fekety 1993 Fekety R, Shah AB. Diagnosis and treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis. JAMA 1993;269(1):71-5. [MEDLINE: 8416409].
  • 24
    • 0030969261 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fekety 1997 Fekety R. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis. American College of Gastroenterology, Practice Parameters Committee. Am J Gastroenterol 1997;92(5):739-50. [MEDLINE: 9149180].
    • Fekety 1997 Fekety R. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis. American College of Gastroenterology, Practice Parameters Committee. Am J Gastroenterol 1997;92(5):739-50. [MEDLINE: 9149180].
  • 25
    • 0019949758 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • George 1982 George WL, Rolfe RD, Finegold SM. Clostridium difficile and its cytotoxin in feces of patients with antimicrobial agent-associated diarrhea and miscellaneous conditions. J Clin Microbiol 1982;15(6): 1049-53. [MEDLINE: 7107838].
    • George 1982 George WL, Rolfe RD, Finegold SM. Clostridium difficile and its cytotoxin in feces of patients with antimicrobial agent-associated diarrhea and miscellaneous conditions. J Clin Microbiol 1982;15(6): 1049-53. [MEDLINE: 7107838].
  • 26
    • 0029354194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gerding 1995 Gerding DN, Johnson S, Peterson LR, Mulligan ME, Silva J Jr. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1995;16(8):459-77. [MEDLINE: 7594392].
    • Gerding 1995 Gerding DN, Johnson S, Peterson LR, Mulligan ME, Silva J Jr. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1995;16(8):459-77. [MEDLINE: 7594392].
  • 27
    • 0029828270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ho 1996 Ho M, Yang D, Wyle FA, Mulligan ME. Increased incidence of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea following decreased restriction of antibiotic use. Clin Infect Dis 1996;23(Suppl 1):S102-6. [MEDLINE: 8953115].
    • Ho 1996 Ho M, Yang D, Wyle FA, Mulligan ME. Increased incidence of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea following decreased restriction of antibiotic use. Clin Infect Dis 1996;23(Suppl 1):S102-6. [MEDLINE: 8953115].
  • 28
    • 0028044948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kelly 1994 Kelly CP, Pothoulakis C, LaMont JT. Clostridium difficile colitis. N Engl J Med 1994;330(4):257-62. [MEDLINE: 8043060].
    • Kelly 1994 Kelly CP, Pothoulakis C, LaMont JT. Clostridium difficile colitis. N Engl J Med 1994;330(4):257-62. [MEDLINE: 8043060].
  • 29
    • 0031229637 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lai 1997 Lai KK, Melvin ZS, Menard MJ, Kotilainen HR, Baker S. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: epidemiology, risk factors, and infection control. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1997;18(9):628- 32. [MEDLINE: 9309434].
    • Lai 1997 Lai KK, Melvin ZS, Menard MJ, Kotilainen HR, Baker S. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: epidemiology, risk factors, and infection control. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1997;18(9):628- 32. [MEDLINE: 9309434].
  • 30
    • 44949247993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Laurence 2006 Laurence J. Deaths fro dirty hospital bug double in five years. The Independant 26 May, 2006:11.
    • Laurence 2006 Laurence J. Deaths fro "dirty hospital bug" double in five years. The Independant 26 May, 2006:11.
  • 31
    • 85133568363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Louie 2005 Louie TJ. How should we respond to the highly toxogenic NAP1/ribotype 027 strain of Clostridium difficile?. Can Med Assoc J 2005;173(9):1049-50.
    • Louie 2005 Louie TJ. How should we respond to the highly toxogenic NAP1/ribotype 027 strain of Clostridium difficile?. Can Med Assoc J 2005;173(9):1049-50.
  • 32
    • 0029242792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Manian 1995 Manian FA, Meyer L. CDAD rates. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1995;16(2):63-5. [MEDLINE: 7759818].
    • Manian 1995 Manian FA, Meyer L. CDAD rates. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1995;16(2):63-5. [MEDLINE: 7759818].
  • 33
    • 28844494086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • McDonald 2005 McDonald LC, Killgore GL, Thompson A, Owens RC, Kazakova SV, Sambol SP, Johnson S, Gerding DN. An epidemic, toxin gene-bariant strain of Clostridium difficile. NEJM 2005;353(23):2433-41. [MEDLINE: 16322603].
    • McDonald 2005 McDonald LC, Killgore GL, Thompson A, Owens RC, Kazakova SV, Sambol SP, Johnson S, Gerding DN. An epidemic, toxin gene-bariant strain of Clostridium difficile. NEJM 2005;353(23):2433-41. [MEDLINE: 16322603].
  • 34
    • 0028985777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • McFarland 1995 McFarland LV, Surawicz CM, Greenberg RN, Elmer GW, Moyer KA, Melcher SA, et al. Prevention of beta-lactam-associated diarrhea by Saccharomyces boulardii compared with placebo. Am J Gastroenterol 1995;90(3):439-48. [MEDLINE: 7872284].
    • McFarland 1995 McFarland LV, Surawicz CM, Greenberg RN, Elmer GW, Moyer KA, Melcher SA, et al. Prevention of beta-lactam-associated diarrhea by Saccharomyces boulardii compared with placebo. Am J Gastroenterol 1995;90(3):439-48. [MEDLINE: 7872284].
  • 35
    • 0032614375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • McFarland 1999 McFarland LV, Surawicz CM, Rubin M, Fekety R, Elmer GW, Greenberg RN. Recurrent Clostridium difficile disease: epidemiology and clinical characteristics. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1999;20(1):43-50. [MEDLINE: 9927265].
    • McFarland 1999 McFarland LV, Surawicz CM, Rubin M, Fekety R, Elmer GW, Greenberg RN. Recurrent Clostridium difficile disease: epidemiology and clinical characteristics. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1999;20(1):43-50. [MEDLINE: 9927265].
  • 36
    • 0036795306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morris 2002 Morris AM, Jobe BA, Stoney M, Sheppard BC, Deveney CW, Deveney KE. Clostridium difficile colitis: an increasingly aggressive iatrogenic disease?. Arch Surg 2002;137(10):1096-100. [MEDLINE: 12361411].
    • Morris 2002 Morris AM, Jobe BA, Stoney M, Sheppard BC, Deveney CW, Deveney KE. Clostridium difficile colitis: an increasingly aggressive iatrogenic disease?. Arch Surg 2002;137(10):1096-100. [MEDLINE: 12361411].
  • 37
    • 44949173744 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mosby 2003 Mosby. Mosby's Drug Consult 2004, 14th Edition. St. Louis, MO: Mosby, 2003.
    • Mosby 2003 Mosby. Mosby's Drug Consult 2004, 14th Edition. St. Louis, MO: Mosby, 2003.
  • 38
    • 84860827385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nelson 2001 Nelson R. Operative procedures for fissure in ano. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2001, Issue 2.Art. No.: CD002199. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD002199.pub2.[MEDLINE: 11869628].
    • Nelson 2001 Nelson R. Operative procedures for fissure in ano. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2001, Issue 2.Art. No.: CD002199. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD002199.pub2.[MEDLINE: 11869628].
  • 39
    • 0028451494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Olson 1994 Olson MM, Shanholtzer CJ, Lee JT Jr, Gerding DN. Ten years of prospective Clostridium difficile-associated disease surveillance and treatment at the Minneapolis VA Medical Center, 1982-1991. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1994;15(6):371-81. [MEDLINE: 7632199].
    • Olson 1994 Olson MM, Shanholtzer CJ, Lee JT Jr, Gerding DN. Ten years of prospective Clostridium difficile-associated disease surveillance and treatment at the Minneapolis VA Medical Center, 1982-1991. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1994;15(6):371-81. [MEDLINE: 7632199].
  • 40
    • 85133590809 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pepin 2005 Pepin J, Valiquette L, Cossette B. Mortality attributable to nosocomial Clostridium difficile-associated disease during an epidemic caused by a hypervirulent strain in Quebec. CMAJ 2005;173(9): 1037-42. [MEDLINE: 16179431].
    • Pepin 2005 Pepin J, Valiquette L, Cossette B. Mortality attributable to nosocomial Clostridium difficile-associated disease during an epidemic caused by a hypervirulent strain in Quebec. CMAJ 2005;173(9): 1037-42. [MEDLINE: 16179431].
  • 41
    • 19644400816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pindera 2004 Pindera L. Quebec to report on Clostridium difficile in 2005. CMAJ 2004;171(7):715. [MEDLINE: 15451825].
    • Pindera 2004 Pindera L. Quebec to report on Clostridium difficile in 2005. CMAJ 2004;171(7):715. [MEDLINE: 15451825].
  • 42
    • 0028913365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rubin 1995 Rubin MS, Bodenstein LE, Kent KC. Severe Clostridium difficile colitis. Dis Colon Rectum 1995;38(4):350-4. [MEDLINE: 7720439].
    • Rubin 1995 Rubin MS, Bodenstein LE, Kent KC. Severe Clostridium difficile colitis. Dis Colon Rectum 1995;38(4):350-4. [MEDLINE: 7720439].
  • 43
    • 20244383137 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sougioultzis 2005 Sougioultzis S, Kyne L, Drudy D, Keates S, Maroo S, et al. Clostridium difficile toxoid vaccine in recurrent C. difficile-associated diarrhea. Gastroent 2005;128(3):764-70. [MEDLINE: 15765411].
    • Sougioultzis 2005 Sougioultzis S, Kyne L, Drudy D, Keates S, Maroo S, et al. Clostridium difficile toxoid vaccine in recurrent C. difficile-associated diarrhea. Gastroent 2005;128(3):764-70. [MEDLINE: 15765411].
  • 44
    • 0038648403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thomas 2003 Thomas C, Stevenson M, Riley TV. Antibiotics and hospital-acquired Clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea: a systematic review. J Antimicrob. Chemotherapy 2003;51:1339-50.
    • Thomas 2003 Thomas C, Stevenson M, Riley TV. Antibiotics and hospital-acquired Clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea: a systematic review. J Antimicrob. Chemotherapy 2003;51:1339-50.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.