2-arachidonoyl-glycerol- and arachidonic acid-stimulated neutrophils releaseantimicrobial effectors against E. coli, S. aureus, HSV-1, and RSV

Journal of Leukocyte Biology

Volumn 93, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 267-276

  Chouinard, François ^a,b   Turcotte, Caroline ^a,b   Guan, Xiaochun ^c   Larose, Marie Chantal ^a,b   Poirier, Samuel ^a,b   Bouchard, Line ^a,b   Provost, Véronique ^a,b   Flamand, Louis ^b,c   Grandvaux, Nathalie ^c   Flamand, Nicolas ^a,b  

^a LAVAL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b CENTRE HOSPITALIER DE L UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

^c LAVAL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

5 lipoxygenase; Cannabinoid receptor; Eicosanoid; Endocannabinoid; Gpr55; Leukotriene

Indexed keywords

2 ARACHIDONOYL GLYCEROL; ALPHA DEFENSIN; ARACHIDONIC ACID; CANNABINOID 2 RECEPTOR AGONIST; CANNABINOID RECEPTOR; CANNABINOID RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ENDOCANNABINOID; LEUKOTRIENE B4; LIPID; MESSENGER RNA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY; ARTICLE; BACTERIAL GROWTH; BIOSYNTHESIS; EOSINOPHIL; ESCHERICHIA COLI; HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS 1; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; IMMUNITY; IN VIVO STUDY; NEUTROPHIL; NONHUMAN; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL PNEUMOVIRUS; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; SUPERNATANT; VIRUS INFECTIVITY;

ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS; ARACHIDONIC ACID; ARACHIDONIC ACIDS; CELL LINE; ENDOCANNABINOIDS; ESCHERICHIA COLI; GLYCERIDES; HERPESVIRUS 1, HUMAN; HUMANS; NEUTROPHIL ACTIVATION; NEUTROPHILS; RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUSES; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS;

EID: 84873325325     PISSN: 07415400     EISSN: 19383673     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0412200     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. Ganz, T., Selsted, M. E., Szklarek, D., Harwig, S. S., Daher, K., Bainton, D. F., Lehrer, R. I. (1985) Defensins. Natural peptide antibiotics of human neutrophils. J. Clin. Invest. 76, 1427-1435
2. Daher, K. A., Selsted, M. E., Lehrer, R. I. (1986) Direct inactivation of viruses by human granulocyte defensins. J. Virol. 60, 1068-1074
3. Smeianov, V., Scott, K., Reid, G. (2000) Activity of cecropin P1 and FALL- 37 against urogenital microflora. Microbes Infect. 2, 773-777
4. Howell, M. D., Jones, J. F., Kisich, K. O., Streib, J. E., Gallo, R. L., Leung, D. Y. (2004) Selective killing of vaccinia virus by LL-37: implications for eczema vaccinatum. J. Immunol. 172, 1763-1767
5. Grigat, J., Soruri, A., Forssmann, U., Riggert, J., Zwirner, J. (2007) Chemoattraction of macrophages, T lymphocytes, and mast cells is evolutionarily conserved within the human _-defensin family. J. Immunol. 179, 3958-3965
6. De, Y., Chen, Q., Schmidt, A. P., Anderson, G. M., Wang, J. M., Wooters, J., Oppenheim, J. J., Chertov, O. (2000) LL-37, the neutrophil granule- and epithelial cell-derived cathelicidin, utilizes formyl peptide receptor- like 1 (FPRL1) as a receptor to chemoattract human peripheral blood neutrophils, monocytes, and T cells. J. Exp. Med. 192, 1069-1074
7. Niyonsaba, F., Iwabuchi, K., Someya, A., Hirata, M., Matsuda, H., Ogawa, H., Nagaoka, I. (2002) A cathelicidin family of human antibacterial peptide LL-37 induces mast cell chemotaxis. Immunology 106, 20-26
8. Wan, M., Sabirsh, A., Wetterholm, A., Agerberth, B., Haeggstrom, J. Z. (2007) Leukotriene B4 triggers release of the cathelicidin LL-37 from human neutrophils: novel lipid-peptide interactions in innate immune responses. FASEB J. 21, 2897-2905
9. Chaly, Y. V., Paleolog, E. M., Kolesnikova, T. S., Tikhonov, I. I., Petratchenko, E. V., Voitenok, N. N. (2000) Neutrophil α-defensin human neutrophil peptide modulates cytokine production in human monocytes and adhesion molecule expression in endothelial cells. Eur. Cytokine Netw. 11, 257-266
10. Khine, A. A., Del, S. L., Vaschetto, R., Voglis, S., Tullis, E., Slutsky, A. S., Downey, G. P., Zhang, H. (2006) Human neutrophil peptides induce interleukin-8 production through the P2Y6 signaling pathway. Blood 107, 2936-2942
11. Koczulla, R., von, D. G., Kupatt, C., Krotz, F., Zahler, S., Gloe, T., Issbrucker, K., Unterberger, P., Zaiou, M., Lebherz, C., Karl, A., Raake, P., Pfosser, A., Boekstegers, P., Welsch, U., Hiemstra, P. S., Vogelmeier, C., Gallo, R. L., Clauss, M., Bals, R. (2003) An angiogenic role for the human peptide antibiotic LL-37/hCAP-18. J. Clin. Invest. 111, 1665-1672
12. Niyonsaba, F., Someya, A., Hirata, M., Ogawa, H., Nagaoka, I. (2001) Evaluation of the effects of peptide antibiotics human β-defensins-1/-2 and LL-37 on histamine release and prostaglandin D2 production from mast cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 31, 1066-1075
13. Scott, M. G., Davidson, D. J., Gold, M. R., Bowdish, D., Hancock, R. E. (2002) The human antimicrobial peptide LL-37 is a multifunctional modulator of innate immune responses. J. Immunol. 169, 3883-3891
14. Klein, T. W., Newton, C., Friedman, H. (1994) Resistance to Legionella pneumophila suppressed by the marijuana component, tetrahydrocannabinol. J. Infect. Dis. 169, 1177-1179
15. Cabral, G. A., Marciano-Cabral, F. (2004) Cannabinoid-mediated exacerbation of brain infection by opportunistic amebae. J. Neuroimmunol. 147, 127-130
16. Morahan, P. S., Klykken, P. C., Smith, S. H., Harris, L. S., Munson, A. E. (1979) Effects of cannabinoids on host resistance to Listeria monocytogenes and herpes simplex virus. Infect. Immun. 23, 670-674
17. Mishkin, E. M., Cabral, G. A. (1985) Δ-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol decreases host resistance to herpes simplex virus type 2 vaginal infection in the B6C3F1 mouse. J. Gen. Virol. 66, 2539-2549
18. Friedman, M., Cepero, M. L., Klein, T., Friedman, H. (1986) Suppressive effect of δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in vitro on phagocytosis by murine macrophages. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 182, 225-228
19. Lopez-Cepero, M., Friedman, M., Klein, T., Friedman, H. (1986) Tetrahydrocannabinol- induced suppression of macrophage spreading and phagocytic activity in vitro. J. Leukoc. Biol. 39, 679-686
20. Blanchard, D. K., Newton, C., Klein, T. W., Stewart, W. E., Friedman, H. (1986) In vitro and in vivo suppressive effects of δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol on interferon production by murine spleen cells. Int. J. Immunopharmacol. 8, 819-824
21. Smith, S. R., Terminelli, C., Denhardt, G. (2000) Effects of cannabinoid receptor agonist and antagonist ligands on production of inflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 in endotoxemic mice. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 293, 136-150
22. Newton, C. A., Klein, T. W., Friedman, H. (1994) Secondary immunity to Legionella pneumophila and Th1 activity are suppressed by δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol injection. Infect. Immun. 62, 4015-4020
23. Yuan, M., Kiertscher, S. M., Cheng, Q., Zoumalan, R., Tashkin, D. P., Roth, M. D. (2002) δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol regulates Th1/Th2 cytokine balance in activated human T cells. J. Neuroimmunol. 133, 124-131
24. Kishimoto, S., Gokoh, M., Oka, S., Muramatsu, M., Kajiwara, T., Waku, K., Sugiura, T. (2003) 2-Arachidonoylglycerol induces the migration of HL-60 cells differentiated into macrophage-like cells and human peripheral blood monocytes through the cannabinoid CB2 receptor-dependent mechanism. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 24469-24475
25. Kishimoto, S., Muramatsu, M., Gokoh, M., Oka, S., Waku, K., Sugiura, T. (2005) Endogenous cannabinoid receptor ligand induces the migration of human natural killer cells. J. Biochem. 137, 217-223
26. Maestroni, G. J. (2004) The endogenous cannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol as in vivo chemoattractant for dendritic cells and adjuvant for Th1 response to a soluble protein. FASEB J. 18, 1914-1916
27. Oka, S., Ikeda, S., Kishimoto, S., Gokoh, M., Yanagimoto, S., Waku, K., Sugiura, T. (2004) 2-Arachidonoylglycerol, an endogenous cannabinoid receptor ligand, induces the migration of EOL-1 human eosinophilic leukemia cells and human peripheral blood eosinophils. J. Leukoc. Biol. 76, 1002-1009
28. Shiratsuchi, A., Watanabe, I., Yoshida, H., Nakanishi, Y. (2008) Involvement of cannabinoid receptor CB2 in dectin-1-mediated macrophage phagocytosis. Immunol. Cell Biol. 86, 179-184
29. Stefano, G. B., Bilfinger, T. V., Rialas, C. M., Deutsch, D. G. (2000) 2-Arachidonyl-glycerol stimulates nitric oxide release from human immune and vascular tissues and invertebrate immunocytes by cannabinoid receptor 1. Pharmacol. Res. 42, 317-322
30. Gokoh, M., Kishimoto, S., Oka, S., Metani, Y., Sugiura, T. (2005) 2-Arachidonoylglycerol, an endogenous cannabinoid receptor ligand, enhances the adhesion of HL-60 cells differentiated into macrophagelike cells and human peripheral blood monocytes. FEBS Lett. 579, 6473- 6478
31. Kishimoto, S., Kobayashi, Y., Oka, S., Gokoh, M., Waku, K., Sugiura, T. (2004) 2-Arachidonoylglycerol, an endogenous cannabinoid receptor ligand, induces accelerated production of chemokines in HL-60 cells. J. Biochem. 135, 517-524
32. Sugamura, K., Sugiyama, S., Nozaki, T., Matsuzawa, Y., Izumiya, Y., Miyata, K., Nakayama, M., Kaikita, K., Obata, T., Takeya, M., Ogawa, H. (2009) Activated endocannabinoid system in coronary artery disease and antiinflammatory effects of cannabinoid 1 receptor blockade on macrophages. Circulation 119, 28-36
33. Lau, A. H., Chow, S. S. (2003) Effects of cannabinoid receptor agonists on immunologically induced histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 464, 229-235
34. Yu, M., Ives, D., Ramesha, C. S. (1997) Synthesis of prostaglandin E2 ethanolamide from anandamide by cyclooxygenase-2. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 21181-21186
35. Kozak, K. R., Rowlinson, S. W., Marnett, L. J. (2000) Oxygenation of the endocannabinoid, 2-arachidonylglycerol, to glyceryl prostaglandins by cyclooxygenase-2. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 33744-33749
36. Chouinard, F., Lefebvre, J. S., Navarro, P., Bouchard, L., Ferland, C., Lalancette-Hebert, M., Marsolais, D., Laviolette, M., Flamand, N. (2011) The endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol activates human neutrophils: critical role of its hydrolysis and de novo leukotriene B4 biosynthesis. J. Immunol. 186, 3188-3196
37. Nomura, D. K., Morrison, B. E., Blankman, J. L., Long, J. Z., Kinsey, S. G., Marcondes, M. C., Ward, A. M., Hahn, Y. K., Lichtman, A. H., Conti, B., Cravatt, B. F. (2011) Endocannabinoid hydrolysis generates brain prostaglandins that promote neuroinflammation. Science 334, 809-813
38. Coffey, M. J., Phare, S. M., Peters-Golden, M. (2004) Role of leukotrienes in killing of Mycobacterium bovis by neutrophils. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids 71, 185-190
39. Flamand, L., Tremblay, M. J., Borgeat, P. (2007) Leukotriene B4 triggers the in vitro and in vivo release of potent antimicrobial agents. J. Immunol. 178, 8036-8045
40. Mancuso, P., Nana-Sinkam, P., Peters-Golden, M. (2001) Leukotriene B4 augments neutrophil phagocytosis of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Infect. Immun. 69, 2011-2016
41. Gaudreault, E., Gosselin, J. (2007) Leukotriene B4-mediated release of antimicrobial peptides against cytomegalovirus is BLT1 dependent. Viral Immunol. 20, 407-420
42. Gaudreault, E., Gosselin, J. (2008) Leukotriene B4 induces release of antimicrobial peptides in lungs of virally infected mice. J. Immunol. 180, 6211-6221
43. Boyum, A. (1968) Isolation of mononuclear cells and granulocytes from human blood. Isolation of monuclear cells by one centrifugation, and of granulocytes by combining centrifugation and sedimentation at 1 g. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. Suppl. 97, 77-89
44. Flamand, N., Boudreault, S., Picard, S., Austin, M., Surette, M. E., Plante, H., Krump, E., Vallee, M. J., Gilbert, C., Naccache, P., Laviolette, M., Borgeat, P. (2000) Adenosine, a potent natural suppressor of arachidonic acid release and leukotriene biosynthesis in human neutrophils. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 161, S88-S94
45. Dahlgren, C., Karlsson, A. (1999) Respiratory burst in human neutrophils. J. Immunol. Methods 232, 3-14
46. Yoboua, F., Martel, A., Duval, A., Mukawera, E., Grandvaux, N. (2010) Respiratory syncytial virus-mediated NF-k{cyrillic}B p65 phosphorylation at serine 536 is dependent on RIG-I, TRAF6, and IKKβ. J. Virol. 84, 7267-7277
47. Kase, Y., Obata, T., Okamoto, Y., Iwai, K., Saito, K., Yokoyama, K., Takinami, M., Tanifuji, Y. (2008) Removal of 2-arachidonylglycerol by direct hemoperfusion therapy with polymyxin B immobilized fibers benefits patients with septic shock. Ther. Apher. Dial. 12, 374-380
48. Knapp, H. R., Melly, M. A. (1986) Bactericidal effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids. J. Infect. Dis. 154, 84-94
49. Leu, G. Z., Lin, T. Y., Hsu, J. T. (2004) Anti-HCV activities of selective polyunsaturated fatty acids. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 318, 275-280
50. Waldeck-Weiermair, M., Zoratti, C., Osibow, K., Balenga, N., Goessnitzer, E., Waldhoer, M., Malli, R., Graier, W. F. (2008) Integrin clustering enables anandamide-induced Ca2_ signaling in endothelial cells via GPR55 by protection against CB1-receptor-triggered repression. J. Cell Sci. 121, 1704-1717
51. Ryberg, E., Larsson, N., Sjogren, S., Hjorth, S., Hermansson, N. O., Leonova, J., Elebring, T., Nilsson, K., Drmota, T., Greasley, P. J. (2007) The orphan receptor GPR55 is a novel cannabinoid receptor. Br. J. Pharmacol. 152, 1092-1101
52. Shoemaker, J. L., Joseph, B. K., Ruckle, M. B., Mayeux, P. R., Prather, P. L. (2005) The endocannabinoid noladin ether acts as a full agonist at human CB2 cannabinoid receptors. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 314, 868-875
53. Hanus, L., Abu-Lafi, S., Fride, E., Breuer, A., Vogel, Z., Shalev, D. E., Kustanovich, I., Mechoulam, R. (2001) 2-Arachidonyl glyceryl ether, an endogenous agonist of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 3662-3665
54. Devane, W. A., Hanus, L., Breuer, A., Pertwee, R. G., Stevenson, L. A., Griffin, G., Gibson, D., Mandelbaum, A., Etinger, A., Mechoulam, R. (1992) Isolation and structure of a brain constituent that binds to the cannabinoid receptor. Science 258, 1946-1949
55. Munro, S., Thomas, K. L., Abu-Shaar, M. (1993) Molecular characterization of a peripheral receptor for cannabinoids. Nature 365, 61-65
56. Kurihara, R., Tohyama, Y., Matsusaka, S., Naruse, H., Kinoshita, E., Tsujioka, T., Katsumata, Y., Yamamura, H. (2006) Effects of peripheral cannabinoid receptor ligands on motility and polarization in neutrophil-like HL60 cells and human neutrophils. J. Biol. Chem. 281, 12908-12918
57. Balenga, N. A., Aflaki, E., Kargl, J., Platzer, W., Schroder, R., Blattermann, S., Kostenis, E., Brown, A. J., Heinemann, A., Waldhoer, M. (2011) GPR55 regulates cannabinoid 2 receptor-mediated responses in human neutrophils. Cell Res. 21, 1452-1469
58. Galiegue, S., Mary, S., Marchand, J., Dussossoy, D., Carriere, D., Carayon, P., Bouaboula, M., Shire, D., Le Fur, G., Casellas, P. (1995) Expression of central and peripheral cannabinoid receptors in human immune tissues and leukocyte subpopulations. Eur. J. Biochem. 232, 54-61
59. Small-Howard, A. L., Shimoda, L. M., Adra, C. N., Turner, H. (2005) Anti-inflammatory potential of CB1-mediated cAMP elevation in mast cells. Biochem. J. 388, 465-473
60. Surette, M. E., Krump, E., Picard, S., Borgeat, P. (1999) Activation of leukotriene synthesis in human neutrophils by exogenous arachidonic acid: inhibition by adenosine A2A receptor agonists and crucial role of autocrine activation by leukotriene B4. Mol. Pharmacol. 56, 1055-1062
61. Serezani, C. H., Aronoff, D. M., Jancar, S., Peters-Golden, M. (2005) Leukotriene B4 mediates p47phox phosphorylation and membrane translocation in polyunsaturated fatty acid-stimulated neutrophils. J. Leukoc. Biol. 78, 976-984
62. Thomas, A., Hopfgartner, G., Giroud, C., Staub, C. (2009) Quantitative and qualitative profiling of endocannabinoids in human plasma using a triple quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometer with liquid chromatography. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 23, 629-638
63. Quercioli, A., Pataky, Z., Vincenti, G., Makoundou, V., Di, M., V, Montecucco, F., Carballo, S., Thomas, A., Staub, C., Steffens, S., Seimbille, Y., Golay, A., Ratib, O., Harsch, E., Mach, F., Schindler, T. H. (2011) Elevated endocannabinoid plasma levels are associated with coronary circulatory dysfunction in obesity. Eur. Heart J. 32, 1369-1378
64. Berdyshev, E. V., Schmid, P. C., Krebsbach, R. J., Schmid, H. H. (2001) Activation of PAF receptors results in enhanced synthesis of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) in immune cells. FASEB J. 15, 2171-2178
65. Carrier, E. J., Kearn, C. S., Barkmeier, A. J., Breese, N. M., Yang, W., Nithipatikom, K., Pfister, S. L., Campbell, W. B., Hillard, C. J. (2004) Cultured rat microglial cells synthesize the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonylglycerol, which increases proliferation via a CB2 receptor-dependent mechanism. Mol. Pharmacol. 65, 999-1007
66. Pestonjamasp, V. K., Burstein, S. H. (1998) Anandamide synthesis is induced by arachidonate mobilizing agonists in cells of the immune system. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1394, 249-260
67. Rouzer, C. A., Marnett, L. J. (2005) Glycerylprostaglandin synthesis by resident peritoneal macrophages in response to a zymosan stimulus. J. Biol. Chem. 280, 26690-26700
68. Montecucco, F., Lenglet, S., Braunersreuther, V., Burger, F., Pelli, G., Bertolotto, M., Mach, F., Steffens, S. (2009) CB2 cannabinoid receptor activation is cardioprotective in a mouse model of ischemia/reperfusion. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 46, 612-620
69. Murikinati, S., Juttler, E., Keinert, T., Ridder, D. A., Muhammad, S., Waibler, Z., Ledent, C., Zimmer, A., Kalinke, U., Schwaninger, M. (2010) Activation of cannabinoid 2 receptors protects against cerebral ischemia by inhibiting neutrophil recruitment. FASEB J. 24, 788-798
70. Batkai, S., Osei-Hyiaman, D., Pan, H., El-Assal, O., Rajesh, M., Mukhopadhyay, P., Hong, F., Harvey-White, J., Jafri, A., Haskó, G., Huffman, J. W., Gao, B., Kunos, G., Pacher, P. (2007) Cannabinoid-2 receptor mediates protection against hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. FASEB J. 21, 1788-1800
71. Karsak, M., Gaffal, E., Date, R., Wang-Eckhardt, L., Rehnelt, J., Petrosino, S., Starowicz, K., Steuder, R., Schlicker, E., Cravatt, B., Mechoulam, R., Buettner, R., Werner, S., Di Marzo, V., Tüting, T., Zimmer, A. (2007) Attenuation of allergic contact dermatitis through the endocannabinoid system. Science 316, 1494-1497
72. Csóka, B., Németh, Z. H., Mukhopadhyay, P., Spolarics, Z., Rajesh, M., Federici, S., Deitch, E. A., Bátkai, S., Pacher, P., György, H. (2009) CB2 cannabinoid receptors contribute to bacterial invasion and mortality in polymicrobial sepsis. PLoS ONE 4, e6409
73. Oka, S., Yanagimoto, S., Ikeda, S., Gokoh, M., Kishimoto, S., Waku, K., Ishima, Y., Sugiura, T. (2005) Evidence for the involvement of the cannabinoid CB2 receptor and its endogenous ligand 2-arachidonoylglycerol in 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced acute inflammation in mouse ear. J. Biol. Chem. 280, 18488-18497
74. Tschop, J., Kasten, K. R., Nogueiras, R., Goetzman, H. S., Cave, C. M., England, L. G., Dattilo, J., Lentsch, A. B., Tschop, M. H., Caldwell, C. C. (2009) The cannabinoid receptor 2 is critical for the host response to sepsis. J. Immunol. 183, 499-505
75. Kraft, B., Wintersberger, W., Kress, H. G. (2004) Cannabinoid receptorindependent suppression of the superoxide generation of human neutrophils (PMN) by CP 55,940, but not by anandamide. Life Sci. 75, 969-977
76. Kraft, B., Kress, H. G. (2005) Indirect CB2 receptor and mediator-dependent stimulation of human whole-blood neutrophils by exogenous and endogenous cannabinoids. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 315, 641-647
77. McHugh, D., Tanner, C., Mechoulam, R., Pertwee, R. G., Ross, R. A. (2008) Inhibition of human neutrophil chemotaxis by endogenous cannabinoids and phytocannabinoids: evidence for a site distinct from CB1 and CB2. Mol. Pharmacol. 73, 441-450
78. Kozak, K. R., Crews, B. C., Morrow, J. D., Wang, L. H., Ma, Y. H., Weinander, R., Jakobsson, P. J., Marnett, L. J. (2002) Metabolism of the endocannabinoids, 2-arachidonylglycerol and anandamide, into prostaglandin, thromboxane, and prostacyclin glycerol esters and ethanolamides. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 44877-44885
79. Ueda, N., Yamamoto, K., Yamamoto, S., Tokunaga, T., Shirakawa, E., Shinkai, H., Ogawa, M., Sato, T., Kudo, I., Inoue, K. (1995) Lipoxygenase- catalyzed oxygenation of arachidonylethanolamide, a cannabinoid receptor agonist. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1254, 127-134
80. Moody, J. S., Kozak, K. R., Ji, C., Marnett, L. J. (2001) Selective oxygenation of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonylglycerol by leukocyte-type 12-lipoxygenase. Biochemistry 40, 861-866
81. Kozak, K. R., Gupta, R. A., Moody, J. S., Ji, C., Boeglin, W. E., DuBois, R. N., Brash, A. R., Marnett, L. J. (2002) 15-Lipoxygenase metabolism of 2-arachidonylglycerol. Generation of a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α agonist. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 23278-23286
82. Leslie, C. C. (2004) Regulation of arachidonic acid availability for eicosanoid production. Biochem. Cell Biol. 82, 1-17
83. Nagaoka, I., Hirota, S., Yomogida, S., Ohwada, A., Hirata, M. (2000) Synergistic actions of antibacterial neutrophil defensins and cathelicidins. Inflamm. Res. 49, 73-79
84. Palmantier, R., Rocheleau, H., Laviolette, M., Mancini, J., Borgeat, P. (1998) Characteristics of leukotriene biosynthesis by human granulocytes in presence of plasma. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1389, 187-196
85. Ferland, C., Guilbert, M., Davoine, F., Flamand, N., Chakir, J., Laviolette, M. (2001) Eotaxin promotes eosinophil transmigration via the activation of the plasminogen-plasmin system. J. Leukoc. Biol. 69, 772-778
86. Steinhilber, D., Radmark, O., Samuelsson, B. (1993) A heat stable serum factor upregulates 5-lipoxygenase activity in HL-60 cells, modulation by TNF α or GM-CSF. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 193, 1083-1090
87. Prohaszka, Z., Nemet, K., Csermely, P., Hudecz, F., Mezo, G., Fust, G. (1997) Defensins purified from human granulocytes bind C1q and activate the classical complement pathway like the transmembrane glycoprotein gp41 of HIV-1. Mol. Immunol. 34, 809-816.