Uveitis in mouse and man

International Reviews of Immunology

Volumn 32, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 76-96

  Forrester, John V ^a   Klaska, Izabela P ^a   Yu, Tian ^a   Kuffova, Lucia ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Autoimmunity; Infection; Inflammation; Tolerance; Tuberculosis; Uveitis

Indexed keywords

ANGIOPOIETIN RECEPTOR; CD11B ANTIGEN; COLLAGEN TYPE 2; GAMMA INTERFERON; GRANULOCYTE MACROPHAGE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; INFLAMMASOME; INTERLEUKIN 12; INTERLEUKIN 17; INTERLEUKIN 21; INTERLEUKIN 22; INTERLEUKIN 23; MYELOID DIFFERENTIATION FACTOR 88; P SELECTIN GLYCOPROTEIN LIGAND 1; PATHOGEN RECOGNITION RECEPTOR; PATTERN RECOGNITION RECEPTOR; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; RECEPTOR; RETINOID BINDING PROTEIN; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 4; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ACUTE ANTERIOR UVEITIS; ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELL; AUTOIMMUNITY; CELL ACTIVATION; CELL ACTIVITY; CELL PROLIFERATION; CONJUNCTIVITIS; CROSS REACTION; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; EYE INFLAMMATION; EYE PHOTOGRAPHY; GAMMA DELTA T LYMPHOCYTE; HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS; HUMAN; IMMUNOCOMPETENT CELL; INFECTIOUS UVEITIS; INFLAMMATORY CELL; INNATE IMMUNITY; INTERMEDIATE UVEITIS; IRIDOCYCLITIS; MELANOCYTE; MOUSE; NONHUMAN; NONINFECTIOUS UVEITIS; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROPIONIBACTERIUM; REGULATORY T LYMPHOCYTE; RETINA DETACHMENT; REVIEW; RUBELLA VIRUS; SPECIES DIFFERENCE; STAPHYLOCOCCUS EPIDERMIDIS; SUPPRESSOR CELL; T LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; TH1 CELL; TH17 CELL; TISSUE INJURY; TISSUE REPAIR; UVEA; UVEITIS; VARICELLA ZOSTER VIRUS; VISUAL IMPAIRMENT;

ANIMALS; ANTIGEN PRESENTATION; AUTOANTIGENS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; CROSS REACTIONS; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; HUMANS; MICE; TH1 CELLS; TH17 CELLS; UVEITIS;

EID: 84873322006     PISSN: 08830185     EISSN: 15635244     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2012.747524     Document Type: Review

References (124)

1. Suttorp-Schulten MS, Rothova A.Thepossible impact of uveitis in blindness: a literature survey. Br J Ophthalmol 1996;80:844-848. (Pubitemid 26345317)
2. Forrester JV, Dick AD, Mcmenamin PG, Roberts F. The eye: basic science in practice. Edinburgh: Saunders Elsevier; 2008.
3. Xu H, ChenM, Reid DM, Forrester JV. LYVE-1-positivemacrophages are present in normalmurine eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007;48:2162-2171. (Pubitemid 351261290)
4. Schroedl F, Brehmer A, Neuhuber WL, et al. The normal human choroid is endowed with a significant number of lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronate receptor 1 (LYVE-1)-positive macrophages. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008;49:5222-5229.
5. Yucel YH, JohnstonMG, Ly T, et al. Identification of lymphatics in the ciliary body of the human eye: a novel "uveolymphatic" outflow pathway. Exp Eye Res 2009;89:810-819.
6. Egan RM, Yorkey C, Black R, et al. Peptide-specific T cell clonal expansion in vivo following immunization in the eye, an immune-privileged site. J Immunol 1996;157:2262-2271. (Pubitemid 126450435)
7. Camelo S, Kezic J, Shanley A, et al. Antigen from the anterior chamber of the eye travels in a soluble form to secondary lymphoid organs via lymphatic and vascular routes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006;47:1039-1046. (Pubitemid 46768337)
8. Kuffova L,NetukovaM,Duncan L, et al. Cross presentation of antigen onMHCclass II via the draining lymph node after corneal transplantation inmice. J Immunol 2008;180:1353-1361.
9. Tam AL, Gupta N, Zhang Z, Yucel YH. Quantum dots trace lymphatic drainage fromthe mouse eye. Nanotechnology 2011;22:425101.
10. Jabs DA, Nussenblatt RB, Rosenbaum JT, Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature (SUN) Working Group. Standardization of uveitis nomenclature for reporting clinical data. Results of the first international workshop. AmJ Ophthalmol 2005;140:509-516. (Pubitemid 41224845)
11. De Groot-Mijnes JD, De Visser L, Zuurveen S, et al. Identification of new pathogens in the intraocular fluid of patients with uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol 2010;150:628-636.
12. KongyaiN, SirirungsiW, Pathanapitoon K, et al. Viral causes of unexplained anterior uveitis inThailand. Eye (Lond) 2012;26:529-534.
13. Rothova A, Van VeenedaalWG, Linssen A, et al. Clinical features of acute anterior uveitis.AmJOphthalmol 1987;103:137-145. (Pubitemid 17005476)
14. Ormerod LD, Puklin JE, Giles CL. Chronic Propionibacterium acnes endophthalmitis as a cause of intermediate uveitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 1997;5:67-68. (Pubitemid 27232062)
15. Yasuhara T, Tada R, Nakano Y, et al.The presence of Propionibacterium spp. in the vitreous fluid of uveitis patients with sarcoidosis. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 2005;83:364-369. (Pubitemid 40872513)
16. LiuDT,LiCL, LeeVY.Thepresenceof Propionibacterium spp. in the vitreous fluid of uveitis patients with sarcoidosis. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 2006;84:152-153; author reply 153. (Pubitemid 43337496)
17. Ficker L, Meredith TA, Wilson LA, et al. Chronic bacterial endophthalmitis. Am J Ophthalmol 1987;103:745-748. (Pubitemid 17082134)
18. Forrester JV, Borthwick GM. Clinical relevance of S-antigen induced experimental uveoretinitis. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1983;103(Part 5):497-502. (Pubitemid 14065931)
19. Caspi RR, Chan CC, Wiggert B, Chader GJ. The mouse as a model of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU). Curr Eye Res 1990;9(Suppl):169-174. (Pubitemid 20295619)
20. Forrester JV. Intermediate and posterior uveitis. Chem Immunol Allergy 2007;92:228-243. (Pubitemid 47096912)
21. Caspi RR, Silver PB, Luger D, et al.Mouse models of experimental autoimmune uveitis. Ophthalmic Res 2008;40:169-174. (Pubitemid 351562898)
22. Caspi RR. Understanding autoimmune uveitis through animal models.The Friedenwald Lecture. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011;52:1872-1879.
23. RosenbaumJT, RosenzweigHL, Smith JR, et al.Uveitis secondary to bacterial products.Ophthalmic Res 2008;40:165-168. (Pubitemid 351562897)
24. Forrester JV,Worgul BV,MerriamGR, Jr. Endotoxin-induced uveitis in the rat. Albrecht VonGraefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol 1980;213:221-233. (Pubitemid 10073225)
25. Kanda A, Noda K, Oike Y, Ishida S. Angiopoietin-like protein 2 mediates endotoxin-induced acute inflammation in the eye. Lab Invest 2012:92(11):1553- 1563.
26. Almulki L, Noda K, Amini R, et al. Surprising up-regulation of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) in endotoxin-induced uveitis. FASEB J 2009;23:929-939.
27. Wang J, Lu H, Hu X, et al. Nuclear factor translocation and acute anterior uveitis. Mol Vis 2011a;17:170-176.
28. Rosenzweig HL,Woods A, Clowers JS, et al.The NLRP3 inflammasome is active but not essential in endotoxin-induced uveitis. Inflamm Res 2012;61:225-231.
29. Bora NS, Kaplan HJ. Intraocular diseases - anterior uveitis. Chem Immunol Allergy 2007;92:213-220. (Pubitemid 47096910)
30. Bora NS,Woon MD, Tandhasetti MT, et al. Induction of experimental autoimmune anterior uveitis by a self-antigen: melanin complex without adjuvant. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1997;38:2171- 2175. (Pubitemid 27407537)
31. Sharp FA, Ruane D, Claass B, et al. Uptake of particulate vaccine adjuvants by dendritic cells activates the NALP3 inflammasome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009;106:870-875.
32. Kerrigan AM, Brown GD. Phagocytes: fussy about carbs. Curr Biol 2011;21:R500-502.
33. Jha P,Manickam B,Matta B, et al. Proteolytic cleavage of type I collagen generates an autoantigen in autoimmune uveitis. J Biol Chem 2009;284:31401- 31411.
34. Wacker WB, Donoso LA, Kalsow CM, et al. Experimental allergic uveitis. Isolation, characterization, and localization of a soluble uveitopathogenic antigen from bovine retina. J Immunol 1977;119:1949-1958. (Pubitemid 8232088)
35. Wacker WB, Lipton MM. Experimental allergic uveitis: homologous retina as uveitogenic antigen. Nature 1965;206:253-254.
36. Gery I, Wiggert B, Redmond TM, et al. Uveoretinitis and pinealitis induced by immunization with interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1986;27:1296-1300. (Pubitemid 16033866)
37. DuaHS, Abrams M, Barrett JA, et al. Epitopes and idiotypes in experimental autoimmune uveitis: a review. Curr Eye Res 1992;11(Suppl):59-65.
38. Forrester JV, Liversidge J, Dua HS, et al. Experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis: a model system for immunointervention: a review. Curr Eye Res 1992;11(Suppl):33-40.
39. Yamaki K, Ohono S. Animal models of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease (sympathetic ophthalmia). Ophthalmic Res 2008;40:129-135. (Pubitemid 351562890)
40. Caspi RR, Grubbs BG, Chan CC, et al. Genetic control of susceptibility to experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis in the mouse model. Concomitant regulation by MHC and non-MHC genes. J Immunol 1992;148:2384-2389.
41. Sun B, Rizzo LV, Sun SH, et al. Genetic susceptibility to experimental autoimmune uveitis involves more than a predisposition to generate a T helper-1-like or a T helper-2-like response. J Immunol 1997;159:1004-1011. (Pubitemid 127484257)
42. Chen M, Copland DA, Zhao J, et al. Persistent inflammation subverts thrombospondin-1-induced regulation of retinal angiogenesis and is driven by CCR2 ligation. Am J Pathol 2012;180:235-245.
43. Namba K, Ogasawara K, Kitaichi N, et al. Identification of a peptide inducing experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU) in H-2Ak-carrying mice. Clin Exp Immunol 1998;111:442- 449. (Pubitemid 28088331)
44. Cortes LM, Mattapallil MJ, Silver PB, et al. Repertoire analysis and new pathogenic epitopes of IRBP in C57BL/6 (H-2b) and B10. RIII (H-2r) mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008;49:1946- 1956.
45. Pennesi G,MattapallilMJ, Sun SH, et al. A humanizedmodel of experimental autoimmune uveitis in HLA class II transgenic mice. J Clin Invest 2003;111:1171-1180. (Pubitemid 36519934)
46. Mattapallil MJ, Silver PB, Mattapallil JJ, et al. Uveitis-associated epitopes of retinal antigens are pathogenic in the humanizedmouse model of uveitis and identify autoaggressive T cells. JImmunol 2011;187:1977-1985.
47. Szpak Y, Vieville JC, Tabary T, et al. Spontaneous retinopathy inHLA-A29 transgenic mice. ProcNatl Acad Sci USA 2001;98:2572-2576. (Pubitemid 32209523)
48. Mattapallil MJ, Wawrousek EF, Chan CC, et al. The Rd8 mutation of the Crb1 gene is present in vendor lines of C57BL/6N mice and embryonic stem cells, and confounds ocular induced mutant phenotypes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012;53:2921-2927.
49. Wisard J, Faulkner A, Chrenek MA, et al. Exaggerated eye growth in IRBP-deficient mice in early development. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011;52:5804-5811.
50. Avichezer D, Liou GI, Chan CC, et al. Interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP)-deficient C57BL/6 mice have enhanced immunological and immunopathogenic responses to IRBP and an altered recognition of IRBP epitopes. J Autoimmun 2003:21:185-194. (Pubitemid 37410108)
51. Xu H,Wawrousek EF, Redmond TM, et al. Transgenic expression of an immunologically privileged retinal antigen extraocularly enhances self tolerance and abrogates susceptibility to autoimmune uveitis. Eur J Immunol 2000;30:272-278. (Pubitemid 30011789)
52. Devoss J, Hou Y, Johannes K, et al. Spontaneous autoimmunity prevented by thymic expression of a single self-antigen. J ExpMed 2006;203:2727-2735. (Pubitemid 44833348)
53. Tykocinski LO, Sinemus A, Kyewski B.The thymus medulla slowly yields its secrets. Ann NY Acad Sci 2008;1143:105-122.
54. Taniguchi RT, Devoss JJ, Moon JJ, et al. Detection of an autoreactive T-cell population within the polyclonal repertoire that undergoes distinct autoimmune regulator (Aire)-mediated selection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2012;109:7847-7852.
55. GregersonDS,Dou C. Spontaneous induction ofimmunoregulation by an endogenous retinal antigen. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2002;43:2984-2991. (Pubitemid 34977049)
56. Lai JC, Lobanoff MC, Fukushima A, et al.Uveitis induced by lymphocytes sensitized against a transgenically expressed lens protein. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1999;40:2735-2739. (Pubitemid 29455506)
57. Lambe T, Leung JC, Ferry H, et al. Limited peripheral T cell anergy predisposes to retinal autoimmunity. J Immunol 2007;178:4276-4283. (Pubitemid 46492378)
58. Tan LT, Isa H, Lightman S, Rj Taylor S. Prevalence and causes of phthisis bulbi in a uveitis clinic. Acta Ophthalmol 2011;90:e417-e418.
59. Khera TK, Copland DA, Boldison J, et al. Tumour necrosis factor-mediated macrophage activation in the target organ is critical for clinical manifestation of uveitis. Clin Exp Immunol 2012;168:165-177.
60. Wang L, Yu CR,Kim HP, et al.Key role for IL-21 in experimental autoimmune uveitis. ProcNatl Acad Sci USA 2011b;108:9542-9547.
61. Saraswathy S, Rao NA. Photoreceptormitochondrial oxidative stress in experimental autoimmune uveitis. Ophthalmic Res 2008;40:160-164. (Pubitemid 351562896)
62. Yu CR, Lee YS, Mahdi RM, et al. Therapeutic targeting of STAT3 (signal transducers and activators of transcription 3) pathway inhibits experimental autoimmune uveitis. PLoS ONE 2012;7:e29742.
63. SunM, Yang P, Du L, et al. Contribution of CD4+CD25+ T cells to the regression phase of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010;51:383-389.
64. Zhang L,Ma J, Takeuchi M, et al. Suppression of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis by inducing differentiation of regulatory T cells via activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010;51:2109-2117.
65. Tu Z, Li Y, SmithD, et al.Myeloid suppressor cells induced by retinal pigment epithelial cells inhibit autoreactive T-cell responses that lead to experimental autoimmune uveitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012;53:959-966.
66. Kerr EC, RaveneyBJ,Copland DA, et al.Analysis of retinal cellular infiltrate in experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis revealsmultiple regulatory cell populations. J Autoimmun 2008;31:354-361.
67. Ke Y, Sun D, Jiang G, eta l. IL-22-induced regulatory CD11b+APCs suppress experimental autoimmune uveitis. J Immunol 2011;187:2130-2139.
68. Zhu J, Yamane H, Paul WE.Differentiation of effectorCD4T cell populations(*).Annu Rev Immunol 2010;28:445-489.
69. Poppensieker K,OtteDM, Schurmann B, et al. CC chemokine receptor 4 is required for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by regulating GM-CSF and IL-23 production in dendritic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2012;109:3897-3902.
70. Nian H, Shao H, O'brien RL, et al. Activated gamma-delta T cells promote the activation of uveitogenic T cells and exacerbate EAU development. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011;52:5920-5927.
71. Stubiger N, Crane IJ, Kotter I, et al. Interferon alpha 2a in IRPB-derived peptide-induced EAU-part I. Adv ExpMed Biol 2003;528:537-540.
72. Tian L, Lei B, Shao J, et al. AAV2-mediated combined subretinal delivery of IFN-alpha and IL-4 reduces the severity of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis. PLoS One 2012;7:e37995.
73. Caspi RR. Experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis in the rat and mouse. Curr Protoc Immunol 2003;15: Unit 15.6.
74. Imrie FR, Dick AD. Biologics in the treatment of uveitis. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2007a;18:481-486. (Pubitemid 351339402)
75. Imrie FR, Dick AD. Nonsteroidal drugs for the treatment of noninfectious posterior and intermediate uveitis. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2007b;18:212-219. (Pubitemid 46624919)
76. Lee RW, Greenwood R, Taylor H, et al. A randomized trial of tacrolimus versus tacrolimus and prednisone for the maintenance of disease remission in noninfectious uveitis. Ophthalmology 2012;119:1223-1230.
77. ChiW, Zhu X, Yang P, et al.Upregulated IL-23 and IL-17 in Behcet patientswith active uveitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008;49:3058-3064.
78. Li F, Yang P, Liu X, et al. Upregulation of interleukin 21 and promotion of interleukin 17 production in chronic or recurrent Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease. Arch Ophthalmol 2010;128:1449-1454.
79. Yeh S, Li Z, ForooghianF, et al.CD4+Foxp3+T-regulatory cells in noninfectious uveitis. Arch Ophthalmol 2009;127:407-413.
80. Dick AD, Tugal-Tutkun I, Foster S, et al. Secukinumab in the treatment of noninfectious uveitis: results of three randomized, controlled clinical trials. Ophthalmology. 2012:(in press).
81. Plskova J, Greiner K,Muckersie E, et al. Interferon-alpha: a key factor in autoimmune disease? Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006;47:3946-3950. (Pubitemid 46044311)
82. Plskova J, Greiner K, Forrester JV. Interferon-alpha as an effective treatment for noninfectious posterior uveitis and panuveitis. AmJ Ophthalmol 2007;144:55-61.
83. Liu X, Yang P, Wang C, et al. IFN-alpha blocks IL-17 production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in Behcet's disease. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011;50:293-298.
84. Medzhitov R, Janeway CA, Jr. An ancient system of host defense. CurrOpin Immunol 1998;10:12-15. (Pubitemid 28112072)
85. Medzhitov R, Janeway CA, Jr. Decoding the patterns of self and nonself by the innate immune system. Science 2002;296:298-300. (Pubitemid 34303673)
86. Matzinger P. Introduction to the series. Dangermodel of immunity. Scand J Immunol 2001;54:2-3.
87. Szanto E, Granfors K, Wretlind B. Acute anterior uveitis, arthritides and enteric antigens. Clin Rheumatol 1991;10:395-400.
88. GaleoneM, Colucci R, D'erme AM, et al. Potential infectious etiology of behcet's disease. Patholog Res Int 2012;2012:595380.
89. Scully C, Hodgson T, Lachmann H. Auto-inflammatory syndromes and oral health. Oral Dis 2008;14:690-699.
90. Forrester JV, Stott DI, Hercus KM. Naturally occurring antibodies to bovine and human retinal S antigen: a comparison between uveitis patients and healthy volunteers. Br J Ophthalmol 1989;73:155-159. (Pubitemid 19056451)
91. Caspi RR. A look at autoimmunity and inflammation in the eye. J Clin Invest 2010;120:3073-3083.
92. De Smet MD, Taylor SR, Bodaghi B, et al. Understanding uveitis: the impact of research on visual outcomes. Prog Retin Eye Res 2011;30:452-470.
93. Jovic NS, NesovicM, Vranjesevic DN, et al. The Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome: association with autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1. PostgradMed J 1996;72:495-497. (Pubitemid 26280128)
94. Futagami Y, Sugita S, Fujimaki T, et al. Bilateral anterior granulomatous keratouveitis with sunset glow fundus in a patient with autoimmune polyglandular syndrome. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2009;17:88-90.
95. Lau AW, Biester S, Cornall RJ, Forrester JV. Lipopolysaccharide-activated IL-10-secreting dendritic cells suppress experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis by MHCII-dependent activation of CD62Lexpressing regulatory T cells. J Immunol 2008;180:3889-3899.
96. Nussenblatt RB, Gery I,Weiner HL, et al. Treatment of uveitis by oral administration of retinal antigens: results of a phase I/II randomizedmasked trial. Am J Ophthalmol 1997;123:583-592. (Pubitemid 27203278)
97. Kumar H, Kawai T, Akira S. Pathogen recognition by the innate immune system. Int Rev Immunol 2011;30:16-34.
98. HajishengallisG, Lambris JD.Microbialmanipulation of receptor crosstalk in innate immunity.Nat Rev Immunol 2011;11:187-200.
99. Mills KH. TLR-dependent T cell activation in autoimmunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2011;11:807-822.
100. Liblau RS, Wekerle H, Tisch RM. Cumulative autoimmunity: T cell clones recognizing several selfepitopes exhibit enhanced pathogenicity. Front Immunol 2011;2:47.
101. Mason D. A very high level of crossreactivity is an essential feature of the T-cell receptor. Immunol Today 1998;19:395-404. (Pubitemid 28392279)
102. Lanzavecchia A, Sallusto F. Understanding the generation and function of memory T cell subsets. Curr Opin Immunol 2005;17:326-332. (Pubitemid 40692670)
103. Singh R, Toor P, Parchand S, et al. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction for Mycobacterium tuberculosis in so-called Eales' disease. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2012;20:153-157.
104. Yeh S, Sen HN, Colyer M, et al. Update on ocular tuberculosis. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2012;23:551-556.
105. Gupta V,Gupta A, RaoNA. Intraocular tuberculosis - an update. SurvOphthalmol 2007;52:561-587.
106. Tanne A, Neyrolles O. C-type lectins in immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Biosci (Schol. Ed.) 2011;3:1147-1164.
107. Kleinnijenhuis J, Oosting M, Joosten LA, et al. Innate immune recognition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Clin Dev Immunol 2011;2011:405310.
108. Su SB, Silver PB, Grajewski RS, et al. Essential role of the MyD88 pathway, but nonessential roles of TLRs 2, 4, and 9, in the adjuvant effect promoting Th1-mediated autoimmunity. J Immunol 2005;175:6303-6310. (Pubitemid 41598869)
109. Dennehy KM, Ferwerda G, Faro-Trindade I, et al. Syk kinase is required for collaborative cytokine production induced through dectin-1 and toll-like receptors. Eur J Immunol 2008;38:500-506.
110. Van De Veerdonk FL, Teirlinck AC, Kleinnijenhuis J, et al. Mycobacterium tuberculosis induces IL- 17A responses through TLR4 and dectin-1 and is critically dependent on endogenous IL-1. J Leukoc Biol 2010;88:227-232.
111. Gringhuis SI, Kaptein TM, Wevers BA, et al. Dectin-1 is an extracellular pathogen sensor for the induction and processing of IL-1beta via a noncanonical caspase-8 inflammasome. Nat Immunol 2012;13:246-254.
112. Ulrichs T, Kaufmann SH. New insights into the function of granulomas in human tuberculosis. J Pathol 2006;208:261-269. (Pubitemid 43126118)
113. Harding JS, Schreiber HA, Sandor M. Granuloma transplantation: an approach to study Mycobacterium-host interactions. FrontMicrobiol 2011;2:245.
114. Davis JM, Ramakrishnan L. The role of the granuloma in expansion and dissemination of early tuberculous infection. Cell 2009;136:37-49.
115. Forrester JV, Xu H, Kuffova L, et al. Dendritic cell physiology and function in the eye. Immunol Rev 2010;234:282-304.
116. Rustad TR, Sherrid AM, Minch KJ, Sherman DR. Hypoxia: a window into Mycobacterium tuberculosis latency. CellMicrobiol 2009;11:1151-1159.
117. Nahid P,Menzies D.). Update in tuberculosis and nontuberculousmycobacterial disease 2011. Am J Respir Crit CareMed 2012;185:1266-1270.
118. Silverstein AM.Theimmunologicmodulation of infectious disease pathogenesis. Friedenwald Lecture, 1973. Invest Ophthalmol 1974;13:560-574.
119. Tenter AM, Heckeroth AR, Weiss LM. Toxoplasma gondii: from animals to humans. Int J Parasitol 2000;30:1217-1258.
120. Isacsohn M, Smetana Z, Rones ZZ. A sero-epidemiological study of herpes virus type 1 and 2 infection in Israel. J Clin Virol 2002;24:85-92. (Pubitemid 34016017)
121. Malkin JE, Morand P, Malvy D, et al. Seroprevalence of HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection in the general French population. Sex Transm Infect 2002;78:201-203. (Pubitemid 34666540)
122. Nabipour I, Vahdat K, Jafari SM, et al.The association ofmetabolic syndrome and Chlamydia pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus type 1: the Persian Gulf Healthy Heart Study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2006;5:25.
123. Silveira C, Vallochi AL, Rodrigues Da Silva U, et al. Toxoplasma gondii in the peripheral blood of patients with acute and chronic toxoplasmosis. Br J Ophthalmol 2011;95:396-400.
124. Hu K, Johnson J, Florens L, et al. Cytoskeletal components of an invasionmachine - the apical complex of Toxoplasma gondii. PLoS Pathog 2006;2:e13.