Importance of characteristics and modalities of physical activity and exercise in the management of cardiovascular health in individuals with cardiovascular risk factors: Recommendations from the EACPR (Part II)

European Journal of Preventive Cardiology

Volumn 19, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 1005-1033

  Vanhees, L ^a   Geladas, N ^b   Hansen, D ^c   Kouidi, E ^d   Niebauer, J ^e   Reiner, Ž ^f   Cornelissen, V ^a   Adamopoulos, S ^g   Prescott, E ^h   Borjesson M ⁱ  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEUVEN   (Belgium)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS   (Greece)

^c HASSELT UNIVERSITY   (Belgium)

^d ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY OF THESSALONIKI   (Greece)

^e PARACELSUS MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (Austria)

^f KBC Zagreb   (Croatia)

^g ONASSIS CARDIAC SURGERY CENTER   (Greece)

^h BISPEBJERG HOSPITAL   (Denmark)

ⁱ SAHLGRENSKA UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

Author keywords

cardiovascular; exercise; Physical activity; physical training; prevention; risk factors

Indexed keywords

APOLIPOPROTEIN A1; APOLIPOPROTEIN A2; APOLIPOPROTEIN C2; APOLIPOPROTEIN C3; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; GLUCOSE; GLYCOSYLATED HEMOGLOBIN; HEMOGLOBIN A1C; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; INSULIN; INTERLEUKIN 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; INTERLEUKIN 10; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; INTERLEUKIN 6; INTERLEUKIN 8; LACTIC ACID; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; ROSIGLITAZONE; TRIACYLGLYCEROL;

AEROBIC EXERCISE; ANAEROBIC THRESHOLD; ANXIETY DISORDER; ARTERY COMPLIANCE; BLOOD GLUCOSE MONITORING; BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; BODY COMPOSITION; BODY MASS; BODY WEIGHT; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; CYTOKINE RESPONSE; DEPRESSION; ENDURANCE TRAINING; ENERGY EXPENDITURE; EXERCISE INTENSITY; FIBRINOGEN BLOOD LEVEL; FOLLOW UP; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; GLUCOSE METABOLISM; HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HEART RATE VARIABILITY; HEMOGLOBIN BLOOD LEVEL; HEMOSTASIS; HUMAN; HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA; IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE; INFLAMMATION; INSULIN BLOOD LEVEL; INSULIN RESISTANCE; ISOKINETIC EXERCISE; LACTATE BLOOD LEVEL; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); METABOLIC EQUIVALENT; MUSCLE ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; OBESITY; PARTICLE SIZE; PATIENT CARE; PATIENT COUNSELING; PATIENT REFERRAL; PATIENT SAFETY; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PHYSIOTHERAPIST; PLYOMETRICS; PRESCRIPTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RESISTANCE TRAINING; REVIEW; SPORT; TRIACYLGLYCEROL BLOOD LEVEL; WEIGHT CONTROL; WEIGHT LIFTING; WEIGHT REDUCTION; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; DAILY LIFE ACTIVITY; EXERCISE; KINESIOTHERAPY; PHYSIOLOGY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PUBLIC HEALTH; RISK FACTOR; STANDARD;

ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; EXERCISE; EXERCISE THERAPY; HUMANS; OBESITY; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; PUBLIC HEALTH; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 84873269227     PISSN: 20474873     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1741826711430926     Document Type: Review

References (336)

1. Vanhees L, De Sutter J, Geladas N, Doyle F, Prescott E, Cornelissen V, et al. Importance of characteristics and modalities of physical activity and exercise in the management of cardiovascular health within the general population. Recommendations from the EACPR (Part I). Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2011 (submitted for publication).
2. Ross R, Freeman JA, Janssen I. Exercise alone is an effective strategy for reducing obesity and related comorbidities. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2000 ; 28 (4). 165-170
3. Wei M, Gibbons LW, Kampert JB, Nichaman MZ, Blair SN. Low cardiorespiratory fitness and physical inactivity as predictors of mortality in men with type 2 diabetes. Ann Intern Med. 2000 ; 132 (8). 605-611
4. Church TS, Cheng YJ, Earnest CP, Barlow CE, Gibbons LW, Priest EL, et al. Exercise capacity and body composition as predictors of mortality among men with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004 ; 27 (1). 83-88
5. Kruger J, Galuska DA, Serdula MK, Jones DA. Attempting to lose weight: specific practices among U.S. adults. Am J Prev Med. 2004 ; 26 (5). 402-406
6. Maffiuletti NA, Agosti F, Marinone PG, Silvestri G, Lafortuna CL, Sartorio A. Changes in body composition, physical performance and cardiovascular risk factors after a 3-week integrated body weight reduction program and after 1-y follow-up in severely obese men and women. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2005 ; 59 (5). 685-694
7. Warburton DE, Nicol CW, Bredin SS. Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence. CMAJ. 2006 ; 174 (6). 801-809
8. Schjerve IE, Tyldum GA, Tjønna AE, Stølen T, Loennechen JP, Hansen HE, et al. Both aerobic endurance and strength training programmes improve cardiovascular health in obese adults. Clin Sci. 2008 ; 115 (9). 283-293
9. Tjønna AE, Stølen TO, Bye A, Volden M, Slørdahl SA, Odegård R, et al. Aerobic interval training reduces cardiovascular risk factors more than a multitreatment approach in overweight adolescents. Clin Sci. 2009 ; 116 (4). 317-326
10. Shephard RJ, Balady GJ. Exercise as cardiovascular therapy. Circulation. 1999 ; 99 (7). 963-972
11. Lavie CJ, Thomas RJ, Squires RW, Allison TG, Milani RV. Exercise training and cardiac rehabilitation in primary and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. Mayo Clin Proc. 2009 ; 84 (4). 373-383
12. Lester M, Sheffield LT, Trammell P, Reeves TJ. The effect of age and athletic training on maximal heart rate during muscular exercise. Am Heart J. 1968 ; 76: 370-376
13. Franckowiak SC, Dobrosielski DA, Reilley SM, Walston JD, Andersen RE. Maximal heart rate prediction in adults that are overweight or obese. J Strength Cond Res. 2010 ; 25 (5). 1407-1412
14. Vanhees L, Stevens A. Exercise intensity: a matter of measuring or of talking?. J Cardiopulm Rehabil. 2006 ; 26 (2). 78-79
15. Myers J, Hadley D, Oswald U, Bruner K, Kottman W, Hsu L, et al. Effects of exercise training on heart rate recovery in patients with chronic heart failure. Am Heart J. 2007 ; 153 (6). 1056-1063
16. Tabet JY, Meurin P, Ben Driss A, Thabut G, Weber H, Renaud N, et al. Determination of exercise training heart rate in patients on beta-blockers after myocardial infarction. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2006 ; 13 (4). 538-543
17. The recommended quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness, and flexibility in healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998 ; 30 (6). 975-991
18. Lavie CJ, Milani RV, Marks P, deGruiter H. Exercise and the heart: risks, benefits, and recommendations for providing exercise prescriptions. The Ochsner J. 2001 ; 3 (4). 207-213
19. O'Donovan G, Blazevich AJ, Boreham C, Cooper AR, Crank H, Ekelund U, et al. The ABC of Physical Activity for Health: a consensus statement from the British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences. J Sports Sci. 2010 ; 28 (6). 573-591
20. Berryman JW. The tradition of the 'six things non-natural': exercise and medicine from Hippocrates through ante-bellum America. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 1989 ; 17: 515-559
21. Binder RK, Wonisch M, Corra U, Cohen-Solal A, Vanhees L, Saner H, et al. Methodological approach to the first and second lactate threshold in incremental cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2008 ; 15 (6). 726-734
22. Faude O, Kindermann W, Meyer T. Lactate threshold concepts: how valid are they?. Sports Med. 2009 ; 39 (6). 469-490
23. Milani RV, Lavie CJ, Mehra MR, Ventura HO. Understanding the basics of cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Mayo Clin Proc. 2006 ; 81 (12). 1603-1611
24. Glowacki SP, Martin SE, Maurer A, Baek W, Green JS, Crouse SF. Effects of resistance, endurance, and concurrent exercise on training outcomes in men. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004 ; 36 (12). 2119-2127
25. Gonzalez NC, Kirkton SD, Howlett RA, Britton SL, Koch LG, Wagner HE, et al. Continued divergence in VO2max of rats artificially selected for running endurance is mediated by greater convective blood O2 delivery. J Appl Physiol. 2006 ; 101 (5). 1288-1296
26. Glass RI, Zack MM. Increase in deaths from ischaemic heart-disease after blizzards. Lancet. 1979 ; 1 (8114). 485-487
27. Pandolf KB, Cafarelli E, Noble BJ, Metz KF. Hyperthermia: effect on exercise prescription. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1975 ; 56 (12). 524-526
28. Hammoudeh AJ, Haft JI. Coronary-plaque rupture in acute coronary syndromes triggered by snow shoveling. N Engl J Med. 1996 ; 335 (26). 2001-2002
29. Wisloff U, Stoylen A, Loennechen JP, Bruvold M, Rognmo O, Haram PM, et al. Superior cardiovascular effect of aerobic interval training versus moderate continuous training in heart failure patients: a randomized study. Circulation. 2007 ; 115 (24). 3086-3094
30. Tjønna AE, Lee SJ, Rognmo Ø, Stølen TO, Bye A, Haram PM, et al. Aerobic interval training versus continuous moderate exercise as a treatment for the metabolic syndrome: a pilot study. Circulation. 2008 ; 118 (4). 346-354
31. MacDonald MJ, Currie KD. Interval exercise is a path to good health, but how much, how often and for whom?. Clin Sci. 2009 ; 116 (4). 315-316
32. Helgerud J, Høydal K, Wang E, Karlsen T, Berg P, Bjerkaas M, et al. Aerobic high-intensity intervals improve VO2max more than moderate training. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007 ; 39 (4). 665-671
33. Meyer K, Samek L, Schwaibold M, Westbrook S, Hajric R, Lehmann M, et al. Physical responses to different modes of interval exercise in patients with chronic heart failure-application to exercise training. Eur Heart J. 1996 ; 17 (7). 1040-1047
34. Meyer K, Samek L, Schwaibold M, Westbrook S, Hajric R, Beneke R, et al. Interval training in patients with severe chronic heart failure: analysis and recommendations for exercise procedures. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1997 ; 29 (3). 306-312
35. Ratamess NA, Falvo MJ, Mangine GT, Hoffman JR, Faigenbaum AD, Kang J. The effect of rest interval length on metabolic responses to the bench press exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2007 ; 100 (1). 1-17
36. Rydwik E, Karlsson C, Frändin K, Akner G. Muscle strength testing with one repetition maximum in the arm/shoulder for people aged 75 + - test-retest reliability. Clin Rehabil. 2007 ; 21 (3). 258-265
37. Gordon NF, Kohl HW, Pollock ML, Vaandrager H, Gibbons LW, Blair SN. Cardiovascular safety of maximal strength testing in healthy adults. Am J Cardiol. 1995 ; 76 (11). 851-853
38. Reynolds JM, Gordon TJ, Robergs RA. Prediction of one repetition maximum strength from multiple repetition maximum testing and anthropometry. J Strength Cond Res. 2006 ; 20 (3). 584-592
39. Bjarnason-Wehrens B, Mayer-Berger W, Meister ER, Baum K, Hambrecht R, Gielen S. Recommendations for resistance exercise in cardiac rehabilitation. Recommendations of the German Federation for Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2004 ; 11 (4). 352-361
40. Rhea MR, Alvar BA, Burkett LN. Single versus multiple sets for strength: a meta-analysis to address the controversy. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2002 ; 73 (4). 485-488
41. Peterson MD, Rhea MR, Alvar BA. Applications of the dose-response for muscular strength development: a review of meta-analytic efficacy and reliability for designing training prescription. J Strength Cond Res. 2005 ; 19 (4). 950-958
42. Miller WC, Koceja DM, Hamilton EJ. A meta-analysis of the past 25 years of weight loss research using diet, exercise or diet plus exercise intervention. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1997 ; 21 (10). 941-947
43. Khan K, McKay HA, Haapasalo H, Bennell KL, Forwood MR, Kannus P, et al. Does childhood and adolescence provide a unique opportunity for exercise to strengthen the skeleton?. J Sci Med Sport. 2000 ; 3 (2). 150-164
44. Church TS, Finley CE, Earnest CP, Kampert JB, Gibbons LW, Blair SN. Relative associations of fitness and fatness to fibrinogen, white blood cell count, uric acid and metabolic syndrome. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2002 ; 26 (6). 805-813
45. Steele RM, Brage S, Corder K, Wareham NJ, Ekelund U. Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and the metabolic syndrome in youth. J Appl Physiol. 2008 ; 105 (1). 342-351
46. Brown T, Avenell A, Edmunds LD, Moore H, Whittaker V, Avery L, et al. Systematic review of long-term lifestyle interventions to prevent weight gain and morbidity in adults. Obes Rev. 2009 ; 10 (6). 627-638
47. Whatley JE, Gillespie WJ, Honig J, Walsh MJ, Blackburn AL, Blackburn GL. Does the amount of endurance exercise in combination with weight training and a very-low-energy diet affect resting metabolic rate and body composition?. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994 ; 59 (5). 1088-1092
48. Ballor DL, McCarthy JP, Wilterdink EJ. Exercise intensity does not affect the composition of diet- and exercise-induced body mass loss. Am J Clin Nutr. 1990 ; 51 (2). 142-146
49. Leutholtz BC, Keyser RE, Heusner WW, Wendt VE, Rosen L. Exercise training and severe caloric restriction: effect on lean body mass in the obese. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1995 ; 76 (1). 65-70
50. van Aggel-Leijssen D, Saris WHM, Wagenmakers AJM, Senden JM, van Baak MA. Effect of exercise training at different intensities on fat metabolism of obese men. J Appl Physiol. 2002 ; 92 (3). 1300-1309
51. Hansen D, Dendale P, van Loon LJ, Meeusen R. The impact of training modalities on the clinical benefits of exercise intervention in patients with cardiovascular disease risk or type 2 diabetes. Sports Med. 2010 ; 40 (11). 921-940
52. Donnelly JE, Blair SN, Jakicic JM, Manore MM, Rankin JW, Smith BK. American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand. Appropriate physical activity intervention strategies for weight loss and prevention of weight regain for adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009 ; 41 (2). 459-471
53. Pulfrey SM, Jones PJ. Energy expenditure and requirement while climbing above 6,000 m. J Appl Physiol. 1996 ; 81 (3). 1306-1311
54. Nindl BC, Barnes BR, Alemany JA, Frykman PN, Shippee RL, Friedl KE. Physiological consequences of U.S. Army Ranger training. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007 ; 39 (8). 1380-1387
55. Donnelly JE, Smith B, Jacobsen DJ, Kirk E, Dubose K, Hyder M, et al. The role of exercise for weight loss and maintenance. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2004 ; 18 (6). 1009-1029
56. Tresierras MA, Balady GJ. Resistance training in the treatment of diabetes and obesity: mechanisms and outcomes. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2009 ; 29 (2). 67-75
57. Hunter GR, Bryan DR, Wetzstein CJ, Zuckerman PA, Bamman MM. Resistance training and intra-abdominal adipose tissue in older men and women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002 ; 34 (6). 1023-1028
58. Ibanez J, Izquierdo M, Martinez-Labari C, Ortega F, Grijalba A, Forga L, et al. Resistance training improves cardiovascular risk factors in obese women despite a significative decrease in serum adiponectin levels. Obesity. 2010 ; 18 (3). 535-541
59. van der Heijden GJ, Wang ZJ, Chu Z, Toffolo G, Manesso E, Sauer PJ, et al. Strength exercise improves muscle mass and hepatic insulin sensitivity in obese youth. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010 ; 42 (11). 1973-1980
60. Gillette CA, Bullough RC, Melby CL. Postexercise energy expenditure in response to acute aerobic or resistive exercise. Int J Sport Nutr. 1994 ; 4 (4). 347-360
61. Toth MJ, Beckett T, Poehlman ET. Physical activity and the progressive change in body composition with aging: current evidence and research issues. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999 ; 31 (Suppl 11). S590 - S596
62. Hunter GR, McCarthy JP, Bamman MM. Effects of resistance training on older adults. Sports Med. 2004 ; 34 (5). 329-348
63. Maesta N, Nahas EA, Nahas-Neto J, Orsatti FL, Fernandes CE, Traiman P, et al. Effects of soy protein and resistance exercise on body composition and blood lipids in postmenopausal women. Maturitas. 2007 ; 56 (4). 350-358
64. Jabekk PT, Moe IA, Meen HD, Tomten SE, Hostmark AT. Resistance training in overweight women on a ketogenic diet conserved lean body mass while reducing body fat. Nutr Metab Lond. 2010 ; 7: 17-17
65. Villareal DT, Banks M, Sinacore DR, Siener C, Klein S. Effect of weight loss and exercise on frailty in obese older adults. Arch Intern Med. 2006 ; 166 (8). 860-866
66. Frimel TN, Sinacore DR, Villareal DT. Exercise attenuates the weight-loss-induced reduction in muscle mass in frail obese older adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008 ; 40 (7). 1213-1219
67. Treuth MS, Ryan AS, Pratley RE, Rubin MA, Miller JP, Nicklas BJ, et al. Effects of strength training on total and regional body composition in older men. J Appl Physiol. 1994 ; 77 (2). 614-620
68. Treuth MS, Hunter GR, Kekes-Szabo T, Weinsier RL, Goran MI, Berland L. Reduction in intra-abdominal adipose tissue after strength training in older women. J Appl Physiol. 1995 ; 78 (4). 1425-1431
69. Ross R, Rissanen J, Pedwell H, Clifford J, Shragge P. Influence of diet and exercise on skeletal muscle and visceral adipose tissue in men. J Appl Physiol. 1996 ; 81 (6). 2445-2455
70. Sothern MS, Loftin JM, Udall JN, Suskind RM, Ewing TL, Tang SC, et al. Inclusion of resistance exercise in a multidisciplinary outpatient treatment program for preadolescent obese children. South Med J. 1999 ; 92 (6). 585-592
71. Hagerman FC, Walsh SJ, Staron RS, Hikida RS, Gilders RM, Murray TF, et al. Effects of high-intensity resistance training on untrained older men. I. Strength, cardiovascular, and metabolic responses. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2000 ; 55 (7). B336 - B346
72. Benson AC, Torode ME, Fiatarone Singh MA. The effect of high-intensity progressive resistance training on adiposity in children: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Obes. 2008 ; 32 (6). 1016-1027
73. McGuigan MR, Tatasciore M, Newton RU, Pettigrew S. Eight weeks of resistance training can significantly alter body composition in children who are overweight or obese. J Strength Cond Res. 2009 ; 23 (1). 80-85
74. Sgro M, McGuigan MR, Pettigrew S, Newton RU. The effect of duration of resistance training interventions in children who are overweight or obese. J Strength Cond Res. 2009 ; 23 (4). 1263-1270
75. Hakkinen K, Pakarinen A, Kraemer WJ, Newton RU, Alen M. Basal concentrations and acute responses of serum hormones and strength development during heavy resistance training in middle-aged and elderly men and women. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2000 ; 55 (2). B95 - B105
76. Elliott KJ, Sale C, Cable NT. Effects of resistance training and detraining on muscle strength and blood lipid profiles in postmenopausal women. Br J Sports Med. 2002 ; 36 (5). 340-344
77. Teixeira PJ, Going SB, Houtkooper LB, Metcalfe LL, Blew RM, Flint-Wagner HG, et al. Resistance training in postmenopausal women with and without hormone therapy. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003 ; 35 (4). 555-562
78. Shaibi GQ, Cruz ML, Ball GD, Weigensberg MJ, Salem GJ, Crespo NC, et al. Effects of resistance training on insulin sensitivity in overweight Latino adolescent males. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006 ; 38 (7). 1208-1215
79. Bell LM, Watts K, Siafarikas A, Thompson A, Ratnam N, Bulsara M, et al. Exercise alone reduces insulin resistance in obese children independently of changes in body composition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 ; 92 (11). 4230-4235
80. Orsatti FL, Nahas EA, Maesta N, Nahas-Neto J, Burini RC. Plasma hormones, muscle mass and strength in resistance-trained postmenopausal women. Maturitas. 2008 ; 59 (4). 394-404
81. Bouchard DR, Soucy L, Senechal M, Dionne IJ, Brochu M. Impact of resistance training with or without caloric restriction on physical capacity in obese older women. Menopause. 2009 ; 16 (1). 66-72
82. Haskell WL, Lee IM, Pate RR, Powell KE, Blair SN, Franklin BA, et al. Physical activity and public health: updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007 ; 39 (8). 1423-1434
83. Delecluse C, Colman V, Roelants M, Verschueren S, Derave W, Ceux T, et al. Exercise programs for older men: mode and intensity to induce the highest possible health-related benefits. Prev Med. 2004 ; 39 (4). 823-833
84. Yu CC, Sung RY, So RC, Lui KC, Lau W, Lam PK, et al. Effects of strength training on body composition and bone mineral content in children who are obese. J Strength Cond Res. 2005 ; 19 (3). 667-672
85. Fielding RA. The role of progressive resistance training and nutrition in the preservation of lean body mass in the elderly. J Am Coll Nutr. 1995 ; 14 (6). 587-594
86. Deschenes MR, Kraemer WJ. Performance and physiologic adaptations to resistance training. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2002 ; 81 (Suppl 11). S3 - S16
87. de Vos NJ, Singh NA, Ross DA, Stavrinos TM, Orr R, Fiatarone Singh MA. Optimal load for increasing muscle power during explosive resistance training in older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2005 ; 60 (5). 638-647
88. Slentz CA, Houmard JA, Kraus WE. Exercise, abdominal obesity, skeletal muscle, and metabolic risk: evidence for a dose response. Obesity. 2009 ; 17 (Suppl 3). S27 - S33
89. Wolfe BL, LeMura LM, Cole PJ. Quantitative analysis of single- vs. multiple-set programs in resistance training. J Strength Cond Res. 2004 ; 18 (1). 35-47
90. Krieger JW. Single versus multiple sets of resistance exercise: a meta-regression. J Strength Cond Res. 2009 ; 23 (6). 1890-1901
91. Larson-Meyer DE, Redman L, Heilbronn LK, Martin CK, Ravussin E. Caloric restriction with or without exercise: the fitness versus fatness debate. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010 ; 42 (1). 152-159
92. Villareal DT, Apovian CM, Kushner RF, Klein S. Obesity in older adults: technical review and position statement of the American Society for Nutrition and NAASO, The Obesity Society. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 ; 82 (5). 923-934
93. Davidson LE, Hudson R, Kilpatrick K, Kuk JL, McMillan K, Janiszewski PM, et al. Effects of exercise modality on insulin resistance and functional limitation in older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med. 2009 ; 169 (2). 122-131
94. Ross R, Rissanen J. Mobilization of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue in response to energy restriction and exercise. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994 ; 60 (5). 695-703
95. Fogelholm M, Kukkonen-Harjula K. Does physical activity prevent weight gain-a systematic review. Obes Rev. 2000 ; 1 (2). 95-111
96. Jeffery RW, Wing RR, Sherwood NE, Tate DF. Physical activity and weight loss: does prescribing higher physical activity goals improve outcome?. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 ; 78 (4). 684-689
97. Saris WH, Blair SN, van Baak MA, Eaton SB, Davies PS, Di PL, et al. How much physical activity is enough to prevent unhealthy weight gain? Outcome of the IASO 1st Stock Conference and consensus statement. Obes Rev. 2003 ; 4 (2). 101-114
98. Wareham N. Physical activity and obesity prevention. Obes Rev. 2007 ; 8 (Suppl 1). 109-114
99. Hu FB, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Colditz G, Liu S, Solomon CG, et al. Diet, lifestyle, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women. N Engl J Med. 2001 ; 345 (11). 790-797
100. Tuomilehto J, Lindstrom J, Eriksson JG, Valle TT, Hämälä inen H, Ilanne-Parikka P, et al. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med. 2001 ; 344 (18). 1343-1350
101. Thomas DE, Elliott EJ, Naughton GA. Exercise for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 ; (3). CD002968 - CD002968
102. Jeon CY, Lokken RP, Hu FB, van Dam RM. Physical activity of moderate intensity and risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. Diabetes Care. 2007 ; 30 (3). 744-752
103. Snowling NJ, Hopkins WG. Effects of different modes of exercise training on glucose control and risk factors for complications in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 2006 ; 29 (11). 2518-2527
104. Sixt S, Rastan A, Desch S, Sonnabend M, Schmidt A, Schuler G, et al. Exercise training but not rosiglitazone improves endothelial function in prediabetic patients with coronary disease. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2008 ; 15 (4). 473-478
105. Desch S, Sonnabend M, Niebauer J, Sixt S, Sareban M, Eitel I, et al. Effects of physical exercise versus rosiglitazone on endothelial function in coronary artery disease patients with prediabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2010 ; 12 (9). 825-828
106. Niebauer J, Cooke JP. Cardiovascular effects of exercise: role of endothelial shear stress. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996 ; 28 (7). 1652-1660
107. Sixt S, Beer S, Blüher M, Korff N, Peschel T, Sonnabend M, et al. Long- but not short-term multifactorial intervention with focus on exercise training improves coronary endothelial dysfunction in diabetes mellitus type 2 and coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J. 2010 ; 31 (1). 112-119
108. Gæde P, Vedel P, Larsen N, Jensen GV, Parving HH, Pedersen O. Multifactorial intervention and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2003 ; 348 (5). 383-393
109. Gaede P, Lund-Andersen H, Parving HH, Pedersen O. Effect of a multifactorial intervention on mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008 ; 358 (6). 580-591
110. Castaneda C, Layne JE, Munoz-Orians L, Gordon PL, Walsmith J, Foldvari M, et al. A randomized controlled trial of resistance exercise training to improve glycemic control in older adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2002 ; 25 (12). 2335-2341
111. Dunstan DW, Daly RM, Owen N, Jolley D, De Courten M, Shaw J, et al. High-intensity resistance training improves glycemic control in older patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2002 ; 25 (10). 1729-1736
112. Dunstan DW, Daly RM, Owen N, Jolley D, Vulikh E, Shaw J, et al. Home-based resistance training is not sufficient to maintain improved glycemic control following supervised training in older individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2005 ; 28 (1). 3-9
113. Ishii T, Yamakita T, Sato T, Tanaka S, Fujii S. Resistance training improves insulin sensitivity in NIDDM subjects without altering maximal oxygen uptake. Diabetes Care. 1998 ; 21 (8). 1353-1355
114. Smutok MA, Reece C, Kokkinos PF, Farmer CM, Dawson PK, DeVane J, et al. Effects of exercise training modality on glucose tolerance in men with abnormal glucose regulation. Int J Sports Med. 1994 ; 15 (6). 283-289
115. Dela F, Kjaer M. Resistance training, insulin sensitivity and muscle function in the elderly. Essays Biochem. 2006 ; 42: 75-88
116. Sato Y, Nagasaki M, Kubota M, Uno T, Nakai N. Clinical aspects of physical exercise for diabetes/metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2007 ; 77 (Suppl 1). S87 - S91
117. Praet SF, Jonkers RA, Schep G, Stehouwer CDA, Kuipers H, Keizer HA, et al. Long-standing, insulin-treated type 2 diabetes patients with complications respond well to short-term resistance and interval exercise training. Eur J Endocrinol. 2008 ; 158 (2). 163-172
118. Baldi JC, Snowling N. Resistance training improves glycaemic control in obese type 2 diabetic men. Int J Sports Med. 2003 ; 24 (6). 419-423
119. Cuff DJ, Meneilly GS, Martin A, Ignaszewski A, Tildesley HD, Frohlich JJ. Effective exercise modality to reduce insulin resistance in women with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2003 ; 26 (11). 2977-2982
120. Sigal RJ, Kenny GP, Boule NG, Wells GA, Prud'homme D, Fortier M, et al. Effects of aerobic training, resistance training, or both on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2007 ; 147 (6). 357-369
121. Marcus RL, Smith S, Morrell G, Addison O, Dibble LE, Wahoff-Stice D, et al. Comparison of combined aerobic and high-force eccentric resistance exercise with aerobic exercise only for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Phys Ther. 2008 ; 88 (11). 1345-1354
122. Cauza E, Hanusch-Enserer U, Strasser B, Ludvik B, Metz-Schimmerl S, Pacini G, et al. The relative benefits of endurance and strength training on the metabolic factors and muscle function of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005 ; 86 (8). 1527-1533
123. Egger A, Niederseer D, Ledl-Kurkowski E, Graf S, Patsch W, Forstner R, et al. Hypertrophy versus endurance strength training in patients with type 2 diabetes: effects on muscle mass, strength and glycemic control (submitted for publication).
124. Steidle EM, Niederseer D and Niebauer J. Rationale, evidence and recommendations for resistance training in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review (submitted for publication).
125. Lund SS, Vaag AA. Intensive glycemic control and the prevention of cardiovascular events: implications of the accord, advance, and VA diabetes trials: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association and a scientific statement of the American College of Cardiology Foundation and the American Heart Association: response to Skyler, et al. Diabetes Care. 2009 ; 32 (7). e90 - e91
126. Marwick Th, Hordern Md, Miller T, Chyun DA, Bertoni AG, Blumenthal RS, et al. Exercise training for type 2 diabetes mellitus: impact on cardiovascular risk: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2009 ; 119 (25). 3244-3262
127. Albright A, Franz M, Hornsby G, Kriska A, Marrero D, Ullrich I, et al. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and type 2 diabetes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000 ; 32 (7). 1345-1360
128. Corrà U, Piepoli MF, Carré F, Heuschmann P, Hoffmann U, Verschuren M, et al. Secondary prevention through cardiac rehabilitation: physical activity counselling and exercise training: key components of the position paper from the Cardiac Rehabilitation Section of the European Association of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation. Eur Heart J. 2010 ; 31 (16). 1967-1974
129. Tran ZV, Weltman A. Differential effects of exercise on serum lipid and lipoprotein levels seen with changes in body weight. A meta-analysis. JAMA. 1985 ; 254 (7). 919-924
130. Halbert JA, Silagy CA, Finucane P, Withers RT, Hamdorf PA. Exercise training and blood lipids in hyperlipidemic and normolipidemic adults: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1999 ; 53 (7). 514-522
131. Leon AS, Sanchez OA. Response of blood lipids to exercise training alone or combined with dietary intervention. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001 ; 33 (Suppl 6). S502 - S515
132. Carroll S, Dudfield M. What is the relationship between exercise and metabolic abnormalities? A review of the metabolic syndrome. Sports Med. 2004 ; 34 (6). 371-418
133. Duncan GE, Anton SD, Sydeman SJ, Newton RL, Corsica JA, Durning PE, et al. Prescribing exercise at varied levels of intensity and frequency: a randomized trial. Arch Intern Med. 2005 ; 165 (20). 2362-2369
134. Kelley GA, Kelley KS, Vu Tran Z. Aerobic exercise, lipids and lipoproteins in overweight and obese adults: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Obes. 2005 ; 29 (8). 881-893
135. Haskell WL. Exercise-induced changes in plasma lipids and lipoproteins. Prev Med. 1984 ; 13 (1). 23-36
136. Durstine JL, Grandjean PW, Davis PG, Ferguson MA, Alderson NL, DuBose KD. Blood lipid and lipoprotein adaptations to exercise. Sports Med. 2001 ; 31 (15). 1033-1062
137. Mosher PE, Ferguson MA, Arnold RO. Lipid and lipoprotein changes in premenstrual women following step aerobic dance training. Int J Sports Med. 2005 ; 26 (8). 669-674
138. Mestek ML, Garner JC, Plaisance EP, Taylor JK, Alhassan S, Grandjean PW. Blood lipid responses after continuous and accumulated aerobic exercise. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2006 ; 16 (3). 245-254
139. Altena TS, Michaelson JL, Ball SD, Guilford BL, Thomas TR. Lipoprotein subfraction changes after continuous or intermittent exercise training. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006 ; 38 (2). 367-372
140. Giada F, Baldo-Enzi G, Baiocchi MR, Zuliani G, Vitale E, Fellin R. Specialized physical training programs: effects on serum lipoproteins cholesterol, apoproteins A-I and B and lipolytic enzyme activities. J Sports Med Phys Fitn. 1991 ; 31 (2). 196-203
141. Giada F, Vigna GB, Vitale E, Baldo-Enzi G, Fellin R. Effect of age on the response of blood lipids, body composition, and aerobic power in physical conditioning and deconditioning. Metabolism. 1995 ; 44 (2). 161-165
142. Kodama S, Tanaka S, Sito K. Effect of aerobic exercise training on serum levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Arch Intern Med. 2007 ; 167 (10). 999-1008
143. Wood PD, Haskell WL, Blair SN, Williams PT, Krauss RM, Lindgren FT, et al. Increased exercise level plasma lipoprotein concentrations: a one-year, randomized, controlled study in sedentary middle-aged men. Metabolism. 1983 ; 32 (1). 31-39
144. Shaw I, Shaw BS. Relationship between resistance training and lipoprotein profiles in sedentary male smokers. Cardiovasc J Afr. 2008 ; 19 (4). 194-197
145. Arora E, Shenoy S, Sandhu JS. Effects of resistance training on metabolic profile of adults with type 2 diabetes. Indian J Med Res. 2009 ; 129 (5). 515-519
146. Marques E, Carvalho J, Soares JM, Marques F, Mota J. Effects of resistance and multicomponent exercise on lipid profiles of older women. Maturitas. 2009 ; 63 (1). 84-88
147. Kelley GA, Kelley KS. Impact of progressive resistance training on lipids and lipoproteins in adults: another look at a meta-analysis using prediction intervals. Prev Med. 2009 ; 49 (6). 473-475
148. Wijndaele K, Duvigneaud N, Matton L, Duquet W, Thomis M, Beunen G, et al. Muscular strength, aerobic fitness, and metabolic syndrome risk in Flemish adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007 ; 39 (2). 233-240
149. Igwebuike A, Irving BA, Bigelow ML, Short KR, McConnell JP, Nair KS. Lack of dehydroepiandrosterone effect on a combined endurance and resistance exercise program in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 ; 93 (2). 534-538
150. Pitsavos C, Panagiotakos DB, Tambalis KD, Chrysohoou C, Sidossis LS, Skoumas J, et al. Resistance exercise plus to aerobic activities is associated with better lipids' profile among healthy individuals: the ATTICA study. QJM. 2009 ; 102 (9). 609-616
151. Tambalis K, Panagiotakos DB, Kavouras SA, Sidossis LS. Responses of blood lipids to aerobic, resistance, and combined aerobic with resistance exercise training: a systematic review of current evidence. Angiology. 2009 ; 60 (5). 614-632
152. Lampman RM, Santiga JT, Hodge MF, Block WD, Flora JD, Bassett DR. Comparative effect of physical training and diet in normalizing serum lipids in men with type IV hyperlipolproteinema. Circulation. 1977 ; 55 (4). 652-659
153. Gyntelberg F, Brennan R, Holloszy JO, Schonefeld G, Rennie MJ, Weidman SW. Plasma triglyceride lowering by exercise despite increased food intake in patients with type IV hyperlipoproteinemia. Am J Clin Nutr. 1977 ; 30 (5). 716-720
154. Lampman RM, Santiga JT, Savage PJ, Bassett DR, Hyndrick CR, Flora JD, et al. Effect of exercise training on glucose tolerance in vivo insulin sensitivity, lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in middle-aged men with mild hypertriglyceridemia. Metabolism. 1985 ; 34 (3). 205-211
155. Wirth A, Diehm C, Hanel W, Welte J, Vogel I. Training-induced changes in serum lipids, fat tolerance, and adipose tissue metabolism in patients with hypertriglyceridemia. Atherosclerosis. 1985 ; 54 (3). 263-271
156. Hanefeld M, Fischer S, Julius U, Leonhardt W, Schubert E, Beckert H. More exercise for the hyperlipidemic patients. Ann Clin Res. 1988 ; 20 (1-2). 77-83
157. Oscai LB, Patterson JA, Bogard DL. Normalization of serum triglycerides and lipoprotein electrophoretic pattern by exercise. Am J Cardiol. 1972 ; 30 (7). 775-780
158. Reiner Ž, Catapano AL, De Backer G, Graham I, Taskinen MR, Wiklund O, et al. ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: the Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS). Eur Heart J. 2011 ; 32 (14). 1769-1818
159. Chapman MJ, Ginsberg HN, Amarenco P, Andreotti F, Boren J, Catapano AL, et al. Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients at high risk of cardiovascular disease: evidence and guidance for management. Eur Heart J. 2011 ; 32 (11). 1345-1361
160. Holloszy JO, Skinner JS, Toro G, Cureton TK. Effects of a six month program of endurance exercise on serum lipids of middle-aged men. Am J Cardiol. 1964 ; 14: 753-760
161. Alterkruse EB, Wilmore JH. Changes in blood chemistries following a controlled exercise program. J Occ Med. 1973 ; 15 (2). 110-113
162. Gordon DJ, Witztum JL, Hunninghake D, Gates S, Glueck CJ. Habitual physical activity and high density lipoprotein cholesterol in men with primary hypercholesterolemia. Circulation. 1983 ; 3 (3). 512-520
163. Marti B, Suter E, Riesen WF, Tschopp A, Wanner HU, Gutzwiller F. Effects of long-term, self-monitored exercise on the serum lipoprotein and apolipoprotein profile in middle-aged men. Atherosclerosis. 1990 ; 81 (1). 19-31
164. Kennedy C, Sprekeman RE, Markin HT. One-year graduated exercise program for men with angina pectoris. Mayo Clinic Proc. 1976 ; 51 (4). 231-236
165. Hartung GH, Squires WG, Gotto AM. Effect of exercise training on plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in coronary disease patients. Am Heart J. 1981 ; 101 (2). 181-184
166. La Rosa JC, Cleary P, Muesing RA. Effect of long-term moderate physical exercise on plasma lipoprotein. The national exercise heart disease project. Arch Intern Med. 1982 ; 142 (13). 2269-2274
167. Kawano M, Shono N, Yoshimura T, Yamaguchi M, Hirano T, Hisatomi A. Improved cardio-respiratory fitness correlates with changes in the number and size of small dense LDL: randomized controlled trial with exercise training and dietary instruction. Intern Med. 2009 ; 48 (1). 25-32
168. Melish J, Bronstein D, Gross R. Effect of exercise training in type II hyperlipoproteinemia. Circulation. 1978 ; 57: 38-38
169. Sutherland WHF, Nye ER, Wodhouse SP. Red blood cell cholesterol levels, plasma cholesterol esterification rate and serum lipid and lipoproteins in men with hypercholesterolaemia and normal men during 16 weeks physical training. Atherosclerosis. 1983 ; 47 (2). 145-157
170. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL, et al. National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordination Committee. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension. 2003 ; 42 (6). 1206-1252
171. Mancia G, De Backer G, Dominiczak A, Cifkova R, Fagard R, Germano G, et al. 2007 Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension: the Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). J Hypertens. 2007 ; 25 (6). 1105-1187
172. Laurent S, Boutouyrie P. Arterial stiffness: a new surrogate end point for cardiovascular disease?. J Nephrol. 2007 ; 20 (Suppl 12). S45 - SS50
173. Fagard RH. Exercise characteristics and the BP response to dynamic physical training'. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001 ; 33 (Suppl 6). S484 - S492
174. Kelley GA, Kelley KA, Tran ZV. Aerobic exercise and resting BP: a meta-analytic review of randomized controlled trials. Prev Cardiol. 2001 ; 4 (2). 73-86
175. Kelley GA, Kelley KS. Aerobic exercise and resting BP in older adults: a meta-analytic review of randomized controlled trials. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001 ; 56 (5). M298 - M303
176. Whelton SP, Chin A, Xin X, He J. Effect of aerobic exercise on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ann Intern Med. 2002 ; 136 (7). 493-503
177. Cornelissen VA, Fagard RH. Effects of dynamic aerobic endurance training on blood pressure, blood pressure-regulating mechanisms and cardiovascular risk factors. Hypertension. 2005 ; 46 (4). 667-675
178. Hayashi K, Sugawara J, Komine H, Maeda S, Yokoi T. Effects of aerobic exercise training on the stiffness of central and peripheral arteries in middle-aged sedentary men. Jpn J Physiol. 2005 ; 55 (4). 235-239
179. Maeda S, Tanabe T, Otsuki T, Sugawara J, Ajisaka R, Matsuda M. Acute exercise increases systemic arterial compliance after 6-month exercise training in older women. Hypertens Res. 2008 ; 31 (2). 377-381
180. Ferrier KE, Waddell TK, Gatzaka CD, Cameron JD, Dart AM, Kingwell BA. Aerobic exercise training does not modify large-artery compliance in isolated systolic hypertension. Hypertension. 2001 ; 38 (2). 222-226
181. Westhoff TH, Franke N, Schmidt S, Vallbracht-Israng K, Meissner R, Yildirim H, et al. Too old to benefit from sports? The cardiovascular effects of exercise training in elderly subjects treated for isolated systolic hypertension. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2007 ; 30 (4). 240-247
182. Tully MA, Cupples ME, Hart ND, McEneny J, McGlade KJ, Chan WS, et al. Randomised controlled trial of home-based walking programmes at and below current recommended levels of exercise in sedentary adults. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2007 ; 61 (9). 778-783
183. Jennings G, Nelson L, Nestel P, Esler M, Korner P, Burton D, et al. The effects of changes in physical activity on major cardiovascular risk factors, hemodynamics, sympathetic function, and glucose utilization in man: a controlled study of four levels of activity. Circulation. 1986 ; 73 (1). 30-40
184. Nelson L, Esler MD, Jennings GL, Korner PI. Effect of changing levels of physical activity on blood pressure and haemodynamics in essential hypertension. Lancet. 1986 ; 2 (8505). 473-476
185. Pescatello LS, Kulikowich JM. The aftereffects of dynamic exercise on ambulatory blood pressure. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001 ; 33 (11). 1855-1861
186. Pescatello LS, Franklin BA, Fagard R, Farquhar WB, Kelley GA, Ray CA. Exercise and hypertension: position stand of the American College of Sports Medicine. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004 ; 36 (3). 533-553
187. Cornelissen VA, Arnout J, Holvoet P, Fagard RH. Influence of exercise at lower and higher intensity on blood pressure and cardiovascular risk factors at older age. J Hypertens. 2009 ; 27 (4). 753-753
188. Murphy MH, Blair SN, Murtagh EM. Accumulated versus continuous exercise for health benefit - a review of empirical studies. Sports Med. 2009 ; 39 (1). 29-43
189. MacDonald JR. Potential causes, mechanisms, and implications of post exercise hypotension. J Hum Hypertens. 2002 ; 16 (4). 225-236
190. Cornelissen VA, Fagard RH, Coeckelberghs E, Vanhees L. Impact of resistance training on blood pressure and other cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Hypertension. 2011 ; 58 (5). 950-958
191. Kelley GA, Kelley KS. Isometric handgrip exercise and resting blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Hypertens. 2010 ; 28 (3). 411-418
192. Wiles JD, Coleman DA, Swaine IL. The effects of performing isometric training at two exercise intensities in healthy young males. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2010 ; 108 (3). 419-428
193. Miyachi M, Kawano H, Sugawara J, Takahashi K, Hayashi K, Yamazaki K, et al. Unfavorable effects of resistance training on central arterial compliance: a randomized intervention study. Circulation. 2004 ; 110 (18). 2858-2863
194. Cortez-Cooper MY, Anton MM, DeVan AE, Neidre DB, Cook JN, Tanaka H. The effects of strength training on central arterial compliance in middle-aged and older adults. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2008 ; 15 (2). 149-155
195. Fjeldstad AS, Bemben MG, Bemben DA. Resistance training effects on arterial compliance in premenopausal women. Angiology. 2009 ; 60 (6). 750-756
196. Sharman JE, Stowasser M. Australian association for exercise and sports science position statement on exercise and hypertension. J Sci Med Sport. 2009 ; 12 (2). 252-257
197. Kasapis C, Thompson PD. The effects of physical activity on serum C-reactive protein and inflammatory markers: a systematic review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005 ; 45 (10). 1563-1569
198. Petersen AM, Pedersen BK. The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise. J Appl Physiol. 2005 ; 98 (4). 1154-1162
199. Wilson PW, D'Agostino RB, Levy D, Belanger AM, Silbershatz H, Kannel WB. Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factors categories. Circulation. 1998 ; 97 (18). 1837-1847
200. Weight LM, Alexander D, Jacobs P. Strenuous exercise: analogous to the acute-phase response?. Clin Sci. 1991 ; 81 (5). 677-683
201. Pedersen BK, Steensberg A, Fischer C, Keller C, Keller P, Plomgaard P, Febbraio M, et al. Searching for the exercise factor: is IL-6 a candidate. J Muscle Res Cell Motil. 2003 ; 24 (2-3). 113-119
202. Bruunsgaard H. Physical activity and modulation of systemic low-level inflammation. J Leukoc Biol. 2005 ; 78 (4). 819-835
203. Calle MC, Fernandez ML. Effects of resistance training on the inflammatory response. Nutr Res Pract. 2010 ; 4 (4). 259-269
204. Hirose L, Nosaka K, Newton M, Laveder A, Kano M, Peake J, et al. Changes in inflammatory mediators following eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors. Exerc Immunol Rev. 2004 ; 10: 75-90
205. Smith LL, Anwar A, Fragen M, Rananto C, Johnson R, Holbert D. Cytokines and cell adhesion molecules associated with high-intensity eccentric exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2000 ; 82 (1-2). 61-67
206. Hansen JB, Wilsgard L, Olsen JO, Osterud B. Formation and persistence of procoagulant and fibrinolytic activities in circulation after strenuous physical exercise. Thromb Haemost. 1990 ; 64 (3). 385-389
207. Van den Burg PJ, Hospers JE, Mosterd WL, Bouma BN, Huisveld IA. Aging, physical conditioning and exercise-induced changes in hemostatic factors and reaction products. J Appl Physiol. 2000 ; 88 (5). 1558-1564
208. El-Sayed MS, El-Sayed Ali Z, Ahmadizad S. Exercise and training effects on blood haemostasis in health and disease: an update. Sports Med. 2004 ; 34 (3). 181-200
209. Ribeiro J, Almeida-Dias A, Ascensão A, Magalhães J, Oliveira AR, Carlson J, et al. Hemostatic response to acute physical exercise in healthy adolescents. J Sci Med Sport. 2007 ; 10 (3). 164-169
210. Rankinen T, Vaisanen S, Penttila I, Rauramaa R. Acute dynamic exercise increases fibrinolytic activity. Thromb Haemost. 1995 ; 73 (2). 281-286
211. Geffken DF, Cushman M, Burke GL, Polak JF, Sakkinen PA, Tracy RP. Association between physical activity and markers of inflammation in a healthy elderly population. Am J Epidemiol. 2001 ; 153 (3). 242-250
212. King DE, Carek P, Mainous AG III, Pearson WS. Inflammatory markers and exercise: differences related to exercise type. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003 ; 35 (4). 575-581
213. Lakka TA, Lakka HM, Rankinen T, Leon AS, Rao DC, Skinner JS, et al. Effect of exercise training on plasma levels of C-reactive protein in healthy adults: the HERITAGE Family Study. Eur Heart J. 2005 ; 26 (19). 2018-2025
214. Kohut ML, McCann DA, Russell DW, Konopka DN, Cunnick JE, Franke WD, et al. Aerobic exercise, but not flexibility/resistance exercise, reduces serum IL-18, CRP, and IL-6 independent of beta-blockers, BMI, and psychosocial factors in older adults. Brain Behav Immun. 2006 ; 20 (3). 201-209
215. Thompson D, Markovitch D, Betts JA, Mazzatti D, Turner J, Tyrrell RM. Time course of changes in inflammatory markers during a 6-mo exercise intervention in sedentary middle-aged men: a randomized-controlled trial. J Appl Physiol. 2010 ; 108 (4). 769-779
216. Wannamethee SG, Lowe GD, Whincup PH, Rumley A, Walker M, Lennon L. Physical activity and hemostatic and inflammatory variables in elderly men. Circulation. 2002 ; 105 (15). 1785-1790
217. Hammett CJ, Prapavessis H, Baldi JC, Varo N, Schoenbeck U, Ameratunga R, et al. Effects of exercise training on 5 inflammatory markers associated cardiovascular risk. Am Heart J. 2006 ; 151 (2). 367.e7-367.e16
218. Izquierdo M, Ibañez J, Calbet JAL, Navarro-Amezqueta I, González-Izal M, Idoate F, et al. Cytokine and hormone responses to resistance training. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2009 ; 107 (4). 397-409
219. Stewart LK, Flynn MG, Campbell WW, Craig BA, Robinson JP, Timmerman KL, et al. The influence of exercise training on inflammatory cytokines and C-reactive protein. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007 ; 39 (10). 1714-1719
220. Eliasson M, Asplund K, Evrin PE. Regular leisure time physical activity predicts high activity of tissue plasminogen activator: the Northern Sweden MONICA Study. Int J Epidemiol. 1996 ; 25 (6). 1182-1188
221. Ogawa K, Sanada K, Machida S, Okutsu M, Suzuki K. Resistance exercise training-induced muscle hypertrophy was associated with reduction of inflammatory markers in elderly women. Mediators Inflamm. 2010 ;:
222. Albert MA, Glynn RJ, Ridker PM. Effect of physical activity on serum C-reactive protein. Am J Cardiol. 2004 ; 93 (2). 221-225
223. Majka DS, Chang RW, Vu TH, Palmas W, Geffken DF, Ouyang P, et al. Physical activity and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Am J Prev Med. 2009 ; 36 (1). 56-62
224. Bertoni AG, Whitt-Glover MC, Chung H, Le KY, Barr RG, Mahesh M, et al. The association between physical activity and subclinical atherosclerosis: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Am J Epidemiol. 2009 ; 169 (4). 444-454
225. Moser DK. The rust of life: impact of anxiety on cardiac patients. Am J Crit Care. 2007 ; 16 (4). 361-369
226. Todaro JF, Shen BJ, Raffa SD, Tilkemeier PL, Niaura R. Prevalence of anxiety disorders in men and women with established coronary heart disease. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2007 ; 27 (2). 86-91
227. Hemingway H, Marmot M. Evidence based cardiology: psychosocial factors in the aetiology and prognosis of coronary heart disease. Systematic review of prospective cohort studies. BMJ. 1999 ; 318 (7196). 1460-1467
228. Kuper H, Marmot M, Hemingway H. Systematic review of prospective cohort studies of psychosocial factors in the etiology and prognosis of coronary heart disease. Semin Vasc Med. 2002 ; 2 (3). 267-314
229. Risk estimation and the prevention of cardiovascular disease. A national clinical guideline. Edinburgh: SIGN ; 2007 :
230. Shen BJ, Avivi YE, Todaro JF, Spiro A III, Laurenceau JP, Ward KD, et al. Anxiety characteristics independently and prospectively predict myocardial infarction in men the unique contribution of anxiety among psychologic factors. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008 ; 51 (2). 113-119
231. Kent LK, Shapiro PA. Depression and related psychological factors in heart disease. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2009 ; 17 (6). 377-388
232. Petruzzello SJ, Landers DM, Hatfield BD, Kubitz KA, Salazar W. A meta-analysis on the anxiety-reducing effects of acute and chronic exercise. Outcomes and mechanisms. Sports Med. 1991 ; 11 (3). 143-182
233. Kugler J, Seelbach H, Kruskemper GM. Effects of rehabilitation exercise programmes on anxiety and depression in coronary patients: a meta-analysis. Br J Clin Psychol. 1994 ; 33 (Pt3). 401-410
234. Herring MP, O'Connor PJ, Dishman RK. The effect of exercise training on anxiety symptoms among patients: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med. 2010 ; 170 (4). 321-331
235. Rejeski WJ, Thompson A, Brubaker PH, Miller HS. Acute exercise: buffering psychosocial stress responses in women. Health Psychol. 1992 ; 11 (6). 355-362
236. Strohle A, Feller C, Onken M, Godemann F, Heinz A, Dimeo F. The acute antipanic activity of aerobic exercise. Am J Psychiatry. 2005 ; 162 (12). 2376-2378
237. Barbour KA, Edenfield TM, Blumenthal JA. Exercise as a treatment for depression and other psychiatric disorders: a review. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2007 ; 27 (6). 359-367
238. Petruzzello SJ, Snook EM, Gliottoni RC, Motl RW. Anxiety and mood changes associated with acute cycling in persons with multiple sclerosis. Anxiety Stress Coping. 2009 ; 22 (3). 297-307
239. Strohle A, Graetz B, Scheel M, Wittmann A, Feller C, Heinz A, et al. The acute antipanic and anxiolytic activity of aerobic exercise in patients with panic disorder and healthy control subjects. J Psychiatr Res. 2009 ; 43 (12). 1013-1017
240. Broman-Fulks JJ, Berman ME, Rabian BA, Webster MJ. Effects of aerobic exercise on anxiety sensitivity. Behav Res Ther. 2004 ; 42 (2). 125-136
241. Katula JA, Blissmer BJ, McAuley E. Exercise intensity and self-efficacy effects on anxiety reduction in healthy, older adults. J Behav Med. 1999 ; 22 (3). 233-247
242. Thombs BD, Bass EB, Ford DE, Stewart KJ, Tsilidis KK, Patel U, et al. Prevalence of depression in survivors of acute myocardial infarction. J Gen Intern Med. 2006 ; 21 (1). 30-38
243. Barth J, Schumacher M, Herrmann-Lingen C. Depression as a risk factor for mortality in patients with coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis. Psychosom Med. 2004 ; 66 (6). 802-813
244. Van Melle JP, de Jonge P, Spijkerman TA, Tijssen JG, Ormel J, van Veldhuisen DJ, et al. Prognostic association of depression following myocardial infarction with mortality and cardiovascular events: a meta-analysis. Psychosom Med. 2004 ; 66 (6). 814-822
245. Nicholson A, Kuper H, Hemingway H. Depression as an aetiologic and prognostic factor in coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis of 6362 events among 146 538 participants in 54 observational studies. Eur Heart J. 2006 ; 27 (23). 2763-2774
246. Glassman AH, O'Connor CM, Califf RM, Swedberg K, Schwartz P, Bigger JT, et al. Sertraline treatment of major depression in patients with acute MI or unstable angina. JAMA. 2002 ; 288 (6). 701-709
247. Berkman LF, Blumenthal J, Burg M, Carney RM, Catellier D, Cowan MJ, et al. Effects of treating depression and low perceived social support on clinical events after myocardial infarction: the Enhancing Recovery in Coronary Heart Disease Patients (ENRICHD) Randomized Trial. JAMA. 2003 ; 289 (23). 3106-3116
248. Teychenne M, Ball K, Salmon J. Physical activity and likelihood of depression in adults: a review. Prev Med. 2008 ; 46 (5). 397-411
249. Roshanaei-Moghaddam B, Katon WJ, Russo J. The longitudinal effects of depression on physical activity. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2009 ; 31 (4). 306-315
250. Davidson JR. Major depressive disorder treatment guidelines in America and Europe. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010 ; 71 (Suppl E1). e04 - e04
251. Mead GE, Morley W, Campbell P, Greig CA, McMurdo M, Lawlor DA. Exercise for depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 ; (3). CD004366 - CD004366
252. Strohle A. Physical activity, exercise, depression and anxiety disorders. J Neural Transm. 2009 ; 116 (6). 777-784
253. Byrne A, Byrne DG. The effect of exercise on depression, anxiety and other mood states: a review. J Psychosom Res. 1993 ; 37 (6). 565-574
254. Barbour KA, Blumenthal JA. Exercise training and depression in older adults. Neurobiol Aging. 2005 ; 26 (Suppl 1). 119-123
255. Daley A. Exercise and depression: a review of reviews. J Clin Psychol Med Settings. 2008 ; 15 (2). 140-147
256. Blake H, Mo P, Malik S, Thomas S. How effective are physical activity interventions for alleviating depressive symptoms in older people? A systematic review. Clin Rehabil. 2009 ; 23 (10). 873-887
257. Milani RV, Lavie CJ, Cassidy MM. Effects of cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training programs on depression in patients after major coronary events. Am Heart J. 1996 ; 132 (4). 726-732
258. Blumenthal JA, Sherwood A, Babyak MA, Watkins LL, Waugh R, Georgiades A, et al. Effects of exercise and stress management training on markers of cardiovascular risk in patients with ischemic heart disease: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2005 ; 293: 1626-1634
259. Blumenthal JA. Depression and coronary heart disease: association and implications for treatment. Cleve Clin J Med. 2008 ; 75 (Suppl 2). S48 - S53
260. Coventry PA, Hind D. Comprehensive pulmonary rehabilitation for anxiety and depression in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychosom Res. 2007 ; 63 (5). 551-565
261. Angevaren M, Aufdemkampe G, Verhaar HJ, Aleman A, Vanhees L. Physical activity and enhanced fitness to improve cognitive function in older people without known cognitive impairment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 ; (2). CD005381 - CD005381
262. Deslandes A, Moraes H, Ferreira C, Veiga H, Silveira H, Mouta R, et al. Exercise and mental health: many reasons to move. Neuropsychobiology. 2009 ; 59 (4). 191-198
263. Singh NA, Stavrinos TM, Scarbek Y, Galambos G, Liber C, Fiatarone Singh MA. A randomized controlled trial of high versus low intensity weight training versus general practitioner care for clinical depression in older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2005 ; 60 (6). 768-776
264. Graham I, Atar D, Borch-Johnsen K, Boysen G, Burell G, Cifkova R, et al. European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: executive summary. Fourth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and other Socities. Eur Heart J. 2007 ; 28 (19). 2375-2414
265. Aittasalo M. Physical activity counselling in primary health care. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2008 ; 18 (3). 261-262
266. Cherry DK, Woodwell DA, Rechtsteiner EA. National ambulatory medical care survey: 2005 summary. Adv Data. 2007 ; (387). 1-39
267. Lobelo F, Duperly J, Frank E. Physical activity habits of doctors and medical students influence their counselling practices. Br J Sports Med. 2009 ; 43 (2). 89-92
268. Pate RR, Pratt M, Blair SN, Haskell WL, Macera CA, Bouchard C, et al. Physical activity and public health. A recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine. JAMA. 1995 ; 273 (5). 402-407
269. Global strategy on diet, physical activity and health. Geneva: WHO ; 2004 :
270. Jacobson DM, Strohecker L, Compton MT, Katz DL. Physical activity counseling in the adult primary care setting: position statement of the American College of Preventive Medicine. Am J Prev Med. 2005 ; 29 (2). 158-162
271. Methods of promoting physical activity: A systematic review. Stockholm: SBU ; 2007 :
272. Cooper A, O'Flynn N. Risk assessment and lipid modification for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: summary of NICE guidance. BMJ. 2008 ; 336 (7655). 1246-1248
273. Chakravarthy MV, Joyner MJ, Brooth PW. An obligation for primary care physicians to prescribe physical activity to sedentary patients to reduce the risk of chronic health conditions. Mayo Clin Proc. 2002 ; 77 (2). 165-173
274. Glasgow RE, Lichtenstein E, Marcus AC. Why don't we see more translation of health promotion research to practice? Rethinking the efficacy-to- effectiveness transition. Am J Public Health. 2003 ; 93 (8). 1261-1267
275. Glasgow RE, Emmons KM. How can we increase translation of research into practice? Types of evidence needed. Ann Rev Public Health. 2007 ; 28: 413-433
276. Glasgow RE, Eakin EG, Fisher EB, Bacak SJ, Brownson RC. Physician advice and support for physical activity: results from a national survey. Am J Prev Med. 2001 ; 21 (3). 189-196
277. Brotons C, Bjorkelund C, Bulc M, Ciurana R, Godycki-Cwirko M, Jurgova E, et al. Prevention and health promotion in clinical practice: the views of general practitioners in Europe. Prev Med. 2005 ; 40 (5). 595-601
278. Van der Ploeg HP, Smith BJ, Stubbs T, Vita P, Holford R, Bauman AE. Physical activity promotion-are GPs getting the message?. Aust Fam Physician. 2007 ; 36 (10). 871-874
279. Walsh JME, Swangard DM, Davis T, McPhee SJ. Exercise counseling by primary care physicians in the era of managed care. Am J Prev Med. 1999 ; 16 (4). 307-313
280. Anis NA, Lee RE, Ellerbeck EF, Nazir N, Greiner KA, Ahluwalia JS. Direct observation of physician counseling on dietary habits and exercise: patient, physician, and office correlates. Prev Med. 2004 ; 38 (2). 198-202
281. Wee CC, McCarthy EP, Davis RB, Philips RS. Physician counseling about exercise. JAMA. 1999 ; 282 (16). 1583-1588
282. Eaton CB, Menard LM. Asystematic review of physical activity promotion in primary care settings. Br J Sports Med. 1998 ; 32 (1). 11-16
283. Eakin EG, Glasgow RE, Riley KM. Review of primary-care based physical activity intervention studies. J Fam Pract. 2000 ; 49 (2). 158-168
284. Lawlor DA, Hanratty B. The effect of physical activity advice given in routine primary care consultations: a systematic review. J Public Health Med. 2001 ; 23 (3). 219-226
285. National guidelines for lifestyle-methods for disease prevention. Stockholm: Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare ; 2010 :
286. Hillsdon M, Foster C, Thorogood M. Interventions for promoting physical activity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005 ; (1). CD003180 - CD003180
287. Williams NH. 'The wise, for cure, on exercise depend': physical activity interventions in primary care in Wales. Br J Sports Med. 2009 ; 43 (2). 106-108
288. Smith BJ. Promotion of physical activity in primary health care: update of the evidence on interventions. J Sci Med Sport. 2004 ; 7 (Suppl 1). 67-73
289. Smitherman TA, Kendzor DE, Grothe KB, Dubbert PM. State of the art review: promoting physical activity in primary care settings: a review of cognitive and behavioral strategies. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2007 ; 1 (5). 397-409
290. Spencer L, Adams TB, Malone S, Roy L, Yost E. Applying the transtheoretical model to exercise: a systematic and comprehensive review of the literature. Health Promot Pract. 2006 ; 7 (4). 428-443
291. Preventive Services Task Force US. Behavioural counseling in primary care to promote physical activity: recommendations and rationale. Ann Intern Med. 2002 ; 137 (3). 205-207
292. Elley CR, Kerse N, Arroll B, Robinson E. Effectiveness of counselling patients on physical activity in general practice: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2003 ; 326 (7393). 793-793
293. Morgan O. Approaches to increase physical activity: reviewing the evidence for exercise-referral schemes. Public Health. 2005 ; 119 (5). 361-370
294. Sorensen JB, Skovgaard T, Puggaard L. Exercise on prescription in general practice: a systematic review. Scand J Prim Health Care. 2006 ; 24 (2). 69-74
295. Kallings LV, Leijon M, Hellénius ML, Stahle A. Physical activity on prescription in primary health care: a follow-up of physical activity level and quality of life. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2008 ; 18 (2). 154-161
296. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Public Health Collaborating Centre for Physical Activity. A rapid review of the effectiveness of exercise referral schemes to promote physical activity in adults. London: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence; 2006.
297. Kahn EB, Ramsey LT, Brownson RC, Heath GW, Howze EH, Powell KE, et al. The effectiveness of interventions to increase physical activity. A systematic review. Am J Prev Med. 2002 ; 22 (Suppl 4). 73-107
298. Sorensen JB, Kragstrup J, Kjaer K, Puggaard L. Exercise on prescription: trial protocol and evaluation of outcomes. BMC Health Serv Res. 2007 ; 7: 36-36
299. Dugdill L, Graham RC, McNair F. Exercise referral: the public health panacea for physical activity promotion?. Ergonomics. 2005 ; 48 (11-14). 1390-1410
300. Williams NH, Hendry M, France B, Lewis R, Wilkinson C. Effectiveness of exercise-referral schemes to promote physical activity in adults: a systematic review. Br J Gen Pract. 2007 ; 57 (545). 979-986
301. Kallings LV, Leijon ME, Kowalski J, Hellénius ML, Stahle A. Self-reported adherence: a method for evaluating prescribed physical activity in primary health care patients. J Phys Act Health. 2009 ; 6 (4). 483-492
302. Leijon ME, Bendtsen P, Nilsen P, Festin K, Stahle A. Does a physical activity referral scheme improve the physical activity among routine primary health care patients?. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2009 ; 19 (5). 627-636
303. Grandes G, Sanchez A, Sanchez-Pinilla RO, Torcal J, Montoya I, Lizzaraga K, et al. Effectiveness of physical activity advice and prescription by physicians in routine primary care: a cluster randomized trial. Arch Intern Med. 2009 ; 169 (7). 694-701
304. Kallings LV, Sierra-Johnson J, Fischer RM, Faire U, Stahle A, Hemmingsson E, et al. Beneficial effects of individualized physical activity on prescription on body composition and cardiometabolic risk factors: results from a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2009 ; 16 (1). 80-84
305. Reiner Z, Sonicki Z, Tedeschi-Reiner E. Public perceptions of cardiovascular risk factors in Croatia: the PERCRO survey. Prev Med. 2010 ; 51 (6). 494-496
306. Riegel B, Carlson B. Facilitators and barriers to heart failure self-care. Pat Educat Counsel. 2002 ; 46 (4). 287-295
307. Burack RC. Barriers to clinical preventive medicine. Primary Care. 1989 ; 16: 245-250
308. McKenna J, Naylor PJ, McDowell N. Barriers to physical activity promotion by general practitioners and practice nurses. Br J Sports Med. 1998 ; 32 (3). 242-247
309. Douglas F, Torrance N, vanTeijlingen E, Meloni S, Kerr A. Primary staff's views and experiences related to routinely advising patients about physical activity. A questionnaire survey. BMC Public Health. 2006 ; 6: 138-138
310. Abramson S, Stein J, Schaufele M, Frates E, Rogan S. Personal exercise habits and counseling practices of primary care physicians: a national survey. Clin J Sport Med. 2000 ; 10 (1). 40-48
311. Frank E, Tong E, Lobelo F, Carrera J, Duperly J. Physical activity levels and counseling practices of U.S. medical students. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008 ; 40 (3). 413-421
312. Siscovick D, Weiss NS, Fletcher RH, Lasky T. The incidence of primary cardiac arrest during vigorous exercise. N Engl J Med. 1984 ; 311 (14). 874-877
313. Albert CM, Mittleman MA, Chae CU, Lee IM, Hennekens CH, Manson JE. Trigering of sudden death from cardiac causes by vigorous exertion. N Engl J Med. 2000 ; 343 (19). 1355-1361
314. Thompson PD. The cardiovascular complications of vigorous physical activity. Arch Intern Med. 1996 ; 156 (20). 2297-2302
315. Börjesson M, Urhausen A, Kouidi E, Dugmore D, Sharma S, Halle M, et al. Cardiovascular evaluation of adult/senior individuals engaged in leisure-time sport activities: position stand from the sections of Exercise Physiology and Sports Cardiology of the EACPR. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2010 ; 18 (3). 446-458
316. Corrado D, Basso C, Rizzoli G, Schiavon M, Thiene G. Does sports activity enhance the risk of sudden death in adolescents and young adults?. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003 ; 42 (11). 1959-1963
317. Borjesson M, Pelliccia A. Incidence and aetiology of sudden cardiac death in young athletes: an international perspective. Br J Sports Med. 2009 ; 43 (9). 644-648
318. Maron BJ. Sudden death in young athletes. N Engl J Med. 2003 ; 349 (11). 1064-1075
319. Burke AP, Farb A, Virmani R, Goodin J, Smialek JE. Sports-related and non-sports-related sudden cardiac death in young adults. Am Heart J. 1991 ; 121 (2 pt 1). 568-575
320. Maron BJ, Doerer JJ, Haas TS, Tierney DM, Mueller FO. Profile and frequency of sudden death in 1463 young competitive athletes: from a 25 year US national registry: 1980-2005. Circulation. 2006 ; 114 (Suppl II). 830-830
321. Corrado D, Pelliccia A, Bjornstad HH, Vanhees L, Biffi A, Borjesson M, et al. Cardiovascular pre-participation screening of ypung competitive athletes for prevention of sudden death: proposal for a common European protocol. Eur Heart J. 2005 ; 26 (5). 516-524
322. Corrado D, Basso C, Pavei A, Michieli P, Schiavon M, Thiene G. Trends in sudden cardiovascular death in young competitive athletes after implementation of a preparticipation screening programme. JAMA. 2006 ; 296 (13). 1593-1601
323. Corrado D, Basso C, Schiavon M, Pelliccia A, Thiene G. Pre-participation screening of young competitive athletes for prevention of sudden cardiac death. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008 ; 52 (24). 1981-1989
324. Mittleman MA, Maclure M, Tofler GH, Sherwood JB, Goldberg RJ, Muller JE. Triggering of acute myocardial infarction by heavy physical exertion. Protection against triggering by regular exercise. N Engl J Med. 1993 ; 329 (23). 1677-1683
325. Willich SN, Maclure M, Mittleman M, Arntz H-R, Muller JE. Sudden cardiac death: suport for a role of triggering in causation. Circulation. 1993 ; 87 (5). 1442-1450
326. Maron BJ. The paradox of exercise. N Engl J Med. 2000 ; 343 (19). 1409-1411
327. Taylor R, Brown A, Ebrahim S, Jolliffe J, Noorani H, Rees K, et al. Exercise-based rehabilitation for patients with coronary heart disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Am J Med. 2004 ; 116 (10). 682-692
328. Kodama S, Kazumi S, Tanaka S, Maki M, Yachi Y, Asumi M, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness as quantitative predictor of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events in healthy men and women. A meta-analysis. JAMA. 2009 ; 301 (19). 2024-2035
329. Saltin B Ischaemic heart disease: The strategy of postponement. Hansen AT Schnor P Rose G, ed. Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers ; 1977: 104-115.
330. Borjesson M, Assanelli D, Carré F, Dugmore D, Panhuyzen-Goedkoop NM, Seiler C, et al. ESC Study Group of Sports Cardiology: recommendations for participation in leisure-time physical activity and competitive sports for patients with ischemic heart disease. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2006 ; 13 (2). 137-149
331. Drezner JA. Contemporary approaches to the identification of athletes at risk of sudden cardiac death. Curr Opin Cardiolol. 2008 ; 23 (5). 494-501
332. Exercise and acute cardiovascular events. Placing the risk into perspective. AHA Scientific statement. Circulation. 2007 ; 115 (17). 2358-2368
333. Hallstrom A, Ornato JP. Public-access defibrillation and survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 2004 ; 351 (7). 637-646
334. Becker L, Eisenberg M, Fahrenbruch C, Cobb L. Public locations of cardiac arrest: implications for public access defibrillation. Circulation. 1998 ; 97 (21). 2106-2109
335. American College of Sports Medicine; American Heart Association joint position statement: automated external defibrillators in health/fitness facilities. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002 ; 34 (3). 561-564
336. Börjesson M, Serratosa L, Carré F, Corrado D, Drezner J, Dugmore DL, et al. Consensus document regarding cardiovascular safety at sports arenas. Eur Heart J. 2011 ; 32 (17). 2119-2124