Methodological approach to the first and second lactate threshold in incremental cardiopulmonary exercise testing

European Journal of Preventive Cardiology

Volumn 15, Issue 6, 2008, Pages 726-734

  Binder, Ronald K ^a   Wonisch, Manfred ^b   Corra, Ugo ^c   Cohen Solal, Alain ^d   Vanhees, Luc ^e   Saner, Hugo ^a   Schmid, Jean Paul ^a  

^a BERN UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Switzerland)

^b Center for Cardiac Rehabilitation   (Austria)

^c IRCCS   (Italy)

^d HÔPITAL LARIBOISIÈRE   (France)

^e UNIVERSITY OF LEUVEN   (Belgium)

Author keywords

anaerobic threshold; blood lactate; exercise training; isocapnic buffering period; respiratory compensation point

Indexed keywords

LACTIC ACID; BIOLOGICAL MARKER;

ANAEROBIC THRESHOLD; CARDIOPULMONARY EXERCISE TEST; ENERGY RESOURCE; EXERCISE; HEART RATE; HUMAN; LACTATE BLOOD LEVEL; LUNG GAS EXCHANGE; MEDICAL LITERATURE; METHODOLOGY; OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; PHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; WORKLOAD; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; BLOOD; ENERGY METABOLISM; EXERCISE TEST; LUNG VENTILATION; NOMENCLATURE; PREDICTION AND FORECASTING; STANDARD;

ANAEROBIC THRESHOLD; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; ENERGY METABOLISM; EXERCISE; EXERCISE TEST; HEART RATE; HUMANS; LACTIC ACID; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE; PULMONARY VENTILATION; TERMINOLOGY AS TOPIC;

EID: 64749099780     PISSN: 20474873     EISSN: 20474881     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/HJR.0b013e328304fed4     Document Type: Review

References (61)

1. Vanhees L, Fagard R, Thijs L, Staessen J, Amery A. Prognostic significance of peak exercise capacity in patients with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994; 23: 358–363.
2. Myers J, Prakash M, Froelicher V, Do D, Partington S, Atwood JE. Exercise capacity and mortality among men referred for exercise testing. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 793–801.
3. Pokan R, Hofmann P, Von Duvillard SP, Beaufort F, Schumacher M, Fruhwald FM, et al Left ventricular function in response to the transition from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1997; 29: 1040–1047.
4. Taylor RS, Brown A, Ebrahim S, Jolliffe J, Noorani H, Rees K, et al Exercise-based rehabilitation for patients with coronary heart disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Med 2004; 116: 682–692.
5. Vanhees L, Stevens A. Exercise intensity: a matter of measuring or of talking? J Cardiopulm Rehabil 2006; 26: 78–79.
6. Brooks GA. Anaerobic threshold: review of the concept and directions for future research. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1985; 17: 22–34.
7. McLellan TM. Ventilatory and plasma lactate response with different exercise protocols: a comparison of methods. Int J Sports Med 1985; 6: 30–35.
8. Yeh MP, Gardner RM, Adams TD, Yanowitz FG, Crapo RO. ‘Anaerobic threshold’: problems of determination and validation. J Appl Physiol 1983; 55: 1178–1186.
9. Skinner JS, McLellan TH. The transition from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism. Res Q Exerc Sport 1980; 51: 234–248.
10. Dennis SC, Noakes TD, Bosch AN. Ventilation and blood lactate increase exponentially during incremental exercise. J Sports Sci 1992; 10: 437–449.
11. Morton RH, Fukuba Y, Banister EW, Walsh ML, Kenny CT, Cameron BJ. Statistical evidence consistent with two lactate turnpoints during ramp exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1994; 69: 445–449.
12. Davis JA, Caiozzo VJ, Lamarra N, Ellis JF, Vandagriff R, Prietto CA, et al Does the gas exchange anaerobic threshold occur at a fixed blood lactate concentration of 2 or 4 mM? Int J Sports Med 1983; 4: 89–93.
13. Simonton CA, Higginbotham MB, Cobb FR. The ventilatory threshold: quantitative analysis of reproducibility and relation to arterial lactate concentration in normal subjects and in patients with chronic congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 1988; 62: 100–107.
14. Hollmann W. The relationship between pH, lactic acid, potassium in the arterial and venous blood, the ventilation, PoW and puls frequency during increasing spirometric work in endurance trained and untrained persons. 3 Pan-American Congress for Sports Medicine 1959; November 29: Chicago.
15. Mader A, Liesen H, Heck H, Philippi H, Rost R. Zur Beurteilung der sportartspezifischen Ausdauerleistungsfähigkeit im Labor. Dtsch Z Sportmed 1976; 27: 80–112.
16. Wasserman K, Mcllroy MB. Detecting the threshold of anaerobic metabolism in cardiac patients during exercise. Am J Cardiol 1964; 14: 844–852.
17. Wasserman K, Whipp BJ, Koyl SN, Beaver WL. Anaerobic threshold and respiratory gas exchange during exercise. J Appl Physiol 1973; 35: 236–243.
18. Reinhard U, Muller PH, Schmulling RM. Determination of anaerobic threshold by the ventilation equivalent in normal individuals. Respiration 1979; 38: 36–42.
19. Yoshida T, Chida M, Ichioka M, Suda Y. Blood lactate parameters related to aerobic capacity and endurance performance. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1987; 56: 7–11.
20. Pendergast D, Cerretelli P, Rennie DW. Aerobic and glycolytic metabolism in arm exercise. J Appl Physiol 1979; 47: 754–760.
21. Kindermann W, Simon G, Keul J. The significance of the aerobic-anaerobic transition for the determination of work load intensities during endurance training. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1979; 42: 25–34.
22. Sjödin B, Jacobs I. Onset of blood lactate accumulation and marathon running performance. Int J Sports Med 1981; 2: 23–26.
23. Orr GW, Green HJ, Hughson RL, Bennett GW. A computer linear regression model to determine ventilatory anaerobic threshold. J Appl Physiol 1982; 52: 1349–1352.
24. Beaver WL, Wasserman K, Whipp BJ. A new method for detecting anaerobic threshold by gas exchange. J Appl Physiol 1986; 60: 2020–2027.
25. Wasserman K, Whipp BJ, Davis JA. Respiratory physiology of exercise: metabolism, gas exchange, and ventilatory control. Int Rev Physiol 1981; 23: 149–211.
26. Reybrouck T, Ghesquiere J, Cattaert A, Fagard R, Amery A. Ventilatory thresholds during short-term and long-term exercise. J Appl Physiol 1983; 55: 1694–1700.
27. Stegmann H, Kindermann W, Schnabel A. Lactate kinetics and individual anaerobic threshold. Int J Sports Med 1981; 2: 160–165.
28. Conconi F, Ferrari M, Ziglio PG, Droghetti P, Codeca L. Determination of the anaerobic threshold by a noninvasive field test in runners. J Appl Physiol 1982; 52: 869–873.
29. Heck H, Mader A, Hess G, Mucke S, Muller R, Hollmann W. Justification of the 4-mmol/l lactate threshold. Int J Sports Med 1985; 6: 117–130.
30. Yoshida T, Udo M, Chida M, Makiguchi K, Ichioka M, Muraoka I. Arterial blood gases, acid-base balance, and lactate and gas exchange variables during hypoxic exercise. Int J Sports Med 1989; 10: 279–285.
31. Hofmann P, Pokan R, von Duvillard SP, Seibert FJ, Zweiker R, Schmid P. Heart rate performance curve during incremental cycle ergometer exercise in healthy young male subjects. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1997; 29: 762–768.
32. Ahmaidi S, Hardy JM, Varray A, Collomp K, Mercier J, Prefaut C. Respiratory gas exchange indices used to detect the blood lactate accumulation threshold during an incremental exercise test in young athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1993; 66: 31–36.
33. Zoladz JA, Szkutnik Z, Majerczak J, Duda K. Detection of the change point in oxygen uptake during an incremental exercise test using recursive residuals: relationship to the plasma lactate accumulation and blood acid-base balance. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1998; 78: 369–377.
34. Hofmann P, Bunc V, Leitner H, Pokan R, Gaisl G. Heart rate threshold related to lactate turn point and steady-state exercise on a cycle ergometer. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1994; 69: 132–139.
35. Meyer T, Lucia A, Earnest CP, Kindermann W. A conceptual framework for performance diagnosis and training prescription from submaximal gas exchange parameters-theory and application Int J Sports Med 2005; 26 (Suppl 1):S38–S48.
36. Pokan R, Hofmann P, von Duvillard SP, Beaufort F, Smekal G, Gasser R, et al The heart rate performance curve and left ventricular function during exercise in patients after myocardial infarction. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998; 30: 1475–1480.
37. Brooks GA. Intra- and extra-cellular lactate shuttles. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000; 32: 790–799.
38. Aunola S, Rusko H. Does anaerobic threshold correlate with maximal lactate steady-state? J Sports Sci 1992; 10: 309–323.
39. Wonisch M, Hofmann P, Fruhwald FM, Hoedl R, Schwaberger G, Pokan R, et al Effect of beta(1)-selective adrenergic blockade on maximal blood lactate steady state in healthy men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2002; 87: 66–71.
40. Hill AV, Long CNH, Lupton H. Muscular exercise, lactic acid and the supply and utilization of oxygen. Proc Roy Sot Lond 1924; Ser B 96: 438–475.
41. Stanley WC, Gertz EW, Wisneski JA, Morris DL, Neese RA, Brooks GA. Systemic lactate kinetics during graded exercise in man. Am J Physiol 1985; 249: E595–E602.
42. Davis JA, Vodak P, Wilmore JH, Vodak J, Kurtz P. Anaerobic threshold and maximal aerobic power for three modes of exercise. J Appl Physiol 1976; 41: 544–550.
43. Beaver WL, Wasserman K, Whipp BJ. Improved detection of lactate threshold during exercise using a log-log transformation. J Appl Physiol 1985; 59: 1936–1940.
44. McLellan TM. The anaerobic threshold: concept and controversy. Austral J Sci Med 1987; 19: 3–8.
45. Dickstein K, Barvik S, Aarsland T, Snapinn S, Karlsson J. A comparison of methodologies in detection of the anaerobic threshold. Circulation 1990; 81: 1138–1146.
46. Caiozzo VJ, Davis JA, Ellis JF, Azus JL, Vandagriff R, Prietto CA, et al A comparison of gas exchange indices used to detect the anaerobic threshold. J Appl Physiol 1982; 53: 1184–1189.
47. Sue DY, Wasserman K, Moricca RB, Casaburi R. Metabolic acidosis during exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Use of the V-slope method for anaerobic threshold determination. Chest 1988; 94: 931–938.
48. Whipp BJ, Wasserman K. Oxygen uptake kinetics for various intensities of constant-load work. J Appl Physiol 1972; 33: 351–356.
49. Zoladz JA, Korzeniewski B. Physiological background of the change point in VO2 and the slow component of oxygen uptake kinetics. J Physiol Pharmacol 2001; 52: 167–184.
50. Ribeiro JP, Fielding RA, Hughes V, Black A, Bochese MA, Knuttgen HG. Heart rate break point may coincide with the anaerobic and not the aerobic threshold. Int J Sports Med 1985; 6: 220–224.
51. Andrews R, Walsh JT, Evans A, Curtis S, Cowley AJ. Abnormalities of skeletal muscle metabolism in patients with chronic heart failure: evidence that they are present at rest. Heart 1997; 77: 159–163.
52. Patessio A, Casaburi R, Carone M, Appendini L, Donner CF, Wasserman K. Comparison of gas exchange, lactate, and lactic acidosis thresholds in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 148: 622–626.
53. Weber KT, Kinasewitz GT, Janicki JS, Fishman AP. Oxygen utilization and ventilation during exercise in patients with chronic cardiac failure. Circulation 1982; 65: 1213–1223.
54. Tumminello G, Guazzi M, Lancellotti P, Pierard LA. Exercise ventilation inefficiency in heart failure: pathophysiological and clinical significance. Eur Heart J 2007; 28: 673–678.
55. Midorikawa J, Hida W, Taguchi O, Okabe S, Kurosawa H, Mizusawa A, et al Lack of ventilatory threshold in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiration 1997; 64: 76–80.
56. Haller RG, Lewis SF, Estabrook RW, DiMauro S, Servidei S, Foster DW. Exercise intolerance, lactic acidosis, and abnormal cardiopulmonary regulation in exercise associated with adult skeletal muscle cytochrome c oxidase deficiency. J Clin Invest 1989; 84: 155–161.
57. Lindholm H, Lofberg M, Somer H, Naveri H, Sovijarvi A. Abnormal blood lactate accumulation after exercise in patients with multiple mitochondrial DNA deletions and minor muscular symptoms. Clin Physiol Fund Imaging 2004; 24: 109–115.
58. Hagberg JM, Coyle EF, Carroll JE, Miller JM, Martin WH, Brooke MH. Exercise hyperventilation in patients with McArdle's disease. J Appl Physiol 1982; 52: 991–994.
59. Beck W, Barnard CN, Schrire V. Heart rate after cardiac transplantation. Circulation 1969; 40: 437–445.
60. Marconi C, Marzorati M. Exercise after heart transplantation. Eur J Appl Physiol 2003; 90: 250–259.
61. Brubaker PH, Berry MJ, Brozena SC, Morley DL, Walter JD, Paolone AM, et al Relationship of lactate and ventilatory thresholds in cardiac transplant patients. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1993; 25: 191–196.