The involvement of limbic structures in typical and atypical absence epilepsy

Epilepsy Research

Volumn 103, Issue 2-3, 2013, Pages 111-123

  Onat, Filiz Yilmaz ^a   van Luijtelaar, Gilles ^b   Nehlig, Astrid ^c   Snead, O Carter ^d  

^a MARMARA UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

^b RADBOUD UNIVERSITY NIJMEGEN   (Netherlands)

^c INSERM   (France)

^d HOSPITAL FOR SICK CHILDREN   (Canada)

Author keywords

" Absence seizures"; " Brain circuitry"; GAERS; GBL; MAM AY9944; WAG Rij

Indexed keywords

1,4 BIS(2 CHLOROBENZYLAMINOMETHYL)CYCLOHEXANE; 4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID A RECEPTOR; 4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID B RECEPTOR; 4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID B RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; 4 HYDROXYBUTYRIC ACID; BICUCULLINE; CARBAMAZEPINE; CLOBAZAM; CLONAZEPAM; DIAZEPAM; ETHOSUXIMIDE; ETIRACETAM; GABAPENTIN; GABOXADOL; KAINIC ACID; LAMOTRIGINE; METHYLAZOXYMETHANOL ACETATE; MUSCIMOL; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR; OPIATE; OXCARBAZEPINE; PENICILLIN DERIVATIVE; PENTETRAZOLE; PHENYTOIN; TIAGABINE; TOPIRAMATE; VALPROIC ACID; VIGABATRIN;

ABSENCE; AMYGDALOID NUCLEUS; ASTROCYTE; ATYPICAL ABSENCE; BOLD SIGNAL; BRAIN BLOOD FLOW; CLINICAL FEATURE; CONNECTOME; CRYPTOGENIC EPILEPSY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE MODEL; DRUG INDUCED DISEASE; DRUG SENSITIVITY; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM; ENTORHINAL CORTEX; EPILEPTIC DISCHARGE; EPILEPTIC STATE; FOCAL EPILEPSY; GENE LOCUS; GENERALIZED EPILEPSY; GENETIC MODEL; HIPPOCAMPAL CA1 REGION; HIPPOCAMPAL CA2 REGION; HIPPOCAMPUS; HUMAN; LEARNING; LIMBIC SYSTEM; LOW DRUG DOSE; MENTAL PERFORMANCE; MENTAL TASK; MUTATION; MYOCLONUS SEIZURE; NERVE CELL EXCITABILITY; NERVE CELL NETWORK; NEUROANATOMY; NEUROIMAGING; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PERIRHINAL CORTEX; PHENOTYPE; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PYRIFORM CORTEX; REVIEW; SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX; SUBSTANTIA NIGRA; SYMPTOMATIC EPILEPSY; TEMPORAL LOBE; THALAMOCORTICAL TRACT; THALAMUS NUCLEUS; TONIC CLONIC SEIZURE; TRANSGENIC ANIMAL;

ANIMALS; EPILEPSY, ABSENCE; HUMANS; LIMBIC SYSTEM; NERVE NET; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX;

EID: 84873098807     PISSN: 09201211     EISSN: 18726844     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2012.08.008     Document Type: Review

References (153)

1. Akman O., Karson A., Gulhan Aker R., Ates N., Onat F.Y. Hippocampal kindling in rats with absence epilepsy resembles amygdaloid kindling. Epilepsy Res. 2008, 81:211-219.
2. Akman O., Demiralp T., Ates N., Onat F.Y. Electroencephalographic differences between WAG/Rij and GAERS rat models of absence epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 2010, 89:185-193.
3. Avanzini G., Marescaux C. Genetic animal models for generalized non convulsive epilepsies and new antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsy Res. Suppl. 1991, 3:29-38.
4. Avanzini G., de Curtis M., Marescaux C., Panzica F., Spreafico R., Vergnes M. Role of the thalamic reticular nucleus in the generation of rhythmic thalamo-cortical activities subserving spike and waves. J. Neural Transm. Suppl. 1992, 35:85-95.
5. Avanzini G., de Curtis M., Franceschetti S., Sancini G., Spreafico R. Cortical versus thalamic mechanisms underlying spike and wave discharges in GAERS. Epilepsy Res. 1996, 26:37-44.
6. Avanzini G., de Curtis M., Pape H.C., Spreafico R. Intrinsic properties of reticular thalamic neurons relevant to genetically determined spike-wave generation. Adv. Neurol. 1999, 79:297-309.
7. Bai X., Guo J., Killory B., Vestal M., Berman R., Negishi M., Danielson N., Novotny E.J., Constable R.T., Blumenfeld H. Resting functional connectivity between the hemispheres in childhood absence epilepsy. Neurology 2011, 76:1960-1967.
8. Banerjee P.K., Hirsch E., Snead O.C. γ-Hydroxybutyric acid induced spike and wave discharges in rats: relation to high affinity [3H] γ-hydroxybutyric acid binding sites in the thalamus and cortex. Neuroscience 1993, 56:11-21.
9. Berg A., Shinnar S., Levy S., Testa F., Smith-Rapaport S., Beckerman B. How well can epilepsy syndromes be identified at diagnosis? A reassessment 2 years after initial diagnosis. Epilepsia 2000, 41:1269-1275.
10. Berg A.T., Berkovic S.F., Brodie M.J., Buchhalter J., Cross J.H., van Emde Boas W., Engel J., French J., Glause T.A., Mathern G.W., Moshé S.L., Nordli D., Plouin P., Scheffer I.E. Revised terminology and concepts for organization of seizures and epilepsies: report of the ILAE Commission on Classification and Terminology, 2005-2009. Epilepsia 2010, 51:676-685.
11. Berg A.T., Scheffer I.E. New concepts in classification of the epilepsies: entering the 21st century. Epilepsia 2011, 52:1058-1062.
12. Blumenfeld H. The thalamus and seizures. Arch. Neurol. 2002, 59:135-137.
13. Bowery N.G. Historical perspective and emergence of the GABAB receptor. Adv. Pharmacol. 2010, 58:1-18.
14. Caddick S.J., Wang C., Fletcher C.F., Jenkins N.A., Copeland N.G., Hosford D.A. Excitatory but not inhibitory synaptic transmission is reduced in lethargic (Cacnb4(Ih)) and tottering (Cacna1atg) mouse thalami. J. Neurophysiol. 1999, 81:2066-2074.
15. Carcak N., Aker R.G., Ozdemir O., Demiralp T., Onat F.Y. The relationship between age-related development of spike-and-wave discharges and the resistance to amygdaloid kindling in rats with genetic absence epilepsy. Neurobiol. Dis. 2008, 32:355-363.
16. Carcak N., Ferrandon A., Koning E., Aker R.G., Ozdemir O., Onat F.Y., Nehlig A. Effect of stage 2 kindling on local cerebral blood flow rates in rats with genetic absence epilepsy. Epilepsia 2009, 50:33-43.
17. Cavdar S., Onat F.Y., Cakmak Y.O., Yananli H.R., Gülçebi M., Aker R. The pathways connecting the hippocampal formation, the thalamic reunions nucleus and the thalamic reticular nucleus in the rat. J. Anat. 2008, 212:249-256.
18. Chan K.F., Jia Z.P., Murphy P., Burnham W.M., Cortez M.A., Snead O.C. Learning and memory impairment in rats with chronic atypical absence seizures. Exp. Neurol. 2004, 190:328-336.
19. Chugani H.T., Chugani D.C. Basic mechanisms of childhood epilepsies: studies with positron emission tomography. Adv. Neurol. 1999, 79:883-891.
20. Coenen A.M., Van Luijtelaar E.L. The WAG/Rij rat model for absence epilepsy: age and sex factors. Epilepsy Res. 1987, 1:297-301.
21. Commission of Classification and Terminology of the International League Against Epilepsy Proposal for revised clinical and electroencephalographic classification of epileptic seizures. Epilepsia 1981, 22:489-501.
22. Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International League Against Epilepsy Proposal for revised classification of epilepsies and epileptic syndromes. Epilepsia 1989, 30:389-399.
23. Cortez M.A., McKerlie C., Snead O.C. Model of atypical absence seizures: EEG, pharmacology, and developmental characterization. Neurology 2001, 56:341-349.
24. Cortez M.A., Snead O.C. Pharmacological models of generalized absence seizures in rodents. Models of Seizures and Epilepsy 2006, 111-126. Elsevier Inc., Academic Press, USA. M. Pitkanen, P. Schwartzkroin, S. Moshé (Eds.).
25. Cortez M.A., Perez Velazquez J.L., Snead O.C. Animal models of epilepsy and progressive effects of seizures. Adv. Neurol. 2006, 97:293-304.
26. Crunelli V., Leresche N. Childhood absence epilepsy: genes, channels, neurons, and networks. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2002, 3:371-382.
27. Danober L., Deransart C., Depaulis A., Vergnes M., Marescaux C. Pathophysiological mechanisms of genetic absence epilepsy in the rat. Prog. Neurobiol. 1998, 55:27-57.
28. D'Arcangelo G., D'Antuono M., Biagini G., Warren R., Tancredi V., Avoli M. Thalamocortical oscillations in a genetic model of absence seizures. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2002, 16:2383-2393.
29. de Curtis M., Avanzini G. Thalamic regulation of epileptic spike and wave discharges. Funct. Neurol. 1994, 9:307-326.
30. Depaulis A., Vergnes M., Marescaux C. Endogenous control of epilepsy: the nigral inhibitory system. Neurobiology 1994, 42:33-52.
31. Depaulis A., van Luijtelaar G. Genetic models of absence epilepsy. Models of Seizures and Epilepsy 2006, 233-247. Elsevier Inc., Academic Press, USA. A. Pitkanen, P.A. Schwartzkroin, S.L. Moshé (Eds.).
32. Engel J., Lubens P., Kuhl D.E., Phelps M.E. Local cerebral metabolic rate for glucose during petit mal absences. Ann. Neurol. 1985, 17:121-128.
33. Eşkazan E., Onat F.Y., Aker R., Oner G. Resistance of propagation of amygdaloid kindling seizures in rats with genetic absence epilepsy. Epilepsia 2002, 43:1115-1119.
34. Fariello R.G., Golden G.T. The THIP-induced model of bilateral synchronous spike and wave in rodents. Neuropharmacology 1987, 26:161-165.
35. Fisher R.S., Prince D.A. Spike-wave rhythms in cat cortex induced by parenteral penicillin. II. Cellular features. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 1977, 42:625-639.
36. Fletcher C.F., Lutz C.M., O'Sullivan T.N., Shaughnessy J.D., Hawkes R., Frankel W.N., Copeland N.G., Jetkins N.A. Absence epilepsy in tottering mutant mice is associated with calcium channel defects. Cell 1996, 87:607-617.
37. François J., Germé K., Ferrandon A., Koning E., Nehlig A. Carisbamate has powerful disease-modifying effects in the lithium-pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Neuropharmacology 2011, 61:313-328.
38. Fuentealba P., Steriade M. The reticular nucleus revisited: intrinsic and network properties of a thalamic pacemaker. Prog. Neurobiol. 2005, 75:125-141.
39. Getova D., Bowery N.G., Spassov V. Effects of GABAB receptor antagonists on learning and memory retention in a rat model of absence epilepsy. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1997, 320:9-13.
40. Glauser T.A., Cnaan A., Shinnar S., Hirtz D.G., Dlugos D., Masur D., Clark P.O., Capparelli E.V., Adamson P.C. Childhood Absence Epilepsy Study Group, Ethosuximide, valproic acid, and lamotrigine in childhood absence epilepsy. N. Engl. J. Med. 2010, 362:790-799.
41. Gloor P., Testa G. Generalized penicillin epilepsy in the cat: effects of intracarotid and intravertebral pentylenetetrazol and amobarbital injections. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 1974, 36:499-515.
42. Gloor P., Avoli M., Kostopoulos G. Thalamocortical relationships in generalized epilepsy with bilaterally synchronous spike-and-wave discharge. Generalized Epilepsy: Neurobiological Approaches 1990, 190-212. Birkhauser, Boston. M. Avoli, P. Gloor, G. Kostopoulos, R. Naquet (Eds.).
43. Gören M.Z., Onat F.Y. Ethosuximide: from bench to bedside. CNS Drug Rev. 2007, 13:224-239.
44. Gupta D., Ossenblok P., van Luijtelaar G. Space-time network connectivity and cortical activations preceding spike wave discharges in human absence epilepsy: a MEG study. Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 2011, 49:555-565.
45. Gurbanova A.A., Gulhan Aker R., Sirvanci S., Demiralp T., Onat F.Y. Intraamygdaloid injection of kainic acid in rats with genetic absence epilepsy: the relationship of typical absence epilepsy and temporal lobe epilepsy. J. Neurosci. 2008, 28:7828-7836.
46. Han H.A., Cortez M.A., Snead O.C. GABAB receptors in absence epilepsy. Epilepsia 2010, 51(Suppl. 5):24.
47. Hill E.L., Hosie S., Mulligan R.S., Richards K.L., Davies P.J., Dubé C.M., Baram T.Z., Reid C.A., Jones M.V., Petrou S. Temperature elevation increases GABA(A)-mediated cortical inhibition in a mouse model of genetic epilepsy. Epilepsia 2011, 52:179-184.
48. Holmes M.D., Brown M., Tucker D.M. Are " generalized" seizures truly generalized? Evidence of mesial frontal and frontopolar discharges in absence. Epilepsia 2004, 45:1568-1579.
49. Hoover W.B., Vertes R.P. Anatomical analysis of afferent projections to the medial prefrontal cortex in the rat. Brain Struct. Funct. 2007, 211:149-179.
50. Hoover W.B., Vertes R.P. Collateral projections from nucleus reuniens of thalamus to hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex n the rat: a single and double retrograde fluorescent labeling study. Brain Struct. Funct. 2012, 217:191-209.
51. Huguenard J.R. Circuit mechanisms of spike-wave discharge: are there similar underpinnings for centrotemporal spikes?. Epilepsia 2000, 41:1076-1077.
52. Inaba Y., D'Antuono M., Bertazzoni G., Biagini G., Avoli M. Diminished presynaptic GABA(B) receptor function in the neocortex of a genetic model of absence epilepsy. Neurosignals 2009, 17:121-131.
53. Inoue M., Duysens J., Vossen J.M., Coenen A.M. Thalamic multiple-unit activity underlying spike-wave discharges in anesthetized rats. Brain Res. 1993, 612:35-40.
54. Jung Y.-J., Kang H.-C., Choi K.-O., Lee J.S., Kim D.S., Cho J.-H., Kim S.-H., Im C.-H., Kim H.D. Localization of ictal onset zones in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome using directional connectivity analysis of intracranial electroencephalography. Seizure 2011, 20:449-457.
55. Kandel A., Bragin A., Carpi D., Buzsáki G. Lack of hippocampal involvement in a rat model of petit mal epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 1996, 23:123-127.
56. Karpova A.V., Bikbaev A.F., Coenen A.M., van Luijtelaar G. Morphometric Golgi study of cortical locations in WAG/Rij rats: the cortical focus theory. Neurosci. Res. 2005, 51:119-128.
57. Killory B.D., Bai X., Negishi M., Vega C., Spann M.N., Vestal M., Guo J., Berman R., Danielson N., Trejo J., Shisler D., Novotny E.J., Constable R.T., Blumenfeld H. Impaired attention and network connectivity in childhood absence epilepsy. Neuroimage 2011, 56:2209-2217.
58. Klein J.P., Khera D.S., Nersesyan H., Kimchi E.Y., Waxman S.G., Blumenfeld H. Dysregulation of sodium channel expression in cortical neurons in a rodent model of absence epilepsy. Brain Res. 2004, 1000:102-109.
59. Kole M.H., Bräuer A.U., Stuart G.J. Inherited cortical HCN1 channel loss amplifies dendritic calcium electrogenesis and burst firing in a rat absence epilepsy model. J. Physiol. 2007, 578:507-525.
60. Koutroumanidis M., Hennessy M.J., Elwes R.D., Binnie C.D., Polkey C.E. Coexistence of temporal lobe and idiopathic generalized epilepsies. Neurology 1999, 53:490-495.
61. Lasoń W., Przewlocka B., Przewlocki R. The effect of gamma-hydroxybutyrate and anticonvulsants on opioid peptide content in the rat brain. Life Sci. 1983, 33(Suppl. 1):599-602.
62. Lasoń W., Przewlocka B., van Luijtelaar E.L., Coenen A.M., Przewlocki R. Endogenous opioid peptides in brain and pituitary of rats with absence epilepsy. Neuropeptides 1992, 21:147-152.
63. Leresche N., Lambert R.C., Errington A.C., Crunelli V. From sleep spindles of natural sleep to spike and wave discharges of typical absence seizures: is the hypothesis still valid?. Pflugers Arch. 2012, 463:201-212.
64. Letts V.A., Felix R., Biddlecome G.H., Arikkath J., Mahaffey C.L., Valenzuela A., Bartlett F.S., Mori Y., Campbell K.P., Frankel W.N. The mouse stargazer gene encodes a neuronal Ca2+-channel gamma subunit. Nat. Genet. 1998, 19:340-347.
65. Liu X.B., Coble J., van Luijtelaar G., Jones E.G. Reticular nucleus-specific changes in alpha3 subunit protein at GABA synapses in genetically epilepsy-prone rats. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2007, 104:12512-12517.
66. Liu Z., Vergnes M., Depaulis A., Marescaux C. Involvement of intrathalamic GABAB neurotransmission in the control of absence seizures in the rat. Neuroscience 1992, 48:87-93.
67. Ludwig A., Budde T., Stieber J., Moosmang S., Wahl C., Holthoff K., Langebartels A., Wotjak C., Munsch T., Zong X. Absence epilepsy and sinus dysrhythmia in mice lacking the pacemaker channel HCN2. EMBO J. 2003, 22:216-224.
68. Lüttjohann A., Zhang S., de Peijper R., van Luijtelaar G. Electrical stimulation of the epileptic focus in absence epileptic WAG/Rij rats: assessment of local and network excitability. Neuroscience 2011, 188:125-134.
69. Manning J.P., Richards D.A., Bowery N.G. Pharmacology of absence epilepsy. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 2003, 24:542-549.
70. Marescaux C., Micheletti G., Vergnes M., Depaulis A., Rumbach L., Warter J.M. A model of chronic spontaneous petit mal-like seizures in the rat: comparison with pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures. Epilepsia 1984, 25:326-331.
71. Marescaux C., Vergnes M., Depaulis A. Genetic absence epilepsy in rats from Strasbourg - a review. J. Neural Transm. Suppl. 1992, 35:37-69.
72. Markand O.N. Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (childhood epileptic encephalopathy). J. Clin. Neurophysiol. 2003, 20:426-441.
73. McCormick D.A., Contreras D. On the cellular and network bases of epileptic seizures. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 2001, 63:815-846.
74. Meeren H., van Luijtelaar G., Lopes da Silva F., Coenen A. Evolving concepts on the pathophysiology of absence seizures: the cortical focus theory. Arch. Neurol. 2005, 62:371-376.
75. Meeren H.K., Pijn J.P., van Luijtelaar E.L., Coenen A.M., Lopes da Silva F.H. Cortical focus drives widespread corticothalamic networks during spontaneous absence seizures in rats. J. Neurosci. 2002, 22:1480-1495.
76. Meeren H.K., Veening J.G., Möderscheim T.A., Coenen A.M., van Luijtelaar G. Thalamic lesions in a genetic rat model of absence epilepsy: dissociation between spike-wave discharges and sleep spindles. Exp. Neurol. 2009, 217:25-37.
77. Melo T.M., Sonnewald U., Bastholm I.A., Nehlig A. Astrocytes may play a role in the etiology of absence epilepsy: a comparison between immature GAERS not yet expressing seizures and adults. Neurobiol. Dis. 2007, 28:227-235.
78. Merlo D., Mollinari C., Inaba Y., Cardinale A., Rinaldi A.M., D'Antuono M., D'Arcangelo G., Tancredi V., Ragsdale D., Avoli M. Reduced GABAB receptor subunit expression and paired-pulse depression in a genetic model of absence seizures. Neurobiol. Dis. 2007, 25:631-641.
79. Moeller F., LeVan P., Muhle H., Stephani U., Dubeau F., Siniatchkin M., Gotman J. Absence seizures: individual patterns revealed by EEG-fMRI. Epilepsia 2010, 51:2000-2010.
80. Neckelmann D., Amzica F., Steriade M. Spike-wave complexes and fast components of cortically generated seizures. III. Synchronizing mechanisms. J. Neurophysiol. 1998, 80:1480-1494.
81. Neckelmann D., Amzica F., Steriade M. Changes in neuronal conductance during different components of cortically generated spike-wave seizures. Neuroscience 2000, 96:475-485.
82. Nehlig A., Vergnes M., Boyet S., Marescaux C. Local cerebral glucose utilization in adult and immature GAERS. Epilepsy Res. 1998, 32:206-212.
83. Nehlig A., Vergnes M., Marescaux C., Boyet S., Lannes B. Local cerebral glucose utilization in rats with petit mal-like seizures. Ann. Neurol. 1991, 29:72-77.
84. Nersesyan H., Hyder F., Rothman D.L., Blumenfeld H. Dynamic fMRI and EEG recordings during spike-wave seizures and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in WAG/Rij rats. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 2004, 24:589-599.
85. Ngomba R.T., Biagioni F., Casciato S., Willems-van Bree E., Battaglia G., Bruno V., Nicoletti F., van Luijtelaar E.L. The preferential mGlu2/3 receptor antagonist, LY341495, reduces the frequency of spike-wave discharges in the WAG/Rij rat model of absence epilepsy. Neuropharmacology 2005, 49:89-103.
86. Ngomba R.T., Ferraguti F., Badura A., Citraro R., Santolini I., Battaglia G., Bruno V., De Sarro G., Simonyi A., van Luijtelaar G., Nicoletti F. Positive allosteric modulation of metabotropic glutamate 4 (mGlu4) receptors enhances spontaneous and evoked absence seizures. Neuropharmacology 2008, 54:344-354.
87. Nicoll R.A., Siggins G.R., Ling N., Bloom F.E., Guillemin R. Neuronal actions of endorphins and enkephalins among brain regions: a comparative microiontophoretic study. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1977, 74:2584-2588.
88. Niedermeyer E. Epileptic seizure disorders. Electroencephalography: Basic Principles, Clinical Applications, and Related Fields 1993, 461-564. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, USA. E. Niedermeyer, F. Lopes da Silva (Eds.).
89. Noebels J.L. Analysis of inherited epilepsy using single locus mutations in mice. Fed. Proc. 1979, 38:2405-2410.
90. Noebels J.L. Targeting epilepsy genes. Neuron 1996, 16:241-244.
91. Noebels J.L. Single-gene models of epilepsy. Adv. Neurol. 1999, 79:227-238.
92. Noebels J. Spontaneous epileptic mutations in the mouse. Models of Seizures and Epilepsy 2006, 223-232. Elsevier Inc., Academic Press, USA. A. Pitkanen, P.A. Schwartzkroin, S.L. Moshe (Eds.).
93. Noebels J.L., Sidman R.L. Inherited epilepsy: spike-wave and focal motor seizures in the mutant mouse tottering. Science 1979, 204:1334-1336.
94. Nolan M., Bergazar M., Chu B., Cortez M.A., Snead O.C. Clinical and neurophysiologic spectrum associated with atypical absence seizures in children with intractable epilepsy. J. Child Neurol. 2005, 20:404-410.
95. Ochs R.F., Gloor P., Tyler J.L., Wolfson T., Worsley K., Andermann F., Diksic M., Meyer E., Evans A. Effect of generalized spike-and-wave discharge on glucose metabolism measured by positron emission tomography. Ann. Neurol. 1987, 21:458-464.
96. Onat F.Y., Eskazan E., Aker R. Experimental absence versus amygdaloid kindling. Kindling 6 2005, 37-47. Springer, New York, USA. S. Moshe, M. Corcoran (Eds.).
97. Onat F.Y., Aker R.G., Gurbanova A.A., Ates N., van Luijtelaar G. The effect of generalized absence seizures on the progression of kindling in the rat. Epilepsia 2007, 48:150-156.
98. Onat F.Y., Eşkazan E., Aker R. Interactions between cortico-thalamo-cortical and limbic seizures. Encyclopedia of Basic Epilepsy Research 2009, vol. 2:825-830. Academic Press, Oxford.
99. Panayiotopoulos C.P., Obeid T., Waheed G. Differentiation of typical absence seizures in epileptic syndromes. A video EEG study of 224 seizures in 20 patients. Brain 1989, 112:1039-1056.
100. Panayiotopoulos C.P. Typical absence seizures and their treatment. Arch. Dis. Child. 1999, 81:351-355.
101. Perez Velazquez J.L., Huo J.Z., Dominguez L.G., Leschenko Y., Snead O.C. Typical versus atypical absence seizures: network mechanisms of the spread of paroxysms. Epilepsia 2007, 48:1585-1593.
102. Pinault D. Cellular interactions in the rat somatosensory thalamocortical system during normal and epileptic 5-9Hz oscillations. J. Physiol. 2003, 552:881-905.
103. Pinault D., Leresche N., Charpier S., Deniau J.M., Marescaux C., Vergnes M., Crunelli V. Intracellular recordings in thalamic neurones during spontaneous spike and wave discharges in rats with absence epilepsy. J. Physiol. 1998, 509:449-456.
104. Pinault D., Vergnes M., Marescaux C. Medium-voltage 5-9-Hz oscillations give rise to spike-and-wave discharges in a genetic model of absence epilepsy: in vivo dual extracellular recording of thalamic relay and reticular neurons. Neuroscience 2001, 105:181-201.
105. Polack P.O., Guillemain I., Hu E., Deransart C., Depaulis A., Charpier S. Deep layer somatosensory cortical neurons initiate spike-and-wave discharges in a genetic model of absence seizures. J. Neurosci. 2007, 27:6590-6599.
106. Polack P.O., Mahon S., Chavez M., Charpier S. Inactivation of the somatosensory cortex prevents paroxysmal oscillations in cortical and related thalamic neurons in a genetic model of absence epilepsy. Cereb. Cortex 2009, 19:2078-2091.
107. Powell K.L., Cain S.M., Ng C., Sirdesai S., David L.S., Kyi M., Garcia E., Tyson J.R., Reid C.A., Bahlo M., Foote S.J., Snutch T.P., O'Brien T.J. A Cav3.2 T-type calcium channel point mutation has splice-variant-specific effects on function and segregates with seizure expression in a polygenic rat model of absence epilepsy. J. Neurosci. 2009, 29:371-380.
108. Przewłocka B., Lasoń W., Machelska H., van Luijtelaar G., Coenen A., Przewłocki R. Kappa opioid receptor agonists suppress absence seizures in WAG/Rij rats. Neurosci Lett. 1995, 186:131-134.
109. Puigcerver A., van Luijtelaar E.L.J.M., Drinkenburg W.H.I.M., Coenen A.M.L. Effects of the GABAB antagonist CGP 35348 on sleep-wake states, behaviour, and spike-wave discharges in old rats. Behav. Brain Res. 1996, 40:157-162.
110. Pumain R., Louvel J., Gastard M., Kurcewicz I., Vergnes M. Responses to N-methyl-d-aspartate are enhanced in rats with petit-mal-like seizures. J. Neural Transm. Suppl. 1992, 35:97-108.
111. Richards D.A., Morrone L.A., Bowery N.G. Hippocampal extracellular amino acids and EEG spectral analysis in a genetic rat model of absence epilepsy. Neuropharmacology 2000, 39:2433-2441.
112. Sarkisova K., van Luijtelaar G. The WAG/Rij strain: a genetic animal model of absence epilepsy with comorbidity of depression. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2011, 35:854-876.
113. Schridde U., van Luijtelaar G. The role of the environment on the development of spike-wave discharges in two strains of rats. Physiol. Behav. 2005, 84:379-386.
114. Schridde U., Strauss U., Bräuer A.U., van Luijtelaar G. Environmental manipulations early in development alter seizure activity, Ih and HCN1 protein expression later in life. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2006, 23:3346-3358.
115. Seidenbecher T., Staak R., Pape H.C. Relations between cortical and thalamic cellular activities during absence seizures in rats. Eur. J. Neurosci. 1998, 10:1103-1112.
116. Serbanescu I., Cheung S., Mistry N.D., Cortez M.A., McKerlie C., Snead O.C. Refractory atypical absence seizures in rat: a two hit model. Epilepsy Res. 2004, 62:53-63.
117. Sitnikova E., van Luijtelaar G. Electroencephalographic characterization of spike-wave discharges in cortex and thalamus in WAG/Rij rats. Epilepsia 2007, 48:2296-2311.
118. Sirvanci S., Meshul C.K., Onat F., San T. Immunocytochemical analysis of glutamate and GABA in hippocampus of Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rats (GAERS). Brain Res. 2003, 988:180-188.
119. Sirvanci S., Meshul C.K., Onat F., San T. Glutamate and GABA immunocytochemical electron microscopy in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of normal and Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rats. Brain Res. 2005, 1053:108-115.
120. Snead O.C. Basic mechanisms of generalized absence seizures. Ann. Neurol. 1995, 37:146-157.
121. Snead O.C. Presynaptic GABAB-and gamma-hydroxybutyric acid-mediated mechanisms in generalized absence seizures. Neuropharmacology 1996, 35:359-367.
122. Snead O.C., Bearden L.J. The epileptogenic spectrum of opiate agonists. Neuropharmacology 1982, 21:1137-1144.
123. Snead O.C., Depaulis A., Vergnes M., Marescaux C. Absence epilepsy: advances in experimental animal models. Adv. Neurol. 1999, 79:253-278.
124. Snead O.C., Clapcote S.J., Roder J.C., Boulianne G.L. Novel strategies for the development of animal models of refractory epilepsy. Adv. Neurol. 2006, 97:155-172.
125. Stefan H., Paulini-Ruf A., Hopfengärtner R., Rampp S. Network characteristics of idiopathic generalized epilepsies in combined MEG/EEG. Epilepsy Res. 2009, 85:187-198.
126. Steriade M., Contreras D. Relations between cortical and thalamic cellular events during transition from sleep patterns to paroxysmal activity. J. Neurosci. 1995, 15:623-642.
127. Steriade M., Contreras D. Spike-wave complexes and fast components of cortically generated seizures. I. Role of neocortex and thalamus. J. Neurophysiol. 1998, 80:1439-1455.
128. Stewart L.S., Wu Y., Eubanks J.H., Han H., Leschenko Y., Perez Velazquez J.L., Cortez M.A., Snead O.C. Severity of atypical absence phenotype in GABAB transgenic mice is subunit specific. Epilepsy Behav. 2009, 14:577-581.
129. Tan H.O., Reid C.A., Single F.N., Davies P.J., Chiu C., Murphy S., Clarke A.L., Dibbens L., Krestel H., Mulley J.C., Jones M.V., Seeburg P.H., Sakmann B., Berkovic S.F., Sprengel R., Petrou S. Reduced cortical inhibition in a mouse model of familial childhood absence epilepsy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2007, 104:17536-17541.
130. Tolmacheva E.A., van Luijtelaar G., Chepurnov S.A., Kaminskij Y., Mares P. Cortical and limbic excitability in rats with absence epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 2004, 62:189-198.
131. Tolmacheva E.A., van Luijtelaar G. Absence seizures are reduced by the enhancement of GABA-ergic inhibition in the hippocampus in WAG/Rij rats. Neurosci. Lett. 2007, 416:17-21.
132. Tsakiridou E., Bertollini L., de Curtis M., Avanzini G., Pape H.C. Selective increase in T-type calcium conductance of reticular thalamic neurons in a rat model of absence epilepsy. J. Neurosci. 1995, 15:3110-3117.
133. van de Bovenkamp-Janssen M.C., van der Kloet J.C., van Luijtelaar G., Roubos E.W. NMDA-NR1 and AMPA-GluR4 receptor subunit immunoreactivities in the absence epileptic WAG/Rij rat. Epilepsy Res. 2006, 69:119-128.
134. van Luijtelaar G. The prevention of behavioural consequences of idiopathic generalized epilepsy: evidence from rodent models. Neurosci. Lett. 2011, 497:177-184.
135. van Luijtelaar E.L., Coenen A.M. Two types of electrocortical paroxysms in an inbred strain of rats. Neurosci. Lett. 1986, 70:393-397.
136. van Luijtelaar E.L., van der Staay F.J., Kerbusch J.M. Spatial memory in rats: a cross validation study. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. B 1989, 41:287-306.
137. van Luijtelaar G., Sitnikova E. Global and focal aspects of absence epilepsy: the contribution of genetic models. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2006, 30:983-1003.
138. van Rijn C.M., Weyn Banningh E.W., Coenen A.M. Effects of lamotrigine on absence seizures in rats. Pol. J. Pharmacol. 1994, 46:467-470.
139. van Rijn C.M., Gaetani S., Santolini I., Badura A., Gabova A., Fu J., Watanabe M., Cuomo V., van Luijtelaar G., Nicoletti F., Ngomba R.T. WAG/Rij rats show a reduced expression of CB1 receptors in thalamic nuclei and respond to the CB1 receptor agonist, R(+)WIN55,212-2, with a reduced incidence of spike-wave discharges. Epilepsia 2010, 51:1511-1521.
140. Velasco M., Velasco F., Velasco A.L. Temporo-spatial correlations between cortical and subcortical EEG spike-wave complexes of the idiopathic Lennox Gastaut syndrome. Stereotact. Funct. Neurosurg. 1997, 69:216-220.
141. Vergnes M., Marescaux C., Micheletti G., Reis J., Depaulis A., Rumbach L., Warter J.M. Spontaneous paroxysmal electroclinical patterns in rat: a model of generalized non-convulsive epilepsy. Neurosci. Lett. 1982, 33:97-101.
142. Vergnes M., Marescaux C., Depaulis A. Mapping of spontaneous spike and wave discharges in Wistar rats with genetic generalized non-convulsive epilepsy. Brain Res. 1990, 523:87-91.
143. Vergnes M., Marescaux C. Cortical and thalamic lesions in rats with genetic absence epilepsy. J. Neural Transm. Suppl. 1992, 35:71-83.
144. Vertes R.P. Interactions among the medial prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and midline thalamus in emotional and cognitive processing in the rat. Neuroscience 2006, 142:1-20.
145. Vertes R.P., Hoover W.B., Szigeti-Buck K., Leranth C. Nucleus reuniens of the midline thalamus: link between the medial prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus. Brain Res. Bull. 2007, 71:601-609.
146. Wang X., Stewart L., Cortez M.A., Wu Y., Perez Velazquez J.L., Liu C.C., Shen L., Snead O.C. The circuitry of atypical absence seizures in GABA(B)R1a transgenic mice. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2009, 94:124-130.
147. Westmijse I., Ossenblok P., Gunning B., van Luijtelaar G. Onset and propagation of spike and slow wave discharges in human absence epilepsy: a MEG study. Epilepsia 2009, 50:2538-2548.
148. Wu Y., Chan K.F., Eubanks J.H., Wong C.G.T., Cortez M.A., Shen L.Q., Liu C.C., Perez Velazquez J.L., Wang Y.T., Jia Z.P., Snead O.C. Transgenic mice over-expressing GABA(B)R1 a receptors acquire an atypical absence epilepsy-like phenotype. Neurobiol. Dis. 2007, 26:439-451.
149. You S.J., Lee J.K., Ko T.S. Epilepsy surgery in a patient with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and cortical dysplasia. Brain Dev. 2007, 29:167-170.
150. Zhang D.X., Bertram E.H. Midline thalamic region: widespread excitatory input to the entorhinal cortex and amygdala. J. Neurosci. 2002, 22:3277-3284.
151. Zhang X., Le Gal La Salle G., Ridoux V., Yu P.H., Ju G. Fos oncoprotein expression in the rat forebrain following muscimol-induced absence seizures. Neurosci. Lett. 1996, 210:169-172.
152. Zhang Y., Mori M., Burgess D.L., Noebels J.L. Mutations in high-voltage-activated calcium channel genes stimulate low-voltage activated currents in mouse thalamic relay neurons. J. Neurosci. 2002, 22:6362-6371.
153. Zikopoulos B., Barbas H. Pathways for emotions and attention converge on the thalamic reticular nucleus in primates. J. Neurosci. 2012, 32:5338-5350.