Pathophysiological mechanisms of genetic absence epilepsy in the rat

Progress in Neurobiology

Volumn 55, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 27-57

  Danober, L ^a   Deransart, C ^a   Depaulis, A ^a   Vergnes, M ^a   Marescaux, C ^a  

^a INSERM   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID BRAIN LEVEL; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM; EPILEPSY; EPILEPTOGENESIS; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAT; REVIEW;

EID: 0031800117     PISSN: 03010082     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0301-0082(97)00091-9     Document Type: Article

References (354)

1. Agid Y., Javoy F., Glowinski J. Hyperactivity of remaining dopaminergic neurones after partial destruction of the nigro-striatal dopaminergic system in the rat. Nature New Biology. 245:1973;150-151.
2. Alexander G., Crutcher M. Functional architecture of basal ganglia circuits neural substrates of parallel processing. Trends Neurosci. 13:1990;266-271.
3. Alloway K. D., Johnson M. J., Wallace M. B. Thalamocortical interactions in the somatosensory system: interpretations of latency and cross-correlation analyses. J. Neurophysiol. 70:1993;892-908.
4. Anden N. E., Carlsson A., Dahlström A., Fuxe K., Hillarp N. A., Larsson K. Demonstration and mapping out of nigro-neostriatal dopamine neurons. Life Sci. 3:1984;523-530.
5. 1A receptors mediate opposing responses on membrane excitability in rat association cortex. Neuroscience. 40:1991;399-412.
6. Armstrong-James M., Fox K. Effects of ionophoresed noradrenaline on the spontaneous activity of neurones in rat primary somatosensory cortex. J. Physiol. (Lond). 335:1983;427-447.
7. Asanuma C. Axonal arborizations of a magnocellular basal nucleus input and their relation to the neurons in the thalamic reticular nucleus of rats. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 86:1989;4746-4750.
8. Asanuma C., Porter L. L. Light and electron microscopic evidence for a GABAergic projection from the basal forebrain to the thalamic reticular nucleus in rats. J. Comp. Neurol. 302:1990;159-172.
9. Ashe J. H., McKenna T. M., Weinberger N. M. Cholinergic modulation of frequency receptive field in auditory cortex: II. Frequency-specific effects of anticholinesterases provide evidence for a modulatory action of endogenous ACh. Synapse. 4:1989;44-54.
10. Aston-Jones G., Bloom F. E. Activity of norepinephrine-containing locus coeruleus neurons in behaving rats anticipates fluctuations in the sleep-waking cycle. J. Neurosci. 1:1981;876-886.
11. Avanzini G., de Curtis M., Marescaux C., Panzica F., Spreafico R., Vergnes M. Role of the thalamic reticular nucleus in the generation of rhythmic thalamo-cortical activities subserving spike and waves. J. Neural Transm. [Suppl.]. 35:1992;85-95.
12. Avanzini G., Vergnes M., Spreafico R., Marescaux C. Calcium-dependent regulation of genetically determined spike and waves by the reticular thalamic nucleus of rats. Epilepsia. 34:1993;1-7.
13. Avanzini G., de Curtis M., Franceschetti S., Sancini G., Spreafico R. Cortical versus thalamic mechanisms underlying spike and wave discharges in GAERS. Epilepsy Res. 26:1996;37-44.
14. Avoli M. Electroencephalographic and pathophysiologic features of rat parenteral penicillin epilepsy. Exp. Neuropharmacol. 69:1980;373-382.
15. Avoli M., Gloor P. Interaction of cortex and thalamus in spike and wave discharges of feline generalized penicillin epilepsy. Expl. Neurol. 76:1982;196-217.
16. Avoli M., Gloor P., Kostopoulos G., Gotman J. An analysis of penicillin-induced generalized spike and wave discharges using simultaneous recordings of cortical and thalamic single neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 50:1983;819-837.
17. Bal T., McCormick D. A. Mechanisms of oscillatory activity in guinea-pig nucleus reticularis thalami in vitro: a mammalian pacemaker. J. Physiol. (London). 468:1993;669-691.
18. Bal T., von Krosigk M., McCormick D. A. Synaptic and membrane mechanisms underlying synchronized oscillations in the ferret lateral geniculate nucleus in vitro. J. Physiol. 483:1995;641-663.
19. Bancaud, J. (1969) Physiopathologenesis of generalized epilepsies of organic nature (Stereo-electroencephalographic study). In: The Physiopathogenesis of the Epilepsies, pp. 158-185. Eds H. Gastaut, H. Jasper, J. Bancaud and A. Waltregny. C. C. Thomas: Springfield.
20. Banerjee P. K., Snead O. C. Involvement of excitatory amino acid mechanisms in γ-aminobutyrate model of generalized absence seizures in rats. Neuropharmacology. 31:1992;1009-10019.
21. Banerjee P. K., Snead O. C. Thalamic NMDA receptors in the gamma-hydroxybutyrate model of absence seizures: a cerebral microinjection study in rats. Neuropharmacology. 34:1995;43-53.
22. Bassant M. H., Baleyte J. M., Lamour Y. Effects of acetylcholine on single cortical somatosensory neurons in the unanesthetized rat. Neuroscience. 39:1990;189-197.
23. Beaulieu C. Numerical data on neocortical neurons in adult rat, with special reference to the GABA population. Brain Res. 609:1993;284-292.
24. Benardo L. S. Characterization of cholinergic and noradrenergic slow excitatory postsynaptic potentials from rat cerebral cortical neurons. Neuroscience. 53:1993;11-22.
25. Bentivoglio M., Van Der Koy D., Kuipers H. G. J. M. The organization of the efferent projections of the substantia nigra in the rat. A retrograde fluorescent double labelling study. Brain Res. 174:1979;1-17.
26. Berkovic S. F., Andermann F., Andermann E., Gloor P. Concepts of absence epilepsies: discrete syndrome or biological continuum? Neurology. 37:1987;993-1000.
27. Berkovic S. F., Howell R. A., Hopper J. L. Twin study of epilepsy syndromes. Epilepsia [Suppl]. 34:1993;38.
28. Berridge C. W., Foote S. L. Locus coeruleus-induced modulations of forebrain EEG state in halothane-anesthetized rat. Brain Res. Bull. 35:1994;597-605.
29. Berridge C. W., Page M. E., Valentino R. J., Foote S. L. Effects of locus coeruleus inactivation on electroencephalographic activity in neocortex and hippocampus. Neuroscience. 55:1993;381-393.
30. Boussara J., Pinault D., Deschênes M. Corticothalamic projections from the cortical barrel field to the somatosensory thalamus in rats: a single-fibre study using biocytin as an anterograde tracer. Eur. J. Neurosci. 7:1995;19-30.
31. Bradbury A. J., Costall B., Domeney A. M., Jenner P. J., Marsden C. D., Naylor R. J. The neurotoxic actions of 6-hydroxydopamine infused into the rat substantia nigra. Neurosci. Lett. 67:1986;208-212.
32. Bradford H. F. Glutamate, GABA and epilepsy. Prog. Neurobiol. 47:1995;477-511.
33. Buchhalter J. R. Animal models of inherited epilepsy. Epilepsia [Suppl. 3]. 34:1993;S31-S41.
34. 2+ channel b subunit gene Cchb4 is associated with ataxia and seizures in the lethargic (lh) mouse. Cell. 88:1997;385-392.
35. Burkhalter A., Charles V. Organization of local axon collaterals of efferent projection neurons in rat visual cortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 302:1990;920-934.
36. Buzsàki G., Bickford R. G., Ponomareff G., Thal L. J., Mandel R. J., Gage F. H. Nucleus basalis and thalamic control of neocortical activity in the freely moving rat. J. Neurosci. 8:1988;4007-4026.
37. Buzsàki G., Smith A., Berger S., Fisher L. J., Gage F. H. Petit mal epilepsy and parkinsonian tremor: hypothesis of a common pacemaker. Neuroscience. 36:1990;1-14.
38. B mechanisms in animal models of absence seizures. Molec. Neurobiol. 13:1996;23-32.
39. Carter C. J. Topographical distribution of possible glutamatergic pathways from the frontal cortex to the striatum and substantia nigra in the rat. Neuropharmacology. 21:1982;379-383.
40. Casamenti F., Deffenu G., Abbamondi A., Pepeu G. Changes in cortical acetylcholine output induced by modulation of the nucleus basalis. Brain Res. Bull. 16:1986;689-695.
41. Celesia G. G., Jasper H. H. Acetylcholine released from cerebral cortex in relation to state of activation. Neurology. 16:1966;1053-1064.
42. Chen S., Raos V., Bentivoglio M. Connections of the thalamic reticular nucleus with the contralateral thalamus in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 147:1992;85-88.
43. Chevalier G., Thierry A. M., Shibazaki T., Féger J. Evidence for a GABAergic inhibitory nigro-collicular pathway in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 21:1981;67-70.
44. Chevalier G., Vacher S., Deniau J., Desban M. Disinhibition as a basic process in the expression of striatal functions. I. The striato-nigral influence on tecto-spinal/tecto-diencephalic neurons. Brain Res. 334:1985;215-226.
45. Childs J. A., Gale K. Neurochemical evidence for a nigrotegmental GABAergic projection. Brain Res. 258:1983;109-114.
46. Chmielowska J., Carvell G., Simons D. J. Spatial organization of thalamocortical and corticothalamic projection system in the rat SmI barrel cortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 285:1989;325-338.
47. Chocholova L. Incidence and development of rhythmic episodic activity in the electro-encephalogram of a large rat population under chronic conditions. Physiol. Bohemoslov. 32:1983;10-18.
48. Clements J. R., Grant S. Glutamate-like immunoreactivity in neurons of the laterodorsal tegmental and pedunculopontine nuclei in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 120:1990;70-73.
49. Coenen A. M. L., van Luijtelaar E. L. J. M. The WAG/Rij rat model for absence epilepsy: age and sex factors. Epilepsy Res. 1:1987;297-301.
50. Coenen A. M. L., Drinkenburg W. H. I. M., Peeters B. W. M. M., Vossen J. M. H., van Luijtelaar E. L. J. M. Absence epilepsy and the level of vigilance in rats of the WAG/Rij strain. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 15:1991;259-263.
51. Coenen A. M. L., Drinkenburg W. H. I. M., Inoue M., van Luijtelaar E. L. J. M. Genetic models of absence epilepsy, with emphasis on the WAG/Rij strain of rats. Epilepsy Res. 12:1992;75-86.
52. Coenen A. M. L., Blezer E. H. M., van Luijtelaar E. L. J. M. Effects of the GABA-uptake inhibitor tiagabine on electroencephalogram. Epilepsy Res. 21:1995;89-94.
53. Consolo S., Bertorelli R., Forloni G. L., Butcher L. L. Cholinergic neurons of the pontomesencephalic tegmentum release acetylcholine in the basal nuclear complex of freely moving rats. Neuroscience. 37:1990;717-723.
54. Contreras D., Steriade M. Spindle oscillation in cats: the role of corticothalamic feedback in a thalamically generated rhythm. J. Physiol. (Lond). 490:1996;159-179.
55. Contreras D., Curro Dossi R., Steriade M. Electrophysiological properties of cat reticular thalamic neurones in vivo. J. Physiol. (Lond). 470:1993;273-294.
56. Contreras D., Destexhe A., Sejnowski T. J., Steriade M. Control of spatiotemporal coherence of a thalamic oscillation by corticothalamic feedback. Science. 274:1996;771-774.
57. Coulter D. A., Huguenard J. R., Prince D. A. Specific petit mal anticonvulsants reduce calcium currents in thalamic neurons. Neurosci. Lett. 98:1989;74-78.
58. Cox C. L., Huguenard J. R., Prince D. A. Heterogeneous axonal arborizations of rat thalamic reticular neurons in the ventrobasal nucleus. J. Comp. Neurol. 366:1996;416-430.
59. Cropper E. C., Eisenman J. S., Azmitia E. C. An immunocytochemical study of the serotonergic innervation of the thalamus of the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 224:1984;38-50.
60. Crossman A. R., Walker R. J., Woodruff G. N. Picrotoxin antagonism of γ-aminobutyric acid inhibitory responses, and synaptic inhibition in the rat substantia nigra. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 49:1973;696-698.
61. B receptor in excitation and inhibition of thalamocortical cells. Trends Neurosci. 14:1991;16-21.
62. Curro Dossi R., Paré D., Steriade M. Short-lasting nicotinic and long-lasting muscarinic depolarizing responses of thalamocortical neurons to stimulation of mesopontine cholinergic nuclei. J. Neurophysiol. 65:1991;393-406.
63. Damlama M., Bolam J. P., Tepper J. M. Axon collaterals of pars reticulata projection neurons synapse on pars compacta neurons. Soc. Neurosci. Abst. 19:1993;530.
64. Danober L., Depaulis A., Marescaux C., Vergnes M. Effects of cholinergic drugs on genetic absence seizures in rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 234:1993;263-268.
65. Danober L., Vergnes M., Depaulis A., Marescaux C. Nucleus basalis lesions suppress spike and wave discharges in rats with spontaneous absence-epilepsy. Neuroscience. 59:1994;531-539.
66. Danober L., Depaulis A., Vergnes M., Marescaux C. Mesopontine cholinergic control over generalized non-convulsive seizures in a genetic model of absence epilepsy in the rat. Neuroscience. 69:1995;1183-1193.
67. De Biasi S., Frassoni C., Spreafico R. GABA immunoreactivity in the thalamic reticular nucleus of the rat. A light and electron microscopical study. Brain Res. 399:1986;143-147.
68. De Biasi S., Frassoni C., Spreafico R. The intrinsic organization of the ventroposterolateral nucleus and related reticular thalamic nucleus of the rat: a double-labelling ultrastructural investigation with gamma-aminobutyric acid immunogold staining and lectin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase. Somatosensory Res. 5:1988;187-203.
69. de Curtis M., Spreafico R., Avanzini G. Excitatory amino acids mediate responses elicited in vitro by stimulation of cortical afferents to reticularis thalami neurons of the rat. Neuroscience. 33:1989;275-283.
70. DeFelipe J. Neocortical neuronal diversity: chemical heterogeneity revealed by colocalization studies of classic neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, calcium-binding proteins, and cell surface molecules. Cerebral Cortex. 3:1993;273-289.
71. De Lima A. D., Singer W. The brainstem projection to the lateral geniculate nucleus in the cat: identification of cholinergic and monoaminergic elements. J. Comp. Neurol. 259:1987;92-191.
72. Deniau J. M., Chevalier G. The lamellar organization of the rat substantia nigra pars reticulata: distribution of projections neurons. Neuroscience. 46:1992;361-377.
73. Depaulis A., Vergnes M., Marescaux C., Lannes B., Warter J. Evidence that activation of GABA receptors in the substantia nigra suppresses spontaneous spike-and-wave discharges in the rat. Brain Res. 448:1988;20-29.
74. Depaulis A., Snead O. I., Marescaux C., Vergnes M. Suppressive effects of intranigral injection of muscimol in three models of generalized non-convulsive epilepsy induced by chemical agents. Brain Res. 498:1989;64-72.
75. Depaulis A., Vergnes M., Liu Z., Kempf E., Marescaux C. Involvement of the nigral output pathways in the inhibitory control of the substantia nigra over generalized non-convulsive seizures in the rat. Neuroscience. 39:1990;339-349.
76. Depaulis A., Vergnes M., Marescaux C. Endogenous control of epilepsy: the nigral inhibitory system. Prog. Neurobiol. 42:1994;33-52.
77. Deransart C., Lê B.-T., De Barry J., Marescaux C., Depaulis A. Disinhibition of the globus pallidus suppresses absence seizures in the rat concomitantly with a reduction of nigral extracellular glutamate. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 22:1996;2096.
78. Deransart C., Marescaux C., Depaulis A. Involvement of nigral glutamatergic inputs in the control of seizures in a genetic model of absence epilepsy in the rat. Neuroscience. 71:1996;721-728.
79. Deschênes M., Hu B. Electrophysiology and pharmacology of the corticothalamic input to lateral thalamic nuclei: an intracellular study in the cat. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2:1990;140-152.
80. Deschênes M., Madariaga-Domich A., Steriade M. Dendrodendritic synapses in cat reticularis thalami nucleus, a structural basis for thalamic spindle synchronization. Brain Res. 334:1985;169-171.
81. Destexhe A., Contreras D., Sejnowski T. J., Steriade M. A model of spindle rhythmicity in the isolated thalamic reticular nucleus. J. Neurophysiol. 72:1994;803-818.
82. Destexhe A., Bal T., McCormick D. A., Sejnowski T. J. Ionic mechanisms underlying synchronized oscillations and propagating waves in a model of ferret thalamic slices. J. Neurophysiol. 76:1996;2049-2069.
83. Di Chiara G., Porceddu M. L., Morelli M., Mulas M. L., Gessa G. L. Evidence for a GABAergic projection from the substantia nigra to the ventromedial thalamus and to the superior colliculus of the rat. Brain Res. 176:1979;273-284.
84. Di Pasquale E., Keegan K. D., Noebels J. L. Increased excitability and inward rectification in layer V cortical pyramidal neurons in the epileptic mutant mouse stargazer. J. Neurophysiol. 77:1997;621-631.
85. Doose H., Gerkin T., Horstmann T., Volzke E. Genetic factors in spike-wave absences. Epilepsia. 14:1973;57-75.
86. Dravid A., Jaton A. L., Enz A., Frei P. Spontaneous recovery from motor asymetry in adult rats with 6-hydroxydopamine-induced partial lesions of the substantia nigra. Brain Res. 311:1984;361-365.
87. Dray A., Gonye T. J., Oakley M. R. Caudate stimulation and substantia nigra activity in the rat. J. Physiol. 259:1976;825-849.
88. Drinkenburg W. H. I. M., Coenen A. M. L., Vossen J. M. H., van Luijtelaar E. L. J. M. Spike-wave discharges and sleep-wake states in rats with absence epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 9:1991;218-224.
89. Drinkenburg W. H. I. M., van Luijtelaar E. L. J. M., Van Schaijk W. J., Coenen A. M. L. Aberrant transients in the EEG of epileptic rats: a spectral analytical approach. Physiol. Behav. 54:1993;779-783.
90. 2-muscarinic receptors to excite rat locus coeruleus neurones. Br. J. Pharmacol. 85:1985;733-735.
91. B receptors on thalamic sensory afferents. Neuroscience. 72:1996;689-698.
92. Engel J., Lubens P., Kuhl D. E., Phelps M. E. Local cerebral metabolic rate for glucose during petit mal absences. Ann. Neurol. 17:1985;121-128.
93. Fariello R. G., Golden G. T. The THIP-induced model of bilateral synchronous spike and wave in rodents. Neuropharmacology. 26:1987;161-165.
94. Fariello, R. G., Golden, G. T., Black, J. A. (1980) Potentiation of a feline model of corticoreticular epilepsy by systematically administered inhibitory amino acids. In: Advances in Epileptology, XIth Epilepsy International Symposium, pp. 339-342. Eds: R. Canger, F. Angeleri and J. K. Penry. Raven Press: New York.
95. Fitzpatrick D., Diamond I. T., Raczkowski D. Cholinergic and monoaminergic innervation of the cat's thalamus: comparison of the lateral geniculate nucleus with other principal sensory nuclei. J. Comp. Neurol. 288:1989;647-675.
96. Fletcher C. F., Lutz C. M., O'Sullivan T. N., Shaughnessy J. D. Jr., Hawkes R., Frankel W. N., Copeland N. G., Jenkens N. A. Absence epilepsy in tottering mutant mice is associated with calcium channel defects. Cell. 87:1996;607-617.
97. Fonnum F., Storm-Mathisen J., Divac I. Biochemical evidence for glutamate as neurotransmitter in corticostriatal and corticothalamic fibers in rat brain. Neuroscience. 6:1981;863-873.
98. Fort P., Khateb A., Pegna A., Mühlethaler M., Jones B. E. Noradrenaline modulation of cholinergic nucleus basalis neurons demonstrated by in vitro pharmacological and immunohistochemical evidence in the guinea-pig brain. Eur. J. Neurosci. 7:1995;1502-1511.
99. Frassoni, C., Speafico, R. and Battaglia, G. (1984) Afferent and efferent connections of the nucleus reticularis thalami of the rat: an HRP study. Neurosci. Lett. [Suppl.] 18, 951.
100. Frey H. H., Voits M. Effect of psychotropic agents on a model of absence epilepsy in rats. Neuropharmacol. 30:1991;651-656.
101. Fromm G. H., Kohli C. M. The role of inhibitory pathways in petit mal epilepsy. Neurology. 22:1972;1012-1020.
102. Gale K. Mechanisms of seizure control mediated by gamma aminobutyric acid: role of the substantia nigra. Fed. Proc. 44:1985;2414-2424.
103. Gandia J. A., De Las Heras S., Garcia M., Giménez-Amaya J. M. Afferent projections to the reticular thalamic nucleus from the globus pallidus and the substantia nigra in the rat. Brain Res. Bull. 32:1993;351-358.
104. Gandolfo G., Romettino S., Gottesmann C., van Luitjelaar G., Coenen A. Genetically epileptic rats show a pronounced intermediate stage of sleep. Physiol. Behav. 47:1990;213-215.
105. Gerfen C. R. The neostriatal mosaic: multiple levels of compartmental organization. Trends Neurosci. 15:1992;133-139.
106. B receptor antagonists on learning and memory retention in a rat model of absence epilepsy. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 320:1997;9-13.
107. Gibbs, F. A. and Gibbs, E. L. (1952) Atlas of Electroencephalography. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. Addisson-Wesley: Cambridge.
108. Gil Z., Amitai Y. Adult thalamocortical transmission involves both NMDA and non-NMDA receptors. J. Neurophysiol. 76:1996;2547-2554.
109. Gloor P. Generalized cortico-reticular epilepsies. Some considerations on pathophysiology of generalized bilaterally synchronous spike-and-wave discharges. Epilepsia. 9:1968;249-263.
110. Gloor, P., Metrakos, J., Metrakos, K., Andermann, E. and Van Gelder, N. (1982) Neurophysiologial, genetic and biochemical nature of the epileptic diathesis. In: Henri Gastaut and the Marseille Scool's contribution to the neurosciences. pp. 45-56. Eds R. J. Broughton. Elsevier Biochemical Press: Amsterdam.
111. Gloor P., Fariello R. G. Generalized epilepsy: some of its cellular mechanisms differ from those of focal epilepsy. Trends Neurosci. 11:1988;63-68.
112. Gloor, P., Avoli, M. and Kostopoulos, G. (1990) Thalamo-cortical relationships in generalized epilepsy with bilaterally synchronous spike-and-wave discharge. In: Generalized Epilepsy: Neurobiological Approaches. pp. 190-212. Eds M. Avoli, P. Gloor, R. Naquet and G. Kostopoulos. Birkhäuser Boston Inc.: Boston.
113. Grace A. A., Bunney B. S. Paradoxical GABA excitation of nigral dopaminergic cells: indirect mediation through reticulata inhibitory neurons. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 59:1979;211-218.
114. Grace A. A., Bunney B. S. Opposing effects of striatonigral feedback pathways on midbrain dopaminergic cell activity. Brain Res. 333:1985;271-284.
115. Gritti I., Mainville L., Jones B. E. Codistribution of GABA-with acetylcholine-synthesizing neurons in the basal forebrain of the Rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 329:1993;438-457.
116. Guberman A., Gloor P. Cholinergic drug studies of generalized penicillin epilepsy in the cat. Brain Res. 78:1976;203-222.
117. Guyon A., Vergnes M., Leresche N. Thalamic low threshold calcium current in a genetic model of absence epilepsy. Neuroreport. 4:1993;1231-1234.
118. Hallanger A. E., Levey A. I., Lee H. J., Rye D. B., Wainer B. H. The origins of cholinergic and other subcortical afferents to the thalamus in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 262:1987;105-124.
119. 14C-2-deoxyglucose method. Brain Res. Rev. 20:1995;1-23.
120. Harris R. M. Axon collaterals in the thalamic reticular nucleus fron thalamocortical neurons in the rat ventrobasal thalamus. J. Comp. Neurol. 258:1987;397-406.
121. Heimer, L., Zahm, D. S. and Alheid, G. F. (1995) Basal Ganglia. In: The rat Nervous System. pp. 579-628. Ed. G. Paxinos. Academic Press, Inc: New York.
122. Herrero M. T., Insausti R., Gonzalo L. M. Cortical projections from the laterodorsal and dorsal tegmental nuclei. A fluorescent retrograde tracing study in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 123:1991;144-147.
123. Hirsch, E., Blanc-Platier, A. and Marescaux, C. (1994) What are the relevant criteria for a better classification of epileptic syndromes with typical absences? In: Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsies: Clinical, Experimental and Genetic Aspects, pp. 87-93. Eds A. Malafosse, P. Genton, E. Hirsch, C. Marescaux, D. Broglin and R. Bernasconi. John Libbey: London.
124. Hobson J. A., McCarley R. W., Wyzinski P. H. Sleep cycle oscillations: reciprocal discharges by two brainstem neuronal groups. Science. 189:1975;55-58.
125. Hopkins D. A., Niessen L. W. Substantia nigra projections to the reticular formation, superior colliculus and central gray in the rat, cat and monkey. Neurosci. Lett. 2:1976;253-259.
126. Hosford D. A., Wang Y. Utility of the lethargic (lh/lh) mouse model of absence seizures in predicting the effects of lamotrigine, vigabatrin, tiagabine, gabapentin, and topiramate against human absence seizures. Epilepsia. 38:1997;408-414.
127. B receptor activation in absence seizures of lethargic (lh/lh) mice. Science. 257:1992;398-401.
128. B receptors regulate absence seizures in the lethargic (lh/lh) mouse model. J. Neurosci. 15:1995;7367-7376.
129. A receptors in thalamic nuclei in lh/lh model of absence seizures. Epilepsy Res. 27:1997;55-65.
130. Houser C. R., Vaughn J. E., Barber R. P., Roberts E. GABA neurons are the major cell type of the nucleus reticularis thalami. Brain Res. 200:1980;341-354.
131. 2+-dependant burst firing in GABAergic neurons of rat thalamic reticular nucleus. J. Neurosci. 12:1992;3804-3817.
132. Huguenard J. R., Prince D. A. Intrathalamic rhythmicity studied in vitro: nominal T-current modulation causes robust antioscillatory effects. J. Neurosci. 14:1994;5485-5502.
133. Hunter J., Jasper H. H. Effects of thalamic stimulation in unanesthetized animals. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 1:1949;305-324.
134. Innocenti, G. (1986) General organization of callosal connections in the cerebral cortex. In: Cerebral Cortex. Vol 5, pp. 291-353. Eds E. G. Jones and A. Peters. Plenum Press: New York.
135. Inoue M., Duysens J., Vossen J. M. H., Coenen A. M. L. Thalamic multiple-unit activity underlying spike-wave discharges in anesthetized rats. Brain Res. 612:1993;35-40.
136. Jackson A., Crossman A. R. Nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus: efferent connections with special reference to the basal ganglia, studied in the rat by anterograde and retrograde transport of horseradish peroxydase. Neuroscience. 10:1983;725-765.
137. Jacobs B. L., Azmitia E. C. Structure and function of the brain serotonin system. Physiol. Rev. 72:1992;165-229.
138. Jando G., Carpi D., Kandel A., Urioste R., Horvath Z., Pierre E., Vadi D., Vadasz C., Buzsaki G. Spike-and-wave epilepsy in rats: sex differences and inheritance of physiological traits. Neuroscience. 64:1995;301-317.
139. Jobe P. C., Mishra P. K., Ludvig N., Dailey J. W. Scope and contribution of genetic models to an understanding of the epilepsies. Critical Rev. Neurobiol. 6:1991;183-220.
140. Jones, E. G. (1985) The Thalamus. In: Chemical Neuroanatomy, pp. 257-293. Eds P. C. Emson. Raven Press: New York.
141. Jones B. E., Cuello A. C. Afferents to the basal forebrain cholinergic cell area from pontomesencephalic-catecholamine, serotonin, and acetylcholine-neurons. Neuroscience. 31:1989;37-61.
142. Jones B. E., Moore R. Y. Ascending projections of the locus coeruleus in the rat. II. Autoradiographic study. Brain Res. 127:1977;23-53.
143. Jourdain A., Semba K., Fibiger H. C. Basal forebrain and mesopontine tegmental projections to the reticular thalamic nucleus: an axonal collateralization and immunohistochemical study in rat. Brain Res. 505:1989;55-65.
144. Juliano S. L., Ma W., Bear M., Esclin D. Cholinergic manipulation alters stimulus evoked metabolic activity in cat somatosensory cortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 297:1990;106-120.
145. Jung R. Blocking of petit-mal attacks by sensory arousal and inhibition of attacks by an active change in attention during the epileptic dura. Epilepsia. 3:1962;435-437.
146. Kanedo T., Mizumo N. Immunohistochemical study of glutaminase-containing neurons in the cerebral cortex and thalamus of the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 267:1988;590-602.
147. Kaplan B. J. The epileptic nature of rodent electrocortical polyspiking is still unproven. Exp. Neurol. 88:1985;425-436.
148. B receptors uncovers similarity to metabotropic glutamate receptors. Nature. 386:1997;239-246.
149. Kayama Y., Nedi T., Sugitani M., Iwama K. Effects of locus coeruleus stimulation on neuronal activities of dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and perigeniculate reticular nucleus of the rat. Neuroscience. 7:1982;655-666.
150. Kayama Y., Ohta M., Jodo E. Firing of "possibly" cholinergic neurons in the rat laterodorsal tegmental nucleus during sleep and wakefulness. Brain Res. 569:1992;210-220.
151. Kazakov V. N., Kravtsov P. Y., Krakhotkina E. D., Maisky V. A. Sources of cortical, hypothalamic and spinal serotonergic projections: topical organization within the nucleus raphe dorsalis. Neuroscience. 56:1993;157-164.
152. Kellar K. J., Brown P. A., Madrid J., Bernstein M., Vernikos-Danellis J., Mehler W. R. Origins of serotonin innervation of forebrain structures. Exp. Neurol. 56:1977;52-62.
153. Kharazia V. N., Weinberg R. J. Glutamate in thalamic fibers terminating in layer IV of primary sensory cortex. J. Neurosci. 14:1994;6021-6032.
154. Khateb A., Fort P., Alonso A., Jones B. E., Mühlethaler M. Pharmacological and immunohistochemical evidence for serotonergic modulation of cholinergic nucleus basalis neurons. Eur. J. Neurosci. 5:1993;541-547.
155. Khateb A., Fort P., Williams S., Serafin M., Jones B. E., Muhlethaler M. Modulation of cholinergic nucleus basalis neurons by acetylcholine and N-methyl-D-aspartate. Neuroscience. 81:1997;47-55.
156. Kilpatrick I. C., Starr M. S., Fletcher A., James T. A., MacLeod N. K. Evidence for a GABAergic nigrothalamic pathway in the rat: I. Behavioral and biochemical studies. Exp. Brain Res. 40:1980;45-54.
157. King G. A., Kuhman W. M. α2-adrenergic antagonists suppress epileptiform EEG activity in a petit mal seizure model. Life Sci. 30:1982;293-299.
158. Kleinlogel H. Spontaneous EEG paroxysms in the rat: effects of psychotropic and α-adrenergic agents. Neuropsychobiology. 13:1985;206-213.
159. Klingberg F., Pickenhain L. Das Auftreten von "Spindelentladungen" bei der Ratte in Bezeihung zum Verhalten. Acta Biol. Med. Germ. 20:1968;45-54.
160. Knight A. R., Bowery N. G. GABA receptors in rats with spontaneous generalized nonconvulsive epilepsy. J. Neural Transm. [Suppl]. 35:1992;189-196.
161. Koerner C., Danober L., Boehrer A., Marescaux C., Vergnes M. Thalamic NMDA-transmission in a genetic model of absence epilepsy in rats. Epilepsy Res. 25:1996;11-19.
162. Kolb, B. and Tees, R. C. (1990) The rat as a model of cortical function. In: The Cerebral Cortex of the Rat. pp. 3-17. Ed. B. Kolb, R. C. Tees. MIT Press: Cambridge.
163. Kornetsky, C. (1977) Animal models: promises and problems. In: Animal models in Psychiatry and Neurology. pp. 1-7. Eds I. Hanin and E. Udsin. Pergamon Press: Oxford.
164. Kornhuber J., Kim J., Kornhuber M., Kornhuber H. The cortico-nigral projection: reduced glutamate content in the substantia nigra following frontal cortex ablation in the rat. Brain Res. 322:1984;124-126.
165. Kosofsky B. E., Molliver M. E. The serotoninergic innervation of the cerebral cortex: different classes of axon terminals arise from dorsal and median raphe nuclei. Synapse. 1:1987;153-168.
166. Kostopoulos G., Gloor P., Pellegrini A., Siatitsas I. A study of the transition from spindles to spike and wave discharge in feline generalized penicillin epilepsy: EEG features. Exp. Neurol. 73:1981;43-54.
167. Koyama Y., Kayama Y. Mutual interactions among cholinergic, noradrenergic and serotonergic neurons studied by ionophoresis of these transmitters in rat brainstem nuclei. Neuroscience. 55:1993;1117-1126.
168. Lannes B., Micheletti G., Vergnes M., Marescaux C., Depaulis A., Warter J. M. Relationship between spike-wave discharges and vigilance levels in rats with spontaneous petit mal-like epilepsy. Neurosci. Lett. 94:1988;187-191.
169. Lannes B., Vergnes M., Marescaux C., Depaulis A., Micheletti G., Warter J. M., Kempf E. Lesions of noradrenergic neurons in rats with spontaneous generalized non-convulsive epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 9:1991;79-85.
170. Lavoie B., Parent A. Pedunculopontine nucleus in the squirrel monkey: distribution of cholinergic and monoaminergic neurons in the mesopontine tegmentum with evidence for the presence of glutamate in cholinergic neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 344:1994;190-209.
171. Lee K. H., McCormick D. A. Acetylcholine excites GABAergic neurons of the ferret perigeniculate nucleus through nicotinic receptors. J. Neurophysiol. 73:1995;2123-2128.
172. Leresche N., Lightowler S., Soltesz I., Jassik-Gerschenfeld D., Crunelli V. Low frequency oscillatory activities intrinsic to rat and cat thalamocortical cells. J. Physiol. (London). 441:1991;155-174.
173. Lennox, W. G. and Lennox, M. A. (1960) In: Epilepsy and related disorders. Little, Brown, Boston.
174. Levitt P., Noebels J. L. Mutant mouse tottering: selective increase of locus coeruleus axons in a defined single locus mutation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 78:1981;4630-4634.
175. Libet B., Gleason C. A., Wright E. W., Feinstein B. Suppression of an epileptiform type of electrocortical activity in the rat by stimulation in the vicinity of locus coeruleus. Epilepsia. 18:1977;451-455.
176. Libouban S., Oswaldo-Cruz E. Quelques observations relatives aux activités évoquées et spontanées du cerveau du rat blanc. J. Physiol. (Paris). 50:1958;380-383.
177. Lindvall O., Björklund A., Nobin A., Stenevi U. The adrenergic innervation of the rat thalamus as revealed by the glyoxilic acid fluorescence method. J. Comp. Neurol. 154:1974;317-348.
178. Liu Z., Vergnes M., Depaulis A., Marescaux C. Evidence for a critical role of GABAergic transmission within the thalamus in the genesis and control of absence seizures in the rat. Brain Res. 545:1991;1-7.
179. B neurotransmission in the control of absence seizures in the rats. Neuroscience. 48:1992;87-93.
180. Llinas R. R. The intrinsic electrophysiological properties of mammalian neurons; insight into central nervous system function. Science. 242:1988;1654-1664.
181. Loiseau P., Cohadon F. Considerations on epilepsia partialis continua and its relationship with somatomotor epilepsy. Encephale. 59:1970;362-389.
182. Loiseau P., Duché B., Pédespan J. M. Absence Epilepsies. Epilepsia. 36:1995;1182-1186.
183. Löscher W., Schmidt D. Which animal models should be used on the search for new antiepileptic drugs? A proposal based on experimental and clinical considerations. Epilepsy Res. 2:1988;145-181.
184. Lu S. M., Lin R. C. S. Thalamic afferents of the rat barrel cortex: a light- and electron-microscopic study using phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin as an anterograde tracer. Somatosensory and Motor Research. 10:1993;1-16.
185. Luebke J. Morphology of neurons in the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) of mammals as revealed by intracellular injections into fixed brain slices. J. Comp. Neurol. 329:1993;458-471.
186. Luebke J. I., Greene R. W., Semba K., Kamondi A., McCarley R. W., Reiner P. B. Serotonin hyperpolarizes cholinergic low-threshold burst neurons in the rat laterodorsal tegmental nucleus in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 89:1992;743-747.
187. Luebke J. I., McCarley R. W., Greene R. W. Inhibitory action of muscarinic agonists on neurons in the rat laterodorsal tegmental neurons in vitro. J. Neurophysiol. 70:1993;1-8.
188. Luhman H. J., Mittman T., van Luijtelaar G., Heineman U. Impairment of intracortical GABAergic inhibition in a rat model of absence epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 22:1995;43-51.
189. Marcus E. M., Watson C. W. Bilateral symmetrical epileptonic foci in monkey cerebral cortex: mechanisms of interaction and regional variations in capacity for synchronous spike slow wave discharges. Arch. Neurol. 19:1968;99-116.
190. Marcus E. M., Watson C. W., Jacobson S. Role of the corpus callosum in bilateral synchronous discharges induced by intravenous pentylenetetrazol. Neurology. 19:1969;309.
191. Marescaux C., Micheletti G., Vergnes M., Depaulis A., Rumbach L., Warter J. M. A model of chronic spontaneous petit mal-like seizures in the rat: comparison with pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures. Epilepsia. 25:1984;326-331.
192. Marescaux C., Vergnes M., Depaulis A. Genetic absence epilepsy in rats from Strasbourg - A review. J. Neural Transm. [Suppl]. 35:1992;37-69.
193. Marescaux C., Vergnes M., Depaulis A. Neurotransmission in rats' spontaneous generalized nonconvulsive epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. [Suppl]. 8:1992;335-343.
194. B receptor antagonists: potential new anti-absence drugs. J. Neural. Transm. [Suppl]. 35:1992;179-188.
195. B receptor binding sites in genetic absence epilepsy rats from Strasbourg (GAERS) and in non-epileptic rats. In: Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsies: Clinical, Experimental and Genetic Aspects, pp. 177-185. Eds A. Malafosse, P. Genton, E. Hirsch, C. Marescaux, D. Broglin and R. Bernasconi. John Libbey: London.
196. B receptors in GAERS compared to non-epileptic control rats using agonist and antagonist radioligands. Pharmacol. Rev. Commun. 8:1996;203-207.
197. Mattson R. H. Efficacy and adverse effects of established and new antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsia [Suppl]. 36:1995;S13-S26.
198. McCormick D. A. Neurotransmitter actions in the thalamus and cerebral cortex and their role in neuromodulation of thalamocortical activity. Prog. Neurobiol. 39:1992;337-388.
199. McCormick D. A., Bal T. Sleep and arousal: thalamocortical mechanisms. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 20:1997;185-215.
200. McCormick D. A., Pape H. C. Properties of a hyperpolarization-activated cations current and its role in rhythmic oscillations in thalamic relay neurons. J. Physiol. (London). 431:1990;291-318.
201. McCormick D. A., Prince D. A. Two types of muscarinic response to acetylcholine in mammalian cortical neurons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 82:1985;6344.
202. McCormick D. A., Prince D. A. Acetylcholine induces burst firing in thalamic reticular neurones by activating a potassium conductance. Nature. 319:1986;402-405.
203. McCormick D. A., Prince D. A. Noradrenergic modulation of firing pattern in guinea pig and cat thalamic neurons, in vitro. J. Neurophysiol. 59:1988;978-996.
204. McCormick D. A., Von Krosigk M. Corticothalamic activation modulates thalamic firing through glutamate "metabotropic" receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 89:1992;2774-2778.
205. McCormick D. A., Wang Z. Serotonin and noradrenaline excite GABAergic neurones of the guinea-pig and cat nucleus reticularis thalami. J. Physiol. (Lond). 442:1991;235-255.
206. McCormick D. A., Williamson A. Convergence and divergence of neurotransmitter action in human cerebral cortex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 86:1989;8098-8102.
207. McGeorge A. J., Faull R. L. M. The organization of the projection from the cerebral cortex to the striatum in the rat. Neuroscience. 29:1989;503-537.
208. McGinty D. J., Hasper R. M. Dorsal raphe neurons: depression of firing during sleep in cats. J. Neurosci. 11:1976;3188-3199.
209. McLachlan R. S., Avoli M., Gloor M. Transition from spindles to generalized spike and wave discharges in the cat: simultaneous single-cell recordings in cortex and thalamus. Exp. Neurol. 85:1984;413-425.
210. McLeod N. K., James T. A., Kilpatrick I. C., Starr M. S. Evidence for a GABAergic nigrothalamic pathway in the rat: II. Electrophysiological studies. Exp. Brain Res. 40:1980;55-61.
211. McNamara J. O. Cellular and molecular basis of epilepsy. J. Neurosci. 14:1994;3413-3425.
212. McQueen J. K., Woodbury D. M. Attempts to produce spike-and-wave complexes in the electro-corticogram of the rat. Epilepsia. 16:1975;295-299.
213. Meinecke D. L., Peters A. GABA immunoreactive neurons in rat visual cortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 261:1987;388-404.
214. Meis S., Biella G., Pape H. C. Interaction between low voltage-activated currents in reticular thalamic neurons in a rat model of absence epilepsy. Eur. J. Neurosci. 8:1996;2090-2097.
215. Meldrum B. S. The role of glutamate in epilepsy and other CNS disorders. Neurology. 44:1994;S14-S23.
216. Meldrum B., Horton R. Effects of the bicyclic GABA agonist, THIP, on myoclonic and seizure responses in mice and baboons with reflex epilepsy. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 61:1980;231-237.
217. Mesulam M. The cholinergic contribution to neuromodulation in the cerebral cortex. Seminars Neurosci. 7:1995;297-307.
218. Metherate R., Ashe J. H. Nucleus basalis stimulation facilitates thalamocortical synaptic transmission in the rat auditory cortex. Synapse. 14:1993;132-143.
219. Metherate R., Tremblay N., Dykes R. W. The effects of acetylcholine on response properties of cat somatosensory cortical neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 59:1988;1231-1251.
220. Metherate R., Tremblay N., Dykes R. W. Transient and prolonged effects of acetylcholine on responsiveness of cat somatosensory cortical neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 59:1988;1253-1275.
221. Metherate R., Cox C. L., Ashe J. H. Cellular bases of neocortical activation: modulation of neural oscillations by the nucleus basalis and endogenous acetylcholine. J. Neurosci. 12:1992;4701-4711.
222. Micheletti G., Vergnes M., Marescaux C., Reis J., Depaulis A., Rumbach L., Warter J. M. Antiepileptic drug evaluation in a new animal model: spontaneous petit mal epilepsy in the rat. Arzheim. Forsch./Drug Res. 35:1985;483-495.
223. Micheletti G., Warter J. M., Marescaux C., Depaulis A., Tranchant C., Rumbach L., Vergnes M. Effects of drugs affecting noradrenergic neurotransmission in rats with spontaneous petit mal-like seizures. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 135:1987;397-402.
224. Miller J. W. The role of mesencephalic and thalamic arousal systems in experimental seizures. Prog. Neurol. 39:1992;155-178.
225. Mink J. W. The basal ganglia: focused selection and inhibition of competing motor programs. Prog Neurobiol. 50:1996;381-425.
226. Mirsky A. F., Duvan C. C., Myslobodsky M. S. Petit mal epilepsy: a review and integration of recent information. J. Clin. Neurophysiol. 3:1986;179-208.
227. Mishra R. K., Marshall A. M., Varmuza S. L. Supersensitivity in rat caudate nucleus: effects of 6-hydroxydopamine on the time course of dopamine receptor and cyclic AMP changes. Brain Res. 200:1980;47-57.
228. Moriizumi T., Hattori T. Separate neuronal populations of the rat globus pallidus projecting to the subthalamic nucleus, auditory cortex and pedunculopontine tegmental area. Neuroscience. 46:1992;701-710.
229. Morisson J. H., Foote S. L. Noradrenaline and serotoninergic innervation of cortical, thalamic and tectal visual structures in old and new world monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 243:1986;117-138.
230. Morruzi G., Magoun H. Brainstem reticular formation and activation of the EEG. Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol. 1:1949;455-473.
231. Mulle C., Madariaga A., Deschênes M. Morphology and electrophysiological properties of reticularis thalami neurons in cat: in vitro study of a thalamic pacemaker. J. Neurosci. 6:1986;2134-2145.
232. A and phencyclidine receptors in spontaneous epileptic rats; in vitro quantitative autoradiographic analysis. Neurosci. Lett. 131:1991;1-4.
233. Musgrave J., Gloor P. The role of the corpus callosum in bilateral interhemispheric synchrony of spike and wave discharge in feline generalized penicillin epilepsy. Epilepsia. 21:1980;369-378.
234. Naito A., Kita H. The Cortico-Nigral projection in the rat - an anterograde tracing study with biotinylated dextran amine. Brain Res. 637:1994;317-322.
235. Naquet R., Catier J., Menini C. Neurophysiology of photically induced epilepsy in Papio papio. Adv. Neurol. 10:1975;107-118.
236. Nehlig A., Vergnes M., Marescaux C., Boyet S., Lannes B. Local cerebral glucose utilization in rats with petit mal-like seizures. Ann. Neurol. 29:1991;72-77.
237. Nehlig A., Vergnes M., Waydelich R., Hirsch E., Charbonne R., Marescaux C., Seylaz J. Absence seizures induce a decrease in cerebral blood flow: human and animal data. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 16:1996;147-155.
238. Niedermeyer E. Primary (idiopathic) generalized epilepsy and underlying mechanisms. Clinical Electroencephalography. 27:1996;1-21.
239. Noebels J. L. Isolating single genes of the inherited epilepsies. Ann. Neurol. [Suppl.]. 16:1984;S18-S21.
240. Noebels J. L., Sidman R. L. Inherited epilepsy: spike-wave and focal motor seizures in the mutant mouse tottering. Science. 204:1979;1334-1336.
241. Oertel W. H., S. D. E., Brownstein M. J., Tappaz M. L., Ransom D. H. and Kopin I. J. (1981) Decrease of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD)-immunoreactive nerve terminals in the substantia nigra after kainic acid lesion of striatum. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 29, 977-980.
242. Ohara P. T., Lieberman A. R., Hunt S. P., Wu J. Y. Neural elements containing glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the rat: immunohistochemical studies by light and electron microscopy. Neuroscience. 8:1983;189-212.
243. 3H]aspartate in thalamocortical neurones. Neurosci. Lett. 42:1983;19-24.
244. Pape H. C., McCormick D. A. Noradrenaline and serotonin selectively modulate thalamic burst firing by enhancing a hyperpolarization-activated cation current. Nature. 340:1989;715-718.
245. Paré D., Hazrati L. N., Parent A., Steriade M. Substantia nigra pars reticulata projects to the reticular thalamic nucleus of the cat: a morphological and electrophysiological study. Brain Res. 535:1990;139-146.
246. Peeters B. W. M. M., Sporen W. P. J. M., van Luijtelaar E. L. J. M., Coenen A. M. L. The WAG/Rij rat model for absence epilepsy: anticonvulsant drug evaluation. Neurosci. Res. Commun. 2:1988;93-97.
247. Peeters B. W. M. M., van Rijn C. M., van Luijtelaar E. L. J. M., Coenen A. M. L. Antiepileptic and behavioural actions of MK-801 in an animal model of spontaneous absence epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 3:1989;178-181.
248. Peeters B. W. M. M., Kerbusch J. M. L., van Luijtelaar E. L. J. M., Vossen J. M. H., Coenen A. M. L. Genetics of absence epilepsy in rats. Behav. Genet. 20:1990;453-460.
249. Peeters B. W. M. M., Van Rijn C. M., Vossen J. M. H., Coenen A. M. L. Involvement of NMDA receptors in non-convulsive epilepsy in WAG/Rij rats. Life Sci. 47:1990;523-529.
250. Peeters B. W. M. M., Ramakers G. M. J., Vossen J. M. H., Coenen A. M. L. The WAG/Rij rat model for nonconvulsive absence epilepsy: involvement of nonNMDA receptors. Brain Res. Bull. 33:1994;709-713.
251. Pellegrini A., Curro Dossi R., Dal Pos F., Ermani M., Zanotto L., Testa G. Ethosuccimide alters intrathalamic and thalamocortical synchronizing mechanisms: a possible explanation of its antiabsence effect. Brain Res. 497:1989;344-360.
252. Penfield W. G., Jasper H. H. Highest level seizures. Assoc. Nerv. Ment. Dis. Proc. 26:1947;252-271.
253. Penfield, W. G. and Jasper, H. H. (1954) Epilepsy and the Functional Anatomy of the Human Brain. Little, Brown and Co.: Boston.
254. Pinault D., Deschênes M. Muscarinic inhibition of reticular thalamic cells by basal forebrain neurons. Neuroreport. 3:1992;1101-1104.
255. Pinault D., Bourassa J., Deschênes M. The axonal arborization of single thalamic reticular neurons in the somatosensory thalamus of the rat. Eur. J. Neurosci. 7:1995;31-40.
256. Pinault D., Smith Y., Deschênes M. Dendrodendritic and axoaxonic synapses in the reticular nucleus of the adult rat. J. Neurosci. 17:1997;3215-3233.
257. Pohl M., Mares P. Localization of the origin of metrazol-induced rhythmic electrocorticographic activity in rats. Physiol. Bohemoslov. 32:1983;162-170.
258. Pollen D. A. Experimental spike and wave responses and petit mal epilepsy. Epilepsia. 9:1968;221-232.
259. Porter R. J. The absence epilepsies. Epilepsia [Suppl 3]. 34:1993;S42-S48.
260. Precht W., Yoshida M. Blockade of caudate-evoked inhibition of neurons in the substantia nigra by picrotoxin. Brain Research. 32:1971;229-233.
261. A receptor binding during absence seizures. Epilepsia. 36:1995;592-599.
262. 11C]Flumazenil and positron emission tomography. Epilepsia. 36:1995;113-121.
263. Pritzel M., Huston J. P., Sarter M. Behavioral and neuronal reorganization after unilateral substantia nigra lesions: evidence for increased interhemispheric nigrostriatal projections. Neuroscience. 9:1983;879-888.
264. Pumain R., Jouvel J., Gastard M., Kurcewicz I., Vergnes M. Responses to N-methyl-D-aspartate are enhanced in rats with petit mal-like seizures. J. Neural. Trans. [Suppl.]. 35:1992;97-108.
265. Qiao X., Noebels J. L. Genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity of inherited spike-wave epilepsy: two mutant gene loci with independent cerebral excitability defects. Brain Res. 555:1991;43-50.
266. Radil, T., Chocholova, L. and Roldan, E. (1982) The influence of sleep-waking states on EEG manifestations of experimental epileptoid foci. In: Sleep and Epilepsy, pp. 73-88. Eds M. B. Sterman, M. N. Shouse and P. Passouant. Academic Press: New York.
267. Ramakers G. M. J., Peeters B. W. M. M., Vossen J. M. H., Coenen A. M. L. CNQX, a new non-NMDA receptor antagonist, reduces spike and wave discharges in the WAG/Rij rat model of absence epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 9:1991;127-131.
268. Ramusson D. D., Clow K., Szerb J. C. Frequency-dependent increase in cortical acetylcholine release evoked by stimulation of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis in the rat. Brain Res. 594:1992;150-154.
269. Ramusson D. D., Clow K., Szerb J. C. Modification of neocortical acetylcholine release and electroencephalogram desynchronization due to brainstem stimulation by drugs applied to the basal forebrain. Neuroscience. 60:1994;665-677.
270. Redgrave P., Dean P., Simkins M. Intratectal glutamate suppresses pentylenetetrazole-induced spike-and-wave discharges. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 158:1988;283-287.
271. Richards D. A., Lemos T., Whitton P. S., Bowery N. G. Extracellular GABA in the ventrolateral thalamus of rats exhibiting spontaneous absence epilepsy: a microdialysis study. J. Neurochem. 65:1995;1674-1680.
272. Riekkinen P. Jr., Riekkinen M., Jäkälä P., Sirviö J., Lammintausta R., Riekkinen P. Combination of atipamezol and tetrahydroaminoacridine/pilocarpine treatment suppresses high voltage spindle activity in aged rats. Brain Res. Bull. 27:1991;237-250.
273. Riekkinen P. Jr., Riekkinen M., Sirviö J., Miettinen R., Riekkinen P. Loss of cholinergic neurons in the nucleus basalis induces neocortical electroencephalographic and passive avoidance deficits. Neuroscience. 47:1992;823-831.
274. Rinvik E. Thalamic commissural connections in the cat. Neurosci. Lett. 44:1984;311-316.
275. Rinvik E., Ottersen O. P., Storm-Mathisen J. Gamma-aminobutyrate-like immunoreactivity in the thalamus of the cat. Neuroscience. 21:1987;781-805.
276. Robledo P., Féger J. Excitatory influence of rat subthalamic nucleus to substantia nigra pars reticulata and the pallidal complex: electrophysiological data. Brain Res. 518:1990;47-54.
277. Rogawski M. A., Aghajanian G. K. Modulation of lateral geniculate neuron excitability by noradrenaline iontophoresis or locus coeruleus stimulation. Nature. 87:1980;731-734.
278. Ryan L. J. Catecholamine regulation of neocortical spindling in DBA/2 mice. Behav. Brain Res. 16:1985;103-115.
279. Ryan L. J. Cholinergic regulation of neocortical spindling in DBA/2 mice. Exp. Neurol. 89:1985;372-381.
280. Rye D. B., Wainer B. H., Mesulam M. M., Mufson E. J., Saper C. B. Cortical projections arising from the basal forebrain: a study of cholinergic and noncholinergic components employing combined retrograde tracing and immunohistochemical localization of choline acetyltransferase. Neuroscience. 13:1984;627-643.
281. Rye D. B., Saper C. B., Lee H. J., Wainer B. H. Pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus of the rat: cytoarchitecture, cytochemistry and some extrapyramidal connections of the mesonpontine tegmentum. J. Comp. Neurol. 259:1987;483-528.
282. Salt T. E., Eaton S. A. Functions of ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors in sensory transmission in the mammalian thalamus. Prog. Neurobiol. 48:1996;55-72.
283. Sato H., Hata Y., Hagihara K., Tsumoto T. Effects of cholinergic depletion on neuron activities in the cat visual cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 58:1987;781-794.
284. Satoh K., Fibiger H. C. Cholinergic neurons of the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus: efferent and afferent connections. J. Comp. Neurol. 253:1986;277-302.
285. Schickerova R., Mares P., Trojan S. Correlation between electro-corticographic and motor phenomena induced by pentamethylenetetrazol during ontogenesis in rats. Exp. Neurol. 84:1984;153-164.
286. Schlumberger E., Chavez F., Palacios L., Rey E., Pajot N., Dulac O. Lamotrigine in treatment of 120 children with epilepsy. Epilepsia. 35:1994;359-367.
287. Semba K., Fibiger H. C. Afferent connections of the laterodorsal and the pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei in the rat: a retro- and antero-grade transport and immunohistochemical study. J. Comp. Neurol. 323:1992;387-410.
288. Semba K., Komisaruk B. R. Neural substrates of two diffeent rhythmical vibrissal movements in the rat. Neuroscience. 12:1984;761-774.
289. Semba K., Reiner P. B., McGeer E. G., Fibiger H. C. Brainstem afferents to the magnocellular basal forebrain studied by axonal transport, immunohistochemistry and electrophysiology in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 267:1988;433-453.
290. Sherman S. M., Guillery R. W. Functional organization of thalamocortical relays. J. Neurophysiol. 76:1996;1367-1395.
291. Sillito A. M., Kemp J. A. Cholinergic modulation of the functional organization of the cat visual cortex. Brain Res. 289:1983;143-155.
292. Singer W. Control of thalamic transmission by corticofugal and ascending reticular pathways in the visual system. Physiol. Rev. 57:1977;386-420.
293. Smith I. D., Grace A. A. Role of the subthalamic nucleus in the regulation of nigral dopamine neuron activity. Synapse. 12:1992;287-303.
294. Snead O. C. III Gamma-hydroxybutyrate in the monkey. Neurology. 28:1978;636-642.
295. Snead O. C. III Noradrenergic mechanisms in γ-hydroxybutyrate-induced seizure activity. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 136:1987;103-108.
296. Snead O. C. III Gamma-hydroxybutyrate model of generalized absence seizures: Further characterization and comparison with other absence models. Epilepsia. 29:1988;361-368.
297. B-mediated mechanisms in experimental generalized absence seizures. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 213:1992;343-349.
298. Snead, O. C. III. (1994) Pathophysiological mechanisms of experimental generalized absence seizures in rats. In: Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsies: Clinical, Experimental and Genetic Aspects, pp. 133-150. Eds A. Malafosse, P. Genton, E. Hirsch, C. Marescaux, D. Broglin and R. Bernasconi. John Libbey: London.
299. A receptor complex in experimental absence seizures in rat: an autoradiographic study. Neurosci. Lett. 140:1992;9-12.
300. Soltesz I., Lightowler S., Leresche N., Jassik-gerschenfeld D., Pollard C. E., Crunelli V. Two inward currents and the transformation of low-frequency oscillations of rat and cat thalamocortical cells. J. Physiol. (London). 441:1991;175-197.
301. Somogyi P., Cowey A. Combined Golgi and electron microscopic study on the synapses formed by double bouquet cells in the visual cortex of the cat and monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 195:1981;547-566.
302. Sperling M. R., Skolnick B. E. Cerebral blood flow during spike-wave discharges. Epilepsia. 36:1995;156-163.
303. Spreafico R., De Curtis M., Frassoni C., Avanzini G. Electrophysiological characteristics of morphological identified reticular thalamic neurons from rat slices. Neuroscience. 27:1988;629-638.
304. Spreafico R., Battaglia G., Frassoni C. The reticular thalamic nucleus (RTN) of the rat: cytoarchitectural, Golgi, immunocytochemical, and Horseradish peroxydase study. J. Comp. Neurol. 304:1991;478-490.
305. Spreafico R., Menini T., Danober L., Cagnotto A., Regondi M. C., Miari A., De Blas A., Vergnes M., Avanzini G. GABA-A receptor impairment in the genetic absence epilepsy rats from Strasbourg (GAERS): an immunocytochemical and receptor binding autoradiographic study. Epilepsy Res. 15:1993;229-238.
306. Spreafico R., Frassoni C., Arcelli P., De Biasi S. GABAergic interneurons in the somatosensoriel thalamus of the guinea pig: a light and ultrastructural immunocytochemical investigation. Neuroscience. 59:1994;961-973.
307. Steriade M. The cerebello-thalamo-cortical pathway: Ascending (specific and unspecific) and corticofugal controls. Int. J. Neurol. 7:1970;177-200.
308. Steriade M. Interneuronal epileptic discharges related to spike-and-wave cortical seizures in behaving monkeys. Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol. 37:1974;247-263.
309. Steriade, M. (1990) Spindling, incremental thalamocortical responses, and spike-wave epilepsy. In: Generalized Epilepsy: Neurobiological Approaches. pp. 161-180. Eds M. Avoli, P. Gloor, R. Naquet and G. Kostopoulos. Birkhäuser Boston Inc.: Boston.
310. Steriade M. Oscillations in interacting thalamic and neocortical neurons. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 8:1993;111-116.
311. Steriade M. Neuromodularoty systems of thalamus and neocortex. Seminars Neurosci. 7:1995;361-370.
312. Steriade M., Amzica F. Dynamic coupling among neocortical neurons during evoked and spontaneous spike-wave seizure activity. J. Neurophysiol. 72:1994;2051-2069.
313. Steriade M., Contreras D. Relations between cortical and thalamic cellular events during transition from sleep patterns to paroxysmal activity. J. Neurosci. 15:1995;623-642.
314. Steriade M., Deschênes M. The thalamus as a neuronal oscillator. Brain Res. Rev. 8:1984;1-63.
315. Steriade M., Domich L., Oakson G., Deschênes M. The deafferented reticular thalamic nucleus generates spindle rhythmicity. J. Neurophysiol. 57:1987;260-273.
316. Steriade M., Paré D., Parent A., Smith Y. Projections of cholinergic and non-cholinergic neurons of the brainstem core to relay and associational thalamic nuclei in the cat and macaque monkey. Neuroscience. 25:1988;47-67.
317. Steriade M., Datta S., Paré D., Oakson G., Curro Dossi R. Neuronal activities in brain-stem cholinergic nuclei related to tonic activation processes in thalamocortical systems. J. Neurosci. 10:1990;2541-2559.
318. Steriade M., McCormick D. A., Sejnowski T. J. Thalamocortical oscillations in the sleeping and aroused brain. Science. 262:1993;679-685.
319. Stewart D. J., McFabe D. F., Vanderwolf C. H. Cholinergic activation of the electrocorticogram: role of the substantia innominata and effects of atropine and quinuclidinyl benzylate. Brain Res. 322:1984;219-232.
320. Swanson L. W., Modenson G. J., Derfen C. R., Robinson P. Evidence for a projection from the lateral preoptic area and substantia innominata to the "Mesencephalic Locomotor Region" in the rat. Brain Res. 295:1984;161-178.
321. Tork I. Anatomy of the serotoninergic system. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 600:1990;9-34.
322. Trulson M. E., Jacobs B. L. Raphe unit activity in freely moving cats: correlation with level of behavioral arousal. Brain Res. 163:1979;135-150.
323. Tsakiridou E., Bertollini L., de Curtis M., Avanzini G., Pape H. C. Selective increase in T-type calcium conductance of reticular thalamic neurons in a rat model of absence epilepsy. J. Neurosci. 15:1995;3110-3117.
324. Ulrich D., Huguenard J. R. Purinergic inhibition of GABA and glutamate release in the thalamus: implications for thalamic network activity. Neuron. 15:1995;909-918.
325. B receptor-mediated responses in GABAergic projection neurones of rat nucleus reticularis thalami in vitro. J. Physiol. (Lond). 493:1996;845-854.
326. Van Der Kooy D., Hattori T. Single subthalamic neurons project to both the globus pallidus and the substantia nigra in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 192:1980;751-790.
327. Vanderwolf C. H. Neocortical and hippocampal activation in relation to behavior: effects of atropine, eserine, phenothiazines, and amphetamines. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 88:1975;300-323.
328. Vanderwolf C. H., Stewart D. J. Thalamic control of neocortical activation: a critical re-evaluation. Brain Res. Bull. 20:1988;529-538.
329. van Luitjelaar E. L. J. M., Coenen A. M. L. Two types of electrocortical paroxysms in an inbred strain of rats. Neurosci. Lett. 70:1986;393-397.
330. van Luijtelaar E. L. J. M., Van der Werf S. J., Vossen J. M. H., Coenen A. M. L. Arousal, performance and absence seizures in rats. Electroencephalography and Clin. Neurophysiol. 79:1991;430-434.
331. Van Rijn C. M., Weyn Banningh E. W. A., Coenen A. M. L. Effects of lamotrigine on absence seizures in rats. Pol. J. Pharmacol. 46:1994;467-470.
332. Vergnes M., Marescaux C. Cortical and thalamic lesions in rats with genetic absence epilepsy. J. Neural. Transm. [Suppl]. 35:1992;71-83.
333. Vergnes, M. and Marescaux, C. (1995) Callosal and thalamic transection: effects on spontaneous and pentylenetetrazol-induced absence seizures in rats. In: Epilepsy and the corpus callosum 2. pp. 91-96. Eds A. G. Reeves and D. W. Roberts. Plenum Publishing Corp: New York.
334. Vergnes M., Marescaux C., Micheletti G., Reis J., Depaulis A., Rumbach L., Warter J. M. Spontaneous paroxysmal electroclinical patterns in rat: a model of generalized non-convulsive epilepsy. Neurosci. Lett. 33:1982;97-101.
335. Vergnes M., Marescaux C., Micheletti G., Depaulis A., Rumbach L., Warter J. M. Enhancement of spike and wave discharges by GABAmimetics drugs in rats with spontaneous petit mal-like epilepsy. Neurosci. Lett. 44:1984;91-94.
336. Vergnes M., Marescaux C., Depaulis A., Micheletti G., Warter J. M. Ontogeny of spontaneous petit mal-like seizures in Wistar rats. Develop. Brain Res. 30:1986;85-87.
337. Vergnes M., Marescaux C., Depaulis A., Micheletti G., Warter J. M. Spontaneous spike and wave discharges in thalamus and cortex in a rat model of genetic petit mal-like seizures. Exp. Neurol. 96:1987;127-136.
338. Vergnes M., Marescaux C., Lannes B., Depaulis A., Micheletti G., Warter J. M. Interhemispheric desynchronization of spontaneous spike-wave discharges by corpus callosum transection in rats with petit mal-like epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 4:1989;8-13.
339. Vergnes M., Marescaux C., Depaulis A. Mapping of spontaneous spike and wave discharges in Wistar rats with genetic generalized non-convulsive epilepsy. Brain Res. 523:1990;87-91.
340. Vergnes M., Marescaux C., Boehrer A., Depaulis A. Are rats with genetic absence epilepsy behaviorally impaired? Epilepsy Res. 9:1991;97-104.
341. Vertes R. P. A PHA-L analysis of ascending projections of the dorsal raphe nucleus in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 313:1991;643-668.
342. Von Krosigk M., Bal T., McCormick D. A. Cellular mechanisms of a synchronized oscillation in the thalamus. Science. 261:1993;361-364.
343. Wang X. J., Rinzel J. Spindle rhythmicity in the reticularis thalami nucleus: synchronization among mutually inhibitory neurones. Neuroscience. 53:1993;899-904.
344. Wang X. J., Golomb D., Rinzel J. Emergent spindle oscillations and intermittent burst firing in a thalamic model: specific neuronal mechanisms. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 92:1995;5577-5581.
345. Warren R. A., Agmon A., Jones E. G. Oscillatory synaptic interactions between ventroposterior reticular neurons in mouse thalamus in vitro. J. Neurophysiol. 72:1994;1993-2003.
346. Warter J. M., Vergnes M., Depaulis A., Tranchant C., Rumbach L., Micheletti G., Marescaux C. Effect of drugs affecting dopaminergic neurotransmission in rats with spontaneous petit mal-like seizures. Neuropharmacology. 27:1988;269-274.
347. Warter J. M., Tranchant C., Marescaux C., Depaulis A., Vergnes M. Immediate effects of 14 non MAOI antidepressants in rats with spontaneous petit mal-like seizures. Prog Neurobiol. 14:1990;261-268.
348. Waterhouse B. D., Azizi S. A., Burne R. A., Woodward D. J. Modulation of rat cortical area 17 neuronal responses to moving visual stimuli during norepinephrine and serotonin microiontophoresis. Brain Res. 514:1990;276-292.
349. Weir B. Spikes-waves from stimulation of reticular core. Arch. Neurol. 11:1964;209-218.
350. Williams D. A study of thalamic and cortical rhythms in petit mal. Brain. 76:1953;50-69.
351. Williams M. N., Faull R. L. M. The nigrotectal projection and tectospinal neurons in the rat. A light an electron microscopic study demonstrating a monosynaptic nigral input to identified tectospinal neurons. Neuroscience. 25:1988;533-562.
352. Williams J. A., Reiner P. B. Noradrenaline hyperpolarizes identified rat mesopontine cholinergic neurons in vitro. J. Neurosci. 13:1993;3878-3883.
353. Williams J. A., Comisarow J., Day J., Fibiger H. C., Reiner P. B. State-dependent release of acetylcholine in rat thalamus measured by in vivo microdialysis. J. Neurosci. 14:1994;5236-5242.
354. Zilles, Z., Wree, A. and Dausch, N. D. (1990) Anatomy of the neocortex: neurochemical organization. In: The Cerebral Cortex of the Rat, pp. 113-150. Eds B. Kolb and R. C. Tees. MIT Press: London.