Neurofibromatosis type 2 protein, NF2: An uncoventional cell cycle regulator

Anticancer Research

Volumn 33, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 1-11

  Beltrami, Sarah ^a   Kim, Richard ^a   Gordon, Jennifer ^a  

^a TEMPLE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Cell cycle; Merlin; NF2; Review; Tumor suppressor

Indexed keywords

ANGIOMOTIN; BETA1 INTEGRIN; CD44V ANTIGEN; CYCLIN D1; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR 2; GUANOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE; MAMMALIAN TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN; NEUROFIBROMATOSIS TYPE 2 PROTEIN; PLATELET DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR; PROTEIN CDC42; REGULATOR PROTEIN; STRESS ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; TIGHT JUNCTION PROTEIN; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ARTICLE; CELL CYCLE PROGRESSION; CELL CYCLE REGULATION; CELL NUCLEUS; CELL PROLIFERATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN LOCALIZATION; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; PROTEIN PROCESSING; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; RETINOBLASTOMA; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT;

CELL CYCLE; CELL CYCLE PROTEINS; CELL MEMBRANE; GENES, TUMOR SUPPRESSOR; HUMANS; MUTATION; NERVOUS SYSTEM NEOPLASMS; NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 2;

EID: 84873030269     PISSN: 02507005     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (109)

1. Rouleau GA, Wertelecki W, Haines JL, Hobbs WJ, Trofatter JA, Seizinger BR et al: Genetic linkage of bilateral acoustic neurofibromatosis to a DNA marker on chromosome 22. Nature 329: 246-248, 1987.
2. Trofatter JA, MacCollin MM, Rutter JL, Murrell JR, Duyao MP, Parry DM et al: A novel moesin-, ezrin-, radixin-like gene is a candidate for the neurofibromatosis 2 tumor suppressor. Cell 75: 826, 1993.
3. Martuza RL and Eldridge R: Neurofibromatosis 2 (bilateral acoustic neurofibromatosis). N Engl J Med 318: 684-688, 1988.
4. Morrow KA, Das S, Metge BJ, Ye K, Mulekar MS, Tucker JA et al: Loss of tumor suppressor Merlin in advanced breast cancer is due to post-translational regulation. J Biol Chem 286: 40376-40385, 2011.
5. Ruttledge MH, Sarrazin J, Rangaratnam S, Phelan CM, Twist E, Merel P et al: Evidence for the complete inactivation of the NF2 gene in the majority of sporadic meningiomas. Nat Genet 6: 180-184, 1994.
6. Kimura Y, Koga H, Araki N, Mugita N, Fujita N, Takeshima H et al: The involvement of calpain-dependent proteolysis of the tumor suppressor NF2 (merlin) in schwannomas and meningiomas. Nat Med 4: 915-922, 1998.
7. Evans DG, Huson SM, Donnai D, Neary W, Blair V, Newton V et al: A clinical study of type 2 neurofibromatosis. Q J Med 84: 603-618, 1992.
8. Hitotsumatsu T, Iwaki T, Kitamoto T, Mizoguchi M, Suzuki SO, Hamada Y et al: Expression of neurofibromatosis 2 protein in human brain tumors: an immunohistochemical study. Acta Neuropathol 93: 225-232, 1997.
9. Lau YK, Murray LB, Houshmandi SS, Xu Y, Gutmann DH and Yu Q: Merlin is a potent inhibitor of glioma growth. Cancer Res 68: 5733-5742, 2008.
10. Tsukita S and Yonemura S: ERM (ezrin/radixin/moesin) family: from cytoskeleton to signal transduction. Curr Opin Cell Biol 9: 70-75, 1997.
11. Curto M and McClatchey AI: Nf2/Merlin: a coordinator of receptor signalling and intercellular contact. Br J Cancer 98: 256-262, 2008.
12. Wiederhold T, Lee MF, James M, Neujahr R, Smith N, Murthy A et al: Magicin, a novel cytoskeletal protein associates with the NF2 tumor suppressor merlin and Grb2. Oncogene 23: 8815-8825, 2004.
13. Xiao GH, Gallagher R, Shetler J, Skele K, Altomare DA, Pestell RG et al: The NF2 tumor suppressor gene product, merlin, inhibits cell proliferation and cell cycle progression by repressing cyclin D1 expression. Mol Cell Biol 25: 2384-2394, 2005.
14. Lallemand D, Manent J, Couvelard A, Watilliaux A, Siena M, Chareyre F et al: Merlin regulates transmembrane receptor accumulation and signaling at the plasma membrane in primary mouse Schwann cells and in human schwannomas. Oncogene 28: 854-865, 2009.
15. Morrison H, Sherman LS, Legg J, Banine F, Isacke C, Haipek CA et al: The NF2 tumor suppressor gene product, merlin, mediates contact inhibition of growth through interactions with CD44. Genes Dev 15: 968-980, 2001.
16. Obremski VJ, Hall AM and Fernandez-Valle C: Merlin, the neurofibromatosis type 2 gene product, and beta1 integrin associate in isolated and differentiating Schwann cells. J Neurobiol 37: 487-501, 1998.
17. Gronholm M, Teesalu T, Tyynela J, Piltti K, Bohling T, Wartiovaara K et al: Characterization of the NF2 protein merlin and the ERM protein ezrin in human, rat, and mouse central nervous system. Mol Cell Neurosci 28: 683-693, 2005.
18. Shaw RJ, Paez JG, Curto M, Yaktine A, Pruitt WM, Saotome I et al: The Nf2 tumor suppressor, merlin, functions in Racdependent signaling. Dev Cell 1: 63-72, 2001.
19. McClatchey AI: Merlin and ERM proteins: unappreciated roles in cancer development? Nat Rev Cancer 3: 877-883, 2003.
20. McClatchey AI and Giovannini M: Membrane organization and tumorigenesis - the NF2 tumor suppressor, Merlin. Genes Dev 19: 2265-2277, 2005.
21. Shaw RJ, McClatchey AI and Jacks T: Localization and functional domains of the neurofibromatosis type II tumor suppressor, merlin. Cell Growth Differ 9: 287-296, 1998.
22. Kudo N, Matsumori N, Taoka H, Fujiwara D, Schreiner EP, Wolff B et al: Leptomycin B inactivates CRM1/exportin 1 by covalent modification at a cysteine residue in the central conserved region. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96: 9112-9117, 1999.
23. Kressel M and Schmucker B: Nucleocytoplasmic transfer of the NF2 tumor suppressor protein merlin is regulated by exon 2 and a CRM1-dependent nuclear export signal in exon 15. Hum Mol Genet 11: 2269-2278, 2002.
24. Kissil JL, Johnson KC, Eckman MS and Jacks T: Merlin phosphorylation by p21-activated kinase 2 and effects of phosphorylation on merlin localization. J Biol Chem 277: 10394-10399, 2002.
25. Shollar D, Del Valle L, Khalili K, Otte J and Gordon J: JCV Tantigen interacts with the neurofibromatosis type 2 gene product in a transgenic mouse model of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Oncogene 23: 5459-5467, 2004.
26. Muranen T, Gronholm M, Renkema GH and Carpen O: Cell cycle-dependent nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of the neurofibromatosis 2 tumour suppressor merlin. Oncogene 24: 1150-1158, 2005.
27. Li W, You L, Cooper J, Schiavon G, Pepe-Caprio A, Zhou L et al: Merlin/NF2 suppresses tumorigenesis by inhibiting the E3 ubiquitin ligase CRL4(DCAF1) in the nucleus. Cell 140: 477-490, 2010.
28. Ikeda K, Saeki Y, Gonzalez-Agosti C, Ramesh V and Chiocca EA: Inhibition of NF2-negative and NF2-positive primary human meningioma cell proliferation by overexpression of merlin due to vector-mediated gene transfer. J Neurosurg 91: 85-92, 1999.
29. Schulze KM, Hanemann CO, Muller HW and Hanenberg H: Transduction of wild-type merlin into human schwannoma cells decreases schwannoma cell growth and induces apoptosis. Hum Mol Genet 11: 69-76, 2002.
30. Lallemand D, Curto M, Saotome I, Giovannini M and McClatchey AI: NF2 deficiency promotes tumorigenesis and metastasis by destabilizing adherens junctions. Genes Dev 17: 1090-100, 2003.
31. Okada T, Lopez-Lago M and Giancotti FG: Merlin/NF-2 mediates contact inhibition of growth by suppressing recruitment of Rac to the plasma membrane. J Cell Biol 171: 361-371, 2005.
32. Poulikakos PI, Xiao GH, Gallagher R, Jablonski S, Jhanwar SC and Testa JR: Re-expression of the tumor suppressor NF2/merlin inhibits invasiveness in mesothelioma cells and negatively regulates FAK. Oncogene 25: 5960-5968, 2006.
33. Lopez-Lago MA, Okada T, Murillo MM, Socci N and Giancotti FG: Loss of the tumor suppressor gene NF2, encoding merlin, constitutively activates integrin-dependent mTORC1 signaling. Mol Cell Biol 29: 4235-4249, 2009.
34. Xiao GH, Beeser A, Chernoff J and Testa JR: p21-activated kinase links Rac/Cdc42 signaling to merlin. J Biol Chem 277: 883-886, 2002.
35. Tang X, Jang SW, Wang X, Liu Z, Bahr SM, Sun SY et al: Akt phosphorylation regulates the tumour-suppressor merlin through ubiquitination and degradation. Nat Cell Biol 9: 1199-1207, 2007.
36. Laulajainen M, Muranen T, Carpen O and Gronholm M: Protein kinase A-mediated phosphorylation of the NF2 tumor suppressor protein merlin at serine 10 affects the actin cytoskeleton. Oncogene 27: 3233-3243, 2008.
37. Li W, Cooper J, Karajannis MA and Giancotti FG: Merlin: a tumour suppressor with functions at the cell cortex and in the nucleus. EMBO Rep 13: 204-215, 2012.
38. Lu J, Zou J, Wu H and Cai L: Compensative shuttling of merlin to phosphorylation on serine 518 in vestibular schwannoma. Laryngoscope 118: 169-174, 2008.
39. Thaxton C, Lopera J, Bott M, Baldwin ME, Kalidas P and Fernandez-Valle C: Phosphorylation of the NF2 tumor suppressor in Schwann cells is mediated by Cdc42-Pak and requires paxillin binding. Mol Cell Neurosci 34: 231-242, 2007.
40. Walker JL and Assoian RK: Integrin-dependent signal transduction regulating cyclin D1 expression and G1 phase cell cycle progression. Cancer Metastasis Rev 24: 383-393, 2005.
41. Sainio M, Zhao F, Heiska L, Turunen O, den Bakker M, Zwarthoff E et al: Neurofibromatosis 2 tumor suppressor protein colocalizes with ezrin and CD44 and associates with actincontaining cytoskeleton. J Cell Sci 110(Pt 18): 2249-2260, 1997.
42. Liu J, Bi G, Wen P, Yang W, Ren X, Tang T et al: Down-regulation of CD44 contributes to the differentiation of HL-60 cells induced by ATRA or HMBA. Cell Mol Immunol 4: 59-63,2007.
43. Curto M, Cole BK, Lallemand D, Liu CH and McClatchey AI: Contact-dependent inhibition of EGFR signaling by Nf2/Merlin. J Cell Biol 177: 893-903, 2007.
44. Cole BK, Curto M, Chan AW and McClatchey AI: Localization to the cortical cytoskeleton is necessary for Nf2/merlin-dependent epidermal growth factor receptor silencing. Mol Cell Biol 28: 1274-1284, 2008.
45. Scoles DR, Yong WH, Qin Y, Wawrowsky K and Pulst SM: Schwannomin inhibits tumorigenesis through direct interaction with the eukaryotic initiation factor subunit c (eIF3c). Hum Mol Genet 15: 1059-1070, 2006.
46. Peng D, Fan Z, Lu Y, DeBlasio T, Scher H and Mendelsohn J: Anti-epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody 225 up-regulates p27KIP1 and induces G1 arrest in prostatic cancer cell line DU145. Cancer Res 56: 3666-3669, 1996.
47. Huang SM, Li J, Armstrong EA and Harari PM: Modulation of radiation response and tumor-induced angiogenesis after epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition by ZD1839 (Iressa). Cancer Res 62: 4300-4306, 2002.
48. Houshmandi SS, Emnett RJ, Giovannini M and Gutmann DH: The neurofibromatosis 2 protein, merlin, regulates glial cell growth in an ErbB2-and Src-dependent manner. Mol Cell Biol 29: 1472-1486, 2009.
49. Bryant P, Zheng Q and Pumiglia K: Focal adhesion kinase controls cellular levels of p27/Kip1 and p21/Cip1 through Skp2-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Mol Cell Biol 26: 4201-4213, 2006.
50. Ding Q, Grammer JR, Nelson MA, Guan JL, Stewart JE and Gladson CL: p27Kip1 and cyclin D1 are necessary for focal adhesion kinase regulation of cell cycle progression in glioblastoma cells propagated in vitro and in vivo in the scid mouse brain. J Biol Chem 280: 6802-6815, 2005.
51. Tatsumi Y, Cho YY, He Z, Mizuno H, Seok Choi H, Bode AM et al: Involvement of the paxillin pathway in JB6 Cl41 cell transformation. Cancer Res 66: 5968-5974, 2006.
52. Shaulian E: AP-1-The Jun proteins: Oncogenes or tumor suppressors in disguise? Cell Signal 22: 894-899, 2010.
53. Ammoun S, Cunliffe CH, Allen JC, Chiriboga L, Giancotti FG, Zagzag D et al: ErbB/HER receptor activation and preclinical efficacy of lapatinib in vestibular schwannoma. Neuro Oncol 12: 834-843, 2010.
54. Zhou L, Ercolano E, Ammoun S, Schmid MC, Barczyk MA and Hanemann CO: Merlin-deficient human tumors show loss of contact inhibition and activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling linked to the PDGFR/Src and Rac/PAK pathways. Neoplasia 13: 1101-1112, 2011.
55. Rangwala R, Banine F, Borg JP and Sherman LS: Erbin regulates mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activation and MAP kinase-dependent interactions between Merlin and adherens junction protein complexes in Schwann cells. J Biol Chem 280: 11790-11797, 2005.
56. Olson MF, Ashworth A and Hall A: An essential role for Rho, Rac, and Cdc42 GTPases in cell cycle progression through G1. Science 269: 1270-1272, 1995.
57. Gjoerup O, Lukas J, Bartek J andWillumsen BM: Rac and Cdc42 are potent stimulators of E2F-dependent transcription capable of promoting retinoblastoma susceptibility gene product hyperphosphorylation. J Biol Chem 273: 18812-18818, 1998.
58. Ryu CH, Kim SW, Lee KH, Lee JY, Kim H, Lee WK et al: The merlin tumor suppressor interacts with Ral guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator and inhibits its activity. Oncogene 24: 5355-5364, 2005.
59. Morrison H, Sperka T, Manent J, Giovannini M, Ponta H and Herrlich P: Merlin/neurofibromatosis type 2 suppresses growth by inhibiting the activation of Ras and Rac. Cancer Res 67: 520-527, 2007.
60. Yi C, Troutman S, Fera D, Stemmer-Rachamimov A, Avila JL, Christian N et al: A tight junction-associated Merlin-angiomotin complex mediates Merlin's regulation of mitogenic signaling and tumor suppressive functions. Cancer Cell 19: 527-540, 2011.
61. Mettouchi A, Klein S, Guo W, Lopez-Lago M, Lemichez E, Westwick JK et al: Integrin-specific activation of Rac controls progression through the G(1) phase of the cell cycle. Mol Cell 8: 115-127, 2001.
62. Kaempchen K, Mielke K, Utermark T, Langmesser S and Hanemann CO: Up-regulation of the Rac1/JNK signaling pathway in primary human schwannoma cells. Hum Mol Genet 12: 1211-1221, 2003.
63. Flaiz C, Kaempchen K, Matthies C and Hanemann CO: Actin-rich protrusions and nonlocalized GTPase activation in Merlin-deficient schwannomas. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 66: 608-616, 2007.
64. Chadee DN, Xu D, Hung G, Andalibi A, Lim DJ, Luo Z et al: Mixed-lineage kinase 3 regulates B-Raf through maintenance of the B-Raf/Raf-1 complex and inhibition by the NF2 tumor suppressor protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103: 4463-4468, 2006.
65. Zhan Y, Modi N, Stewart AM, Hieronimus RI, Liu J, Gutmann DH et al: Regulation of mixed lineage kinase 3 is required for Neurofibromatosis-2- mediated growth suppression in human cancer. Oncogene 30: 781-789, 2011.
66. Rong R, Surace EI, Haipek CA, Gutmann DH and Ye K: Serine 518 phosphorylation modulates merlin intramolecular association and binding to critical effectors important for NF2 growth suppression. Oncogene 23: 8447-8454, 2004.
67. Szczepanowska J: Involvement of Rac/Cdc42/PAK pathway in cytoskeletal rearrangements. Acta Biochim Pol 56: 225-234, 2009.
68. Kissil JL, Wilker EW, Johnson KC, Eckman MS, Yaffe MB, Jacks T. Merlin, the product of the Nf2 tumor suppressor gene, is an inhibitor of the p21-activated kinase, Pak1. Mol Cell 12, 841-849, 2003.
69. Yi C, Wilker EW, Yaffe MB, Stemmer-Rachamimov A and Kissil JL: Validation of the p21-activated kinases as targets for inhibition in neurofibromatosis type 2. Cancer Res 68: 7932-7937, 2008.
70. Hirokawa Y, Tikoo A, Huynh J, Utermark T, Hanemann CO, Giovannini M et al: A clue to the therapy of neurofibromatosis type 2: NF2/merlin is a PAK1 inhibitor. Cancer J 10: 20-26, 2004.
71. Chow HY, Stepanova D, Koch J and Chernoff J: p21-Activated kinases are required for transformation in a cell-based model of neurofibromatosis type 2. PLoS One 5: e13791, 2010.
72. Nheu T, He H, Hirokawa Y, Walker F, Wood J and Maruta H: PAK is essential for RAS-induced upregulation of cyclin D1 during the G1 to S transition. Cell Cycle 3: 71-74, 2004.
73. Li F, Adam L, Vadlamudi RK, Zhou H, Sen S, Chernoff J et al: p21-activated kinase 1 interacts with and phosphorylates histone H3 in breast cancer cells. EMBO Rep 3: 767-773, 2002.
74. Zhao ZS, Lim JP, Ng YW, Lim L and Manser E: The GITassociated kinase PAK targets to the centrosome and regulates Aurora-A. Mol Cell 20: 237-249, 2005.
75. Maroto B, Ye MB, von Lohneysen K, Schnelzer A and Knaus UG: P21-activated kinase is required for mitotic progression and regulates Plk1. Oncogene 27: 4900-4908, 2008.
76. Guo ZY, Hao XH, Tan FF, Pei X, Shang LM, Jiang XL et al: The elements of human cyclin D1 promoter and regulation involved. Clin Epigenetics 2: 63-76, 2011.
77. Tikoo A, Varga M, Ramesh V, Gusella J and Maruta H: An anti-Ras function of neurofibromatosis type 2 gene product (NF2/Merlin). J Biol Chem 269: 23387-23390, 1994.
78. Kim H, Lim JY, Kim YH, Park SH, Lee KH, Han H et al: Inhibition of ras-mediated activator protein 1 activity and cell growth by merlin. Mol Cells 14: 108-114, 2002.
79. Lim JY, Kim H, Kim YH, Kim SW, Huh PW, Lee KH et al: Merlin suppresses the SRE-dependent transcription by inhibiting the activation of Ras-ERK pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 302: 238-245, 2003.
80. Lodish MB and Stratakis CA: Endocrine tumours in neurofibromatosis type 1, tuberous sclerosis and related syndromes. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 24: 439-449, 2010.
81. Guertin DA and Sabatini DM: Defining the role of mTOR in cancer. Cancer Cell 12: 9-22, 2007.
82. Fingar DC, Richardson CJ, Tee AR, Cheatham L, Tsou C and Blenis J: mTOR controls cell cycle progression through its cell growth effectors S6K1 and 4E-BP1/eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E. Mol Cell Biol 24: 200-216, 2004.
83. Fenton TR and Gout IT: Functions and regulation of the 70kDa ribosomal S6 kinases. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 43: 47-59, 2011.
84. Zhou H and Huang S: The complexes of mammalian target of rapamycin. Curr Protein Pept Sci 11: 409-424, 2010.
85. James MF, Han S, Polizzano C, Plotkin SR, Manning BD, Stemmer-Rachamimov AO et al: NF2/merlin is a novel negative regulator of mTOR complex 1, and activation of mTORC1 is associated with meningioma and schwannoma growth. Mol Cell Biol 29: 4250-4261, 2009.
86. James MF, Stivison E, Beauchamp R, Han S, Li H, Wallace MR et al: Regulation of mTOR complex 2 signaling in neurofibromatosis 2-deficient target cell types. Mol Cancer Res 10: 649-659, 2012.
87. Huang J, Dibble CC, Matsuzaki M and Manning BD: The TSC1-TSC2 complex is required for proper activation of mTOR complex 2. Mol Cell Biol 28: 4104-4115, 2008.
88. Hrecka K, Gierszewska M, Srivastava S, Kozaczkiewicz L, Swanson SK, Florens L et al: Lentiviral Vpr usurps Cul4-DDB1[VprBP] E3 ubiquitin ligase to modulate cell cycle. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104: 11778-11783, 2007.
89. O'Connell BC and Harper JW: Ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS): what can chromatin do for you? Curr Opin Cell Biol 19: 206-214, 2007.
90. Higa LA and Zhang H: Stealing the spotlight: CUL4-DDB1 ubiquitin ligase docks WD40-repeat proteins to destroy. Cell Div 2: 5, 2007.
91. Huang J and Chen J: VprBP targets Merlin to the Roc1-Cul4ADDB1 E3 ligase complex for degradation. Oncogene 27: 4056-4064, 2008.
92. ZuRhein G and Chou SM: Particles resembling papova viruses in human cerebral demyelinating disease. Science 148: 1477-1479, 1965.
93. White MK, Gordon J, Reiss K et al: Human polyomaviruses and brain tumors. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 50: 69-85, 2005.
94. Rascoe PA, Jupiter D, Cao X, Littlejohn JE and Smythe WR: Molecular pathogenesis of malignant mesothelioma. Expert Rev Mol Med 14: e12, 2012.
95. Qi F, Carbone M, Yang H and Gaudino G: Simian virus 40 transformation, malignant mesothelioma and brain tumors. Expert Rev Respir Med 5: 683-97, 2011.
96. Krynska B, Gordon J, Otte J, Franks R, Knobler R, DeLuca A et al: Role of cell cycle regulators in tumor formation in transgenic mice expressing the human neurotropic virus, JCV, early protein. J Cell Biochem 67: 223-230, 1997.
97. Lane DP and Crawford LV: T antigen is bound to a host protein in SV40-transformed cells. Nature 278: 261-263, 1979.
98. Helt AM and Galloway DA: Mechanisms by which DNA tumor virus oncoproteins target the Rb family of pocket proteins. Carcinogenesis 24: 159-169, 2003.
99. Gan DD and Khalili K: Interaction between JCV large T-antigen and beta-catenin. Oncogene 23: 483-490, 2004.
100. Gan DD, Reiss K, Carrill T, Del Valle L, Croul S, Giordano A et al: Involvement of Wnt signaling pathway in murine medulloblastoma induced by human neurotropic JC virus. Oncogene 20: 4864-4870, 2001.
101. Bhattacharyya R, Noch EK and Khalili K: A novel role of Rac1 GTPase in JCV T-antigen-mediated beta-catenin stabilization. Oncogene 26: 7628-7636, 2007.
102. Vogelstein B, Lane D and Levine AJ: Surfing the p53 network. Nature 408: 307-310, 2000.
103. Brady CA, Jiang D, Mello SS, Johnson TM, Jarvis LA, Kozak MM et al: Distinct p53 transcriptional programs dictate acute DNA-damage responses and tumor suppression. Cell 145: 571-583, 2011.
104. McClatchey AI, Saotome I, Mercer K, Crowley D, Gusella JF, Bronson RT et al: Mice heterozygous for a mutation at the Nf2 tumor suppressor locus develop a range of highly metastatic tumors. Genes Dev 12: 1121-1133, 1998.
105. Altomare DA, Vaslet CA, Skele KL, De Rienzo A, Devarajan K, Jhanwar SC et al: A mouse model recapitulating molecular features of human mesothelioma. Cancer Res 65: 8090-8095, 2005.
106. Chang Z, Guo CL, Ahronowitz I, Stemmer-Rachamimov AO, MacCollin M and Nunes FP: A role for the p53 pathway in the pathology of meningiomas with NF2 loss. J Neurooncol 91: 265-270, 2009.
107. Robanus-Maandag E, Giovannini M, van der Valk M, Niwa-Kawakita M, Abramowski V, Antonescu C et al: Synergy of Nf2 and p53 mutations in development of malignant tumours of neural crest origin. Oncogene 23: 6541-6547, 2004.
108. Kim H, Kwak NJ, Lee JY, Choi BH, Lim Y, Ko YJ et al: Merlin neutralizes the inhibitory effect of Mdm2 on p53. J Biol Chem 279: 7812-7818, 2004.
109. Hanahan D andWeinberg RA: The hallmarks of cancer. Cell 100: 57-70, 2000.