Doped Carbon Nanotubes: (X:CNTs)

Carbon Meta-Nanotubes: Synthesis, Properties and Applications

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 41-111

  Pénicaud, Alain ^a   Petit, Pierre ^b   Fischer, John E ^c  

^a CENTRE DE RECHERCHE PAUL PASCAL   (France)

^b UNIVERSITÉ DE STRASBOURG   (France)

^c UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Doped carbon nanotubes (X:CNTs); Doped CNT applications; Doping in nanotubes; Doping, and nanotube soot; Ordered carbons, schwartzite; Raman spectroscopy; Redox doping, novel approach; Single walled nanotubes (SWCNTs); Substitutional, endohedral, external doping; SWCNT doping, redox reactions

Indexed keywords

EID: 84872730064     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781119954743.ch2     Document Type: Chapter

References (221)

1. M.S. Dresselhaus, G. Dresselhaus and P.C. Eklund, Science of Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes, Academic Press, San Diego (1996).
2. L. Duclaux, Review of the doping of carbon nanotubes (multiwalled and single-walled), Carbon, 40, 1751-1764 (2002).
3. J.E. Fischer, Chemical doping of single-wall carbon nanotubes, Acc. Chem. Res., 35, 1079-1086 (2002).
4. L. Duclaux, J.-L. Bantignies, L. Alvarez, R. Almairac and J-L. Sauvajol, The structure of doped single wall carbon nanotubes, in Annual Review of Nanoresearch Volume 1, G. Cao and C. Jeffrey Brinker (eds.), World Scientific Publishing, Chapter 5, 215-250 (2006).
5. L. Kavan and L. Dunsch, Spectroelectrochemistry of carbon nanostructures, Chem. Phys. Chem., 8, 974-998 (2007).
6. M. Iurlo, D. Paolucci, M. Marcaccio and F. Paolucci, Electron transfer in pristine and functionalised single-walled carbon nanotubes, Chem. Commun., 4867-4874 (2008).
7. M. Marcaccio, D. Paolucci and F. Paolucci, Molecular devices based on fullerenes and carbon nanotubes, in Electrochemistry of Functional Supramolecular Systems, M. Venturi, A. Credi and P. Ceroni Editors, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (2009).
8. D. Claves, Hole doping of fullerenes and carbon nanotubes by way of intercalation chemistry, J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol., 7, 1221-1238 (2007).
9. IUPAC GoldBook, http://goldbook.iupac.org/I03076.html [accessed 21/11/2008] (2010).
10. See for example: A. Pénicaud, Building solids with Buckminsterfullerenes, Fullerene Sci. Technol., 6, 731-741 (1998).
11. M.S. Dresselhaus, and G. Dresselhaus, Intercalation compounds of graphite, Adv. Phys., 30, 139-326 (1981).
12. C.A. Reed and R.D. Bolskar, Discrete fulleride anions and fullerenium cations, Chem. Rev., 100, 1075-1120 (2000).
13. H. Reiss, The Fermi level and the redox potential, J. Phys. Chem. 89, 3783 (1985).
14. J.E. Fischer, Carbon nanotubes: a nanostructured material for energy storage, Chem. Innov., 30, 21-27 (2000).
15. D.W. Murphy, M.J. Rosseinsky, R.M. Fleming, R. Tycko, A.P. Ramirez, R.C. Haddon, T. Siegrist, G. Dabbagh, J.C. Tully and R.E. Walstedt, Synthesis and characterization of alkali metal fullerides: AxC60, Carbon, 30, 151-162 (1993).
16. R.S. Lee, H.J. Kim, J.E. Fischer, A. Thess and R.E. Smalley, Conductivity enhancement in K- and Br-doped single-wall carbon nanotube bundles, Nature, 388, 255-257 (1997).
17. A.M. Rao, P.C. Eklund, S. Bandow, A. Thess and R.E. Smalley, Evidence for charge transfer in doped carbon nanotube bundles from Raman scattering, Nature, 388, 257-259 (1997).
18. J.R. Dahn, T. Zheng, Y. Liu and J.S. Xue, Mechanisms for lithium insertion in carbonaceous materials, Science, 272, 590-593 (1995).
19. A. Thess, R. Lee, P. Nikolaev, H. Dai, P. Petit, J. Robert, C. Xu, Y.H. Lee, S.G. Kim, A.G. Rinzler, D.T. Colbert, G.E. Scuseria, D. Tománek, J.E. Fischer and R.E. Smalley, Crystalline ropes of metallic carbon nanotubes, Science, 273, 483-487 (1996).
20. J. Ma, H.-Y. Choi, E.J. Mele and J.E. Fischer, Staging in doped polymers, Synth. Met. 27, A75- A81 (1988).
21. L.W. Shacklette, N.S. Murthy and R.H. Baughman, New structural phases of polymer battery anode materials - alkali-metal doped polyacetylene and polyphenelene, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 121, 201-209 (1985).
22. S.A. Safran and D.R. Hamman, Long-range elastic interactions and staging in graphite intercalation compounds, Phys. Rev. Lett., 42, 1410-1413 (1979).
23. P.A. Heiney, J.E. Fischer, D. Djurado, J. Ma, D. Chen, M.J. Winokur, N. Coustel, P. Bernier and F.E. Karasz, Channel structures in alkali-doped conjugated polymers: Broken-symmetry intercalation lattices, Phys. Rev. B, 42, 2507-2512 (1991).
24. J.E. Fischer and H.J. Kim, Elastic effects in intercalation compounds: Comparison of lithium in graphite and TiS2, Phys. Rev. B, 35, 3295-3299 (1987).
25. J.R. Dahn, D.C. Dahn and R.R. Haering, Elastic energy and staging in intercalation compounds, Solid State Commun., 42, 179-183 (1982).
26. T. Yildirim, O.Z. Zhou and J.E. Fischer, Intercalation compounds of fullerenes II: Structure and superconductivity of alkali metal fullerides, in The Physics of Fullerene-Based and Fullerene-Related Materials, W. Andreoni (ed.), Kluwer, Amsterdam (2000).
27. T. Yildirim, L. Barbedette, J.E. Fischer, C.L. Lin, J. Robert, P. Petit and T.T.M. Palstra, Tc vs carrier concentration in cubic fulleride superconductors, Phys. Rev. Lett., 77, 167-170 (1996).
28. D.G. Onn, G.M.T. Foley and J.E. Fischer, Electronic properties, resistive anomalies and phase transitions in the graphite intercalation compounds with K, Rb and Cs, Phys. Rev. B, 19, 6474-6479 (1979).
29. J.E. Fischer, J.M. Bloch, C.C. Shieh, M.E. Preil and K. Jelley, Reflectivity spectra and dielectric function of stage 1 donor intercalation compounds of graphite, Phys. Rev. B, 31, 4773-4779 (1985).
30. F.J. DiSalvo and J.E. Fischer, Anisotropic magnetic susceptibility and phase transitions in intercalated graphite: KC24, Solid State Commun., 28, 71-75 (1978).
31. B.R. Weinberger, J. Kaufer, A.J. Heeger, J.E. Fischer, M.J. Moran and N.A.W. Holzwarth, Magnetic spin susceptibility of AsF5-intercalated graphite: Determination of the density of states at the fermi energy, Phys. Rev. Lett., 41, 1417-1420 (1978).
32. C.K. Chiang, C.R. Fincher, Y.W. Park, A.J. Heeger, Electrical conductivity in doped polyacetylene, Phys. Rev. Lett., 39, 1098-1101 (1977).
33. A.J. Heeger, S. Kivelson, J.R. Schrieffer and W.-P. Su, Solitons in conducting polymers, Rev. Modern Phys., 60, 781-852 (1988).
34. O. Gunnarsson, Alkali-Doped Fullerides: Narrow-Band Solids with Unusual Properties, World Scientific, Singapore (2004).
35. G. Gao, T. Çaǧin and W.A. Goddard III, Position of K atoms in doped single-walled carbon nanotube crystals, Phys. Rev. Lett., 80, 5556-5559 (1998).
36. J.C. Charlier, P. Lambin and T.W. Ebbesen, Electronic properties of carbon nanotubes with polygonized cross sections, Phys. Rev. B, 54, R8377-R8380 (1996).
37. J.E. Fischer, A. Claye and R.S. Lee, Crystal chemistry of nanotube lattices, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 340, 737-742 (2000).
38. P. Lambin, Electronic structure of carbon nanotubes, C. R. Physique, 4, 1009 (2003).
39. H. Kataura, Y. Kumazawa, Y. Maniwa, I. Umezu, S. Suzuki, Y. Ohtsuka and Y. Achiba, Optical properties of single-wall carbon nanotubes, Synth. Metals, 103, 2555-2558 (1999).
40. P. Petit, C. Mathis, C. Journet and P. Bernier, Tuning and monitoring the electronic structure of carbon nanotubes, Chem. Phys. Lett., 305, 370-374 (1999).
41. M.S. Dresselhaus and P.C. Eklund, Phonons in carbon nanotubes, Adv. in Phys., 49, 705 (2000).
42. J.-L. Sauvajol, E. Anglaret, S. Rols and L. Alvarez, Phonons in single wall carbon nanotube bundles, Carbon, 40, 1697-1714 (2001).
43. J. Kong and H. Dai, Full and modulated chemical gating of individual carbon nanotubes by organic amine compounds, J. Phys. Chem. B, 105, 2890-2893 (2001).
44. N. Minami, S. Kazaoui, R. Jaquemin, H. Yamawaki, K. Aoki, H. Kataura and Y. Achiba, Optical properties of semiconducting and metallic single wall carbon nanotubes: effect of doping and high pressure, Synth. Met., 116, 405-409 (2001).
45. A.S. Claye, J.E. Fischer, C.B. Huffman, A.G. Rinzler and R.E. Smalley, Solid-state electrochemistry of the Li single wall carbon nanotube system, J. Electrochem. Soc., 147, 2845-2852 (2000).
46. L. Kavan, P. Rapte, L. Dunsch, M.J. Bronikowski, P. Willis and R.E. Smalley, Electrochemical tuning of electronic structure of single-walled carbon nanotubes: in-situ Raman and vis-NIR study, J. Phys.Chem. B, 105, 10764-10771 (2001).
47. P. Corio, P.S. Santos, V.W. Brar, G.G. Samsonidze, S.G. Chou and M.S. Dresselhaus, Potential dependent surface Raman spectroscopy of single wall carbon nanotube films on platinum electrodes, Chem. Phys. Lett., 370, 675-682 (2003).
48. A.S. Claye, N.M. Nemes, A. Janossy and J.E. Fischer, Structure and electronic properties of potassium-doped single-wall carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. B, 62, R4845-R4848 (2000).
49. E. Jouguelet, C. Mathis and P. Petit, Controlling the electronic properties of single-wall carbon nanotubes by chemical doping, Chem. Phys. Lett., 318, 561-564 (2000).
50. C. Mathis and B. François, Experimental studies of n-doped (CH)x: d.c. electrical conductivity, Synth. Met., 9, 347-354 (1984).
51. J. Cambedouzou, S. Rols, N. Bendiab, R. Almairac, J.-L. Sauvajol, P. Petit, C. Mathis, I. Mirebeau and M. Johnson, Tunable intertube spacing in single-walled carbon nanotube bundles, Phys. Rev. B, 72, 041404/1-4 (2005).
52. M. Swarcz, in Carbanions, Living Polymers and Electron Transfer Processes, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York (1968).
53. J. Kong, N.R. Franklin, C. Zhou, M. G. Chapline, S. Peng, K. Cho and H. Dai, Nanotube molecular wires as chemical sensors, Science, 287, 622-625 (2000).
54. P.G. Collins, K. Bradley, M. Ishigami and A. Zettl, Extreme oxygen sensitivity of electronic properties of carbon nanotubes, Science, 287, 1801-1804 (2000).
55. C. Bower, S. Suzuki, K. Tanigaki and O. Zhou, Synthesis and structure of pristine and alkalimetal-intercalated single-walled carbon nanotubes, Appl. Phys. A, 67, 47-52 (1998).
56. X. Liu, T. Pichler, M. Knupfer and J. Fink, Electronic and optical properties of alkali-metalintercalated single-wall carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. B, 67, 125403/1-8 (2003).
57. T. Pichler, M. Sing, M. Knupfer, M.S. Golden and J. Fink, Potassium intercalated bundles of single-wall carbon nanotubes: electronic structure and optical properties, Solid State Commun., 109, 721-726 (1999).
58. L. Duclaux, J.-P. Salvetat, P. Lauginie, T. Cacciaguera, A.M. Faugere, C. Goze-Bac and P. Bernier, Synthesis and characterization of SWNT-heavy alkali metal intercalation compounds, effect of host SWNTs materials, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 64, 571-581 (2003).
59. O. Zhou, R.M. Fleming, D.W. Murphy, C.H. Chen, R.C. Haddon, A.P. Ramirez and S.H. Glarum, Defects in carbon nanostructures, Science, 263, 1744-1747 (1994).
60. B. Gao, A. Kleinhammes, X.P. Tang, C. Bower, L. Fleming, Y. Wu and O. Zhou, Electrochemical intercalation of single-walled carbon nanotubes with lithium, Chem. Phys. Lett., 307, 153-157 (1999).
61. A. Pénicaud, P. Poulin, A. Derré, E. Anglaret and P. Petit, Spontaneous dissolution of a single wall carbon nanotube salt, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 127, 8-9 (2005).
62. M. Burghard, Electronic and vibrational properties of chemically modified single-wall carbon nanotubes, Surf. Sci. Rep., 58, 1-109 (2005) and references therein.
63. S.B. Cronin, R. Barnett, M. Tinkham, S.G. Chou, O. Rabin, M.S. Dresselhaus, A.K. Swam, M.S. Ünlü and B.B. Goldberg, Electrochemical gating of individual single-wall carbon nanotubes observed by electron transport measurements and resonant Raman spectroscopy, Appl. Phys. Lett., 84, 2052-2054 (2004).
64. M.J. O'Connell, E.E. Eibergen and S.K. Doorn, Chiral selectivity in the charge-transfer bleaching of single-walled carbon-nanotube spectra, Nature Mater., 4, 412-418 (2005).
65. J.-L. Sauvajol, N. Bendiab, E. Anglaret and P. Petit, Phonons in alkali-doped single-wall carbon nanotube bundles, C. R. Phys., 4, 1035-1045 (2003).
66. P.M. Allemand, A. Koch, F. Wudl, Y. Rubin, F. Diederich, M.M. Alvarez, S.J. Anz and R.L. Whetten, Two different fullerenes have the same cyclic voltammetry, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 113, 1050-1051 (1991).
67. S. Kazaoui, N. Minami, N. Matsuda, H. Kataura and Y. Achiba, Electrochemical tuning of electronic states in single-wall carbon nanotubes studied by in situ absorption spectroscopy and ac resistance, Appl. Phys. Lett., 78, 3433-3435 (2001).
68. S. Kazaoui, N. Minami, H. Kataura, Y. Achiba, Absorption spectroscopy of single-wall carbon nanotubes: effects of chemical and electrochemical doping, Synth. Met., 121, 1201-1202 (2001).
69. Y. Otsuka, Y. Naitoh, T. Matsumoto and T. Kawai, Point-contact current-imaging atomic force microscopy: Measurement of contact resistance between single-walled carbon nanotubes in a bundle, Appl. Phys. Lett., 82, 1944-1946 (2003).
70. J. Hone, M.C. Llaguno, A.T. Johnson, J.E. Fischer, D.A. Walters, M.J. Casavant, J. Schmidt and R.E. Smalley, Electrical and thermal transport properties of magnetically aligned single wall carbon nanotube films, Appl. Phys. Lett., 77, 666-668 (2000).
71. J.E. Fischer, H. Dai, A. Thess, R. Lee, N.M. Hanjani, D.L. Dehaas, and R.E. Smalley, Metallic resistivity in crystalline ropes of single-wall carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. B, 55, R4921-R4924 (1997).
72. J. Hone, I. Ellwood, M. Muno, A. Mizel, M.L. Cohen and A. Zettl, Thermoelectric power of single-walled carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. Lett., 80, 1042-1045 (1998).
73. L. Grigorian, G.U. Sumanasekera, A.L. Loper, S.L. Fang, J.L. Allen and P.C. Eklund, Giant thermopower in carbon nanotubes: A one-dimensional Kondo system, Phys. Rev. B, 60, R11309-R11312 (1999).
74. B. Liu, B. Sundqvist, D. Li and G. Zou, Resistivity and fractal structure in carbon nanotube networks, J. Phys. Cond. Matter, 14, 11125-11129 (2002).
75. A.B. Kaiser, G. Duesberg and S. Roth, Heterogeneous model for conduction in carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. B, 57, 1418-1421 (1998).
76. M.S. Fuhrer, M.L. Cohen, A. Zettl and V. Crespi, Localization in single-walled carbon nanotubes, Solid State Commun., 109, 105-109 (1999).
77. G.T. Kim, S.H. Jhang, J.G. Park, Y.W. Park and S. Roth, Non-ohmic current-voltage characteristics in single-wall carbon nanotube network, Synth. Met., 117, 123-126 (2001).
78. P. Petit, E. Jouguelet, J.E. Fischer, A.G. Rinzler and R.E. Smalley, Electron spin resonance and microwave resistivity of single-wall carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. B, 56, 9275-9278 (1997).
79. R.S. Lee, H.J. Kim, J.E. Fischer, J. Lefebvre, M. Radosavljević, J. Hone, and A.T. Johnson, Transport properties of a potassium-doped single-wall carbon nanotube rope, Phys. Rev. B, 61, R4526-R4529 (2000).
80. L. Grigorian, G.U. Sumansekera, A.L. Loper, S. Fang, J.L. Allen and P.C. Ecklund, Transport properties of alkali-metal-doped single-wall carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. B, 58, R4195-R4198 (1998).
81. S. Kazaoui, N. Minami, R. Jacquemin, H. Kataura and Y. Achiba, Amphoteric doping of singlewall carbon-nanotube thin films as probed by optical absorption spectroscopy, Phys. Rev. B, 60, 13339-13342 (1999).
82. N. Bendiab, L. Spina, A. Zahab, P. Poncharal, C. Marliere, J.L. Bantignies, E. Anglaret and J.L. Sauvajol, Combined in situ conductivity and Raman studies of rubidium doping of singlewall carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. B, 63, 153407/1-4 (2001).
83. S. Suzuki, C. Bower and O. Zhou, In-situ TEM and EELS studies of alkali-metal intercalation with single-walled carbon nanotubes, Chem. Phys. Lett., 285, 230-234 (1998).
84. F. Leonard and J. Tersoff, Novel length scales in nanotube devices, Phys. Rev. Lett., 83, 5174-5177 (1999).
85. P. Petit, unpublished.
86. M. Bockrath, D.H. Cobden, J. Lu, A.G. Rinzler, R.E. Smalley, L. Balents and P.L. McEuen, Luttinger-liquid behaviour in carbon nanotubes, Nature, 397, 598-601 (1999).
87. H. Rauf, T. Pichler, M. Knupfer, J. Fink, and H. Kataura, Transition from a Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid to a Fermi liquid in potassium-intercalated bundles of single-wall carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. Lett., 93, 096805/1-4 (2004).
88. S. Bandow, M. Yudasaka, R. Yamada, S. Iijma, F. Kokai and K. Takahashi, Electron spin resonance of K-doped single-wall carbon nanohorns and single-wall carbon nanotubes, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 340, 749-756 (2000).
89. G. Feher and A.F. Kip, Electron spin resonance absorption in metals. I. Experimental, Phys. Rev., 98, 337-348 (1955).
90. F.J. Dyson, Electron spin resonance absorption in metals. II. Theory of electron diffusion and the skin effect, Phys. Rev., 98, 349-359 (1955).
91. R.J. Elliott, Theory of the effect of spin-orbit coupling on magnetic resonance in some semiconductors, Phys. Rev., 96, 266-279 (1954).
92. K.A. Müller and R. Kleiner, Conduction carrier spin resonance in the alkalimetal-graphites C8Me and C24Me, Phys. Lett., 1, 98-100 (1962).
93. S.K. Khanna, E.R. Falardeau, A.J. Heeger and J.E. Fischer, Conduction electron spin resonance in acceptor-type graphite intercalation compounds, Sol. State Comm., 25, 1059-1065 (1978).
94. P. Petit, J. Robert, T. Yildirim and J.E. Fischer, ESR evidence for phonon-mediated resistivity in alkali-metal-doped fullerides, Phys. Rev. B, 54, R3764-R3767 (1996).
95. F. Rachdi and P. Bernier, ESR study of the temperature dependence of metallic complexes of alkali-metal-doped polyacetylene, Phys. Rev. B, 33, 7817-7819 (1986).
96. A. Maarouf, C.L. Kane and E.J. Mele, Electronic structure of carbon nanotube ropes, Phys. Rev. B, 61, 11156-11165 (2000).
97. S. Rols, A. Righi, L. Alvarez, E. Anglaret, R. Almairac, C. Journet, P. Bernier, J.-L. Sauvajol, A.M. Benito, W.K. Maser, E. Munoz, M.T. Martinez, G.F. de la Fuente, A. Girard and J.-C. Ameline, Diameter distribution of single wall carbon nanotubes in nanobundles, Eur. Phys. J. B, 18, 201-205 (2000).
98. L. Henrard, V.N. Popov and A. Rubio, Influence of packing on the vibrational properties of infinite and finite bundles of carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. B, 64, 205403/1-10 (2001).
99. M.A. Pimenta, A. Marucci, S.A. Empedocles, M.G. Bawendi, E.B. Hanlon, A.M. Rao, P.C. Eklund, R.E. Smalley, G. Dresselhaus and M.S. Dresselhaus, Raman modes of metallic carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. B, 58, R16016-R16019 (1998).
100. L. Alvarez, A. Righi, T. Guillard, S. Rols, E. Anglaret, D. Laplaze and J.-L. Sauvajol, Resonant Raman study of the structure and electronic properties of single-wall carbon nanotubes, Chem. Phys. Lett., 316, 186-190 (2000).
101. S.D.M. Brown, A. Jorio, P. Corio, M.S. Dresselhaus, G. Dresselhaus, R. Saito and K. Kneipp, Origin of the Breit-Wigner-Fano lineshape of the tangential G-band feature of metallic carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. B, 63, 155414/1-8 (2001).
102. M. Oron-Carl, F. Hennrich, M.M. Kappes, H.V. Lohneysen and R. Krupke, On the electron-phonon coupling of individual single-walled carbon nanotubes, Nano Lett., 5, 1761-1767 (2005).
103. M. Lazzeri, S. Piscanec, F. Mauri, A.C. Ferrari, J. Robertson, Phonon linewidths and electron- phonon coupling in graphite and nanotubes, Phys. Rev. B, 73, 155426 (2006).
104. S. Piscanec, M. Lazzeri, J. Robertson, A.C. Ferrari, F. Mauri, Optical phonons in carbon nanotubes: Kohn anomalies, Peierls distortions, and dynamic effects, Phys. Rev. B, 75, 035427/1-22 (2007).
105. N. Bendiab, E. Anglaret, J.-L. Bantignies, A. Zahab, J.-L. Sauvajol, P. Petit, C. Mathis and S. Lefrant, Stoichiometry dependence of the Raman spectrum of alkali-doped single-wall carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. B, 64, 245424/1-6 (2001).
106. L. Kavan, M. Kalbac, M. Zukalova and L. Dunsch, Electrochemical doping of chiralityresolved carbon nanotubes, J. Phys. Chem. B, 109, 19613-19619 (2005).
107. N. Bendiab, A. Righi, E. Anglaret, J.-L. Sauvajol, L. Duclaux and F. Beguin, Low-frequency Raman modes in Cs- and Rb-doped single wall carbon nanotubes, Chem. Phys. Lett., 339, 305-310 (2000).
108. J.M. Tarascon, F.J. Di Salvo, C.H. Chen, P.J. Carroll, M. Walsh and L.J. Rupp, First example of monodispersed (Mo3Se3)-?8?clusters, J. Solid State Chem., 58, 290-300 (1985).
109. E. Anglaret, F. Dragin, R. Martel and A. Pénicaud, Raman studies of solutions of single-wall carbon nanotube salts, J. Phys. Chem. B, 110, 3949-3954 (2006).
110. A. Pénicaud, F. Dragin, E. Anglaret and R. Almairac, unpublished data.
111. O. Roubeau, A. Lucas, A. Pénicaud and A. Derré, Covalent functionalization of carbon nanotubes through organometallic reduction and electrophilic attack, J. Nanosc. Nanotechnol., 7, 1-5 (2007).
112. D. Voiry, O. Roubeau and A. Pénicaud, Stoechiometric control of single walled carbon nanotubes functionalization, J. Mat. Chem., 20, 4385-4391 (2010).
113. D. Voiry, C. Vallés, O. Roubeau and A. Pénicaud, Dissolution and alkylation of industrially produced multi-walled carbon nanotubes, Carbon, 49, 170-175 (2010).
114. D. Paolucci, M. Melle Franco, M. Iurlo, M. Marcaccio, M. Prato, F. Zerbetto, A. Pénicaud and F. Paolucci, Singling out the electrochemistry of individual single-walled carbon nanotubes in solution, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 130, 7393-7399 (2008).
115. J.E. Fischer, H. Dai, A. Thess, R. Lee, N.M. Hanjani, D.L. Dehaas and R.E. Smalley, Metallic resistivity in crystalline ropes of single-wall carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. B, 55, R4921-R4924 (1997).
116. J. Chen, M.A. Hamon, H. Hu, Y. Chen, A.M. Rao, P.C. Eklund and R.C. Haddon, Solution properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes, Science, 282, 95-98 (1998).
117. H. Kataura, Y. Kumazawa, N. Kojima, Y. Maniwa, I. Umezu, S. Masabuchi, S. Kazama, Y. Ohtsuka, S. Suzuki and Y. Achiba, Resonance Raman scattering of Br2 doped single-walled carbon nanotube bundles, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 340, 757-762 (2000).
118. R. Jacquemin, S. Kazaoui, D. Yu, A. Hassanien, N. Minami, H. Kataura and Y. Achiba, Doping mechanism in single-wall carbon nanotubes studied by optical absorption, Synth. Met., 115, 283-287 (2000).
119. B. Liu, Q. Cui, M. Yu, G. Zou, J. Carlsten, T. Wagberg and B. Sundqvist, Raman study of bromine-doped single-walled carbon nanotubes under high pressure, J. Phys. Condens. Matter, 14, 11255-11259 (2002).
120. S.-H. Jhi, S.G. Louie and M.L. Cohen, Electronic properties of bromine-doped carbon nanotubes, Solid State Commun., 123, 495-499 (2002).
121. N. Park, D. Sung, S. Hong, D. Kang and W. Park, Metallization of the semiconducting carbon nanotube by encapsulated bromine molecules, Physica E, 29, 693-697 (2005).
122. D. Sung, N. Park, W. Park and S. Hong, Formation of polybromine anions and concurrent heavy hole doping in carbon nanotubes, Appl. Phys. Lett., 90, 093502/1-3 (2007).
123. S. Matsuzaki, T. Kyoda, T. Ando, M. Sano, Raman spectra of graphite-bromine intercalation compounds at high pressures, Sol. State Comm., 67, 505-507 (1998).
124. Y. Mackeyev, S. Bachilo, K.B. Hartman, L.J. Wilson, The purification of HiPco SWCNTs with liquid bromine at room temperature, Carbon, 45, 1013-1017 (2007).
125. D. Chattopadhyay, I. Galeska, F. Papadimitrakopoulos, A route for bulk separation of semiconducting from metallic single-wall carbon nanotubes, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 125, 3370-3375 (2003).
126. M. Zheng, A. Jagota, M.S. Strano, A.P. Santos, P. Barone, S.G. Chou, B.A. Diner, M.S. Dresselhaus, R.S. McLean, G.B. Onoa, G.G. Samsonidze, E.D. Semke, M. Usrey and D.J. Walls, Structure-based carbon nanotube sorting by sequence-dependent DNA assembly, Science, 302, 1545-1548 (2003).
127. R. Krupke, F. Hennrich, H.V. Löhneysen, M.M. Kappes, Separation of metallic from semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes, Science, 301, 344-347 (2003).
128. Z. Chen, X. Du, M.-H. Du, C.D. Rancken, H.-P. Cheng and A.G. Rinzler, Bulk separative enrichment in metallic or semiconducting single wall carbon nanotubes, Nanolett., 3, 1245-1249 (2003).
129. M.S. Arnold, A.A. Green, J.F. Hulvat, S.I. Stupp and M.C. Hersam, Sorting carbon nanotubes by electronic structure using density differentiation, Nature Nanotechnol., 1, 60-65 (2006).
130. Z. Chen, Z. Wu, J. Sippel and A.G. Rinzler, Metallic/semiconducting nanotube separation and ultra-thin, transparent nanotube films, in XVII International Winterschool/Euroconference on Electronic Properties of Novel Materials. AIP Conference Proceedings, 723, 69-74 (2004).
131. M.J. O'Connell, S.M. Bachilo, C.B. Huffman, V.C. Moore, M.S. Strano, E.H. Haroz, K.L. Rialon, P.J. Boul, W.H. Noon, C. Kittrell, J. Ma, R.H. Hauge, R.B. Weisman and R.E. Smalley, Band gap fluorescence from individual single-walled carbon nanotubes, Science, 297, 593-596 (2002).
132. F.A. Cotton and G. Wilkinson, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, 577 (1988).
133. L. Grigorian, K.A. Williams, S. Fang, G.U. Sumanasekera, A.L. Loper, E.C. Dickey, S.J. Pennycook and P.C. Eklund, Reversible intercalation of charged iodine chains into carbon nanotube ropes, Phys. Rev. Lett., 80, 5560-5563 (1998).
134. X. Fan, E.C. Dickey, P.C. Eklund, K.A. Williams, L. Grigorian, R. Buczko, S.T. Pantelides, S.J. Pennycook, Atomic arrangement of iodine atoms inside single-walled carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. Lett., 84, 4621-4624 (2000).
135. J. Liu, A.G. Rinzler, H. Dai, J.H. Hafner, R.K. Bradley, P.J. Boul, A. Lu, T. Iverson, K. Shelimov, C.B. Huffman, F. Rodriguez-Macias, Y.-S. Shon, T.R. Lee, D.T. Colbert and R.E. Smalley, Fullerene pipes, Science, 280, 1253-1256 (1998).
136. J. Sloan, J. Hammer, M. Zwiefka-Sibley and M.L.H. Green, The opening and filling of single walled carbon nanotubes (SWTs), Chem. Commun., 347-348 (1998).
137. S.A. Jenekhe, S.T. Wellinghoff and J.F. Reed, Synthesis of highly conducting heterocyclic polycarbazoles by simultaneous polymerization and doping in liquid iodine, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 105, 175-189 (1984).
138. S.J. Pennycook and D.E. Jesson, Atomic resolution Z-contrast imaging of interfaces, Acta Metallurg. Mater., 40, S149-S159 (1992)
139. D.E. Jesson and S.J. Pennycook, Proc. R. Soc. London A, 449, 273 (1995).
140. L. Guan, K. Suenaga, Z. Shi, Z. Gu and S. Iijima, Polymorphic structures of iodine and their phase transition in confined nanospace, Nano Lett., 7, 1532-1535 (2007).
141. N. Bendiab, R. Almairac, S. Rols, R. Aznar, J.-L. Sauvajol and I. Mirebeau, Structural determination of iodine localization in single-walled carbon nanotube bundles by diffraction methods, Phys. Rev. B, 69, 195415/1-8 (2004).
142. J. Cambedouzou, V. Pichot, S. Rols, R. Klement, P. Launois, P. Petit, H. Kataura and R. Almairac, On the diffraction pattern of C60 peapods, Eur. Phys. J. B, 42, 31-45 (2004).
143. T. Michel, L. Alvarez, J.-L. Sauvajol, R. Almairac, R. Aznar, J.-L. Bantignies, and O. Mathon, EXAFS investigations of iodine-doped carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. B, 73, 195419/1-5 (2006).
144. Y. Jung, S.-J. Hwang and S.-J. Kim, Spectroscopic evidence on weak electron transfer from intercalated iodine molecules to single-walled carbon nanotubes, J. Phys. Chem. C, 111, 10181-10184 (2007).
145. K.R. Kissel, K.B. Hartman, P.A.W. Van der Heide and L.J. Wilson, Preparation of I2@ SWCNTs: Synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of I2-loaded SWCNTs, J. Phys. Chem. B, 110, 17425-17429 (2006).
146. H. Farhat, H. Son, G.G. Samsonidze, S. Reich, M.S. Dresselhaus and J. Kong, Phonon softening in individual metallic carbon nanotubes due to the Kohn anomaly, Phys. Rev. Lett., 99, 145506/1-4 (2007).
147. J. Kong, N.R. Franklin, C. Zhou, M.G. Chapline, S. Peng, K. Cho and H. Dai, Nanotube molecular wires as chemical sensors, Science, 287, 622-625 (2000).
148. S. Kazaoui, Y. Guo, W. Zhu, Y. Kim and N. Minami, Optical absorption spectroscopy of singlewall carbon nanotubes doped with a TCNQ derivative, Synth. Met., 135-136, 753-754 (2003).
149. M. Shiraishi, S. Swaraj, T. Takenobu, Y. Iwasa, M. Ata, W.E.S. Unger, Spectroscopic characterization of single-walled carbon nanotubes carrier-doped by encapsulation of TCNQ, Phys. Rev. B, 71, 125419 (2005).
150. T. Takenobu, T. Takano, M. Shiraishi, Y. Murakami, M. Ata, H. Kataura, Y. Achiba, Y. Iwasa, Stable and controlled amphoteric doping by encapsulation of organic molecules inside carbon nanotubes, Nat. Mater., 2, 683-688 (2003).
151. T. Takenobu, T. Kanbara, N. Akima, T. Takahashi, M. Shiraishi, K. Tsukagoshi, H. Kataura, Y. Aoyagi and Y. Iwasa, Control of carrier density by a solution method in carbon nanotube devices, Adv. Mat., 17, 2430-2434 (2005).
152. M. Shiraishi, S. Nakamura, T. Fukao, T. Takenobu, H. Kataura and Y. Iwasa, Control of injected carriers in tetracyano-p-quinodimethane encapsulated carbon nanotube transistors, Appl. Phys. Lett., 87, 093107/1-3 (2005).
153. C. Zhou, J. Kong, E. Yenilmez and H. Dai, Modulated chemical doping of individual carbon nanotubes, Science, 290, 1552-1555 (2000).
154. S. Tans, A. Verschueren and C. Dekker, Room-temperature transistor based on a single carbon nanotube, Nature, 393, 49-52 (1998).
155. R. Martel, T. Schmidt, H.R. Shea, T. Hertel and P. Avouris, Single- and multi-wall carbon nanotube field-effect transistors, Appl. Phys. Lett., 73, 2447/1-3 (1998).
156. C. Zhou, J. Kong and H. Dai, Electrical measurements of individual semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes of various diameters, Appl. Phys. Lett., 76, 1597-1599 (1999).
157. S.-H. Jhi, S.G. Louie, M.L. Cohen, Electronic properties of oxidized carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. Lett., 85, 1710-1713 (2000).
158. A. Goldoni, R. Larciprete, L. Petaccia and S. Lizzit, Single-wall carbon nanotube interaction with gases: Sample contaminants and environmental monitoring, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 125, 11329-11333 (2003).
159. K. Bradley, S.-H. Jhi, P.G. Collins, J. Hone, M.L. Cohen, S.G. Louie and A. Zettl, Is the intrinsic thermoelectric power of carbon nanotubes positive? Phys. Rev. Lett., 85, 4361-4364 (2000).
160. G.U. Sumanasekera, C.K.W. Adu, S. Fang and P.C. Eklund, Effects of gas adsorption and collisions on electrical transport in single-walled carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. Lett., 85, 1096-1099 (2000).
161. Y. Maniwa, Y. Kumazawa, Y. Saito, H. Tou, H. Kataura, H. Ishii, S. Suzuki, Y. Achiba, A. Fujiwara and H. Suematsu, Anomaly of X-ray diffraction profile in single-walled carbon nanotubes, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 38, L668-L670 (1999).
162. J. Lu, S. Nagase, D. Yu, H. Ye, R. Han, Z. Gao, S. Zhang and L. Peng, Amphoteric and controllable doping of carbon nanotubes by encapsulation of organic and organometallic molecules, Phys. Rev. Lett., 93, 116804/1-4 (2004).
163. A. Kukovecz, T. Pichler, R. Pfeiffer, C. Kramberger and H. Kuzmany, Diameter selective doping of single wall carbon nanotubes, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 5, 582-587 (2003).
164. A. Kukovecz, T. Pichler, R. Pfeiffer and H. Kuzmany, Diameter selective charge transfer in p-and n-doped single wall carbon nanotubes synthesized by the HiPCO method, Chem. Commun., 1730-1731 (2002).
165. X. Liu, T. Pichler, M. Knupfer, J. Fink and H. Kataura, Electronic properties of FeCl3-intercalated single-wall carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. B, 70, 205405/1-5 (2004).
166. U. Dettlaff-Weglikowska, V. Skakalova, R. Graupner, S.H. Jhang, B.H. Kim, H. J. Lee, L. Ley, Y.W. Park, S. Berber, D. Tomanek and S. Roth, Effect of SOCl2 treatment on electrical and mechanical properties of single-wall carbon nanotube networks, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 127, 5125-5131 (2005).
167. V. Skakalova, A.B. Kaiser, U. Dettlaff-Weglikowska, K. Hrncarikova and S. Roth, Effect of chemical treatment on electrical conductivity, infrared absorption, and Raman spectra of single-walled carbon nanotubes, J. Phys. Chem. B, 109, 7174-7181 (2005).
168. U. Dettlaff-Weglikowska, M. Kaempgen, B. Hornbostel, V. Skakalova, J. Wang, J. Liang and S. Roth, Conducting and transparent SWCNT/polymer composites, Phys. Stat. Sol. (b), 243, 3440-3444 (2006).
169. V. Skakalova, U. Dettlaff-Weglikowska, S.Roth, Electrical and mechanical properties of nanocomposites of single wall carbon nanotubes with PMMA, Synth. Met., 152, 349-352 (2005).
170. C. Journet, W.K. Maser, P. Bernier, A. Loiseau, M. Lamy de la Chapelle, S. Lefrant, P. Deniard, R. Lee and J.E. Fischer, Large-scale production of single-walled carbon nanotubes by the electric-arc technique, Nature, 388, 756-758 (1997).
171. I.W. Chiang, B.E. Brinson, A.Y. Huang, P.A. Willis, M.J. Bronikowski, J.L. Margrave, R.E. Smalley and R.H. Hauge, Purification and characterization of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) obtained from the gas-phase decomposition of CO (HiPco Process), J. Phys. Chem. B, 105, 8297-8301 (2001).
172. M.N. Tchoul, W.T. Ford, G. Lolli, D.E. Resasco and S. Arepalli, Effect of mild nitric acid oxidation on dispersability, size, and structure of single-walled carbon nanotubes, Chem. Mater., 19, 5765-5772 (2007).
173. G.U. Sumanasekera, J.L. Allen, S.L. Fang, A.L. Loper, A.M. Rao and P.C. Eklund, Electrochemical oxidation of single wall carbon nanotube bundles in sulfuric acid, J. Phys. Chem. B, 103, 4292-4297 (1999).
174. W. Rüdorff and U. Hoffmann, Über Graphitsalze, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 238, 1-50 (1938).
175. W. Rüdorff, Kristallstruktur der Säureverbindungen des graphits, Z. Phys. Chem. B, 45, 42-68 (1940).
176. A. Metrot and J.E. Fischer, Charge transfer reactions during anodic oxidation of graphite in H2SO4, Synth. Met., 3, 201-207 (1981).
177. C. Bower, A. Kleinhammes, Y. Wu and O. Zhou, Intercalation and partial exfoliation of singlewalled carbon nanotubes by nitric acid, Chem. Phys. Lett., 288, 481-486 (1998).
178. F. Hennrich, R. Wellmann, S. Malik, S. Lebedkin and M.M. Kappes, Reversible modification of the absorption properties of single-walled carbon nanotube thin films via nitric acid exposure, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 5, 178-183 (2003).
179. M.E. Itkis, S. Niyogi, M.E. Meng, M.A. Hamon, H. Hu and R.C. Haddon, Spectroscopic study of the Fermi level electronic structure of single-walled carbon nanotubes, Nano Lett., 2, 155-159 (2002).
180. R. Graupner, J. Abraham, A. Vencelova, T. Seyller, F. Hennrich, M.M. Kappes, A. Hirsch and L. Ley, Doping of single-walled carbon nanotube bundles by Bronsted acids, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 5, 5472-5476 (2003).
181. Z. Yu and L.E. Brus, Reversible oxidation effect in Raman scattering from metallic single-wall carbon nanotubes, J. Phys. Chem. A, 104, 10995-10999 (2000).
182. W. Zhou, J. Vavro, N.M. Nemes, J.E. Fischer, F. Borondics, K. Kamarás and D.B. Tanner, Charge transfer and Fermi level shift in p-doped single-walled carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. B, 71, 205423-7 (2005).
183. K. Kempa, Gapless plasmons in carbon nanotubes and their interactions with phonons, Phys. Rev. B, 66, 195406/1-5 (2002).
184. W.R. Salaneck, C.F. Brucker, J.E. Fischer and A. Metrot, X-ray electron spectroscopy of graphite intercalated with H2SO4, Phys. Rev. B, 24, 5037-5046 (1981).
185. S. Ramesh, L.M. Ericson, V.A. Davis, R.K. Saini, C. Kittrell, M. Pasquali, W.E. Billups, W. Wade Adams, R.H. Hauge and R.E. Smalley, Dissolution of pristine single walled carbon nanotubes in superacids by direct protonation, J. Phys. Chem. B, 108, 8794-8798 (2004).
186. W. Zhou, J. Vavro, C. Guthy, K.I. Winey, J.E. Fischer, L.M. Ericson, S. Ramesh, R. Saini, V.A. Davis, C. Kittrell, M. Pasquali, R.H. Hauge and R.E. Smalley, Single-walled carbon nanotube fibers extruded from super-acid suspensions: preferred orientation, electrical and thermal transport, J. Appl. Phys., 95, 649-655 (2004).
187. C.A. Reed, K.-C. Kim, R.D. Bolskar and L.J. Mueller, Taming superacids: Stabilization of the fullerene cations HC60 ??and C60 ?, Science, 289, 101-104 (2000).
188. G.A. Olah, G.K.S. Prakash and J. Sommer, Superacids, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New-York (1985).
189. N.F. Hall and J.B. Conant, A study of superacids solutions. I. The use of the chloranil electrode in glacial acetic acid and the strength of certain weak bases, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 49, 3047-3061 (1927).
190. It is worth quoting here James Tour's warning regarding experimental conditions. CAUTION: Oleum and 70% nitric acid are extremely hazardous materials that should be handled with utmost care. Users should wear an acid-proof apron, heavy gloves, safety glasses, and a face shield, and all operations shouls be done in a fume hood when handling these reagents.
191. R.J. Gillespie, Fluorosulfuric acid and related superacid media, Acc. Chem. Res., 1, 202-209 (1968).
192. Z. Chen, K. Kobashi, U. Rauwald, R. Booker, H. Fan, W.F. Hwang and J.M. Tour, Soluble ultra-short single-walled carbon nanotubes, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 128, 10568-10571 (2006).
193. V.A. Davis, L.M. Ericson, A.N.G. Parra-Vasquez, H. Fan, Y. Wang, V. Prieto, J.A. Longoria, S. Ramesh, R.K. Saini, C. Kittrell, W.E. Billups, W.W. Adams, R.H. Hauge, R.E. Smalley and M. Pasquali, Phase behaviour and rheology of SWCNTs in superacids, Macromolecules, 37, 154-160 (2004).
194. P.K. Rai, R.A. Pinnick, A.N.G. Parra-Vasquez, V.A. Davis, H.K. Schmidt, R.H. Hauge, R.E. Smalley and M. Pasquali, Isotropic-nematic phase transition of single-walled carbon nanotubes in strong acids, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 128, 591-595 (2005).
195. B. Vigolo, A. Penicaud, C. Coulon, C. Sauder, R. Pailler, C. Journet, P. Bernier and P. Poulin, Macroscopic fibers and ribbons of oriented carbon nanotubes, Science, 290, 1331-1334 (2000).
196. L.M. Ericson, H. Fan, H. Peng, V.A. Davis, W. Zhou, J. Sulpizio, Y. Wang, R. Booker, J. Vavro, C. Guthy, A.N.G. Parra-Vasquez, M.J. Kim, S. Ramesh, R.K. Saini, C. Kittrell, G. Lavin,H. Schmidt, W.W. Adams, W.E. Billups, M. Pasquali, W.-F. Hwang, R.H. Hauge, J.E. Fischer and R.E. Smalley, Macroscopic, neat, single-walled carbon nanotube fibers, Science, 305, 1447-1450 (2004).
197. W. Zhou, P.A. Heiney, H. Fan, R.E. Smalley and J.E. Fischer, Single walled carbon nanotubetemplated crystallization of H2SO4: Direct evidence for protonation, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 127, 1640-1641 (2005).
198. W. Zhou, J.E. Fischer, P.A. Heiney, H. Fan, V.A. Davis, M. Pasquali and R.E. Smalley, Single walled carbon nanotube in superacid: X-ray and calorimetric evidence for partly ordered H2SO4, Phys. Rev. B, 72, 045440/1-5 (2005).
199. V.A. Davis, A.N.G. Parra-Vasquez, M.J. Green, P.K. Rai, N. Behabtu, V. Prieto, R.D. Booker, J. Schmidt, E. Kesselman, W. Zhou, H. Fan, W.W. Adams, R.H. Hauge, J.E. Fischer, Y. Cohen,Y. Talmon, R.E. Smalley and M. Pasquali, True solutions of single-walled carbon nanotubes for assembly into macroscopic materials, Nature Nanotechnol., 4, 830-834 (2009).
200. J.L. Hudson, M.J. Casavant and J.M. Tour, Water soluble, exfoliated, nonroping single-wall carbon nanotubes, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 126, 11158-11159 (2004).
201. J.J. Stephenson, J.L. Hudson, S. Azad and J.M. Tour, Individualized single walled carbon nanotubes from bulk material using 96% sulfuric acid as solvent, Chem. Mater., 18, 374-377 (2006).
202. M. Zheng and B.A. Diner, Solution redox chemistry of carbon nanotubes. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 126, 15490-15494 (2004).
203. M. Zheng, A. Jagota, E.D. Semke, B.A. Diner, R.S. McLean, S.R. Lustig, R.E. Richardson and N.G. Tassi, DNA-assisted dispersion and separation of carbon nanotubes, Nature Mater., 2, 338-342 (2003).
204. B. Kityanan, W.E. Alvarez, J.H. Harwell and D.E. Resasco, Controlled production of singlewall carbon nanotubes by catalytic decomposition of CO on bimetallic Co-Mo catalysts, Chem. Phys. Lett., 317, 497-503 (2000).
205. K.K. Kim, J.J. Bae, H.K. Park, S.M. Kim, H.-Z. Geng, K.A. Park, H.J. Shin, S.M. Yoon, A. Benayad, J.-Y. Choi and Y.H. Lee, Fermi level engineering of single-walled carbon nanotubes by AuCl3 doping, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 130, 12757-12761 (2008).
206. L.-J. Li and R.J. Nicholas, bandgap-selective chemical doping of semiconducting singlewalled carbon nanotubes, Nanotechnol., 15, 1844-1847 (2004).
207. L. Kavan and L. Dunsch, diameter-selective electrochemical doping of HiPco single-walled carbon nanotubes, Nanolett., 3, 969-972 (2003).
208. P. Chen, X. Wu, J. Lin and K.L. Tan, High H2 uptake by alkali-doped carbon nanotubes under ambient pressure and moderate temperatures, Science, 285, 91-94 (1999).
209. R.T. Yang, Hydrogen storage by alkali-doped carbon nanotubes-revisited, Carbon, 38, 623-641 (2000).
210. S. Dag, Y. Ozturk, Y.S. Ciraci and T. Yildirim, Adsorption and dissociation of hydrogen molecules on bare and functionalized carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. B, 72, 155404/1-8 (2005).
211. P. Avouris, M. Freitag and V. Perebeinos, Carbon-nanotube optoelectronics, Topics Appl. Phys., 111, 423-454 (2008).
212. N. Emery, C. Hérold, M. d'Astuto, V. Garcia, C. Belin, J.-F. Mareché, P. Lagrange, G. Loupias, Superconductivity of Bulk CaC6, Phys. Rev. Lett., 95, 087003/1-4 (2005).
213. A.F. Hebard, M.J. Rosseinsky, R.C. Haddon, D.W. Murphy, S.H. Glarum, T.T.M. Palstra, A.P. Ramirez and A.R. Kortan, Superconductivity at 18 K in potassium-doped C60, Nature, 350, 600-601 (1991).
214. A. Kasumov, M. Kociak, M. Ferrier, R. Deblock, S. Guéron, B. Reulet, I. Khodos, O. Stéphan and H. Bouchiat, Quantum transport through carbon nanotubes: Proximity-induced and intrinsic superconductivity, Phys. Rev. B, 68, 214521/1-16 (2003).
215. L. Simonelli, M. Fratini, V. Palmisano and A. Bianconi, Possible clean superconductivity in doped nanotube crystals, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 67, 2187-2191 (2006).
216. J. Gonzalez, Superconductivity in carbon nanotube ropes, Phys. Rev. B, 67, 014528/1-12 (2003).
217. M.S. Arnold, A.A. Green, J.F. Hulvat, S.I. Stupp and M.C. Hersam, Sorting carbon nanotubes by electronic structure using density differentiation. Nature Nanotechnol., 1, 60-65 (2006).
218. R. Martel, Sorting carbon nanotubes for electronics, ACS Nano, 2, 2195-2199 (2008).
219. S. Fogden, C.A. Howard, N.T. Skipper and M. Shaffer, Separation of single-walled carbon nanotubes, ChemOnTubes-2010, Proc., Arcachon, France, April 11-15 (2010).
220. G. Lolli, L.A. Zhang, L. Balzano, N. Sakulchaicharoen, Y.Q. Tan and D.E. Resasco, Tailoring (n,m) structure of single-walled carbon nanotubes by modifying reaction conditions and the nature of the support of CoMo catalysts, J. Phys. Chem. B., 110, 2108-2115 (2006).
221. A.L. Mackay and H. Terrones, Diamond from graphite, Nature, 352, 762 (1991).