Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) and International Society for Bipolar Disorders (ISBD) collaborative update of CANMAT guidelines for the management of patients with bipolar disorder: Update 2013

Bipolar Disorders

Volumn 15, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 1-44

  Yatham, Lakshmi N ^a   Kennedy, Sidney H ^b   Parikh, Sagar V ^b   Schaffer, Ayal ^b   Beaulieu, Serge ^c   Alda, Martin ^d   O'Donovan, Claire ^d   Macqueen, Glenda ^e   Mcintyre, Roger S ^b   Sharma, Verinder ^f   Ravindran, Arun ^b   Young, L Trevor ^a   Milev, Roumen ^g   Bond, David J ^a   Frey, Benicio N ^h   Goldstein, Benjamin I ⁱ   Lafer, Beny ^j   Birmaher, Boris ^k   Ha, Kyooseob ^l   Nolen, Willem A ^m   Berk, Michael ^n,o   more..

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^c MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^d DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^e UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

^f UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO   (Canada)

^g QUEEN S UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^h MCMASTER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

ⁱ SUNNYBROOK RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Canada)

^j UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO   (Brazil)

^k UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

^l Seoul National University   (South Korea)

^m UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER GRONINGEN   (Netherlands)

ⁿ DEAKIN UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^o UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

more..

Author keywords

Bipolar; CANMAT; Depression; Guidelines; Mania; Treatment

Indexed keywords

AMFEBUTAMONE; ARIPIPRAZOLE; ASENAPINE; CARBAMAZEPINE; ETIRACETAM; FLUOXETINE; GABAPENTIN; HALOPERIDOL; LAMOTRIGINE; LITHIUM; LURASIDONE; OLANZAPINE; PALIPERIDONE; PAROXETINE; QUETIAPINE; RISPERIDONE; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; TIAGABINE; TOPIRAMATE; VALPROATE SEMISODIUM; VALPROIC ACID; VENLAFAXINE; VERAPAMIL; ZIPRASIDONE;

AGITATION; ARTICLE; BIPOLAR DEPRESSION; BIPOLAR DISORDER; COGNITIVE DEFECT; COGNITIVE THERAPY; DRUG DOSE TITRATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DYSLIPIDEMIA; ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY; EPISODIC MEMORY; HUMAN; HYPOMANIA; MAINTENANCE THERAPY; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; MONOTHERAPY; NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; PATIENT CARE; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOEDUCATION; RASH; TERATOGENICITY;

ANTI-ANXIETY AGENTS; BIPOLAR DISORDER; CANADA; GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; HUMANS;

EID: 84872674285     PISSN: 13985647     EISSN: 13995618     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12025     Document Type: Article

References (398)

1. Yatham LN, Kennedy SH, O'Donovan C et al. Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) guidelines for the management of patients with bipolar disorder: consensus and controversies. Bipolar Disord 2005; 7 (Suppl. 3): 5-69.
2. Yatham LN, Kennedy SH, O'Donovan C et al. Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) guidelines for the management of patients with bipolar disorder: update 2007. Bipolar Disord 2006; 8: 721-739.
3. Yatham LN, Kennedy SH, Schaffer A et al. Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) and International Society for Bipolar Disorders (ISBD) collaborative update of CANMAT guidelines for the management of patients with bipolar disorder: update 2009. Bipolar Disord 2009; 11: 225-255.
4. Merikangas KR, Jin R, He JP et al. Prevalence and correlates of bipolar spectrum disorder in the world mental health survey initiative. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2011; 68: 241-251.
5. Schaffer A, Cairney J, Cheung A, Veldhuizen S, Kurdyak P, Levitt A. Differences in prevalence and treatment of bipolar disorder among immigrants: results from an epidemiologic survey. Can J Psychiatry 2009; 54: 734-742.
6. Novick DM, Swartz HA, Frank E. Suicide attempts in bipolar I and bipolar II disorder: a review and meta-analysis of the evidence. Bipolar Disord 2010; 12: 1-9.
7. Dennehy EB, Marangell LB, Allen MH, Chessick C, Wisniewski SR, Thase ME. Suicide and suicide attempts in the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD). J Affect Disord 2011; 133: 423-427.
8. Nordentoft M, Mortensen PB, Pedersen CB. Absolute risk of suicide after first hospital contact in mental disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2011; 68: 1058-1064.
9. Stensland MD, Zhu B, Ascher-Svanum H, Ball DE. Costs associated with attempted suicide among individuals with bipolar disorder. J Ment Health Policy Econ 2010; 13: 87-92.
10. Reed C, Goetz I, Vieta E, Bassi M, Haro JM. Work impairment in bipolar disorder patients--results from a two-year observational study (EMBLEM). Eur Psychiatry 2010; 25: 338-344.
11. McIntyre RS. Understanding needs, interactions, treatment, and expectations among individuals affected by bipolar disorder or schizophrenia: the UNITE global survey. J Clin Psychiatry 2009; 70 (Suppl. 3): 5-11.
12. Nilsson KK, Jørgensen CR, Craig TKJ, Straarup KN, Licht RW. Self-esteem in remitted bipolar disorder patients: a meta-analysis. Bipolar Disord 2010; 12: 585-592.
13. Van Dorn RA, Andel R, Boaz TL et al. Risk of arrest in persons with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in a Florida Medicaid program: the role of atypical antipsychotics, conventional neuroleptics, and routine outpatient behavioral health services. J Clin Psychiatry 2011; 72: 502-508.
14. Azorin JM, Aubrun E, Bertsch J, Reed C, Gerard S, Lukasiewicz M. Mixed states vs. pure mania in the French sample of the EMBLEM study: results at baseline and 24months-European mania in bipolar longitudinal evaluation of medication. BMC Psychiatry 2009; 9: 33.
15. Yatham LN, Kauer-Sant'Anna M, Bond DJ, Lam RW, Torres I. Course and outcome after the first manic episode in patients with bipolar disorder: prospective 12-month data from the Systematic Treatment Optimization Program For Early Mania project. Can J Psychiatry 2009; 54: 105-112.
16. Solomon DA, Leon AC, Coryell WH et al. Longitudinal course of bipolar I disorder: duration of mood episodes. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2010; 67: 339-347.
17. Ghaemi SN, Bauer M, Cassidy F et al. Diagnostic guidelines for bipolar disorder: a summary of the International Society for Bipolar Disorders Diagnostic Guidelines Task Force Report. Bipolar Disord 2008; 10: 117-128.
18. American Psychiatric Association. DSM-5 Development: Bipolar and Related Disorders. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association, 2011.
19. Lobban F, Taylor L, Chandler C et al. Enhanced relapse prevention for bipolar disorder by community mental health teams: cluster feasibility randomised trial. Br J Psychiatry 2010; 196: 59-63.
20. Bauer MS, Biswas K, Kilbourne AM. Enhancing multiyear guideline concordance for bipolar disorder through collaborative care. Am J Psychiatry 2009; 166: 1244-1250.
21. Lobban F, Solis-Trapala I, Symes W, Morriss R. Early warning signs checklists for relapse in bipolar depression and mania: utility, reliability and validity. J Affect Disord 2011; 133: 413-422.
22. Parikh SV, Zaretsky A, Beaulieu S et al. A randomized controlled trial of psychoeducation or cognitive-behavioral therapy in bipolar disorder: a Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety treatments (CANMAT) study. J Clin Psychiatry 2012; 73: 803-810.
23. Perlick DA, Miklowitz DJ, Lopez N et al. Family-focused treatment for caregivers of patients with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2010; 12: 627-637.
24. Perini S, Titov N, Andrews G. Clinician-assisted internet-based treatment is effective for depression: randomized controlled trial. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2009; 43: 571-578.
25. Clarke G, Kelleher C, Hornbrook M, Debar L, Dickerson J, Gullion C. Randomized effectiveness trial of an internet, pure self-help, cognitive behavioral intervention for depressive symptoms in young adults. Cogn Behav Ther 2009; 38: 222-234.
26. Barnes E, Simpson S, Griffiths E, Hood K, Craddock N, Smith DJ. Developing an online psychoeducation package for bipolar disorder. J Ment Health 2011; 20: 21-31.
27. Smith DJ, Griffiths E, Poole R et al. Beating bipolar: exploratory trial of a novel internet-based psychoeducational treatment for bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2011; 13: 571-577.
28. Foster S, Kessel J, Berman M, Simpson G. Efficacy of lorazepam and haloperidol for rapid tranquilization in a psychiatric emergency room setting. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1997; 12: 175-179.
29. Currier GW, Chou JC, Feifel D et al. Acute treatment of psychotic agitation: a randomized comparison of oral treatment with risperidone and lorazepam versus intramuscular treatment with haloperidol and lorazepam. J Clin Psychiatry 2004; 65: 386-394.
30. Villari V, Rocca P, Fonzo V, Montemagni C, Pandullo P, Bogetto F. Oral risperidone, olanzapine and quetiapine versus haloperidol in psychotic agitation. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2008; 32: 405-413.
31. Feifel D, Galangue B, Macdonald K et al. A naturalistic, single-blind comparison of rapid dose administration of divalproex ER versus quetiapine in patients with acute bipolar mania. Innov Clin Neurosci 2011; 8: 29-35.
32. Meehan K, Zhang F, David S et al. A double-blind, randomized comparison of the efficacy and safety of intramuscular injections of olanzapine, lorazepam, or placebo in treating acutely agitated patients diagnosed with bipolar mania. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2001; 21: 389-397.
33. Centorrino F, Meyers AL, Ahl J et al. An observational study of the effectiveness and safety of intramuscular olanzapine in the treatment of acute agitation in patients with bipolar mania or schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder. Hum Psychopharmacol 2007; 22: 455-462.
34. Chandrasena R, Dvorakova D, Lee SI et al. Intramuscular olanzapine vs. intramuscular short-acting antipsychotics: safety, tolerability and the switch to oral antipsychotic medication in patients with schizophrenia or acute mania. Int J Clin Pract 2009; 63: 1249-1258.
35. Baldacara L, Sanches M, Cordeiro DC, Jackoswski AP. Rapid tranquilization for agitated patients in emergency psychiatric rooms: a randomized trial of olanzapine, ziprasidone, haloperidol plus promethazine, haloperidol plus midazolam and haloperidol alone. Rev Bras Psiquiatr 2011; 33: 30-39.
36. Lesem MD, Zajecka JM, Swift RH, Reeves KR, Harrigan EP. Intramuscular ziprasidone, 2mg versus 10mg, in the short-term management of agitated psychotic patients. J Clin Psychiatry 2001; 62: 12-18.
37. Daniel DG, Potkin SG, Reeves KR, Swift RH, Harrigan EP. Intramuscular (IM) ziprasidone 20mg is effective in reducing acute agitation associated with psychosis: a double-blind, randomized trial. Psychopharmacology 2001; 155: 128-134.
38. Brook S, Lucey JV, Gunn KP. Intramuscular ziprasidone compared with intramuscular haloperidol in the treatment of acute psychosis. Ziprasidone I.M. Study Group. J Clin Psychiatry 2000; 61: 933-941.
39. Zimbroff DL, Marcus RN, Manos G et al. Management of acute agitation in patients with bipolar disorder: efficacy and safety of intramuscular aripiprazole. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2007; 27: 171-176.
40. Bieniek S, Ownby R, Penalver A, Dominguez R. A double-blind study of lorazepam versus the combination of haloperidol and lorazepam in managing agitation. Pharmacotherapy 1998; 18: 57-62.
41. Chouinard G, Annable L, Turnier L, Holobow N, Szkrumelak N. A double-blind randomized clinical trial of rapid tranquilization with I.M. clonazepam and I.M. haloperidol in agitated psychotic patients with manic symptoms. Can J Psychiatry 1993; 38 (Suppl. 4): S114-S121.
42. Sekhar S, Kalra B, Mendhekar DN, Tekur U. Efficacy of sodium valproate and haloperidol in the management of acute mania: a randomized open-label comparative study. J Clin Pharmacol 2010; 50: 688-692.
43. Cipriani A, Barbui C, Salanti G et al. Comparative efficacy and acceptability of antimanic drugs in acute mania: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis. Lancet 2011; 378: 1306-1315.
44. Correll CU, Sheridan EM, DelBello MP. Antipsychotic and mood stabilizer efficacy and tolerability in pediatric and adult patients with bipolar I mania: a comparative analysis of acute, randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Bipolar Disord 2010; 12: 116-141.
45. Tamayo JM, Zarate CA Jr, Vieta E, Vazquez G, Tohen M. Level of response and safety of pharmacological monotherapy in the treatment of acute bipolar I disorder phases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2010; 13: 813-832.
46. Bowden C, Gogus A, Grunze H, Haggstrom L, Rybakowski J, Vieta E. A 12-week, open, randomized trial comparing sodium valproate to lithium in patients with bipolar I disorder suffering from a manic episode. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2008; 23: 254-262.
47. Bowden CL, Mosolov S, Hranov L et al. Efficacy of valproate versus lithium in mania or mixed mania: a randomized, open 12-week trial. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2010; 25: 60-67.
48. Tohen M, Vieta E, Goodwin GM et al. Olanzapine versus divalproex versus placebo in the treatment of mild to moderate mania: a randomized, 12-week, double-blind study. J Clin Psychiatry 2008; 69: 1776-1789.
49. Bowden CL, Swann AC, Calabrese JR et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter study of divalproex sodium extended release in the treatment of acute mania. J Clin Psychiatry 2006; 67: 1501-1510.
50. Hirschfeld RM, Bowden CL, Vigna NV, Wozniak P, Collins M. A randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter study of divalproex sodium extended-release in the acute treatment of mania. J Clin Psychiatry 2010; 71: 426-432.
51. Fountoulakis KN, Vieta E, Schmidt F. Aripiprazole monotherapy in the treatment of bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2011; 133: 361-370.
52. Young AH, Oren DA, Lowy A et al. Aripiprazole monotherapy in acute mania: 12-week randomised placebo- and haloperidol-controlled study. Br J Psychiatry 2009; 194: 40-48.
53. Vieta E, Ramey T, Keller D, English PA, Loebel AD, Miceli J. Ziprasidone in the treatment of acute mania: a 12-week, placebo-controlled, haloperidol-referenced study. J Psychopharmacol 2010; 24: 547-558.
54. Vieta E, Nuamah IF, Lim P et al. A randomized, placebo- and active-controlled study of paliperidone extended release for the treatment of acute manic and mixed episodes of bipolar I disorder. Bipolar Disord 2010; 12: 230-243.
55. Berwaerts J, Xu H, Nuamah I, Lim P, Hough D. Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of paliperidone extended-release in the treatment of acute mania: a randomized, double-blind, dose-response study. J Affect Disord 2012; 136: e51-e60.
56. McIntyre RS, Cohen M, Zhao J, Alphs L, Macek TA, Panagides J. A 3-week, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of asenapine in the treatment of acute mania in bipolar mania and mixed states. Bipolar Disord 2009; 11: 673-686.
57. McIntyre RS, Cohen M, Zhao J, Alphs L, Macek TA, Panagides J. Asenapine in the treatment of acute mania in bipolar I disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Affect Disord 2010; 122: 27-38.
58. McIntyre RS, Cohen M, Zhao J, Alphs L, Macek TA, Panagides J. Asenapine versus olanzapine in acute mania: a double-blind extension study. Bipolar Disord 2009; 11: 815-826.
59. McIntyre RS, Cohen M, Zhao J, Alphs L, Macek TA, Panagides J. Asenapine for long-term treatment of bipolar disorder: a double-blind 40-week extension study. J Affect Disord 2010; 126: 358-365.
60. Vieta E, T'joen C, McQuade RD et al. Efficacy of adjunctive aripiprazole to either valproate or lithium in bipolar mania patients partially nonresponsive to valproate/lithium monotherapy: a placebo-controlled study. Am J Psychiatry 2008; 165: 1316-1325.
61. Vieta E, Owen R, Baudelet C, McQuade RD, Sanchez R, Marcus RN. Assessment of safety, tolerability and effectiveness of adjunctive aripiprazole to lithium/valproate in bipolar mania: a 46-week, open-label extension following a 6-week double-blind study. Curr Med Res Opin 2010; 26: 1485-1496.
62. Calabrese J, Stet L, Kotari H et al. Asenapine as adjunctive treatment for bipolar mania: a placebo-controlled 12-week study and 40-week extension. Eur Psychiatry 2010; 25 (Suppl. 1): 1447.
63. El-Mallakh RS, Salem MR, Chopra A, Mickus GJ, Penagaluri P, Movva R. A blinded, randomized comparison of immediate-release and extended-release carbamazepine capsules in manic and depressed bipolar subjects. Ann Clin Psychiatry 2010; 22: 3-8.
64. El-Mallakh RS, Salem MR, Chopra AS, Mickus GJ, Penagaluri P. Adverse event load in bipolar participants receiving either carbamazepine immediate-release or extended-release capsules: a blinded, randomized study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2009; 24: 145-149.
65. Mohan TSP, Tharyan P, Alexander J, Raveendran NS. Effects of stimulus intensity on the efficacy and safety of twice-weekly, bilateral electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) combined with antipsychotics in acute mania: a randomised controlled trial. Bipolar Disord 2009; 11: 126-134.
66. Kakkar AK, Rehan HS, Unni KE, Gupta NK, Chopra D, Kataria D. Comparative efficacy and safety of oxcarbazepine versus divalproex sodium in the treatment of acute mania: a pilot study. Eur Psychiatry 2009; 24: 178-182.
67. Juruena MF, Ottoni GL, Machado-Vieira R et al. Bipolar I and II disorder residual symptoms: oxcarbazepine and carbamazepine as add-on treatment to lithium in a double-blind, randomized trial. Prog Neuro-psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2009; 33: 94-99.
68. Knesevich M, Papadakis K, Bose A, Wang Q, Korotzer A, Laszlovszky I. The Efficacy and Tolerability of Cariprazine in Acute Mania Associated With Bipolar I Disorder: A Phase II Trial [Abstract NR1-049]. New Research Abstracts, Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association, 2009: p20.
69. Chan HY, Jou SH, Juang YY et al. A single-blind, comparative study of zotepine versus haloperidol in combination with a mood stabilizer for patients with moderate-to-severe mania. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2010; 64: 162-169.
70. Akhondzadeh S, Milajerdi MR, Amini H, Tehrani-Doost M. Allopurinol as an adjunct to lithium and haloperidol for treatment of patients with acute mania: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Bipolar Disord 2006; 8: 485-489.
71. Machado-Vieira R, Soares JC, Lara DR et al. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled 4-week study on the efficacy and safety of the purinergic agents allopurinol and dipyridamole adjunctive to lithium in acute bipolar mania. J Clin Psychiatry 2008; 69: 1237-1245.
72. Amrollahi Z, Rezaei F, Salehi B et al. Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled 6-week study on the efficacy and safety of the tamoxifen adjunctive to lithium in acute bipolar mania. J Affect Disord 2011; 129: 327-331.
73. Behzadi AH, Omrani Z, Chalian M, Asadi S, Ghadiri M. Folic acid efficacy as an alternative drug added to sodium valproate in the treatment of acute phase of mania in bipolar disorder: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2009; 120: 441-445.
74. Keck PE Jr, Hsu HA, Papadakis K, Russo J Jr. Memantine efficacy and safety in patients with acute mania associated with bipolar I disorder: a pilot evaluation. Clin Neuropharmacol 2009; 32: 199-204.
75. Berwaerts J, Lane R, Nuamah IF, Lim P, Remmerie B, Hough DW. Paliperidone extended-release as adjunctive therapy to lithium or valproate in the treatment of acute mania: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. J Affect Disord 2011; 129: 252-260.
76. Pfizer Inc. 3-Week Study to Evaluate Efficacy and Safety of Ziprasidone With Either Lithium or Divalproex in Acutely Manic Subjects. ClinicalTrials.gov. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, 2010.
77. Fountoulakis KN, Gonda X, Vieta E, Schmidt F. Treatment of psychotic symptoms in bipolar disorder with aripiprazole monotherapy: a meta-analysis. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2009; 8: 27.
78. Houston JP, Tohen M, Degenhardt EK, Jamal HH, Liu LL, Ketter TA. Olanzapine-divalproex combination versus divalproex monotherapy in the treatment of bipolar mixed episodes: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry 2009; 70: 1540-1547.
79. Houston JP, Ketter TA, Case M et al. Early symptom change and prediction of subsequent remission with olanzapine augmentation in divalproex-resistant bipolar mixed episodes. J Psychiatr Res 2011; 45: 169-173.
80. Szegedi A, Zhao J, van Willigenburg A, Nations KR, Mackle M, Panagides J. Effects of asenapine on depressive symptoms in patients with bipolar I disorder experiencing acute manic or mixed episodes: a post hoc analysis of two 3-week clinical trials. BMC Psychiatry 2011; 11: 101.
81. Cruz N, Sanchez-Moreno J, Torres F, Goikolea JM, Valenti M, Vieta E. Efficacy of modern antipsychotics in placebo-controlled trials in bipolar depression: a meta-analysis. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2010; 13: 5-14.
82. Vieta E, Locklear J, Gunther O et al. Treatment options for bipolar depression: a systematic review of randomized, controlled trials. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2010; 30: 579-590.
83. Geddes JR, Calabrese JR, Goodwin GM. Lamotrigine for treatment of bipolar depression: independent meta-analysis and meta-regression of individual patient data from five randomised trials. Br J Psychiatry 2009; 194: 4-9.
84. Kemp DE, Ganocy SJ, Brecher M et al. Clinical value of early partial symptomatic improvement in the prediction of response and remission during short-term treatment trials in 3369 subjects with bipolar I or II depression. J Affect Disord 2011; 130: 171-179.
85. Kemp DE, Calabrese JR, Eudicone JM et al. Predictive value of early improvement in bipolar depression trials: a post-hoc pooled analysis of two 8-week aripiprazole studies. Psychopharmacol Bull 2010; 43: 5-27.
86. Ketter T. Overview of LiTMUS efficacy findings [Symposium S8-5]. In: American Psychiatric Association ed. Presented at 164th Ann Mtg American Psychiatric Association. Honolulu, HI, 2011.
87. Suppes T, Dennehy EB, Hirschfeld RM et al. The Texas implementation of medication algorithms: update to the algorithms for treatment of bipolar I disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2005; 66: 870-886.
88. Calabrese JR, Keck PE Jr, Macfadden W et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of quetiapine in the treatment of bipolar I or II depression. Am J Psychiatry 2005; 162: 1351-1360.
89. Thase ME, Macfadden W, Weisler RH et al. Efficacy of quetiapine monotherapy in bipolar I and II depression: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study (the BOLDER II study). J Clin Psychopharmacol 2006; 26: 600-609.
90. Young AH, McElroy SL, Bauer M et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of quetiapine and lithium monotherapy in adults in the acute phase of bipolar depression (EMBOLDEN I). J Clin Psychiatry 2010; 71: 150-162.
91. McElroy SL, Weisler RH, Chang W et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of quetiapine and paroxetine as monotherapy in adults with bipolar depression (EMBOLDEN II). J Clin Psychiatry 2010; 71: 163-174.
92. Suppes T, Datto C, Minkwitz M, Nordenhem A, Walker C, Darko D. Effectiveness of the extended release formulation of quetiapine as monotherapy for the treatment of acute bipolar depression. J Affect Disord 2010; 121: 106-115.
93. Brown EB, McElroy SL, Keck PE Jr et al. A 7-week, randomized, double-blind trial of olanzapine/fluoxetine combination versus lamotrigine in the treatment of bipolar I depression. J Clin Psychiatry 2006; 67: 1025-1033.
94. Brown E, Dunner DL, McElroy SL et al. Olanzapine/fluoxetine combination vs. lamotrigine in the 6-month treatment of bipolar I depression. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2009; 12: 773-782.
95. Tohen M, Vieta E, Calabrese J et al. Efficacy of olanzapine and olanzapine-fluoxetine combination in the treatment of bipolar I depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003; 60: 1079-1088.
96. Bond DJ, Lam RW, Yatham LN. Divalproex sodium versus placebo in the treatment of acute bipolar depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2010; 124: 228-234.
97. Smith LA, Cornelius VR, Azorin JM et al. Valproate for the treatment of acute bipolar depression: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2010; 122: 1-9.
98. Loebel A, Cucchiaro J, Silva R et al. Lurasidone Monotherapy for the Treatment of Bipolar I Depression: Results of a 6-Week, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. Philadelphia, PA: American Psychiatric Association, 2012.
99. Loebel A, Cucchiaro J, Silva R et al. Lurasidone Adjunctive to Lithium or Valproate for the Treatment of Bipolar I Depression: Results of a 6-Week, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled. Philadelphia, PA: American Psychiatric Association, 2012.
100. van der Loos ML, Mulder PG, Hartong EG et al. Efficacy and safety of lamotrigine as add-on treatment to lithium in bipolar depression: a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2009; 70: 223-231.
101. van der Loos ML, Mulder P, Hartong EG et al. Efficacy and safety of two treatment algorithms in bipolar depression consisting of a combination of lithium, lamotrigine or placebo and paroxetine. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2010; 122: 246-254.
102. Tohen M, McDonnell DP, Case M et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of olanzapine in patients with bipolar I depression. BRJ Psychiatry 2012; 201: 376-382.
103. Bobo WV, Epstein RA, Shelton RC. Olanzapine monotherapy for acute depression in patients with bipolar I or II disorder: results of an 8-week open label trial. Human psychopharmacol 2010; 25: 30-36.
104. Ahn YM, Nam JY, Culver JL, Marsh WK, Bonner JC, Ketter TA. Lamotrigine plus quetiapine combination therapy in treatment-resistant bipolar depression. Ann Clin Psychiatry 2011; 23: 17-24.
105. Medda P, Perugi G, Zanello S, Ciuffa M, Rizzato S, Cassano GB. Comparative response to electroconvulsive therapy in medication-resistant bipolar I patients with depression and mixed state. J ECT 2010; 26: 82-86.
106. Virupaksha HS, Shashidhara B, Thirthalli J, Kumar CN, Gangadhar BN. Comparison of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) with or without anti-epileptic drugs in bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2010; 127: 66-70.
107. Bailine S, Fink M, Knapp R et al. Electroconvulsive therapy is equally effective in unipolar and bipolar depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2010; 121: 431-436.
108. Sienaert P, Vansteelandt K, Demyttenaere K, Peuskens J. Ultra-brief pulse ECT in bipolar and unipolar depressive disorder: differences in speed of response. Bipolar Disord 2009; 11: 418-424.
109. Brennan BP, Hudson JI, Jensen JE et al. Rapid enhancement of glutamatergic neurotransmission in bipolar depression following treatment with riluzole. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010; 35: 834-846.
110. Berk M, Dean O, Cotton SM et al. The efficacy of N-acetylcysteine as an adjunctive treatment in bipolar depression: an open label trial. J Affect Disord 2011; 135: 389-394.
111. Diazgranados N, Ibrahim L, Brutsche NE et al. A randomized add-on trial of an N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist in treatment-resistant bipolar depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2010; 67: 793-802.
112. Calabrese JR, Ketter TA, Youakim JM, Tiller JM, Yang R, Frye MA. Adjunctive armodafinil for major depressive episodes associated with bipolar I disorder: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, proof-of-concept study. J Clin Psychiatry 2010; 71: 1363-1370.
113. Wu JC, Kelsoe JR, Schachat C et al. Rapid and sustained antidepressant response with sleep deprivation and chronotherapy in bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2009; 66: 298-301.
114. Pfizer Inc. A Six-Week Study Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of GEODON in Patients With a Diagnosis of Bipolar I Depression. ClinicalTrials.gov. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, 2009.
115. Pfizer Inc. A Six-Week Flexible Dose Study Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Geodon in Patients With Bipolar I Depression. ClinicalTrials.gov. National Institutes of Health, 2009.
116. Sachs GS, Ice KS, Chappell PB et al. Efficacy and safety of adjunctive oral ziprasidone for acute treatment of depression in patients with bipolar I disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2011; 72: 1413-1422.
117. Mazza M, Squillacioti MR, Pecora RD, Janiri L, Bria P. Beneficial acute antidepressant effects of aripiprazole as an adjunctive treatment or monotherapy in bipolar patients unresponsive to mood stabilizers: results from a 16-week open-label trial. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2008; 9: 3145-3149.
118. Dunn RT, Stan VA, Chriki LS, Filkowski MM, Ghaemi SN. A prospective, open-label study of aripiprazole mono- and adjunctive treatment in acute bipolar depression. J Affect Disord 2008; 110: 70-74.
119. Quante A, Zeugmann S, Luborzewski A et al. Aripiprazole as adjunct to a mood stabilizer and citalopram in bipolar depression: a randomized placebo-controlled pilot study. Human psychopharmacol 2010; 25: 126-132.
120. Mazza M, Squillacioti MR, Pecora RD, Janiri L, Bria P. Effect of aripiprazole on self-reported anhedonia in bipolar depressed patients. Psychiatry Res 2009; 165: 193-196.
121. Saricicek A, Maloney K, Muralidharan A et al. Levetiracetam in the management of bipolar depression: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2011; 72: 744-750.
122. Baldessarini RJ, Leahy L, Arcona S, Gause D, Zhang W, Hennen J. Patterns of psychotropic drug prescription for U.S. patients with diagnoses of bipolar disorders. Psychiatr Serv 2007; 58: 85-91.
123. Schaffer A, Cairney J, Veldhuizen S, Cheung A, Levitt A. Comparison of antidepressant use between subjects with bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder with or without comorbid anxiety. J Clin Psychiatry 2007; 68: 1785-1792.
124. Sachs GS, Nierenberg AA, Calabrese JR et al. Effectiveness of adjunctive antidepressant treatment for bipolar depression. N Engl J Med 2007; 356: 1711-1722.
125. Shelton RC, Stahl SM. Risperidone and paroxetine given singly and in combination for bipolar depression. J Clin Psychiatry 2004; 65: 1715-1719.
126. Sidor MM, Macqueen GM. Antidepressants for the acute treatment of bipolar depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry 2011; 72: 156-167.
127. Nemeroff CB, Evans DL, Gyulai L et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison of imipramine and paroxetine in the treatment of bipolar depression. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158: 906-912.
128. Cipriani A, Furukawa TA, Salanti G et al. Comparative efficacy and acceptability of 12 new-generation antidepressants: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis. Lancet 2009; 373: 746-758.
129. Goldberg JF, Perlis RH, Bowden CL et al. Manic symptoms during depressive episodes in 1, 380 patients with bipolar disorder: findings from the STEP-BD. Am J Psychiatry 2009; 166: 173-181.
130. Berk M, Ng F, Dodd S, Goldberg JF, Malhi GS. Do we need to flick the switch? The need for a broader conceptualization of iatrogenic course aggravation in clinical trials of bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2010; 64: 367-371.
131. Leverich GS, Altshuler LL, Frye MA et al. Risk of switch in mood polarity to hypomania or mania in patients with bipolar depression during acute and continuation trials of venlafaxine, sertraline, and bupropion as adjuncts to mood stabilizers. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163: 232-239.
132. Vieta E, Martinez-Aran A, Goikolea JM et al. A randomized trial comparing paroxetine and venlafaxine in the treatment of bipolar depressed patients taking mood stabilizers. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63: 508-512.
133. Devulapalli KK, Ignacio RV, Weiden P et al. Why do persons with bipolar disorder stop their medication? Psychopharmacol Bull 2010; 43: 5-14.
134. Sajatovic M, Ignacio RV, West JA et al. Predictors of nonadherence among individuals with bipolar disorder receiving treatment in a community mental health clinic. Compr Psychiatry 2009; 50: 100-107.
135. Gonzalez-Pinto A, Reed C, Novick D, Bertsch J, Haro JM. Assessment of medication adherence in a cohort of patients with bipolar disorder. Pharmacopsychiatry 2010; 43: 263-270.
136. Hou R, Cleak V, Peveler R. Do treatment and illness beliefs influence adherence to medication in patients with bipolar affective disorder? A preliminary cross-sectional study. Eur Psychiatry 2010; 25: 216-219.
137. Lang K, Korn J, Muser E, Choi JC, Abouzaid S, Menzin J. Predictors of medication nonadherence and hospitalization in Medicaid patients with bipolar I disorder given long-acting or oral antipsychotics. J Med Econ 2011; 14: 217-226.
138. Bates JA, Whitehead R, Bolge SC, Kim E. Correlates of medication adherence among patients with bipolar disorder: results of the bipolar evaluation of satisfaction and tolerability (BEST) study: a nationwide cross-sectional survey. PCC J Clin Psychiatry 2010; 12: e1-e8.
139. Gianfrancesco FD, Sajatovic M, Tafesse E, Wang RH. Association between antipsychotic combination therapy and treatment adherence among individuals with bipolar disorder. Ann Clin Psychiatry 2009; 21: 3-16.
140. Citrome L, Reist C, Palmer L et al. Impact of real-world ziprasidone dosing on treatment discontinuation rates in patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Schizophr Res 2009; 115: 115-120.
141. Gutierrez-Rojas L, Jurado D, Martinez-Ortega JM, Gurpegui M. Poor adherence to treatment associated with a high recurrence in a bipolar disorder outpatient sample. J Affect Disord 2010; 127: 77-83.
142. Bagalman E, Yu-Isenberg KS, Durden E, Crivera C, Dirani R, Bunn WB 3rd. Indirect costs associated with nonadherence to treatment for bipolar disorder. J Occup Environ Med 2010; 52: 478-485.
143. Lage MJ, Hassan MK. The relationship between antipsychotic medication adherence and patient outcomes among individuals diagnosed with bipolar disorder: a retrospective study. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2009; 8: 7.
144. Hassan M, Lage MJ. Risk of rehospitalization among bipolar disorder patients who are nonadherent to antipsychotic therapy after hospital discharge. AJHP 2009; 66: 358-365.
145. Hong J, Reed C, Novick D, Haro JM, Windmeijer F, Knapp M. The cost of relapse for patients with a manic/mixed episode of bipolar disorder in the EMBLEM study. Pharmacoeconomics 2010; 28: 555-566.
146. Dikeos D, Badr MG, Yang F et al. Twelve-month prospective, multinational, observational study of factors associated with recovery from mania in bipolar disorder in patients treated with atypical antipsychotics. World J Biol Psychiatry 2010; 11: 667-676.
147. Haro JM, Reed C, Gonzalez-Pinto A, Novick D, Bertsch J, Vieta E. 2-year course of bipolar disorder type I patients in outpatient care: factors associated with remission and functional recovery. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2011; 21: 287-293.
148. Gao K, Kemp DE, Wang Z et al. Predictors of non-stabilization during the combination therapy of lithium and divalproex in rapid cycling bipolar disorder: a post-hoc analysis of two studies. Psychopharmacol Bull 2010; 43: 23-38.
149. Pfennig A, Schlattmann P, Alda M et al. Influence of atypical features on the quality of prophylactic effectiveness of long-term lithium treatment in bipolar disorders. Bipolar Disord 2010; 12: 390-396.
150. Gregory VL Jr. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression in bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis. J Evid Based Soc Work 2010; 7: 269-279.
151. Szentagotai A, David D. The efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy in bipolar disorder: a quantitative meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry 2010; 71: 66-72.
152. Lynch D, Laws KR, McKenna PJ. Cognitive behavioural therapy for major psychiatric disorder: does it really work? A meta-analytical review of well-controlled trials. Psychol Med 2010; 40: 9-24.
153. Lam DH, Watkins ER, Hayward P et al. A randomized controlled study of cognitive therapy for relapse prevention for bipolar affective disorder: outcome of the first year. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003; 60: 145-152.
154. Scott J, Paykel E, Morriss R et al. Cognitive-behavioural therapy for severe and recurrent bipolar disorders: randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry 2006; 188: 313-320.
155. Parikh S, Scott J. Cognitive behaviour therapy for bipolar disorder. In: Yatham L, Maj M eds. Textbook of Bipolar Disorders. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010: 422-429.
156. Gomes BC, Abreu LN, Brietzke E et al. A randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral group therapy for bipolar disorder. Psychother Psychosom 2011; 80: 144-150.
157. Costa RT, Cheniaux E, Rosaes PA et al. The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral group therapy in treating bipolar disorder: a randomized controlled study. Rev Bras Psiquiatr 2011; 33: 144-149.
158. Colom F, Vieta E, Sanchez-Moreno J et al. Group psychoeducation for stabilised bipolar disorders: 5-year outcome of a randomised clinical trial. Br J Psychiatry 2009; 194: 260-265.
159. Castle D, White C, Chamberlain J et al. Group-based psychosocial intervention for bipolar disorder: randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry 2010; 196: 383-388.
160. D'Souza R, Piskulic D, Sundram S. A brief dyadic group based psychoeducation program improves relapse rates in recently remitted bipolar disorder: a pilot randomised controlled trial. J Affect Disord 2010; 120: 272-276.
161. Beynon S, Soares-Weiser K, Woolacott N, Duffy S, Geddes JR. Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of relapse in bipolar disorder: a systematic review of controlled trials. J Psychopharmacol 2009; 23: 574-591.
162. Vieta E, Gunther O, Locklear J et al. Effectiveness of psychotropic medications in the maintenance phase of bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2011; 14: 1029-1049.
163. Geddes JR, Goodwin GM, Rendell J et al. Lithium plus valproate combination therapy versus monotherapy for relapse prevention in bipolar I disorder (BALANCE): a randomised open-label trial. Lancet 2010; 375: 385-395.
164. van der Loos MLM, Mulder P, Hartong EG et al. Long-term outcome of bipolar depressed patients receiving lamotrigine as add-on to lithium with the possibility of the addition of paroxetine in nonresponders: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial with a novel design. Bipolar Disord 2011; 13: 111-117.
165. Licht RW, Nielsen JN, Gram LF, Vestergaard P, Bendz H. Lamotrigine versus lithium as maintenance treatment in bipolar I disorder: an open, randomized effectiveness study mimicking clinical practice. The 6th trial of the Danish University Antidepressant Group (DUAG-6). Bipolar Disord 2010; 12: 483-493.
166. Cipriani A, Rendell J, Geddes JR. Olanzapine in the long-term treatment of bipolar disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychopharmacol 2010; 24: 1729-1738.
167. Vieta E, Montgomery S, Sulaiman AH et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to assess prevention of mood episodes with risperidone long-acting injectable in patients with bipolar I disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2012; 22: 825-835.
168. Berwaerts J, Melkote R, Nuamah I, Lim P. A randomized, placebo- and active-controlled study of paliperidone extended-release as maintenance treatment in patients with bipolar I disorder after an acute manic or mixed episode. J Affect Disord 2012; 138: 247-258.
169. Gonzalez-Pinto A, Vieta E, Reed C et al. Effectiveness of olanzapine monotherapy and olanzapine combination treatment in the long term following acute mania - results of a two year observational study in bipolar disorder (EMBLEM). J Affect Disord 2011; 131: 320-329.
170. Suppes T, Vieta E, Liu S, Brecher M, Paulsson B, Trial 127 Investigators. Maintenance treatment for patients with bipolar I disorder: results from a North American study of quetiapine in combination with lithium or divalproex (trial 127). Am J Psychiatry 2009; 166: 476-488.
171. Vieta E, Suppes T, Eggens I, Persson I, Paulsson B, Brecher M. Efficacy and safety of quetiapine in combination with lithium or divalproex for maintenance of patients with bipolar I disorder (international trial 126). J Affect Disord 2008; 109: 251-263.
172. Weisler RH, Nolen WA, Neijber A, Hellqvist A, Paulsson B. Continuation of quetiapine versus switching to placebo or lithium for maintenance treatment of bipolar I disorder (trial 144: a randomized controlled study). J Clin Psychiatry 2011; 72: 1452-1464.
173. Quiroz JA, Yatham LN, Palumbo JM, Karcher K, Kushner S, Kusumakar V. Risperidone long-acting injectable monotherapy in the maintenance treatment of bipolar I disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2010; 68: 156-162.
174. Macfadden W, Alphs L, Haskins JT et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of maintenance treatment with adjunctive risperidone long-acting therapy in patients with bipolar I disorder who relapse frequently. Bipolar Disord 2009; 11: 827-839.
175. Vieta E, Nieto E, Autet A et al. A long-term prospective study on the outcome of bipolar patients treated with long-acting injectable risperidone. World J Biol Psychiatry 2008; 9: 219-224.
176. Marcus R, Khan A, Rollin L et al. Efficacy of aripiprazole adjunctive to lithium or valproate in the long-term treatment of patients with bipolar I disorder with an inadequate response to lithium or valproate monotherapy: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized study. Bipolar Disord 2011; 13: 133-144.
177. Carlson B, Sun W, Timko K et al. Efficacy and Safety of Aripiprazole in Combination With Lamotrigine in a Long-Term Maintenance Study in Manic or Mixed Subjects With Bipolar I Disorder (CN138-392) [Abstract]. 50th Ann Mtg New Clinical Drug Evaluation Unit (NCDEU). June 14-17. Boca Raton, FL, 2010.
178. Bowden CL, Vieta E, Ice KS, Schwartz JH, Wang PP, Versavel M. Ziprasidone plus a mood stabilizer in subjects with bipolar I disorder: a 6-month, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2010; 71: 130-137.
179. Ceron-Litvoc D, Soares BG, Geddes J, Litvoc J, de Lima MS. Comparison of carbamazepine and lithium in treatment of bipolar disorder: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Hum Psychopharmacol 2009; 24: 19-28.
180. Tamayo JM, Sutton VK, Mattei MA et al. Effectiveness and safety of the combination of fluoxetine and olanzapine in outpatients with bipolar depression: an open-label, randomized, flexible-dose study in Puerto Rico. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2009; 29: 358-361.
181. Kemp DE, Gao K, Ganocy SJ et al. A 6-month, double-blind, maintenance trial of lithium monotherapy versus the combination of lithium and divalproex for rapid-cycling bipolar disorder and co-occurring substance abuse or dependence. J Clin Psychiatry 2009; 70: 113-121.
182. Ghaemi SN, Ostacher MM, El-Mallakh RS et al. Antidepressant discontinuation in bipolar depression: a Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD) randomized clinical trial of long-term effectiveness and safety. J Clin Psychiatry 2010; 71: 372-380.
183. Tohen M, Sutton VK, Calabrese JR, Sachs GS, Bowden CL. Maintenance of response following stabilization of mixed index episodes with olanzapine monotherapy in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of bipolar 1 disorder. J Affect Disord 2009; 116: 43-50.
184. Keck PE Jr, Versiani M, Warrington L, Loebel AD, Horne RL. Long-term safety and efficacy of ziprasidone in subpopulations of patients with bipolar mania. J Clin Psychiatry 2009; 70: 844-851.
185. Woo YS, Bahk WM, Jon DI et al. Risperidone in the treatment of mixed state bipolar patients: results from a 24-week, multicenter, open-label study in Korea. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2010; 64: 28-37.
186. Dias RS, Lafer B, Russo C et al. Longitudinal follow-up of bipolar disorder in women with premenstrual exacerbation: findings from STEP-BD. Am J Psychiatry 2011; 168: 386-394.
187. Choi J, Baek JH, Noh J et al. Association of seasonality and premenstrual symptoms in bipolar I and bipolar II disorders. J Affect Disord 2011; 129: 313-316.
188. Fornaro M, Perugi G. The impact of premenstrual dysphoric disorder among 92 bipolar patients. Eur Psychiatry 2010; 25: 450-454.
189. Kumar V, Khan M, Vilos GA, Sharma V. Revisiting the association between endometriosis and bipolar disorder. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2011; 33: 1141-1145.
190. Li X, Guo J, Wigle P, Kelton C, Jing Y. Drug Utilization of Pregnancy Category D or X Drugs Among Child-Bearing Age Women With Depression or Bipolar Disorder in Medicaid [Abstract]. 25th Int Con Pharmacoepidemiol Therapeutic Risk Management, August 16-19. Providence, RI, USA, 2009.
191. ACOG Practice Bulletin: Clinical management guidelines for obstetrician-gynecologists number 92, April 2008 (replaces practice bulletin number 87, November 2007). Use of psychiatric medications during pregnancy and lactation. Obstet Gynecol 2008; 111: 1001-1020.
192. Diav-Citrin O, Shechtman S, Bar-Oz B, Cantrell D, Arnon J, Ornoy A. Pregnancy outcome after in utero exposure to valproate : evidence of dose relationship in teratogenic effect. CNS Drugs 2008; 22: 325-334.
193. Jentink J, Loane MA, Dolk H et al. Valproic acid monotherapy in pregnancy and major congenital malformations. N Engl J Med 2010; 362: 2185-2193.
194. McVearry KM, Gaillard WD, VanMeter J, Meador KJ. A prospective study of cognitive fluency and originality in children exposed in utero to carbamazepine, lamotrigine, or valproate monotherapy. Epilepsy Behav 2009; 16: 609-616.
195. Jentink J, Dolk H, Loane MA et al. Intrauterine exposure to carbamazepine and specific congenital malformations: systematic review and case-control study. BMJ 2010; 341: c6581.
196. Ornoy A, Zvi N, Arnon J, Wajnberg R, Shechtman S, Diav-Citrin O. The outcome of pregnancy following topiramate treatment: a study on 52 pregnancies. Reprod Toxicol 2008; 25: 388-389.
197. Einarson A, Choi J, Einarson TR, Koren G. Incidence of major malformations in infants following antidepressant exposure in pregnancy: results of a large prospective cohort study. Can J Psychiatry 2009; 54: 242-246.
198. Malm H, Artama M, Gissler M, Ritvanen A. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and risk for major congenital anomalies. Obstet Gynecol 2011; 118: 111-120.
199. Reis M, Kallen B. Delivery outcome after maternal use of antidepressant drugs in pregnancy: an update using Swedish data. Psychol Med 2010; 40: 1723-1733.
200. Diav-Citrin O, Shechtman S, Weinbaum D et al. Paroxetine and fluoxetine in pregnancy: a prospective, multicentre, controlled, observational study. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2008; 66: 695-705.
201. Bakker MK, Kerstjens-Frederikse WS, Buys CH, de Walle HE, de Jong-van den Berg LT. First-trimester use of paroxetine and congenital heart defects: a population-based case-control study. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2010; 88: 94-100.
202. Oberlander TF, Warburton W, Misri S, Riggs W, Aghajanian J, Hertzman C. Major congenital malformations following prenatal exposure to serotonin reuptake inhibitors and benzodiazepines using population-based health data. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol 2008; 83: 68-76.
203. Wichman CL. Atypical antipsychotic use in pregnancy: a retrospective review. Arch Womens Ment Health 2009; 12: 53-57.
204. Food and Drug Administration. Antipsychotic Drugs: Class Labeling Change-Treatment During Pregnancy and Potential Risk to Newborns. Silver Spring, MD: Food and Drug Administration, 2011.
205. Imaz ML, Hernández C, Torra M et al. Obstetrical and neonatal outcomes following prenatal exposure to lithium. Bipolar Disord 2011; 13 (Suppl. 1): 56.
206. Chessick CA, Dimidjian S. Screening for bipolar disorder during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Arch Womens Ment Health 2010; 13: 233-248.
207. Chessick C, Schwartz E, McDonald J et al. Sensitivity and specificity of the Mood Disorder Questionnaire in the perinatal population. Bipolar Disord 2011; 13 (Suppl. 1): 35.
208. Sharma V, Xie B. Screening for postpartum bipolar disorder: validation of the Mood Disorder Questionnaire. J Affect Disord 2011; 131: 408-411.
209. Heron J, Haque S, Oyebode F, Craddock N, Jones I. A longitudinal study of hypomania and depression symptoms in pregnancy and the postpartum period. Bipolar Disord 2009; 11: 410-417.
210. Sharma V, Burt VK, Ritchie HL. Bipolar II postpartum depression: detection, diagnosis, and treatment. Am J Psychiatry 2009; 166: 1217-1221.
211. Sharma V, Burt VK. DSM-V: modifying the postpartum-onset specifier to include hypomania. Arch Womens Ment Health 2011; 14: 67-69.
212. Colom F, Cruz N, Pacchiarotti I et al. Postpartum bipolar episodes are not distinct from spontaneous episodes: implications for DSM-V. J Affect Disord 2010; 126: 61-64.
213. Munk-Olsen T, Laursen TM, Mendelson T, Pedersen CB, Mors O, Mortensen PB. Risks and predictors of readmission for a mental disorder during the postpartum period. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2009; 66: 189-195.
214. Valdimarsdottir U, Hultman CM, Harlow B, Cnattingius S, Sparen P. Psychotic illness in first-time mothers with no previous psychiatric hospitalizations: a population-based study. PLoS Med 2009; 6: e13.
215. Marsh WK, Ketter TA, Rasgon NL. Increased depressive symptoms in menopausal age women with bipolar disorder: age and gender comparison. J Psychiatr Res 2009; 43: 798-802.
216. McClellan J, Kowatch R, Findling RL. Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2007; 46: 107-125.
217. Gore FM, Bloem PJ, Patton GC et al. Global burden of disease in young people aged 10-24years: a systematic analysis. Lancet 2011; 377: 2093-2102.
218. Moreno C, Laje G, Blanco C, Jiang H, Schmidt AB, Olfson M. National trends in the outpatient diagnosis and treatment of bipolar disorder in youth. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007; 64: 1032-1039.
219. Van Meter AR, Moreira AL, Youngstrom EA. Meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies of pediatric bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2011; 72: 1250-1256.
220. American Psychiatric Association. DSM-5 Proposed Revision: Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association, 2012.
221. Goldstein BI. Recent progress in understanding pediatric bipolar disorder. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2012; 166: 362-371.
222. Youngstrom EA, Birmaher B, Findling RL. Pediatric bipolar disorder: validity, phenomenology, and recommendations for diagnosis. Bipolar Disord 2008; 10: 194-214.
223. Axelson DA, Birmaher B, Findling RL et al. Concerns regarding the inclusion of temper dysregulation disorder with dysphoria in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. J Clin Psychiatry 2011; 72: 1257-1262.
224. Birmaher B, Axelson D, Goldstein B et al. Four-year longitudinal course of children and adolescents with bipolar spectrum disorders: the Course and Outcome of Bipolar Youth (COBY) study. Am J Psychiatry 2009; 166: 795-804.
225. Geller B, Tillman R, Bolhofner K, Zimerman B. Child bipolar I disorder: prospective continuity with adult bipolar I disorder; characteristics of second and third episodes; predictors of 8-year outcome. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2008; 65: 1125-1133.
226. DelBello MP, Hanseman D, Adler CM, Fleck DE, Strakowski SM. Twelve-month outcome of adolescents with bipolar disorder following first hospitalization for a manic or mixed episode. Am J Psychiatry 2007; 164: 582-590.
227. Kozloff N, Cheung AH, Schaffer A et al. Bipolar disorder among adolescents and young adults: results from an epidemiological sample. J Affect Disord 2010; 125: 350-354.
228. Olfson M, Crystal S, Gerhard T, Huang CS, Carlson GA. Mental health treatment received by youths in the year before and after a new diagnosis of bipolar disorder. Psychiatr Serv 2009; 60: 1098-1106.
229. Birmaher B, Axelson D, Strober M et al. Comparison of manic and depressive symptoms between children and adolescents with bipolar spectrum disorders. Bipolar Disord 2009; 11: 52-62.
230. Evans-Lacko SE, Dosreis S, Kastelic EA, Paula CS, Steinwachs DM. Evaluation of guideline-concordant care for bipolar disorder among privately insured youth. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry 2010; 12: e1-e8.
231. Geller B, Tillman R, Bolhofner K, Zimerman B. Pharmacological and non-drug treatment of child bipolar I disorder during prospective eight-year follow-up. Bipolar Disord 2010; 12: 164-171.
232. Goldstein TR, Ha W, Axelson DA et al. Predictors of prospectively examined suicide attempts among youth with bipolar disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2012; 69: 1113-1122.
233. Esposito-Smythers C, Goldstein T, Birmaher B et al. Clinical and psychosocial correlates of non-suicidal self-injury within a sample of children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2010; 125: 89-97.
234. Sala R, Axelson DA, Castro-Fornieles J et al. Comorbid anxiety in children and adolescents with bipolar spectrum disorders: prevalence and clinical correlates. J Clin Psychiatry 2010; 71: 1344-1350.
235. Wozniak J, Faraone SV, Mick E, Monuteaux M, Coville A, Biederman J. A controlled family study of children with DSM-IV bipolar-I disorder and psychiatric co-morbidity. Psychol Med 2010; 40: 1079-1088.
236. Hua LL, Wilens TE, Martelon M, Wong P, Wozniak J, Biederman J. Psychosocial functioning, familiality, and psychiatric comorbidity in bipolar youth with and without psychotic features. J Clin Psychiatry 2011; 72: 397-405.
237. Jerrell JM, McIntyre RS, Tripathi A. A cohort study of the prevalence and impact of comorbid medical conditions in pediatric bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2010; 71: 1518-1525.
238. Goldstein BI, Birmaher B, Axelson DA et al. Preliminary findings regarding overweight and obesity in pediatric bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2008; 69: 1953-1959.
239. Goldstein BI, Collinger KA, Lotrich F et al. Preliminary findings regarding proinflammatory markers and brain-derived neurotrophic factor among adolescents with bipolar spectrum disorders. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2011; 21: 479-484.
240. Miklowitz DJ, Axelson DA, Birmaher B et al. Family-focused treatment for adolescents with bipolar disorder: results of a 2-year randomized trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2008; 65: 1053-1061.
241. Miklowitz DJ, Chang KD, Taylor DO et al. Early psychosocial intervention for youth at risk for bipolar I or II disorder: a one-year treatment development trial. Bipolar Disord 2011; 13: 67-75.
242. West AE, Jacobs RH, Westerholm R et al. Child and family-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy for pediatric bipolar disorder: pilot study of group treatment format. J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2009; 18: 239-246.
243. Goldstein TR, Axelson DA, Birmaher B, Brent DA. Dialectical behavior therapy for adolescents with bipolar disorder: a 1-year open trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2007; 46: 820-830.
244. Hlastala SA, Kotler JS, McClellan JM, McCauley EA. Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy for adolescents with bipolar disorder: treatment development and results from an open trial. Depress Anxiety 2010; 27: 457-464.
245. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Practice parameter on the use of psychotropic medication in children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2009; 48: 961-973.
246. Kuehn BM. FDA panel OKs 3 antipsychotic drugs for pediatric use, cautions against overuse. JAMA 2009; 302: 833-834.
247. DelBello MP, Chang K, Welge JA et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of quetiapine for depressed adolescents with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2009; 11: 483-493.
248. Duffy A, Milin R, Grof P. Maintenance treatment of adolescent bipolar disorder: open study of the effectiveness and tolerability of quetiapine. BMC Psychiatry 2009; 9: 4.
249. Scheffer RE, Tripathi A, Kirkpatrick FG, Schultz T. Rapid quetiapine loading in youths with bipolar disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2010; 20: 441-445.
250. Kryzhanovskaya LA, Robertson-Plouch CK, Xu W, Carlson JL, Merida KM, Dittmann RW. The safety of olanzapine in adolescents with schizophrenia or bipolar I disorder: a pooled analysis of 4 clinical trials. J Clin Psychiatry 2009; 70: 247-258.
251. Wozniak J, Mick E, Waxmonsky J, Kotarski M, Hantsoo L, Biederman J. Comparison of open-label, 8-week trials of olanzapine monotherapy and topiramate augmentation of olanzapine for the treatment of pediatric bipolar disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2009; 19: 539-545.
252. Stewart M, DelBello MP, Versavel M, Keller D. Psychosocial functioning and health-related quality of life in children and adolescents treated with open-label ziprasidone for bipolar mania, schizophrenia, or schizoaffective disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2009; 19: 635-640.
253. DelBello MP, Versavel M, Ice K, Keller D, Miceli J. Tolerability of oral ziprasidone in children and adolescents with bipolar mania, schizophrenia, or schizoaffective disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2008; 18: 491-499.
254. Haas M, Delbello MP, Pandina G et al. Risperidone for the treatment of acute mania in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Bipolar Disord 2009; 11: 687-700.
255. Pavuluri MN, Henry DB, Findling RL et al. Double-blind randomized trial of risperidone versus divalproex in pediatric bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2010; 12: 593-605.
256. Geller B, Luby J, Joshi P et al. A randomized controlled trial of risperidone, lithium, or divalproex sodium for initial treatment of bipolar I disorder, manic or mixed phase, in children and adolescents. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2012; 69: 515-528.
257. MacMillan CM, Withney JE, Korndorfer SR, Tilley CA, Mrakotsky C, Gonzalez-Heydrich JM. Comparative clinical responses to risperidone and divalproex in patients with pediatric bipolar disorder. J Psychiatr Pract 2008; 14: 160-169.
258. Findling RL, Nyilas M, Forbes RA et al. Acute treatment of pediatric bipolar I disorder, manic or mixed episode, with aripiprazole: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry 2009; 70: 1441-1451.
259. Tramontina S, Zeni CP, Ketzer CR, Pheula GF, Narvaez J, Rohde LA. Aripiprazole in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder comorbid with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a pilot randomized clinical trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2009; 70: 756-764.
260. Joshi G, Mick E, Wozniak J et al. Impact of obsessive-compulsive disorder on the antimanic response to olanzapine therapy in youth with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2010; 12: 196-204.
261. Joshi G, Biederman J, Wozniak J et al. Response to second generation antipsychotics in youth with comorbid bipolar disorder and autism spectrum disorder. CNS Neurosci Ther 2012; 18: 28-33.
262. Biederman J, Joshi G, Mick E et al. A prospective open-label trial of lamotrigine monotherapy in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. CNS Neurosci Ther 2010; 16: 91-102.
263. Pavuluri MN, Passarotti AM, Mohammed T, Carbray JA, Sweeney JA. Enhanced working and verbal memory after lamotrigine treatment in pediatric bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2010; 12: 213-220.
264. Pavuluri MN, Henry DB, Moss M, Mohammed T, Carbray JA, Sweeney JA. Effectiveness of lamotrigine in maintaining symptom control in pediatric bipolar disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2009; 19: 75-82.
265. Wagner KD, Redden L, Kowatch RA et al. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of divalproex extended-release in the treatment of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2009; 48: 519-532.
266. Redden L, DelBello M, Wagner KD et al. Long-term safety of divalproex sodium extended-release in children and adolescents with bipolar I disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2009; 19: 83-89.
267. Joshi G, Wozniak J, Mick E et al. A prospective open-label trial of extended-release carbamazepine monotherapy in children with bipolar disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2010; 20: 7-14.
268. Oostervink F, Boomsma MM, Nolen WA. Bipolar disorder in the elderly; different effects of age and of age of onset. J Affect Disord 2009; 116: 176-183.
269. Sajatovic M, Jurdi RA, Gildengers A et al. Depression symptom ratings in geriatric patients with bipolar mania. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2011; 26: 1201-1208.
270. Tsai SY, Kuo CJ, Chung KH, Huang YL, Lee HC, Chen CC. Cognitive dysfunction and medical morbidity in elderly outpatients with bipolar disorder. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2009; 17: 1004-1011.
271. Mezuk B, Morden NE, Ganoczy D, Post EP, Kilbourne AM. Anticonvulsant use, bipolar disorder, and risk of fracture among older adults in the Veterans Health Administration. Am J Geriatric Psychiatry 2010; 18: 245-255.
272. Gildengers AG, Mulsant BH, Begley A et al. The longitudinal course of cognition in older adults with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2009; 11: 744-752.
273. Shimizu M, Kubota Y, Mason R, Baba H, Calabrese JR, Toichi M. Selective deficit of autobiographical incident memory in subjects with bipolar disorder. Psychopathology 2009; 42: 318-324.
274. Delaloye C, Moy G, de Bilbao F et al. Longitudinal analysis of cognitive performances and structural brain changes in late-life bipolar disorder. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2011; 26: 1309-1318.
275. Schouws SN, Comijs HC, Stek ML et al. Cognitive impairment in early and late bipolar disorder. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2009; 17: 508-515.
276. Gildengers AG, Mulsant BH, Al Jurdi RK et al. The relationship of bipolar disorder lifetime duration and vascular burden to cognition in older adults. Bipolar Disord 2010; 12: 851-858.
277. Schouws SN, Stek ML, Comijs HC, Beekman AT. Risk factors for cognitive impairment in elderly bipolar patients. J Affect Disord 2010; 125: 330-335.
278. Kessing LV, Sondergard L, Forman JL, Andersen PK. Lithium treatment and risk of dementia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2008; 65: 1331-1335.
279. Sajatovic M, Calabrese JR, Mullen J. Quetiapine for the treatment of bipolar mania in older adults. Bipolar Disord 2008; 10: 662-671.
280. Sajatovic M, Gildengers A, Al Jurdi RK et al. Multisite, open-label, prospective trial of lamotrigine for geriatric bipolar depression: a preliminary report. Bipolar Disord 2011; 13: 294-302.
281. McIntyre R, Schaffer A, Beaulieu S. The Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) task force recommendations for the management of patients with mood disorders and comorbid conditions. Ann Clin Psychiatry 2012; 24: 2-3.
282. Perron BE, Howard MO, Nienhuis JK, Bauer MS, Woodward AT, Kilbourne AM. Prevalence and burden of general medical conditions among adults with bipolar I disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. J Clin Psychiatry 2009; 70: 1407-1415.
283. Kemp DE, Gao K, Chan PK, Ganocy SJ, Findling RL, Calabrese JR. Medical comorbidity in bipolar disorder: relationship between illnesses of the endocrine/metabolic system and treatment outcome. Bipolar Disord 2010; 12: 404-413.
284. Goldstein BI, Fagiolini A, Houck P, Kupfer DJ. Cardiovascular disease and hypertension among adults with bipolar I disorder in the United States. Bipolar Disord 2009; 11: 657-662.
285. Fiedorowicz JG, Solomon DA, Endicott J et al. Manic/hypomanic symptom burden and cardiovascular mortality in bipolar disorder. Psychosom Med 2009; 71: 598-606.
286. Callaghan RC, Khizar A. The incidence of cardiovascular morbidity among patients with bipolar disorder: a population-based longitudinal study in Ontario, Canada. J Affect Disord 2010; 122: 118-123.
287. McIntyre RS, Danilewitz M, Liauw SS et al. Bipolar disorder and metabolic syndrome: an international perspective. J Affect Disord 2010; 126: 366-387.
288. McIntyre RS, Woldeyohannes HO, Soczynska JK et al. The rate of metabolic syndrome in euthymic Canadian individuals with bipolar I/II disorder. Adv Ther 2010; 27: 828-836.
289. Calkin C, van de Velde C, Růžičková M et al. Can body mass index help predict outcome in patients with bipolar disorder? Bipolar Disord 2009; 11: 650-656.
290. Bond DJ, Kunz M, Torres IJ, Lam RW, Yatham LN. The association of weight gain with mood symptoms and functional outcomes following a first manic episode: prospective 12-month data from the Systematic Treatment Optimization Program for Early Mania (STOP-EM). Bipolar Disord 2010; 12: 616-626.
291. Goldstein BI, Liu S-M, Zivkovic N, Schaffer A, Chien LC, Blanco C. The burden of obesity among adults with bipolar disorder in the United States. Bipolar Disord 2011; 13: 387-395.
292. Yim CY, Soczynska JK, Kennedy SH, Woldeyohannes HO, Brietzke E, McIntyre RS. The effect of overweight/obesity on cognitive function in euthymic individuals with bipolar disorder. Eur Psychiatry 2011; 27: 223-228.
293. Ortiz A, Cervantes P, Zlotnik G et al. Cross-prevalence of migraine and bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2010; 12: 397-403.
294. Brietzke E, Moreira CLRL, Bianco-Duarte SV et al. Impact of migraine comorbidity in the clinical course of bipolar disorder. Compr Psychiatry 2012; 53: 809-812.
295. Mula M, Schmitz B, Jauch R et al. On the prevalence of bipolar disorder in epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2008; 13: 658-661.
296. Gao K, Kemp DE, Conroy C, Ganocy SJ, Findling RL, Calabrese JR. Comorbid anxiety and substance use disorders associated with a lower use of mood stabilisers in patients with rapid cycling bipolar disorder: a descriptive analysis of the cross-sectional data of 566 patients. Int J Clin Pract 2010; 64: 336-344.
297. Yoon YH, Chen CM, Yi HY, Moss HB. Effect of comorbid alcohol and drug use disorders on premature death among unipolar and bipolar disorder decedents in the United States, 1999 to 2006. Compr Psychiatry 2011; 52: 453-464.
298. Oquendo MA, Currier D, Liu SM, Hasin DS, Grant BF, Blanco C. Increased risk for suicidal behavior in comorbid bipolar disorder and alcohol use disorders: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). J Clin Psychiatry 2010; 71: 902-909.
299. Agrawal A, Nurnberger JI Jr, Lynskey MT. Cannabis involvement in individuals with bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Res 2011; 185: 459-461.
300. Diaz FJ, James D, Botts S, Maw L, Susce MT, de Leon J. Tobacco smoking behaviors in bipolar disorder: a comparison of the general population, schizophrenia, and major depression. Bipolar Disord 2009; 11: 154-165.
301. Neves FS, Malloy-Diniz LF, Correa H. Suicidal behavior in bipolar disorder: what is the influence of psychiatric comorbidities? J Clin Psychiatry 2009; 70: 13-18.
302. Ostacher MJ, LeBeau RT, Perlis RH et al. Cigarette smoking is associated with suicidality in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2009; 11: 766-771.
303. Mazza M, Mandelli L, Di Nicola M et al. Clinical features, response to treatment and functional outcome of bipolar disorder patients with and without co-occurring substance use disorder: 1-year follow-up. J Affect Disord 2009; 115: 27-35.
304. Lieberman DZ, Kolodner G, Massey SH, Williams KP. Antidepressant-induced mania with concomitant mood stabilizer in patients with comorbid substance abuse and bipolar disorder. J Addict Dis 2009; 28: 348-355.
305. Goldberg JF. Substance abuse and switch from depression to mania in bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2010; 167: 868-869.
306. Zimmerman M, Galione JN, Chelminski I, Young D, Dalrymple K, Ruggero CJ. Sustained unemployment in psychiatric outpatients with bipolar disorder: frequency and association with demographic variables and comorbid disorders. Bipolar Disord 2010; 12: 720-726.
307. Toniolo RA, Caetano SC, da Silva PV, Lafer B. Clinical significance of lifetime panic disorder in the course of bipolar disorder type I. Compr Psychiatry 2009; 50: 9-12.
308. Coryell W, Solomon DA, Fiedorowicz JG, Endicott J, Schettler PJ, Judd LL. Anxiety and outcome in bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2009; 166: 1238-1243.
309. McElroy SL, Frye MA, Hellemann G et al. Prevalence and correlates of eating disorders in 875 patients with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2011; 128: 191-198.
310. John H, Sharma V. Misdiagnosis of bipolar disorder as borderline personality disorder: clinical and economic consequences. World J Biol Psychiatry 2009; 10: 612-615.
311. Ruggero CJ, Zimmerman M, Chelminski I, Young D. Borderline personality disorder and the misdiagnosis of bipolar disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2010; 44: 405-408.
312. McIntyre RS, Kennedy SH, Soczynska JK et al. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults with bipolar disorder or major depressive disorder: results from the international mood disorders collaborative project. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry 2010; 12: e1-e7.
313. Ryden E, Thase ME, Straht D, Aberg-Wistedt A, Bejerot S, Landen M. A history of childhood attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) impacts clinical outcome in adult bipolar patients regardless of current ADHD. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2009; 120: 239-246.
314. Sentissi O, Navarro JC, De Oliveira H et al. Bipolar disorders and quality of life: the impact of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and substance abuse in euthymic patients. Psychiatry Res 2008; 161: 36-42.
315. Kilbourne AM, Biswas K, Pirraglia PA, Sajatovic M, Williford WO, Bauer MS. Is the collaborative chronic care model effective for patients with bipolar disorder and co-occurring conditions? J Affect Disord 2009; 112: 256-261.
316. Kilbourne AM, Post EP, Nossek A, Drill L, Cooley S, Bauer MS. Improving medical and psychiatric outcomes among individuals with bipolar disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Psychiatr Serv 2008; 59: 760-768.
317. Sylvia LG, Nierenberg AA, Stange JP, Peckham AD, Deckersbach T. Development of an integrated psychosocial treatment to address the medical burden associated with bipolar disorder. J Psychiatr Pract 2011; 17: 224-232.
318. Wang PW, Hill SJ, Childers ME, Chandler RA, Rasgon NL, Ketter TA. Open adjunctive ziprasidone associated with weight loss in obese and overweight bipolar disorder patients. J Psychiatr Res 2011; 45: 1128-1132.
319. Steinmann WC, Suttmoeller K, Chitima-Matsiga R, Nagam N, Suttmoeller NR, Halstenson NA. Bariatric surgery: 1-year weight loss outcomes in patients with bipolar and other psychiatric disorders. Obes Surg 2011; 21: 1323-1329.
320. Weiss RD, Griffin ML, Jaffee WB et al. A "community-friendly" version of integrated group therapy for patients with bipolar disorder and substance dependence: a randomized controlled trial. Drug Alcohol Depend 2009; 104: 212-219.
321. Provencher MD, Hawke LD, Thienot E. Psychotherapies for comorbid anxiety in bipolar spectrum disorders. J Affect Disord 2011; 133: 371-380.
322. Brown ES, Garza M, Carmody TJ. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled add-on trial of quetiapine in outpatients with bipolar disorder and alcohol use disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 2008; 69: 701-705.
323. Stedman M, Pettinati HM, Brown ES, Kotz M, Calabrese JR, Raines S. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study with quetiapine as adjunct therapy with lithium or divalproex in bipolar I patients with coexisting alcohol dependence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2010; 34: 1822-1831.
324. Brown ES, Carmody TJ, Schmitz JM et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of naltrexone in outpatients with bipolar disorder and alcohol dependence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2009; 33: 1863-1869.
325. Nejtek VA, Avila M, Chen LA et al. Do atypical antipsychotics effectively treat co-occurring bipolar disorder and stimulant dependence? A randomized, double-blind trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2008; 69: 1257-1266.
326. Brown ES, Gorman AR, Hynan LS. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of citicoline add-on therapy in outpatients with bipolar disorder and cocaine dependence. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2007; 27: 498-502.
327. Kemp DE, Gao K, Ganocy SJ et al. Medical and substance use comorbidity in bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2009; 116: 64-69.
328. Zeni CP, Tramontina S, Ketzer CR, Pheula GF, Rohde LA. Methylphenidate combined with aripiprazole in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a randomized crossover trial. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2009; 19: 553-561.
329. Sheehan DV, McElroy SL, Harnett-Sheehan K et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of risperidone for acute treatment of bipolar anxiety. J Affect Disord 2009; 115: 376-385.
330. Lydiard RB, Culpepper L, Schioler H, Gustafsson U, Paulsson B. Quetiapine monotherapy as treatment for anxiety symptoms in patients with bipolar depression: a pooled analysis of results from 2 double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled studies. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry 2009; 11: 215-225.
331. McElroy SL, Martens BE, Winstanley EL, Creech R, Malhotra S, Keck PE Jr. Placebo-controlled study of quetiapine monotherapy in ambulatory bipolar spectrum disorder with moderate-to-severe hypomania or mild mania. J Affect Disord 2010; 124: 157-163.
332. McElroy SL, Martens BE, Creech RS et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of divalproex extended release loading monotherapy in ambulatory bipolar spectrum disorder patients with moderate-to-severe hypomania or mild mania. J Clin Psychiatry 2010; 71: 557-565.
333. Vieta E, Gasto C, Colom F et al. Role of risperidone in bipolar II: an open 6-month study. J Affect Disord 2001; 67: 213-219.
334. Swartz HA, Frank E, Frankel DR, Novick D, Houck P. Psychotherapy as monotherapy for the treatment of bipolar II depression: a proof of concept study. Bipolar Disord 2009; 11: 89-94.
335. Young AH, Calabrese JR, Gustafsson U et al. The efficacy of quetiapine monotherapy in bipolar II depression: combined data from the BOLDER and EMBOLDEN studies. Bipolar Disord 2010; 12 (Suppl. 1): 58.
336. Muzina DJ, Gao K, Kemp DE et al. Acute efficacy of divalproex sodium versus placebo in mood stabilizer-naive bipolar I or II depression: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2011; 72: 813-819.
337. Sachs G, Collins M, Altshuler L et al. Divalproex Sodium Versus Placebo in the Treatment of Bipolar Depression [Abstract]. 40th Ann Mtg Amer Coll Neuropsychopharmacol. December 8. San Juan, Puerto Rico, 2001.
338. Wang PW, Nowakowska C, Chandler RA et al. Divalproex extended-release in acute bipolar II depression. J Affect Disord 2010; 124: 170-173.
339. Calabrese JR, Huffman RF, White RL et al. Lamotrigine in the acute treatment of bipolar depression: results of five double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials. Bipolar Disord 2008; 10: 323-333.
340. Amsterdam JD, Shults J. Efficacy and mood conversion rate of short-term fluoxetine monotherapy of bipolar II major depressive episode. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2010; 30: 306-311.
341. Amsterdam JD, Wang CH, Shwarz M, Shults J. Venlafaxine versus lithium monotherapy of rapid and non-rapid cycling patients with bipolar II major depressive episode: a randomized, parallel group, open-label trial. J Affect Disord 2009; 112: 219-230.
342. Amsterdam JD, Wang G, Shults J. Venlafaxine monotherapy in bipolar type II depressed patients unresponsive to prior lithium monotherapy. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2010; 121: 201-208.
343. Medda P, Perugi G, Zanello S, Ciuffa M, Cassano GB. Response to ECT in bipolar I, bipolar II and unipolar depression. J Affect Disord 2009; 118: 55-59.
344. Magalhaes PV, Dean OM, Bush AI et al. N-acetyl cysteine add-on treatment for bipolar II disorder: a subgroup analysis of a randomized placebo-controlled trial. J Affect Disord 2011; 129: 317-320.
345. Kelly T, Lieberman DZ. The use of triiodothyronine as an augmentation agent in treatment-resistant bipolar II and bipolar disorder NOS. J Affect Disord 2009; 116: 222-226.
346. Colom F, Vieta E, Sanchez-Moreno J et al. Psychoeducation for bipolar II disorder: an exploratory, 5-year outcome subanalysis. J Affect Disord 2009; 112: 30-35.
347. Chang JS, Moon E, Cha B, Ha K. Adjunctive lamotrigine therapy for patients with bipolar II depression partially responsive to mood stabilizers. Prog Neuro-psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2010; 34: 1322-1326.
348. Sharma V, Khan M, Corpse C. Role of lamotrigine in the management of treatment-resistant bipolar II depression: a chart review. J Affect Disord 2008; 111: 100-105.
349. Altamura AC, Mundo E, Dell'osso B, Tacchini G, Buoli M, Calabrese JR. Quetiapine and classical mood stabilizers in the long-term treatment of bipolar disorder: a 4-year follow-up naturalistic study. J Affect Disord 2008; 110: 135-141.
350. Ketter TA, Brooks JO 3rd, Hoblyn JC et al. Long-term effectiveness of quetiapine in bipolar disorder in a clinical setting. J Psychiatr Res 2010; 44: 921-929.
351. Amsterdam JD, Shults J. Fluoxetine monotherapy of bipolar type II and bipolar NOS major depression: a double-blind, placebo-substitution, continuation study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2005; 20: 257-264.
352. Amsterdam JD, Shults J. Efficacy and safety of long-term fluoxetine versus lithium monotherapy of bipolar II disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-substitution study. Am J Psychiatry 2010; 167: 792-800.
353. Perlis RH, Ostacher MJ, Goldberg JF et al. Transition to mania during treatment of bipolar depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010; 35: 2545-2552.
354. Bond DJ, Noronha MM, Kauer-Sant'anna M, Lam RW, Yatham LN. Antidepressant-associated mood elevations in bipolar II disorder compared with bipolar I disorder and major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry 2008; 69: 1589-1601.
355. Baldessarini RJ, Tondo L, Ghiani C, Lepri B. Illness risk following rapid versus gradual discontinuation of antidepressants. Am J Psychiatry 2010; 167: 934-941.
356. Minnai GP, Salis PG, Oppo R, Loche AP, Scano F, Tondo L. Effectiveness of maintenance electroconvulsive therapy in rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. J ECT 2011; 27: 123-126.
357. Bora E, Yucel M, Pantelis C, Berk M. Meta-analytic review of neurocognition in bipolar II disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2011; 123: 165-174.
358. Kelly T. Is donepezil useful for improving cognitive dysfunction in bipolar disorder? J Affect Disord 2008; 107: 237-240.
359. Goldberg JF, Perlis RH, Ghaemi SN et al. Adjunctive antidepressant use and symptomatic recovery among bipolar depressed patients with concomitant manic symptoms: findings from the STEP-BD. Am J Psychiatry 2007; 164: 1348-1355.
360. Mazzarini L, Colom F, Pacchiarotti I et al. Psychotic versus non-psychotic bipolar II disorder. J Affect Disord 2010; 126: 55-60.
361. Alloy LB, Urosevic S, Abramson LY et al. Progression along the bipolar spectrum: a longitudinal study of predictors of conversion from bipolar spectrum conditions to bipolar I and II disorders. J Abnorm Psychol 2012; 121: 16-27.
362. Merikangas KR, Akiskal HS, Angst J et al. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of bipolar spectrum disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007; 64: 543-552.
363. Angst J, Cui L, Swendsen J et al. Major depressive disorder with subthreshold bipolarity in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Am J Psychiatry 2010; 167: 1194-1201.
364. Findling RL, Frazier TW, Youngstrom EA et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of divalproex monotherapy in the treatment of symptomatic youth at high risk for developing bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2007; 68: 781-788.
365. Bisol LW, Lara DR. Low-dose quetiapine for patients with dysregulation of hyperthymic and cyclothymic temperaments. J Psychopharmacol 2010; 24: 421-424.
366. Ng F, Mammen OK, Wilting I et al. The International Society for Bipolar Disorders (ISBD) consensus guidelines for the safety monitoring of bipolar disorder treatments. Bipolar Disord 2009; 11: 559-595.
367. Edwards SJ, Smith CJ. Tolerability of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of adults with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder: a mixed treatment comparison of randomized controlled trials. Clin Ther 2009; 1: 1345-1359.
368. Bond DJ, Kauer-Sant'Anna M, Lam RW, Yatham LN. Weight gain, obesity, and metabolic indices following a first manic episode: prospective 12-month data from the Systematic Treatment Optimization Program for Early Mania (STOP-EM). J Affect Disord 2010; 124: 108-117.
369. Citrome L, Holt RI, Walker DJ, Hoffmann VP. Weight gain and changes in metabolic variables following olanzapine treatment in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Clin Drug Investig 2011; 31: 455-482.
370. Bobo WV, Epstein RA Jr, Shelton RC. Effects of orally disintegrating vs regular olanzapine tablets on body weight, eating behavior, glycemic and lipid indices, and gastrointestinal hormones: a randomized, open comparison in outpatients with bipolar depression. Ann Clin Psychiatry 2011; 23: 193-201.
371. Kemp DE, Karayal ON, Calabrese JR et al. Ziprasidone with adjunctive mood stabilizer in the maintenance treatment of bipolar I disorder: long-term changes in weight and metabolic profiles. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2011; 22: 123-131.
372. Kemp DE, Rahman Z, Eudicone JM, Baker RA, Forbes RA, Carlson BX. Long-term metabolic effects of aripiprazole adjunctive to lithium, valproate, or lamotrigine. Bipolar Disord 2011; 13 (Suppl. 1): 60.
373. Correll CU, Manu P, Olshanskiy V, Napolitano B, Kane JM, Malhotra AK. Cardiometabolic risk of second-generation antipsychotic medications during first-time use in children and adolescents. JAMA 2009; 302: 1765-1773.
374. Gillhoff K, Gaab J, Emini L, Maroni C, Tholuck J, Greil W. Effects of a multimodal lifestyle intervention on body mass index in patients with bipolar disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry 2010; 12: pii: PCC.09m00906.
375. Chien IC, Chang KC, Lin CH, Chou YJ, Chou P. Prevalence of diabetes in patients with bipolar disorder in Taiwan: a population-based national health insurance study. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2010; 32: 577-582.
376. Kemp DE, Calabrese JR, Tran QV, Pikalov A, Eudicone JM, Baker RA. Metabolic syndrome in patients enrolled in a clinical trial of aripiprazole in the maintenance treatment of bipolar I disorder: a post hoc analysis of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2010; 71: 1138-1144.
377. Chang HH, Yang YK, Gean PW, Huang HC, Chen PS, Lu RB. The role of valproate in metabolic disturbances in bipolar disorder patients. J Affect Disord 2010; 124: 319-323.
378. Elmslie JL, Porter RJ, Joyce PR, Hunt PJ, Shand BI, Scott RS. Comparison of insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and adiponectin in overweight bipolar patients taking sodium valproate and controls. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2009; 43: 53-60.
379. Gau CS, Chang CJ, Tsai FJ, Chao PF, Gau SS. Association between mood stabilizers and hypothyroidism in patients with bipolar disorders: a nested, matched case-control study. Bipolar Disord 2010; 12: 253-263.
380. McKnight R, Adida M, Budge K, Stockton S, Goodwin G, Geddes J. Lithium toxicity profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2011; 379: 721-728.
381. Oquendo MA, Galfalvy HC, Currier D et al. Treatment of suicide attempters with bipolar disorder: a randomized clinical trial comparing lithium and valproate in the prevention of suicidal behavior. Am J Psychiatry 2011; 168: 1050-1056.
382. Arts B, Jabben N, Krabbendam L, van Os J. Meta-analyses of cognitive functioning in euthymic bipolar patients and their first-degree relatives. Psychol Med 2008; 38: 771-785.
383. Kurtz MM, Gerraty RT. A meta-analytic investigation of neurocognitive deficits in bipolar illness: profile and effects of clinical state. Neuropsychology 2009; 23: 551-562.
384. Jamrozinski K, Gruber O, Kemmer C, Falkai P, Scherk H. Neurocognitive functions in euthymic bipolar patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2009; 119: 365-374.
385. Torrent C, Martinez-Aran A, Daban C et al. Effects of atypical antipsychotics on neurocognition in euthymic bipolar patients. Compr Psychiatry 2011; 52: 613-622.
386. Hill SK, Reilly JL, Harris MS et al. A comparison of neuropsychological dysfunction in first-episode psychosis patients with unipolar depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2009; 113: 167-175.
387. Kozicky JM, Torres IJ, Bond DJ, Lam RW, Yatham LN. Comparison of neuropsychological effects of adjunctive risperidone or quetiapine in euthymic patients with bipolar I disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2012; 27: 91-99.
388. Burdick K, Braga R, Nnadi C, Shaya Y, Stearns W, Malhotra A. Cognitive enhancement in euthymic bipolar patients with pramipexole: a placebo-controlled adjunctive trial. Bipolar Disord 2011; 13 (Suppl. 1): 33.
389. Ghaemi SN, Gilmer WS, Dunn RT et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of galantamine to improve cognitive dysfunction in minimally symptomatic bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2009; 29: 291-295.
390. Gau SS, Chao PF, Lin YJ, Chang CJ, Gau CS. The association between carbamazepine and valproate and adverse cutaneous drug reactions in patients with bipolar disorder: a nested matched case-control study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2008; 28: 509-517.
391. Woo YS, Bahk WM, Jon DI et al. Rash in adult patients receiving lamotrigine to treat bipolar I disorder in Korea: a multicenter, prospective, naturalistic, open-label trial. Prog Neuro-psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2009; 33: 1147-1152.
392. Joe SH, Chang JS, Won S, Rim HD, Ha TH, Ha K. Feasibility of a slower lamotrigine titration schedule for bipolar depression: a naturalistic study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2009; 24: 105-110.
393. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Drug Safety Communication: Serious Allergic Reactions Reported With the Use of Saphris (Asenapine Maleate). Silver Spring, MD: Food and Drug Administration, 2011.
394. Cazorla P, Zhao J, Szegedi A. Incidence, onset, and duration of treatment emergent somnolence with asenapine in patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2011; 13 (Suppl. 1): 34.
395. Chen Y, Guo JJ, Steinbuch M, Buckley PF, Patel NC. Risk of neuroleptic malignant syndrome in patients with bipolar disorder: a retrospective, population-based case-control study. Int J Psychiatry Med 2009; 39: 439-450.
396. Kane JM, Barnes TR, Correll CU et al. Evaluation of akathisia in patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or bipolar I disorder: a post hoc analysis of pooled data from short- and long-term aripiprazole trials. J Psychopharmacol 2010; 24: 1019-1029.
397. Williams LJ, Henry MJ, Berk M et al. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor use and bone mineral density in women with a history of depression. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2008; 23: 84-87.
398. Williams LJ, Bjerkeset O, Langhammer A et al. The association between depressive and anxiety symptoms and bone mineral density in the general population: the HUNT study. J Affect Disord 2011; 131: 164-171.