The efficacy of N-acetylcysteine as an adjunctive treatment in bipolar depression: An open label trial

Journal of Affective Disorders

Volumn 135, Issue 1-3, 2011, Pages 389-394

  Berk, Michael ^a,b,c,h   Dean, Olivia ^a,c,h   Cotton, Sue M ^b   Gama, Clarissa S ^d   Kapczinski, Flavio ^d   Fernandes, Brisa S ^d   Kohlmann, Kristy ^h   Jeavons, Susan ^a,e   Hewitt, Karen ^h   Allwang, Christine ^f,g,i   Cobb, Heidi ^f,g   Bush, Ashley I ^c   Schapkaitz, Ian ^h   Dodd, Seetal ^a,h   Malhi, Gin S ^f,g  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

^c FLOREY INSTITUTE OF NEUROSCIENCE AND MENTAL HEALTH   (Australia)

^d FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF RIO GRANDE DO SUL   (Brazil)

^e LA TROBE UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^f UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

^g ROYAL NORTH SHORE HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^h DEAKIN UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

ⁱ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

Author keywords

Bipolar disorder; Depression; Maintenance; Mania; N acetyl cysteine; Treatment

Indexed keywords

ACETYLCYSTEINE; PLACEBO;

ADJUVANT THERAPY; ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; BIPOLAR DEPRESSION; BIPOLAR I DISORDER; BIPOLAR II DISORDER; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; DOUBLE BLIND PROCEDURE; DRUG EFFICACY; FEMALE; HUMAN; MAINTENANCE THERAPY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOLOGICAL RATING SCALE; QUALITY OF LIFE; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ACETYLCYSTEINE; ADULT; ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS; ANTIMANIC AGENTS; BIPOLAR DISORDER; DEPRESSION; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; FEMALE; FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MOOD DISORDERS; QUALITY OF LIFE; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 80055010828     PISSN: 01650327     EISSN: 15732517     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2011.06.005     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. A.S. Aguiar Jr., T. Tuon, F.S. Soares, L.G. Da Rocha, P.C. Silveira, and R.A. Pinho The effect of n-acetylcysteine and deferoxamine on exercise-induced oxidative damage in striatum and hippocampus of mice Neurochem. Res. 33 2008 729 736
2. O.A. Andreassen, A. Dedeoglu, P. Klivenyi, M.F. Beal, and A.I. Bush N-acetyl-l-cysteine improves survival and preserves motor performance in an animal model of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Neuroreport 11 2000 2491 2493
3. M. Berk, G.S. Malhi, P.B. Mitchell, C.M. Cahill, A.C. Carman, D. Hadzi-Pavlovic, M.T. Hawkins, and M. Tohen Scale matters: the need for a Bipolar Depression Rating Scale (BDRS) Acta Psychiatr. Scand. Suppl. 2004 39 45
4. M. Berk, G.S. Malhi, C. Cahill, A.C. Carman, D. Hadzi-Pavlovic, M.T. Hawkins, M. Tohen, and P.B. Mitchell The Bipolar Depression Rating Scale (BDRS): its development, validation and utility Bipolar Disord. 9 2007 571 579
5. M. Berk, D. Copolov, O. Dean, K. Lu, S. Jeavons, I. Schapkaitz, M. Anderson-Hunt, F. Judd, F. Katz, P. Katz, S. Ording-Jespersen, J. Little, P. Conus, M. Cuenod, K.Q. Do, and A.I. Bush N-acetyl cysteine as a glutathione precursor for schizophrenia-a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial Biol. Psychiatry 64 2008 361 368
6. M. Berk, D.L. Copolov, O. Dean, K. Lu, S. Jeavons, I. Schapkaitz, M. Anderson-Hunt, and A.I. Bush N-acetyl cysteine for depressive symptoms in bipolar disorder-a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial Biol. Psychiatry 64 2008 468 475
7. M. Berk, F. Ng, O. Dean, S. Dodd, and A.I. Bush Glutathione: a novel treatment target in psychiatry Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 29 2008 346 351
8. M. Berk, S. Jeavons, O.M. Dean, S. Dodd, K. Moss, C.S. Gama, and G.S. Malhi Nail-biting stuff? The effect of N-acetyl cysteine on nail-biting CNS Spectr. 14 2009 357 360
9. M. Berk, A. Munib, O. Dean, G.S. Malhi, K. Kohlmann, I. Schapkaitz, S. Jeavons, F. Katz, M. Anderson-Hunt, P. Conus, B. Hanna, R. Otmar, F. Ng, D.L. Copolov, and A.I. Bush Qualitative methods in early-phase drug trials: broadening the scope of data and methods from an RCT of N-acetylcysteine in schizophrenia J. Clin. Psychiatry 2010 Sep 21 epub ahead of print
10. D.J. Bond, R.W. Lam, and L.N. Yatham Divalproex sodium versus placebo in the treatment of acute bipolar depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis J Affect Disord. 124 2010 228 234
11. O. Dean, M. Van Den Buuse, D.L. Copolov, M. Berk, and A.I. Bush N-acetylcysteine treatment inhibits depletion of brain glutathione levels in rats: implications for schizophrenia Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 7 2004 S262
12. O.M. Dean, M. Van Den Buuse, A.I. Bush, D.L. Copolov, F. Ng, S. Dodd, and M. Berk A role for glutathione in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia? Animal models and relevance to clinical practice Curr. Med. Chem. 16 2009 2965 2976
13. S. Dodd, O. Dean, D.L. Copolov, G.S. Malhi, and M. Berk N-acetylcysteine for antioxidant therapy: pharmacology and clinical utility Expert. Opin. Biol. Ther. 8 2008 1955 1962
14. J. Endicott, R.L. Spitzer, J.L. Fleiss, and J. Cohen The global assessment scale. A procedure for measuring overall severity of psychiatric disturbance Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 33 1976 766 771
15. J. Endicott, J. Nee, W. Harrison, and R. Blumenthal Quality of life enjoyment and satisfaction questionnaire: a new measure Psychopharmacol. Bull. 29 1993 321 326
16. S.A. Farr, H.F. Poon, D. Dogrukol-Ak, J. Drake, W.A. Banks, E. Eyerman, D.A. Butterfield, and J.E. Morley The antioxidants alpha-lipoic acid and N-acetylcysteine reverse memory impairment and brain oxidative stress in aged SAMP8 mice J. Neurochem. 84 2003 1173 1183
17. G. Ferrari, C.Y. Yan, and L.A. Greene N-acetylcysteine (d- and l-stereoisomers) prevents apoptotic death of neuronal cells J. Neurosci. 15 1995 2857 2866
18. F.R. Ferreira, C. Biojone, S.R. Joca, and F.S. Guimaraes Antidepressant-like effects of N-acetyl-l-cysteine in rats Behav. Pharmacol. 19 2008 747 750
19. J.M. Fullerton, Y. Tiwari, G. Agahi, A. Heath, M. Berk, P.B. Mitchell, and P.R. Schofield Assessing oxidative pathway genes as risk factors for bipolar disorder Bipolar Disord. 12 5 2010 550 556
20. S.N. Ghaemi Why antidepressants are not antidepressants: STEP-BD, STAR*D, and the return of neurotic depression Bipolar Disord. 10 2008 957 968
21. H.H. Goldman, A.E. Skodol, and T.R. Lave Revising axis V for DSM-IV: a review of measures of social functioning Am. J. Psychiatry 149 1992 1148 1156
22. J.E. Grant, S.W. Kim, and B.L. Odlaug N-acetyl cysteine, a glutamate-modulating agent, in the treatment of pathological gambling: a pilot study Biol. Psychiatry 62 2007 652 657
23. J.E. Grant, B.L. Odlaug, and S.W. Kim N-acetylcysteine, a glutamate modulator, in the treatment of trichotillomania: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 66 2009 756 763
24. R. Gueorguieva, and J.H. Krystal Move over ANOVA: progress in analyzing repeated-measures data and its reflection in papers published in the Archives of General Psychiatry Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 61 2004 310 317
25. W. Guy Clinical Global Impressions (CGI). Early Clinical Drug Evaluation Unit (ECDEU) Assessment Manual for Psychopharmacology, revised edition 1976 US Department of Health, Education and Welfare Washington, DC
26. B.H. Harvey, C. Joubert, J.L. Du Preez, and M. Berk Effect of chronic N-acetyl cysteine administration on oxidative status in the presence and absence of induced oxidative stress in rat striatum Neurochem. Res. 33 2008 508 517
27. Ich Expert Working Group Clinical safety data management: periodic safety update reports for marketed drugs E2C(R1) 2006
28. L.L. Judd, and H.S. Akiskal Depressive episodes and symptoms dominate the longitudinal course of bipolar disorder Curr. Psychiatry Rep. 5 2003 417 418
29. M.B. Keller, P.W. Lavori, B. Friedman, E. Nielsen, J. Endicott, P. Mcdonald-Scott, and N.C. Andreasen The longitudinal interval follow-up evaluation. A comprehensive method for assessing outcome in prospective longitudinal studies Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 44 1987 540 548
30. T. Koppal, J. Drake, and D.A. Butterfield In vivo modulation of rodent glutathione and its role in peroxynitrite-induced neocortical synaptosomal membrane protein damage Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1453 1999 407 411
31. D.L. Lafleur, C. Pittenger, B. Kelmendi, T. Gardner, S. Wasylink, R.T. Malison, G. Sanacora, J.H. Krystal, and V. Coric N-acetylcysteine augmentation in serotonin reuptake inhibitor refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder Psychopharmacology (Berl) 184 2006 254 256
32. S.D. Larowe, P. Mardikian, R. Malcolm, H. Myrick, P. Kalivas, K. Mcfarland, M. Saladin, A. Mcrae, and K. Brady Safety and tolerability of N-acetylcysteine in cocaine-dependent individuals Am. J. Addict. 15 2006 105 110
33. S.D. Larowe, H. Myrick, S. Hedden, P. Mardikian, M. Saladin, A. Mcrae, K. Brady, P.W. Kalivas, and R. Malcolm Is cocaine desire reduced by N-acetylcysteine? Am. J. Psychiatry 164 2007 1115 1117
34. S. Lavoie, M.M. Murray, P. Deppen, M.G. Knyazeva, M. Berk, O. Boulat, P. Bovet, A.I. Bush, P. Conus, D. Copolov, E. Fornari, R. Meuli, A. Solida, P. Vianin, M. Cuenod, T. Buclin, and K.Q. Do Glutathione precursor, N-acetyl-cysteine, improves mismatch negativity in schizophrenia patients Neuropsychopharmacology 33 2008 2187 2199
35. A.C. Leon, D.A. Solomon, T.I. Mueller, C.L. Turvey, J. Endicott, and M.B. Keller The range of impaired functioning tool (LIFE-RIFT): a brief measure of functional impairment Psychol. Med. 29 1999 869 878
36. E.S. Louwerse, G.J. Weverling, P.M. Bossuyt, F.E. Meyjes, and J.M. De Jong Randomized, double-blind, controlled trial of acetylcysteine in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Arch. Neurol. 52 1995 559 564
37. P.V. Magalhaes, O.M. Dean, A.I. Bush, D.L. Copolov, G.S. Malhi, K. Kohlmann, S. Jeavons, I. Schapkaitz, M. Anderson-Hunt, and M. Berk N-acetyl cysteine add-on treatment for bipolar II disorder: a subgroup analysis of a randomized placebo-controlled trial J. Affect. Disord. 129 1-3 2011 317 320
38. G.S. Malhi, D. Adams, and M. Berk Medicating mood with maintenance in mind: bipolar depression pharmacotherapy Bipolar Disord. 11 Suppl. 2 2009 55 76
39. G.S. Malhi, D. Adams, and M. Berk The pharmacological treatment of bipolar disorder in primary care Med. J. Aust. 193 2010 S24 S30
40. M. Mayer, and M. Noble N-acetyl-l-cysteine is a pluripotent protector against cell death and enhancer of trophic factor-mediated cell survival in vitro Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 91 1994 7496 7500
41. S.A. Montgomery, and M. Asberg A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change Br. J. Psychiatry 134 1979 382 389
42. F. Ng, M. Berk, O. Dean, and A.I. Bush Oxidative stress in psychiatric disorders: evidence base and therapeutic implications Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 11 2008 851 876
43. F. Ng, O.K. Mammen, I. Wilting, G.S. Sachs, I.N. Ferrier, F. Cassidy, S. Beaulieu, L.N. Yatham, and M. Berk The international society for bipolar disorders (ISBD) consensus guidelines for the safety monitoring of bipolar disorder treatments Bipolar Disord. 11 2009 559 595
44. B.L. Odlaug, and J.E. Grant N-acetyl cysteine in the treatment of grooming disorders J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 27 2007 227 229
45. H.R. Qian, and Y. Yang Neuron differentiation and neuritogenesis stimulated by N-acetylcysteine (NAC) Acta Pharmacol. Sin. 30 2009 907 912
46. J.D. Rothstein, L.A. Bristol, B. Hosler, R.H. Brown Jr., and R.W. Kuncl Chronic inhibition of superoxide dismutase produces apoptotic death of spinal neurons Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 91 1994 4155 4159
47. J. Scott, and F. Colom Psychosocial treatments for bipolar disorders Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. 28 2005 371 384
48. P. Skolnick, P. Popik, and R. Trullas Glutamate-based antidepressants: 20 years on Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 30 2009 563 569
49. M.K. Spearing, R.M. Post, G.S. Leverich, D. Brandt, and W. Nolen Modification of the clinical global impressions (CGI) scale for use in bipolar illness (BP): the CGI-BP Psychiatry Res. 73 1997 159 171
50. F.J. Staal, M.T. Anderson, and L.A. Herzenberg Redox regulation of activation of NF-kappa B transcription factor complex: effects of N-acetylcysteine Methods Enzymol. 252 1995 168 174
51. M. Tohen, E. Frank, C.L. Bowden, F. Colom, S.N. Ghaemi, L.N. Yatham, G.S. Malhi, J.R. Calabrese, W.A. Nolen, E. Vieta, F. Kapczinski, G.M. Goodwin, T. Suppes, G.S. Sachs, K.R. Chengappa, H. Grunze, P.B. Mitchell, S. Kanba, and M. Berk The International Society for Bipolar Disorders (ISBD) Task Force report on the nomenclature of course and outcome in bipolar disorders Bipolar Disord. 11 2009 453 473
52. M.L. Van Der Loos, P.G. Mulder, E.G. Hartong, M.B. Blom, A.C. Vergouwen, H.J. De Keyzer, P.J. Notten, M.L. Luteijn, M.A. Timmermans, E. Vieta, and W.A. Nolen Efficacy and safety of lamotrigine as add-on treatment to lithium in bipolar depression: a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial J. Clin. Psychiatry 70 2009 223 231
53. R.C. Young, J.T. Biggs, V.E. Ziegler, and D.A. Meyer A rating scale for mania: reliability, validity and sensitivity Br. J. Psychiatry 133 1978 429 435