Non-invasive brain stimulation in the functional evaluation of alcohol effects and in the treatment of alcohol craving: A review

Neuroscience Research

Volumn 74, Issue 3-4, 2012, Pages 169-176

  Nardone, Raffaele ^a,b   Bergmann, Jürgen ^c   Christova, Monica ^d   Lochner, Piergiorgio ^b   Tezzon, Frediano ^b   Golaszewski, Stefan ^a,c   Trinka, Eugen ^a   Brigo, Francesco ^e  

^a PARACELSUS MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (Austria)

^b FRANZ TAPPEINER HOSPITAL   (Italy)

^c Christian Doppler Klinik   (Austria)

^d MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF GRAZ   (Austria)

^e UNIVERSITY OF VERONA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Alcohol craving; Alcohol withdrawal syndrome; Alcoholism; Transcranial magnetic stimulation

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL;

ALCOHOL ABUSE; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ALCOHOL CRAVING; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; EVOKED MUSCLE RESPONSE; HUMAN; INFORMATION RETRIEVAL; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; NEUROIMAGING; NEUROLOGIC EXAMINATION; NEUROMODULATION; NEUROTRANSMISSION; NON INVASIVE PROCEDURE; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION; WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME;

ALCOHOLISM; BRAIN; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DEPRESSANTS; ETHANOL; HUMANS; TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION;

EID: 84871929323     PISSN: 01680102     EISSN: 18728111     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2012.08.003     Document Type: Review

References (92)

1. Addolorato G., Leggio L., Hopf F.W., Diana M., Bonci A. Novel therapeutic strategies for alcohol and drug addiction: focus on GABA, ion channels and transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012, 37(1):163-177.
2. Bauer L.O. Predicting relapse to alcohol and drug abuse via quantitative electroencephalography. Neuropsychopharmacology 2001, 25(3):332-340.
3. Berardelli A., Inghilleri M., Rothwell J.C., Romeo S., Curra A., Gilio F., Modugno N., Manfredi M. Facilitation of muscle evoked responses after repetitive cortical stimulation in man. Exp. Brain Res. 1998, 122:79-84.
4. Berardelli A., Inghilleri M., Gilio F., Romeo S., Pedace F., Currà A., Manfredi M. Effects of repetitive cortical stimulation on the silent period evoked by magnetic stimulation. Exp. Brain Res. 1999, 125:82-86.
5. Berridge K.C., Robinson T.E. What is the role of dopamine in reward: hedonic impact, reward learning, or incentive salience?. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 1998, 28:309-369.
6. Boggio P.S., Sultani N., Fecteau S., Merabet L., Mecca T., Pascual-Leone A., Basaglia A., Fregni F. Prefrontal cortex modulation using transcranial DC stimulation reduces alcohol craving: a double-blind, sham-controlled study. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2008, 92:55-60.
7. Castro-Alamancos M.A., Connors B.W. Short-term synaptic enhancement and long-term potentiation in neocortex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1996, 93:1335-1339.
8. Chandler L.J., Norwood D., Sutton G. Chronic ethanol upregulates NMDA and AMPA, but not kainate receptor subunit proteins in rat primary cortical cultures. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 1999, 23:363-370.
9. Chen R., Cros D., Curra A., Di Lazzaro V., Lefaucheur J.P., Magistris M.R., Mills K., Rösler K.M., Triggs W.J., Ugawa Y., Ziemann U. The clinical diagnostic utility of transcranial magnetic stimulation: report of an IFCN committee. Clin. Neurophysiol. 2008, 119(3):504-532.
10. Cohen H.L., Ji J., Chorlian D.B., Begleiter H., Porjesz B. Alcohol-related ERP changes recorded from different modalities: a topographic analysis. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2002, 26:303-317.
11. Connors B.W., Malenka R.C., Silva L.R. Two inhibitory postsynaptic potentials, and GABAA and GABAB receptor-mediated responses in neocortex of rat and cat. J. Physiol. 1998, 406:443-468.
12. Conte A., Attilia M.L., Gilio F., Iacovelli E., Frasca V., Bettolo C.M., Gabriele M., Giacomelli E., Prencipe M., Berardelli A., Ceccanti M., Inghilleri M. Acute and chronic effects of ethanol on cortical excitability. Clin. Neurophysiol. 2008, 118:667-674.
13. Dahchour A., De Witte P. Excitatory and inhibitory amino acid changes repeated episodes of ethanol withdrawal: an in vivo microdialysis study. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2003, 459(2-3):171-178.
14. De Wit H., Metz J., Wagner N., Cooper M. Behavioral and subjective effects of ethanol: relationship of cerebral metabolism using PET. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 1990, 14:482-489.
15. De Witte M.P., Pinto E., Ansseau M., Verbanck P. Alcohol and withdrawal: from animal research to clinical issues. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2003, 27:189-197.
16. Di Chiara G., Tanda G., Cadoni C., Aquas E., Bassareo V., Carboni E. Homologies and differences in the action of drugs of abuse and a conventional reinforcer (food) on dopamine transmission: an interpretative framework of the mechanism of drug dependence. Adv. Pharmacol. 1998, 42:983-987.
17. Di Lazzaro V., Oliviero A., Berardelli A., Mazzone P., Insola A., Pilato F., Saturno E., Dileone M., Tonali P.A., Rothwell J.C. Direct demonstration of the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on the excitability of the human motor cortex. Exp. Brain Res. 2002, 144:549-553.
18. Di Lazzaro V., Oliviero A., Profice P., Pennisi M.A., Pilato F., Zito G., Dileone M., Nicoletti R., Pasqualetti P., Tonali P.A. Ketamine increases human motor cortex excitability to transcranial magnetic stimulation. J. Physiol. 2003, 547:485-496.
19. Di Lazzaro V., Oliviero A., Saturno E., Dileone M., Pilato F., Nardone R., Ranieri F., Musumeci G., Fiorilla T., Tonali P. Effects of lorazepam on short latency afferent inhibition and short latency intracortical inhibition in humans. J. Physiol. 2005, 564:661-668.
20. Di Lazzaro V., Pilato F., Oliviero A., Dileone M., Saturno E., Mazzone P., Insola A., Profice P., Ranieri F., Capone F., Tonali P.A., Rothwell J.C. Origin of facilitation of motor evoked potentials after paired magnetic stimulation: direct recording of epidural activity in conscious humans. J. Neurophysiol. 2006, 96:1765-1771.
21. Ferbert A., Priori A., Rothwell J.C., Day B.L., Colebatch J.G., Marsden C.D. Interhemispheric inhibition of the human motor cortex. J. Physiol. 1992, 453:525-546.
22. George M.S., Anton R.F., Bloomer C., Teneback C., Drobes D.J., Lorberbaum J.P., Nahas Z., Vincent D.J. Activation of prefrontal cortex and anterior thalamus in alcoholic subjects on exposure to alcohol-specific cues. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2001, 58:345-352.
23. Gilman J.M., Davis M.B., Hommer D.W. Greater activation in left hemisphere language-related regions during substance-dependent patients in treatment for alcoholism. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2010, 34(2):331-341.
24. Groppa S., Oliviero A., Eisen A., Quartarone A., Cohen L.G., Mall V., Kaelin-Lang A., Mima T., Rossi S., Thickbroom G.W., Rossini P.M., Ziemann U., Valls-Solé J., Siebner H.R. A practical guide to diagnostic transcranial magnetic stimulation: report of an IFCN committee. Clin. Neurophysiol. 2012, 123(5):858-882.
25. Grüsser S.M., Wrase J., Klein S., Hermann D., Smolka M.N., Ruf M., Weber-Fahr W., Flor H., Mann K., Braus D.F., Heinz A. Cue-induced activation of the striatum and medial prefrontal cortex is associated with subsequent relapse in abstinent alcoholics. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 2004, 175(3):296-302.
26. Hallett M. Transcranial magnetic stimulation and the human brain. Nature 2000, 406:147-150.
27. Hallett M. Transcranial magnetic stimulation: a primer. Neuron 2007, 55(2):187-199.
28. Harper C. The neuropathology of alcohol-related brain damage. Alcohol Alcohol. 2009, 44(2):136-140.
29. Heinz A., Siessmeier T., Wrase J., Hermann D., Klein S., Grüsser S.M., Flor H., Braus D.F., Buchholz H.G., Gründer G., Schreckenberger M., Smolka M.N., Rösch F., Mann K., Bartenstein P. Correlation between dopamine d(2) receptors in the ventral striatum and central processing of alcohol cues and craving. Am. J. Psychiatry 2004, 161(10):1783-1789.
30. Hermann D., Weber-Fahr W., Sartorius A., Hoerst M., Frischknecht U., Tunc-Skarka N., Perreau-Lenz S., Hansson A.C., Krumm B., Kiefer F., Spanagel R., Mann K., Ende G., Sommer W.H. Translational magnetic resonance spectroscopy reveals excessive central glutamate levels during alcohol withdrawal in humans and rats. Biol. Psychiatry 2012, 71(11):1015-1021.
31. Herremans S.C., Baeken C., Vanderbruggen N., Vanderhasselt M.A., Zeeuws D., Santermans L., De Raedt R. No influence of one right-sided prefrontal HF-rTMS session on alcohol craving in recently detoxified alcohol-dependent patients: results of a naturalistic study. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2012, 120(1-3):209-213.
32. Hoffman P.L., Rabe C.S., Grant K.A., Valverius P., Hudspith M., Tabakoff B. Ethanol and the NMDA receptor. Alcohol 1990, 7(3):229-231.
33. Hoogendam M., Ramakers G.M., Di Lazzaro V. Physiology of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human brain. Brain Stimul. 2010, 3:95-118.
34. Höppner J., Broese T., Wendler L., Berger C., Thome J. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment of alcohol dependence. World J. Biol. Psychiatry 2011, 1:57-62.
35. Hughes J.R. Alcohol withdrawal seizures. Epilepsy Behav. 2009, 15(2):92-97.
36. Ilić T.V., Meintzschel F., Cleff U., Ruge D., Kessler K.R., Ziemann U. Short interval paired-pulse inhibition and facilitation of human motor cortex. J. Physiol. 2002, 545(Pt 1):153-167.
37. Inghilleri M., Berardelli A., Cruccu G., Manfredi M. Silent period evoked by transcranial stimulation of the human cortex and cervicomedullary junction. J. Physiol. 1993, 466:521-534.
38. Inghilleri M., Conte A., Frasca V., Curra' A., Gilio F., Manfredi M., Berardelli A. Antiepileptic drugs and cortical excitability: a study with repetitive transcranial stimulation. Exp. Brain Res. 2004, 154:488-493.
39. Jaatinen P., Rintala J. Mechanisms of ethanol-induced degeneration in the developing, mature, and aging cerebellum. Cerebellum 2008, 7(3):332-347.
40. Kähkönen S., Kesäniemi M., Nikouline V.V., Karhu J., Ollikainen M., Holi M., Ilmoniemi R.J. Ethanol modulates cortical activity: direct evidence with combined TMS and EEG. Neuroimage 2001, 14:322-328.
41. Kähkönen S., Wilenius J., Nikulin V.V., Ollikainen M., Ilmoniemi R.J. Alcohol reduces prefrontal cortical excitability in humans. A combined TMS and EEG study. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003, 28:747-754.
42. Kähkönen S., Wilenius J. Effects of alcohol on TMS-evoked N100 responses. J. Neurosci. Methods 2007, 166(1):104-108.
43. Koob G.F. Drugs of abuse: anatomy, pharmacology, and function of reward pathways. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 1992, 13(5):177-184.
44. Kujirai T., Caramia M.D., Rothwell J.C., Day B.L., Thompson P.D., Ferbert A., Wroe S., Asselman P., Marsden C.D. Corticocortical inhibition in human motor cortex. J. Physiol. 1993, 471:501-519.
45. Liepert J., Schwenkreis P., Tegenthhoff M., Malin J.P. The glutamate antagonist riluzole suppress intracortical facilitation. J. Neural Transm. 1997, 104:1207-1214.
46. Littleton J. Neurochemical mechanisms underlying alcohol withdrawal. Alcohol Health Res. World 1998, 22:13-24.
47. Littleton J. Receptor regulation as a unitary mechanism for drug tolerance and physical dependence-not quite as simple as it seemed!. Addiction 2001, 96:87-101.
48. Lovinger D.M., White G., Weight F.F. NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic excitation selectively inhibited by ethanol in hippocampal slice from adult rat. J. Neurosci. 1990, 10:41372-41379.
49. Melis M., Spiga S., Diana M. The dopamine hypothesis of drug addiction: hypodopaminergic state. Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 2005, 63:101-154.
50. Mellion M., Gilchrist J.M., de la Monte S. Alcohol-related peripheral neuropathy: nutritional, toxic, or both?. Muscle Nerve 2011, 43(3):309-316.
51. Meyer B.U., Röricht S., Schmierer K., Irlbacher K., Meierkord H., Niehaus L., Grosse P. First diagnostic applications of transcallosal inhibition in diseases affecting callosal neurones (multiple sclerosis, hydrocephalus, Huntington's disease). Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. Suppl. 1995, 51:233-242.
52. Mishra B.R., Nizamie S.H., Das B., Praharaj S.K. Efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in alcohol dependence: a sham-controlled study. Addiction 2010, 105(1):49-55.
53. Myrick H., Anton F., Li X., Henderson S., Drobes D., Voronin K., George M.S. Differential brain activity in alcoholics and social drinkers to alcohol cues: relationship to craving. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004, 29:393-402.
54. Muralidharan K., Venkatasubramanian G., Pal P.K., Benegal V. Abnormalities in cortical and transcallosal mechanisms in subjects at high risk for alcohol dependence: a TMS study. Addict. Biol. 2008, 13(3-4):373-379.
55. Nagy J., Kolok S., Boros A., Dezso P. Role of altered structure and function of NMDA receptors in development of alcohol dependence. Curr. Neuropharm. 2005, 3:281-297.
56. Nardone R., Bergmann J., Kronbichler M., Caleri F., Lochner P., Tezzon F., Ladurner G., Golaszewski S. Altered motor cortex exctiability to magnetic stimulation in alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. 2010, 34(4):628-632.
57. Nikouline V.V., Ruohonen J., Ilmoniemi R.J. The role of the coil click in TMS assessed with simultaneous EEG. Clin. Neurophysiol. 1999, 110:1325-1328.
58. Nitsche M.A., Paulus W. Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation. J. Physiol. 2000, 527(3):633-639.
59. Oishi M., Mochizuki Y. Frontal lobe atrophy and central motor conduction time in chronic alcoholics. Clin. Electroencephalogr. 1999, 30(2):76-78.
60. Olbrich H.M., Valerius G., Paris C., Hagenbuch F., Ebert D., Juengling F.D. Brain activation during craving for alcohol measured by positron emission tomography. Aust. N.Z. J. Psychiatry 2006, 40:171-178.
61. Ono S., Oishi M., Takasu T. Central and peripheral motor conduction time in chronic alcoholics with polyneuropathy and/or spasticity. Funct. Neurol. 1999, 4(1):29-36.
62. Pascual-Leone A., Valls-Sole J., Wasserman E.M., Hallett M. Responses to rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human motor cortex. Brain 1994, 117:847-858.
63. Pascual-Leone A., Tormos J.M., Keenan J., Tarazona F., Cañete C., Catalá M.D. Study and modulation of human cortical excitability with transcranial magnetic stimulation. J. Clin. Neurophysiol. 2009, 15:333-343.
64. Paulus W., Classen J., Cohen L.G., Large C.H., Di Lazzaro V., Nitsche M., Pascual-Leone A., Rosenow F., Rothwell J.C., Ziemann U. State of the art: pharmacologic effects on cortical excitability measures tested by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Brain Stimul. 2008, 1:151-163.
65. Paus T., Sipilä P.K., Strafella A.P. Synchronization of neuronal activity in the human primary motor cortex by transcranial magnetic stimulation: an EEG study. J. Neurophysiol. 2001, 86:1983-1990.
66. Pfefferbaum A., Desmond J.E., Galloway C., Menon V., Glover G.H., Sullivan E.V. Reorganization of frontal systems used by alcoholics for spatial working memory: an fMRI study. Neuroimage 2001, 14(1 Pt 1):7-20.
67. Porjesz B., Rangaswamy M., Kamarajan C., Jones K.A., Padmanabhapillai A., Begleiter H. The utility of neurophysiological markers in the study of alcoholism. Clin. Neurophysiol. 2005, 116(5):993-1018.
68. Prendergast M.A., Harris B.R., Mullholland P.J., Blanchard J.A.I.I., Gibson D.A., Holley R.C., Littleton J.M. Hippocampal CA1 region neurodegeneration produced by ethanol withdrawal requires activation of intrinsic polysynaptic hippocampal pathways and function of n-methyl-d-aspartate receptors. Neuroscience 2004, 124:869-877.
69. Ravaglia S., Costa A., Ratti M.T., Savoldi F., Bo P., Moglia A. Cognitive impairment and central motor conduction time in chronic alcoholics. Funct. Neurol. 2002, 17(2):83-86.
70. Roberto R., Nelson T.E., Ur C.L., Gruol D.L. Long-term potentiation in the rat hippocampus is reversibly depressed by chronic intermittent ethanol exposure. J. Neurophysiol. 2002, 87:2385-2397.
71. Roberto M., Madamba S.G., Moore S.D., Tallent M.K., Siggins G.R. Ethanol increases GABAergic trasmission at both pre- and postsynaptic sites in rat central amygdala neurons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2003, 100(4):2053-2058.
72. Rossetti Z.L., Carboni S. Ethanol withdrawal is associated with increased extracellular glutamate in the rat striatum. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1995, 283(1-3):177-183.
73. Rossi S., Hallett M., Rossini P.M., Pascual-Leone A. Safety, ethical considerations, and application guidelines for the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in clinical practice and research. Clin. Neurophysiol. 2009, 120(12):2008-2039. The Safety of TMS Consensus Group.
74. Rossini P.M., Barker T., Berardelli A., Caramia M.D., Caruso G., Cracco R.Q., Dimitrijevic M.R., Hallett M., Katayama Y., Lucking C.H., Maertens de Noordhout A.L., Marsden C.D., Murray N.M.F., Rothwell J.C., Swash M., Tomberg C. Non invasive electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain, spinal cord and roots: basic principles and procedures for routine clinical application. Report of IFCN committee. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 1994, 91:79-92.
75. Sanna E., Talani G., Busonero F., Pisu M.G., Purdy R.H., Serra M., Biggio G. Brain steroidogenesis mediates ethanol modulation of GABAA receptor activity in rat hippocampus. J. Neurosci. 2004, 24:6521-6530.
76. Schweizer T.A., Vogel-Sprott M. Alcohol-impaired speed and accuracy of cognitive functions: a review of acute tolerance and recovery of cognitive performance. Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2008, 16(3):240-250.
77. Smothers C.T., Mrotek J.J., Lovinger D.M. Chronic ethanol exposure leads to a selective enhancement of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor function in cultured hippocampal neurons. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1997, 283:1214-1222.
78. Swift R.M. Drug therapy for alcohol dependence. N. Engl. J. Med. 1999, 340:1482-1490.
79. Thomas M.P., Morrisett R.A. Dynamics of NMDAR-mediated neurotoxicity during chronic ethanol exposure and withdrawal. Neuropharmacology 2000, 39:218-226.
80. Thut G., Ives J.R., Kampmann F., Pastor M.A., Pascual-Leone A. A new device and protocol for combining TMS and online recordings of EEG and evoked potentials. J. Neurosci. Methods 2005, 141:207-217.
81. Thut G., Pascual-Leone A. A review of combined TMS-EEG studies to characterize lasting effects of repetitive TMS and assess their usefulness in cognitive and clinical neuroscience. Brain Topogr. 2010, 22:219-232.
82. Vollstädt-Klein S., Wichert S., Rabinstein J., Bühler M., Klein O., Ende G., Hermann D., Mann K. Initial, habitual, and comulsive alcohol use is characterized by a shift of cue processing from ventral to dorsal striatum. Addiction 2010, 105(10):1741-1749.
83. Vonghia L., Leggio L., Ferrulli A., Bertini M., Gasbarrini G., Addolorato G. Acute alcohol intoxication. Eur. J. Intern. Med. 2008, 19(8):561-567. Alcoholism Treatment Study Group.
84. Wagner T., Valero-Cabre A., Pascual-Leone A. Noninvasive human brain stimulation. Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 2007, 9:527-565.
85. Weiner J.L., Valenzuela C.F. Ethanol modulation of GABAergic transmission: the view from the slice. Pharmacol. Ther. 2006, 111:533-554.
86. Werhahn K.J., Kunesch E., Noachtar S., Benecke R., Classen J. Differential effects on motor cortical inhibition induced by blockade of GABA uptake in humans. J. Physiol. 1999, 517:591-597.
87. Winterer G., Klöppel B., Heinz A., Ziller M., Dufeu P., Schmidt L.G., Herrmann W.M. Quantitative EEG. Quantitative EEG (QEG) predicts relapse in patients with chronic alcoholism and points to a frontally pronounced cerebral disturbance. Psychiatry Res. 1998, 78(1-2):101-113.
88. Wu P.H., Poelchen W., Proctor W.R. Differential GABAB receptor modulation of ethanol effects on GABA(A) synaptic activity in hippocampal CA1 neurons. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2005, 312:1082-1089.
89. Zhu P.J., Lovinger D.M. Ethanol potentiates GABAergic synaptic transmission in a postsynaptic neuron/synaptic bouton preparation from basolateral amygdale. J. Neurophysiol. 2006, 96:433-441.
90. Ziemann U., Lonnecker S., Paulus W. Inhibition of human motor cortex by ethanol. A transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Brain 1995, 118:1437-1446.
91. Ziemann U., Lonnecker S., Steinhoff B.H., Paulus W. Effects of antiepileptics drugs on motor cortex excitability in humans: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Ann. Neurol. 1996, 40:367-378.
92. Ziemann U., Lonnecker S., Steinhoff B.J., Paulus W. The effect of lorazepam on the motor cortex excitability in man. Exp. Brain Res. 1996, 109:127-135.