Nanoparticles for targeting lymphatics

Nanoparticulates as Drug Carriers

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 549-608

  Phillips, William ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS HEALTH SCIENCE CENTER AT SAN ANTONIO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84871845031     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1142/9781860949074_0025     Document Type: Chapter

References (171)

1. Hirnle P (1997) Liposomes for drug targeting in the lymphatic system. Hybridoma 16:127-32.
2. Wisner ER et al. (2003) Sentinel node detection using contrast-enhanced power Doppler ultrasound lymphography. Invest Radiol 38:358-65.
3. Phillips WT, Klipper R and Goins B (2000) Novel method of greatly enhanced delivery of liposomes to lymph nodes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 295:309-13.
4. Moghimi SM (2003) Modulation of lymphatic distribution of subcutaneously injected poloxamer 407-coated nanospheres: The effect of the ethylene oxide chain configuration. FEBS Lett 540:241-4.
5. Oussoren C and Storm G (2001) Liposomes to target the lymphatics by subcutaneous administration. Adv Drug Del Rev 50:143-56.
6. Duzgunes N et al. (2001) Enhanced inhibition of HIV-1 replication in macrophages by antisense oligonucleotides, ribozymes and acyclic nucleoside phosphonate analogs delivered in pH-sensitive liposomes. Nucleos Nucleot Nucleic Acids 20:515-23.
7. Swartz MA (2001) The physiology of the lymphatic system. Adv Drug Del Rev 50:3-20.
8. Porter CJ (1997) Drug delivery to the lymphatic system. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carr Syst 14:333-93.
9. von Andrian UH and Mempel TR (2003) Homing and cellular traffic in lymph nodes. Nat Rev Immunol 3:867-78.
10. Swartz MA and Skobe M (2001) Lymphatic function, lymphangiogenesis, and cancer metastasis. Microsc Res Tech 55:92-9.
11. Hawley A, Davis S and Ilium L (1995) Targeting of colloids to lymph nodes: Influence of lymphatic physiology and colloidal charateristics. Adv Drug Del Rev 17:129-148.
12. Tran L et al. (1993) Lymphatic drainage of hypertonic solution from peritoneal cavity of anesthetized and conscious sheep. J Appl Physiol 74:859-67.
13. Papisov M and Weissleder R (1996) Drug delivery to lymphatic tissue. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carr Syst 13:57-84.
14. Ioachim HL (1982) Lymph Node Biopsy. JB Lippincott, Philadelphia, PA.
15. Dixon TC, Meselson M, Guillemin J and Hanna PC (1999) Anthrax. N Engl J Med 341:815-26.
16. Phillips WT et al. (2001) Evaluation of [(99m)Tc] liposomes as lymphoscintigraphic agents: Comparison with [(99m)Tc] sulfur colloid and [(99m)Tc] human serum albumin. Nucl Med Biol 28:435-44.
17. Moghimi SM and Rajabi-Siahboomi R (1996) Advanced colloid-based systems for efficient delivery of drugs and diagnostic agents to the lymphatic tissues. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 65:221-49.
18. Phillips WT, Medina LA, Klipper R and Goins B (2002) A novel approach for the increased delivery of pharmaceutical agents to peritoneum and associated lymph nodes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 303:11-6.
19. Porter CJ and Charman WN (2001) Transport and absorption of drugs via the lymphatic system. Adv Drug Del Rev 50:1-2.
20. Hanahan D and Weinberg RA (2000) The hallmarks of cancer. Cell 100:57-70.
21. Chen C et al. (2004) Outcome after treatment of patients with mammographically occult, magnetic resonance imaging-detected breast cancer presenting with axillary lymphadenopathy. Clin Breast Cancer 5:72-7.
22. Torabi M, Aquino SL and Harisinghani MG (2004) Current concepts in lymph node imaging. J Nucl Med 45:1509-18.
23. Busby JE and Evans CP (2004) Old friends, new ways: Revisiting extended lymphadenectomy and neoadjuvant chemotherapy to improve outcomes. Curr Opin Urol 14:251-7.
24. Gagne JF, Desormeaux A, Perron S, Tremblay MJ and Bergeron MG (2002) Targeted delivery of indinavir to HIV-1 primary reservoirs with immunoliposomes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1558:198-210.
25. Cohen OJ, Pantaleo G, Lam GK and Fauci AS (1997) Studies on lymphoid tissue from HIV-infected individuals: Implications for the design of therapeutic strategies. Springer Semin Immunopathol 18:305-22.
26. Mand S, Debrah A, Batsa L, Adjei O and Hoerauf A (2004) Reliable and frequent detection of adult Wuchereria bancrofti in Ghanaian women by ultrasonography. Trop Med Int Health 9:1111-4.
27. Reddy GS, Das LK and Pani SP (2004) The preferential site of adult Wuchereria bancrofti: An ultrasound study of male asymptomatic microfilaria carriers in Pondicherry, India. Natl Med J India 17:195-6.
28. Dreyer G, Figueredo-Silva J, Carvalho K, Amaral F and Ottesen EA (2001) Lymphatic filariasis in children: Adenopathy and its evolution in two young girls. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65:204-7.
29. Soulard R, Guigay J, Legal De Kerangal X and Saint-Blancard P (2001) [Mediastinal lymphatic filariasis]. Ann Pathol 21:431-4.
30. El Setouhy M et al. (2004) A randomized clinical trial comparing single- and multidose combination therapy with diethylcarbamazine and albendazole for treatment of bancroftian filariasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70:191-6.
31. Guarner J et al. (2003) Pathology and pathogenesis of bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax. Am J Pathol 163:701-9.
32. Jernigan JA et al. (2001) Bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax: The first 10 cases reported in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis 7:933-44.
33. Barakat LA et al. (2002) Fatal inhalational anthrax in a 94-year-old Connecticut woman. Jama 287:863-8.
34. Ilgazli A, Boyaci H, Basyigit I and Yildiz F (2004) Extrapulmonary tuberculosis: Clinical and epidemiologic spectrum of 636 cases. Arch Med Res 35:435-41.
35. Mukherjee JS et al. (2004) Programmes and principles in treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Lancet 363:474-81.
36. Bermudez LE (1994) Use of liposome preparation to treat mycobacterial infections. Immunobiology 191:578-83.
37. Zinkernagel RM et al. (1997) Antigen localisation regulates immune responses in a dose- and time-dependent fashion: A geographical view of immune reactivity. Immunol Rev 156:199-209.
38. Schijns VE (2001) Induction and direction of immune responses by vaccine adjuvants. Crit Rev Immunol 21:75-85.
39. Johansen P et al. (2005) Direct intralymphatic injection of peptide vaccines enhances immunogenicity. Eur J Immunol 35:568-574.
40. Gregoriadis G, Bacon A, Caparros-Wanderley W and McCormack B (2002) A role for liposomes in genetic vaccination. Vaccine 20(Suppl 5):Bl-9.
41. Maloy KJ et al. (2001) Intralymphatic immunization enhances DNA vaccination. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:3299-303.
42. Fokin AA, Robicsek F, Masters TN, Schmid-Schonbein GW and Jenkins SH (2000) Propagation of viral-size particles in lymph and blood after subcutaneous inoculation. Microcirculation 7:193-200.
43. Eyles JE, Bramwell VW, Williamson ED and Alpar HO (2001) Microsphere translocation and immunopotentiation in systemic tissues following intranasal administration. Vaccine 19:4732-42.
44. Phillips WT, Klipper R and Goins B (2001) Use of (99m)Tc-labeled liposomes encapsulating blue dye for identification of the sentinel lymph node. J Nucl Med 42:446-51.
45. Oussoren C, Zuidema J, Crommelin DJ and Storm G (1997) Lymphatic uptake and biodistribution of liposomes after subcutaneous injection. II. Influence of liposomal size, lipid compostion and lipid dose. Biochim Biophys Acta 1328:261-72.
46. Moghimi SM et al. (1994) Surface engineered nanospheres with enhanced drainage into lymphatics and uptake by macrophages of the regional lymph nodes. FEBS Lett 344:25-30.
47. Oussoren C and Storm G (1997) Lymphatic uptake and biodistribution of liposomes after subcutaneous injection: III. Influence of surface modification with poly(ethyleneglycol). Pharm Res 14:1479-84.
48. Trubetskoy VS, Whiteman KR, Torchilin VP and Wolf GL (1998) Massage-induced release of subcutaneously injected liposome-encapsulated drugs to the blood. J Control Rel 50:13-9.
49. Kuypers FA and de Jong K (2004) The role of phosphatidylserine in recognition and removal of erythrocytes. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 50:147-58.
50. Van Rooijen N, Kors N, vd Ende M and Dijkstra CD (1990) Depletion and repopulation of macrophages in spleen and liver of rat after intravenous treatment with liposome-encapsulated dichloromethylene diphosphonate. Cell Tissue Res 260:215-22.
51. Van Rooijen N and Sanders A (1994) Liposome mediated depletion of macrophages: Mechanism of action, preparation of liposomes and applications. J Immunol Meth 174:83-93.
52. Oussoren C and Storm G (1999) Role of macrophages in the localisation of liposomes in lymph nodes after subcutaneous administration. Int J Pharm 183:37-41.
53. Velinova M, Read N, Kirby C and Gregoriadis G (1996) Morphological observations on the fate of liposomes in the regional lymph nodes after footpad injection into rats. Biochim Biophys Acta 1299:207-15.
54. Wisner ER et al. (1995) Indirect computed tomography lymphography of subdi-aphragmatic lymph nodes using iodinated nanoparticles in normal dogs. Acad Radiol 2:405-12.
55. Wisner ER et al. (1994) Iodinated nanoparticles for indirect computed tomography lymphography of the craniocervical and thoracic lymph nodes in normal dogs. Acad Radiol 1:377-84.
56. Wisner ER et al. (1996) Indirect computed tomography lymphography using iodinated nanoparticles to detect cancerous lymph nodes in a cutaneous melanoma model. Acad Radiol 3:40-8.
57. Wolf GL et al. (1994) Percutaneous computed tomographic lymphography of normal, inflamed, and cancerous nodes in the rabbit. Invest Radiol 29(Suppl 2):S30-2.
58. Mclntire GL et al. (2000) Time course of nodal enhancement with CT X-ray nanoparticle contrast agents: Effect of particle size and chemical structure. Invest Radiol 35:91-6.
59. Ketai LH et al. (1999) CT imaging of intrathoracic lymph nodes in dogs with bronchoscopically administered iodinated nanoparticles. Acad Radiol 6:49-54.
60. Herborn CU et al. (2002) Interstitial MR lymphography with MS-325: Characterization of normal and tumor-invaded lymph nodes in a rabbit model. AJR Am J Roentgenol 179:1567-72.
61. Muldoon LL et al. (2004) Trafficking of superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (Combidex) from brain to lymph nodes in the rat. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 30:70-9.
62. Nguyen BC et al. (1999) Multicenter clinical trial of ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide in the evaluation of mediastinal lymph nodes in patients with primary lung carcinoma. J Magn Reson Imaging 10:468-73.
63. Moghimi SM and Bonnemain B (1999) Subcutaneous and intravenous delivery of diagnostic agents to the lymphatic system: Applications in lymphoscintigraphy and indirect lymphography. Adv Drug Del Rev 37:295-312.
64. Szebeni J (2001) Complement activation-related pseudoallergy caused by liposomes, micellar carriers of intravenous drugs, and radiocontrast agents. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carr Syst 18:567-606.
65. Bordat C et al. (2000) Distribution of iron oxide nanoparticles in rat lymph nodes studied using electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and electron spectroscopic imaging (ESI). J Magn Reson Imaging 12:505-9.
66. Beilin MF et al. (1998) Lymph node metastases: Safety and effectiveness of MR imaging with ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide particles - initial clinical experience. Radiology 207:799-808.
67. Koh DM et al. (2004) Rectal cancer: Mesorectal lymph nodes at MR imaging with USPIO versus histopathologic findings - initial observations. Radiology 231:91-9.
68. Harisinghani MG and Weissleder R (2004) Sensitive, Noninvasive Detection of Lymph Node Metastases. PLoS Med 1, e66.
69. Morton DL et al. (1992) Technical details of intraoperative lymphatic mapping for early stage melanoma. Arch Surg 127:392-9.
70. Focht SL (1999) Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy. Aorn J 69:802-9.
71. Gradilone A et al. (2004) Detection of melanoma cells in sentinel lymph nodes by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction: Prognostic significance. Ann Surg Oncol 11:983-7.
72. Wong JH, Cagle LA and Morton DL (1991) Lymphatic drainage of skin to a sentinel lymph node in a feline model. Ann Surg 214:637-41.
73. Alex JC and Krag DN (1993) Gamma-probe guided localization of lymph nodes. Surg Oncol 2:137-43.
74. Cody HS, 3rd et al. (2001) Complementarity of blue dye and isotope in sentinel node localization for breast cancer: Univariate and multivariate analysis of 966 procedures. Ann Surg Oncol 8:13-9.
75. Hung JC et al. (1995) Filtered technetium-99m-sulfur colloid evaluated for lymphoscintigraphy. J Nucl Med 36:1895-901.
76. Martin RC, 2nd et al. (2000) Practical guidelines for optimal gamma probe detection of sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer: Results of a multi-institutional study. For the University of Louisville Breast Cancer Study Group. Surgery 128:139-44.
77. Kapteijn BA et al. (1996) Reproducibility of lymphoscintigraphy for lymphatic mapping in cutaneous melanoma. J Nucl Med 37:972-5.
78. Temple CL et al. (2000) Sentinel node biopsy in melanoma using technetium-99m rhenium colloid: The London experience. Ann Plast Surg 45:491-9.
79. Hodgson N et al. (2001) A new radiocolloid for sentinel node detection in breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 8:133-7.
80. Hirnle P, Harzmann R and Wright JK (1988) Patent blue V encapsulation in liposomes: Potential applicability to endolympatic therapy and preoperative chromolymphography. Lymphology 21:187-9.
81. Dieter M, Schubert R and Hirnle P (2003) Blue liposomes for identification of the sentinel lymph nodes in pigs. Lymphology 36:39-47.
82. Pump B and Hirnle P (1996) Preoperative lymph-node staining with liposomes containing patent blue violet. A clinical case report. J Pharm Pharmacol 48:699-701.
83. Plut EM, Hinkle GH, Guo W and Lee RJ (2002) Kit formulation for the preparation of radioactive blue liposomes for sentinel node lymphoscintigraphy. J Pharm Sci 91:1717-32.
84. Michalet X et al. (2005) Quantum dots for live cells, in vivo imaging, and diagnostics. Science 307:538-44.
85. Soltesz EG et al. (2005) Intraoperative sentinel lymph node mapping of the lung using near-infrared fluorescent quantum dots. Ann Thorac Surg 79:269-77; discussion 269-77.
86. Liu J, Raveendran P, Shervani Z, Ikushima Y and Hakuta Y (2005) Synthesis of Ag and Agl Quantum Dots in AOT-Stabilized Water-in-CO(2) Microemulsions. Chemistry.
87. Postema M, van Wamel A, Lancee CT and de Jong N (2004) Ultrasound-induced encapsulated microbubble phenomena. Ultrasound Med Biol 30:827-40.
88. Dijkmans PA et al. (2004) Microbubbles and ultrasound: From diagnosis to therapy. Eur J Echocardiogr 5:245-56.
89. Stride E and Saffari N (2004) The potential for thermal damage posed by microbubble ultrasound contrast agents. Ultrasonics 42:907-13.
90. Hasegawa BH et al. (2002) Dual-modality imaging of cancer with SPECT/CT. Technol Cancer Res Treat 1:449-58.
91. Wagner A et al. (2004) SPECT-CT for topographic mapping of sentinel lymph nodes prior to gamma probe-guided biopsy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 32:343-9.
92. Lopez R et al. (2004) Multimodal image registration for localization of sentinel nodes in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 62:1497-504.
93. Kumar R, Mavi A, Bural G and Alavi A (2005) Fluorodeoxyglucose-PET in the management of malignant melanoma. Radiol Clin North Am 43:23-33.
94. Iyengar S, Chin B, Margolick JB, Sabundayo BP and Schwartz DH (2003) Anatomical loci of HIV-associated immune activation and association with viraemia. Lancet 362:945-50.
95. Harrington KJ et al. (2000) Pegylated liposomes have potential as vehicles for intratumoral and subcutaneous drug delivery. Clin Cancer Res 6:2528-37.
96. Hawley AE, Ilium L and Davis SS (1997) Lymph node localisation of biodegradable nanospheres surface modified with poloxamer and poloxamine block co-polymers. FEBS Lett 400:319-23.
97. Peyre M, Fleck R, Hockley D, Gander B and Sesardic D (2004) In vivo uptake of an experimental microencapsulated diphtheria vaccine following sub-cutaneous immunisation. Vaccine 22:2430-7.
98. Trubetskoy VS, Frank-Kamenetsky MD, Whiteman KR, Wolf GL and Torchilin VP (1996) Stable polymeric micelles: Lymphangiographic contrast media for gamma scintigraphy and magnetic resonance imaging. Acad Radiol 3:232-8.
99. Torchilin VP (2004) Targeted polymeric micelles for delivery of poorly soluble drugs. Cell Mol Life Sci 61:2549-59.
100. Segal AW, Gregoriadis G and Black CD (1975) Liposomes as vehicles for the local release of drugs. Clin Sci Mol Med 49:99-106.
101. Osborne MP, Richardson VJ, Jeyasingh K and Ryman BE (1979) Radionuclide-labelled liposomes - a new lymph node imaging agent. Int J Nucl Med Biol 6:75-83.
102. Patel HM, Boodle KM and Vaughan-Jones R (1984) Assessment of the potential uses of liposomes for lymphoscintigraphy and lymphatic drug delivery. Failure of 99m-technetium marker to represent intact liposomes in lymph nodes. Biochim Biophys Acta 801:76-86.
103. Love WG, Amos N, Williams BD and Kellaway IW (1989) Effect of liposome surface charge on the stability of technetium (99mTc) radiolabelled liposomes. J Microencapsul 6:105-13.
104. Andersen AR, Friberg H, Lassen NA, Kristensen K and Neirinckx RD (1987) Serial studies of cerebral blood flow using 99Tcm-HMPAO: A comparison with 133Xe. Nucl Med Commun 8:549-57.
105. Phillips WT et al. (1992) A simple method for producing a technetium-99m-labeled liposome which is stable in vivo. Int J Rad Appl Instrum B 19:539-47.
106. Goins BA and Phillips WT in Liposomes: A Practical Approach, Torchilin VP and Weissig V (eds.) Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2003, pp. 319-336.
107. Oussoren C et al. (1998) Lymphatic uptake and biodistribution of liposomes after subcutaneous injection. IV. Fate of liposomes in regional lymph nodes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1370:259-72.
108. Mangat S and Patel HM (1985) Lymph node localization of non-specific antibody-coated liposomes. Life Sci 36:1917-25.
109. Wu MS, Robbins JC, Bugianesi RL, Ponpipom MM and Shen TY (1981) Modified in vivo behavior of liposomes containing synthetic glycolipids. Biochim Biophys Acta 674:19-29.
110. Medina LA, Calixto SM, Klipper R, Phillips WT and Goins B (2004) Avidin/biotin-liposome system injected in the pleural space for drug delivery to mediastinal lymph nodes. J Pharm Sci 93:2595-608.
111. Medina LA, Klipper R, Phillips WT and Goins B (2004) Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of [111In]-avidin and [99mTc]-biotin-liposomes injected in the pleural space for the targeting of mediastinal nodes. Nucl Med Biol 31:41-51.
112. Fielding RM, Moon-McDermott L and Lewis RO (1999) Bioavailability of a small unilamellar low-clearance liposomal amikacin formulation after extravascular administration. J Drug Targ 6:415-26.
113. Duzgunes N et al. (1988) Enhanced effect of liposome-encapsulated amikacin on Mycobacterium avium-M. intracellulare complex infection in beige mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 32:1404-11.
114. Kinman L et al. (2003) Lipid-drug association enhanced HIV-1 protease inhibitor indinavir localization in lymphoid tissues and viral load reduction: A proof of concept study in HIV-2287-infected macaques. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 34:387-97.
115. Dufresne I et al. (1999) Targeting lymph nodes with liposomes bearing anti-HLA-DR Fab’ fragments. Biochim Biophys Acta 1421:284-94.
116. Alberts DS et al. (2002) Intraperitoneal therapy for stage III ovarian cancer: A therapy whose time has come! J Clin Oncol 20:3944-6.
117. Markman M (2003) Intraperitoneal antineoplastic drug delivery: Rationale and results. Lancet Oncol 4:277-83.
118. Markman M (2004) Intraperitoneal hyperthermic chemotherapy as treatment of peritoneal carcinomatosis of colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 22:1527; author reply 1529.
119. Conti M, De Giorgi U, Tazzari V, Bezzi F and Baccini C (2004) Clinical pharmacology of intraperitoneal cisplatin-based chemotherapy. J Chemother 16(Suppl 5):23-5.
120. Parker RJ, Hartman KD and Sieber SM (1981) Lymphatic absorption and tissue disposition of liposome-entrapped [14C]adriamycin following intraperitoneal administration to rats. Cancer Res 41:1311-7.
121. Parker RJ, Priester ER and Sieber SM (1982) Comparison of lymphatic uptake, metabolism, excretion, and biodistribution of free and liposome-entrapped [14C]cytosine beta-D-arabinofuranoside following intraperitoneal administration to rats. Drug Metab Dispos 10:40-6.
122. Rosa P and Clementi F (1983) Absorption and tissue distribution of doxorubicin entrapped in liposomes following intravenous or intraperitoneal administration. Pharmacology 26:221-9.
123. Morice P et al. (2004) Are nodal metastases in ovarian cancer chemoresistant lesions? Analysis of nodal involvement in 105 patients treated with preoperative chemotherapy. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 25:169-74.
124. Montero CA, Gimferrer JM, Baldo X and Ramirez J (2000) Mediastinal metastasis of ovarian carcinoma. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 91:199-200.
125. Zakaria ER, Simonsen O, Rippe A and Rippe B (1996) Transport of tracer albumin from peritoneum to plasma: Role of diaphragmatic, visceral, and parietal lymphatics. Am J Physiol 270:H1549-56.
126. Yuan ZY, Rodela H, Hay JB, Oreopoulos D and Johnston MG (1994) 51Cr-RBCs and 1251-albumin as markers to estimate lymph drainage of the peritoneal cavity in sheep. J Appl Physiol 76:867-74.
127. Flessner MF, Parker RJ and Sieber SM (1983) Peritoneal lymphatic uptake of fibrinogen and erythrocytes in the rat. Am J Physiol 244:H89-96.
128. Hirano K and Hunt CA (1985) Lymphatic transport of liposome-encapsulated agents: Effects of liposome size following intraperitoneal administration. J Pharm Sci 74:915-21.
129. Sharma A, Sharma US and Straubinger RM (1996) Paclitaxel-liposomes for intracavitary therapy of intraperitoneal P388 leukemia. Cancer Lett 107:265-72.
130. Markman M et al. (1992) Phase I trial of intraperitoneal taxol: A Gynecoloic Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol 10:1485-91.
131. Lee MJ et al. (2002) Intraperitoneal gene delivery mediated by a novel cationic liposome in a peritoneal disseminated ovarian cancer model. Gene Ther 9:859-66.
132. Hribaschek A et al. (2001) Prophylaxis of peritoneal carcinomatosis in experimental investigations. Int J Colorectal Dis 16:340-5.
133. Hribaschek A et al. (2003) Intraperitoneal treatment using taxol is effective for experimental peritoneal carcinomatosis in a rat model. Oncol Rep 10:1793-8.
134. Eltabbakh GH, Piver MS, Hempling RE, Recio FO and Intengen ME (1999) Clinical picture, response to therapy, and survival of women with diffuse malignant peritoneal mesothelioma. J Surg Oncol 70:6-12.
135. Grinberg LM, Abramova FA, Yampolskaya OV, Walker DH and Smith JH (2001) Quantitative pathology of inhalational anthrax I: Quantitative microscopic findings. Mod Pathol 14:482-95.
136. Jackson PJ et al. (1998) PCR analysis of tissue samples from the 1979 Sverdlovsk anthrax victims: The presence of multiple Bacillus anthracis strains in different victims. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:1224-9.
137. Perez-Soler R et al. (1997) Phase I clinical and pharmacological study of liposome-entrapped NDDP administered intrapleurally in patients with malignant pleural effusions. Clin Cancer Res 3:373-9.
138. Perng RP et al. (1997) A phase I feasibility and pharmacokinetic study of intrapleural paclitaxel in patients with malignant pleural effusions. Anticancer Drugs 8:565-73.
139. Hughes RS (2005) Malignant pleural mesothelioma. Am J Med Sci 329:29-44.
140. Hagiwara A, Takahashi T, Ueda T, Iwamoto A and Torii T (1987) Activated carbon particles as anti-cancer drug carrier into regional lymph nodes. Anticancer Drug Des 1:313-21.
141. Hagiwara A et al. (1996) Methotrexate bound to carbon particles used for treating cancers with lymph node metastases in animal experiments and a clinical pilot study. Cancer 78:2199-209.
142. Minato H et al. (1994) Survival of patients with gastric cancer treated with intra-lymph nodal injection of activated carbon particles absorbed mitomycin C. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 21:2263-5.
143. Natsugoe S et al. (1993) Loco-regional treatment for esophageal cancer with bleomycin adsorbed to activated carbon particles. Anticancer Res 13:1785-7.
144. Hagiwara A et al. (1997) Selective drug delivery to peri-tumoral region and regional lymphatics by local injection of aclarubicin adsorbed on activated carbon particles in patients with breast cancer - a pilot study. Anticancer Drugs 8:666-70.
145. Huang Y et al. (2002) Local injection of M-CH combined with i.p. hyperthermic hypo-osmolar infusion is an effective therapy in advanced gastric cancer. Anticancer Drugs 13:431-5.
146. Edwards JM and Pheils PJ (1978) Endolymphatic isotope and BCG in the management of malignant melanoma. Aust N ZJ Surg 48:40-8.
147. Vebersik V (1973) Direct endolymphatic therapy using radioisotopes. Strahlentherapie 145:401-5.
148. Chiappa S, Uslenghi C, Galli G, Ravasi G and Gonadonna G (1966) Lymphangiography and endolymphatic radiotherapy in testicular tumours. Br J Radiol 39:498-512.
149. Dellepiane G, Tetti A and Davitti L (1965) Endolymphatic Radioisotope Therapy in Uterine Carcinomas. Minerva Med 56:2016-21.
150. Stauch GW, Heissen E and Magnus L (1974) Lung-dosimetry within the framework of endolymphatic radionuclide therapy. Experimental and clinical results. Med Welt 25:1036-8.
151. Kenda R, Musumeci R and Uslenghi C (1975) Endolymphatic radiotherapy in malignant lymphomas: Its potential “prophylactic” value in cases with negative lymphograms. Lymphology 8:84-90.
152. Wisner ER, Theon A, Griffey SM and Mclntire GL (2000) Long-term effect of irradiation on lymph node uptake of interstitially delivered nanoparticulate contrast media. Invest Radiol 35:199-204.
153. Wisner ER, Theon AP, Katzberg RW, Griffey SM and Mclntire GL (1999) Lymph node uptake of interstitially delivered particulate contrast media before and after irradiation in dogs. Acad Radiol 6:119-25.
154. Currier MA, Adams LC, Mahller YY and Cripe TP (2005) Widespread intratumoral virus distribution with fractionated injection enables local control of large human rhabdomyosarcoma xenografts by oncolytic herpes simplex viruses. Cancer Gene Ther.
155. Duncan IC, Fourie PA and Alberts AS (2004) Direct percutaneous intratumoral bleomycin injection for palliative treatment of impending quadriplegia. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 25:1121-3.
156. Duvillard C, Romanet P, Cosmidis A, Beaudouin N and Chauffert B (2004) Phase 2 study of intratumoral cisplatin and epinephrine treatment for locally recurrent head and neck tumors. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 113:229-33.
157. Hilger I et al. (2002) Thermal ablation of tumors using magnetic nanoparticles: An in vivo feasibility study. Invest Radiol 37:580-6.
158. Gopalan B et al. (2004) Nanoparticle based systemic gene therapy for lung cancer: Molecular mechanisms and strategies to suppress nanoparticle-mediated inflammatory response. Technol Cancer Res Treat 3:647-57.
159. Bao A, Goins B, Klipper R, Negrete G and Phillips WT (2003) 186Re-liposome labeling using 186Re-SNS/S complexes: In vitro stability, imaging, and biodistribution in rats. J Nucl Med 44:1992-9.
160. Ueno NT et al. (2002) Systemic gene therapy in human xenograft tumor models by liposomal delivery of the E1A gene. Cancer Res 62:6712-6.
161. Villaret D et al. (2002) A multicenter phase II study of tgDCC-ElA for the intratumoral treatment of patients with recurrent head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 24:661-9.
162. Nishikawa M and Hashida M (1999) Pharmacokinetics of anticancer drugs, plasmid DNA, and their delivery systems in tissue-isolated perfused tumors. Adv Drug Del Rev 40:19-37.
163. Nomura T et al. (1997) Intratumoral pharmacokinetics and in vivo gene expression of naked plasmid DNA and its cationic liposome complexes after direct gene transfer. Cancer Res 57:2681-6.
164. Bao A et al. (2005) Theoretical study of the influence of a heterogeneous activity distribution on intratumoral absorbed dose distribution. Med Phys 32:200-8.
165. Emfietzoglou D, Kostarelos K and Sgouros G (2001) An analytic dosimetry study for the use of radionuclide-liposome conjugates in internal radiotherapy. J Nucl Med 42:499-504.
166. Kostarelos K and Emfietzoglou D (2000) Tissue dosimetry of liposome-radionuclide complexes for internal radiotherapy: Toward liposome-targeted therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals. Anticancer Res 20:3339-45.
167. Kostarelos K et al. (2004) Binding and interstitial penetration of liposomes within avascular tumor spheroids. Int J Cancer 112:713-21.
168. Tsyb AF, Drozdovskii B, Ikonnikov AI and Mukhamedzhanov I (1991) Intralymphatic administration of open radionuclides in complex treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Med Radiol (Mosk) 36:12-5.
169. van der Zant FM et al. (2004) Radiation synovectomy of the ankle with 75 MBq colloidal 186rhenium-sulfide: Effect, leakage, and radiation considerations. J Rheumatol 31:896-901.
170. Galvao MM, Ianhez LE and Sabbaga E (1982) Endolymphatic irradiation. A useful method for immunosuppression in renal transplantation. AMB Rev Assoc Med Bras 28:55-8.
171. Galvao MM, Peixinho ZF, Mendes NF, Ianhez LE and Sabbaga E (1998) Endolymphatic irradiation in preparation for renal transplantation: A 26-year’s follow-up. Sao Paulo Med J 116:1710-4.