The role of job satisfaction, job ambivalence, and emotions at work in predicting organizational citizenship behavior

Journal of Personnel Psychology

Volumn 11, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 176-190

  Ziegler, René ^a   Schlett, Christian ^a   Casel, Kerstin ^a   Diehl, Michael ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TÜBINGEN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Emotions at work; Job ambivalence; Job satisfaction; Organizational citizenship behavior; Positive and negative affectivity

Indexed keywords

EID: 84871759362     PISSN: 18665888     EISSN: 21905150     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1027/1866-5888/a000071     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
2. Allen, T. D., Barnard, S., Rush, M. C., & Russell, J. E. A. (2000). Ratings of organizational citizenship behavior: Does the source make a difference? Human Resource Management Review, 10, 97-114.
3. Barnard, C. (1938). The functions of the executive. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
4. Bassiii, J. N. (1996). Meta-judgmental versus operative indexes of psychological attributes: The case of measures of attitude strength. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 686-695.
5. Bassiii, J. N. (2008). Attitude strength. In W. D. Crano & R. Prislin (Eds.), Attitudes and attitude change (pp. 237-260). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
6. Bateman, T. S., & Organ, D. W. (1983). Job satisfaction and the good soldier: The relationship between affect and employee "Citizenship". Academy of Management Journal, 26, 587-595.
7. Beal, D. J., Weiss, H. M., Barros, E. & MacDermid, S. M. (2005). An episodic process model of affective influences on performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 1054-1068.
8. Becker, T. E., & Vance, R. J. (1993). Construct validity of three types of organizational citizenship behavior: An illustration of the direct product model with refinements. Journal of Management, 19, 663-682.
9. Blau, P. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York, NY: Wiley.
10. Borg, I. (2010). A model for judgments of work values and job satisfaction. Psychological Reports, 107, 405-414.
11. Bowling, N. A. (2010). Effects of job satisfaction and conscientiousness on extra-role behaviors. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25, 119-130.
12. Bowling, N. A., & Hammond, G. D. (2008). A meta-analytic examination of the construct validity of the Michigan organizational assessment questionnaire job satisfaction subscale. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 73, 63-77.
13. Brief, A. P. (1998). Attitudes in and around organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
14. Brief, A. P., & Weiss, H. M. (2002). Affect in the workplace. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 279-307.
15. Cacioppo, J. T., & Berntson, G. G. (1994). Relationship between attitudes and evaluative space: A critical review, with emphasis on the separability of positive and negative substrates. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 401-423.
16. Cammann, C., Fichman, M., Jenkins, G. D., & Klesh, J. (1983). Michigan organizational assessment questionnaire. In S. E. Seashore, E. E. Lawler, P. H. Mirvis, & C. Cammann (Eds.), Assessing organizational change: A guide to methods, measures, and practices (pp. 71-138). New York, NY: Wiley-Interscience.
17. Cole, M. S., Brach, H., & Vogel, B. (2006). Emotion as mediators of the relations between perceived supervisor support and psychological hardiness on employee cynicism. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27, 463-484.
18. Conner, M., & Sparks, P. (2002). Ambivalence and attitudes. In W. Stroebe & M. Hewstone (Eds.), European Review of Social Psychology (Vol. 12, pp. 37-70). New York, NY: Wiley.
19. Conner, M., Sparks, P., Povey, R., James, R., Shepherd, R., & Armitage, C. J. (2002). Moderator effects of attitudinal ambivalence on attitude-behaviour relationships. European Journal of Social Psychology, 32, 705-718.
20. Cooke, R., & Sheeran, P. (2004). Moderation of cognition-intention and cognition-behaviour relations: A meta-analysis of properties of variables from the theory of planned behaviour. British Journal of Social Psychology, 43, 159-186.
21. Crano, W. D., & Prislin, R. (2006). Attitudes and persuasions. Annual Review of Psychology, 57, 345-374.
22. Dalai, R. S. (2005). A meta-analysis of the relationship between organizational citizenship behaviour and counterproductive work behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 1241-1255.
23. Diener, E., Sandvik, E., & Pavot, W. (1991). Happiness is the frequency, not the intensity, of positive versus negative affect. In F. Strack, M. Argyle, & N. Schwarz (Eds.), Subjective well-being: An interdisciplinary perspective (pp. 119-139). Elmsford, NY: Pergamon Press.
24. Dormann, C., & Zapf, D. (2001). Job satisfaction: A metaanalysis of stabilities. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 22, 483-504.
25. Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (1993). The psychology of attitudes. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
26. Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (1998). Attitude structure and function. In I D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (Vol. 4, pp. 269-322). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
27. Edwards, J. R., & Lambert, L. S. (2007). Methods for integrating moderation and mediation: A general analytical framework using moderated path analysis. Psychological Methods, 12, 1-22.
28. Erber, M. W., Hodges, S. D., & Wilson, T. D. (1995). Attitude strength: An overview. In R. E. Petty & J. A. Krosnick (Eds.), Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences (pp. 433-454). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
29. Fazio, R. H. (1986). How do attitudes guide behavior. In R. M. Sorrentino & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), The handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior (pp. 204-243). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
30. Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention, and behaviour: An introduction to theory and research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
31. Fisher, C. D. (2000). Mood and emotions while working: Missing pieces of job satisfaction? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21, 185-202.
32. Fisher, C. D. (2002). Antecedents and consequences of real-time affective reactions at work. Motivation and Emotion, 26, 3-30.
33. Foote, D. A., & Tang, T. L.-P. (2008). Job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB): Does team commitment make a difference in self-directed teams? Management Decision, 46, 933-947.
34. Frijda, N. H. (1993). The place of appraisal in emotion. Cognition and Emotion, 7, 357-387.
35. Gallup Poll (2005, August, 25). Most workers are positive, but one-third love their jobs. Abstract retrieved May 28, 2008, from http://www.gallup.com/ poll/18109/Most-Work ers-Positive-OneThird-Love-Their-Jobs.aspx
36. George, J. M. (1991). State or trait: Effects of positive mood on prosocial behaviors at work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 299-307.
37. George, J. M., & Brief, A. P. (1992). Feeling good-doing good: A conceptual analysis of the mood at work-organizational spontaneity relationship. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 310-329.
38. Glomb, T. M, Bhave, D. P., Miner, A. G., & Wall, M. (2011). Doing good, feeling good: Examining the role of organizational citizenship behaviors in changing mood. Personnel Psychology, 64, 191-223.
39. Goodman, J. S., & Blum, T. C. (1996). Assessing the non-random sampling effects of subject attrition in longitudinal research. Journal of Management, 22, 627-652.
40. Hayes, A. F., & Preacher, K. J. (2012). Statistical mediation analysis with a multi categorical independant variable. Manuscript submitted for publication.
41. Hoffman, B. J., Blair, C. A., Meriac, J. P., & Woehr, D. J. (2007). Expanding the criterion domain? A quantitative review of the OCB literature. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 555-566.
42. Ilies, R., & Judge, T. A. (2004). An experience-sampling measure of job satisfaction and its relationships with affectivity, mood at work, job beliefs, and general job satisfaction. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 13, 367-389.
43. Isen, A. M., & Levin, A. F. (1972). Effects of feeling good on helping: Cookies and kindness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 21, 384-388.
44. Jonas, K., Broemer, P., & Diehl, M. (2000a). Attitudinal ambivalence. In W. Stroebe & M. Hewstone (Eds.), European Review of Social Psychology (Vol. 11, pp. 35-74). New York, NY: Wiley.
45. Jonas, K., Broemer, P., & Diehl, M. (2000b). Experienced ambivalence as a moderator of the consistency between attitudes and behaviors. Zeitschriftför Sozialpsychologie, 31, 153-165.
46. Jonas, K., & Ziegler, R. (2007). Attitudinal ambivalence. In M. Hewstone, H. A. W. Schut, J. B. F. de Wit, K. van den Bos, & M. S. Stroebe (Eds.), The scope of social psychology: Theory and applications (pp. 29-42). Hove, UK: Psychology Press.
47. Judge, T. A., Thoresen, C. J., Bono, J. E., & Patton, G. K. (2001). The job satisfaction-job performance relationship: A qualitative and quantitative review. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 376-407.
48. Kahneman, D., Diener, E., & Schwarz, N. (1999). Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
49. Kaplan, K. J. (1972). On the ambivalence-indifference problem in attitude theory and measurement: A suggested modification of the semantic differential technique. Psychological Bulletin, 77, 361-372.
50. Kaplan, S., Bradley, J. C., Luchman, J. N., & Haynes, D. (2009). On the role of positive and negative affectivity in job performance: A meta-analytic investigation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 162-176.
51. Kaplan, S. A., Warren, C. R., Barsky, A. P., & Thoresen, C. J. (2009). A note on the relationship between affect(ivity) and differing conceptualizations of job satisfaction: Some unexpected meta-analytic findings. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 18, 29-54.
52. Katz, D. (1964). The motivational basis of organizational behavior. Behavioral Science, 9, 131-146.
53. Kemery, E. R., Bedeian, A. G., & Zacur, S. R. (1996). Expectancy-based job cognitions and job affect as predictors of organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 26, 635-651.
54. Kraus, S. J. (1995). Attitudes and the prediction of behavior: A meta-analysis of the empirical literature. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 58-75.
55. Krohne, H. W, Egloff, B., Kohlmann, C. W. & Tausch, A. (1996). Untersuchungen mit einer deutschen Version der "Positive and Negative Affect Schedule" (PANAS). Studies with the German version of the "Positive and Negative Affect Schedule" (PANAS). Diagnostica, 42, 139-156.
56. Krosnick, J. A., & Petty, R. E. (1995). Attitude strength: An overview. In R. E. Petty & J. A. Krosnick (Eds.), Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences (pp. 1-24). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
57. Kunin, T. (1955). The construction of a new type of attitude measure. Personnel Psychology, 9, 65-78.
58. Lee, K., & Allen, N. J. (2002). Organizational citizenship behavior and workplace deviance: The role of affect and cognitions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 131-142.
59. LePine, J. A., Erez, A., & Johnson, D. E. (2002). The nature and dimensionality of organizational citizenship behavior: A critical review and meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 52-65.
60. Lester, S. W, Meglino, B. M., & Korsgaard, M. A. (2008). The role of other orientation in organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29, 829-841.
61. Locke, K. D., & Braun, C. C. (2009). Ambivalence versus valence: Analyzing the effects of opposing attitudes. Social Cognition, 27, 89-104.
62. Menard, S. (1995). Applied logistic regression analysis: Sage university series on quantitative applications in the social sciences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
63. Mignonac, K., & Herrbach, O. (2004). Linking work events, affective states, and attitudes: An empirical study of managers' emotions. Journal of Business and Psychology, 19, 221-240.
64. Mitchell, T. R. (1974). Expectancy models of job satisfaction, occupational preference and effort: A theoretical, methodological, and empirical appraisal. Psychological Bulletin, 81, 1053-1077.
65. Moorman, R. H. (1993). The influence of cognitive and affective based job satisfaction measures on the relationship between satisfaction and organizational citizenship behavior. Human Relations, 46, 759-776.
66. Ng, T. W. H., & Feldman, D. C. (2008). The relationship of age to ten dimensions of job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 392-423.
67. Ng, T. W. H., & Feldman, D. C. (2010). Organizational tenure and job performance. Journal of Management, 36, 1220 - 1250.
68. Organ, D. W. (1988). Organizational citizenship behavior: The good soldier syndrome. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
69. Organ, D. W. (1997). Organizational citizenship behaviour: It's construct clean-up time. Human Performance, 10, 85-97.
70. Organ, D. W, & Konovsky, M. (1989). Cognitive versus affective determinants of organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 157-164.
71. Organ, D. W, & Ryan, K. (1995). A meta-analytic review of attitudinal and dispositional predictors of organizational citizenship behavior. Personnel Psychology, 48, 775 - 802.
72. Paternoster, R., Brame, R., Mazeroile, P., & Piquero, A. (1998). Using the correct statistical test for the equality of regression coefficients. Criminology, 36, 859-866.
73. Petty, R. E., Brinol, P., Tormala, Z. L., & Wegener, D. T. (2007). The role of metacognition in social judgment. In A. W. Kruglanski & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (2nd ed., pp. 254 - 284). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
74. Petty, R. E. & Krosnick, J. A. (Eds.). (1995). Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
75. Podsakoff, P. M., & MacKenzie, S. B. (1997). Impact of organizational citizenship behavior on organizational performance: A review and suggestions for future research. Human Performance, 10, 133-151.
76. Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 879-903.
77. Podsakoff, N. P., Whiting, S. W. Podsakoff, P. M. & Blume, B. D. (2009). Individual- and organizational-level consequences of organizational citizenship behaviors: A metaanalysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 122-141.
78. Preacher, K. J., Rucker, D. D., & Hayes, A. F. (2007). Assessing moderated mediation hypotheses: Theory, methods, and prescriptions. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 42, 185 - 227.
79. Riketta, M., & Ziegler, R. (2006). Self-esteem and self-ambiv-alence. Current Psychology, 25, 192-211.
80. Schimmack, U., & Diener, E. (1997). Affect intensity: Separating intensity and frequency in repeatedly measured affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1313 - 1329.
81. Schleicher, D. J., Watt, J. D., & Greguras, G. J. (2004). Reexamining the job satisfaction-performance relationship: The complexity of attitudes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 165-177.
82. See, Y. H. M., Petty, R. E., & Fabrigar, L. R. (2008). Affective and cognitive meta-bases of attitudes: Unique effects on information interest and persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94, 938-955.
83. Siemsen, E., Roth, A., & Oliveira, P. (2010). Common method bias in regression models with linear, quadratic, and interaction effects. Organizational Research Methods, 13, 456-476.
84. Smith, C. A., Organ, D. W., & Near, J. P. (1983). Organizational citizenship behavior: Its nature and antecedents. Journal of Applied Pychology, 68, 653-663.
85. Spector, P. E., & Fox, S. (2002). An emotion-centered model of voluntary work behaviour. Some parallels between counterproductive work behavior and organizational citizenship behaviour. Human Resource Management Review, 12, 269-292.
86. Staufenbiel, T., & Hartz, C. (2000). Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Entwicklung und erste Validierung eines Messinstruments. Diagnostica, 46, 73-83.
87. Thomas, D. L., & Diener, E. (1990). Memory accuracy in the recall of emotions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 291-297.
88. Thompson, M. M., & Zanna, M. P. (1995). The conflicted individual: Personality-based and domain specific antecedents of ambivalent social attitudes. Journal of Personality, 63, 259-288.
89. Thompson, M. M., Zanna, M. P., & Griffin, D. W. (1995). Let's not be indifferent about (attitudinal) ambivalence. In R. E. Petty & J. A. Krosnick (Eds.), Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences (pp. 361-386). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
90. Thoresen, C. J., Kaplan, S. A., Barsky, A. P., Warren, C. R., & de Chermont, K. (2003). The affective underpinning of job perceptions and attitudes: A meta-analytic review and integration. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 914-945.
91. Ullrich, J., Schermelleh-Engel, K., & Böttcher, B. (2008). The moderator effect that wasn't there: Statistical problems in ambivalence research. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 774-794.
92. Van Katwyk, P. T., Fox, S., Spector, P. E., & Kelloway, E. K. (2000). Using the job-related affective well-being scale (JAWS) to investigate affective responses to work stressors. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5, 219-230.
93. Vilela, B. B., Gonzalez, J. A. V., & Ferrin, P. F. (2010). Salespersons' self-monitoring: Direct, indirect, and moderating effects on salespersons' organizational citizenship behavior. Psychology & Marketing, 27, 71-89.
94. Wanous, J. P., Reichers, A. E., & Hudy, M. J. (1997). Overall job satisfaction: How good are single-item measures? Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 247-252.
95. Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1984). Negative affectivity: The disposition to experience aversive emotional states. Psychological Bulletin, 96, 465-490.
96. Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Teilegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070.
97. Watson, D., & Tellegen, A. (1985). Toward a consensual structure of mood. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 219-235.
98. Weaver, C. V. (1980). Job satisfaction in the United States in the 1970 s. Journal of Applied Psychology, 65, 364-367.
99. Weiss, D., Dawis, R., England, G., & Lofquist, L. (1967). Manual for the Minnesota satisfaction questionnaire. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota.
100. Weiss, H. M. (2002). Deconstructing job satisfaction: Separating evaluations, beliefs and affective experiences. Human Resource Management Review, 12, 173-194.
101. Weiss, H. M., & Cropanzano, R. (1996). Affective events theory: A theoretical discussion of the structure, causes and consequences of affective experiences at work. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior (Vol. 18, pp. 1-74). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
102. Weiss, H. M., Nicholas, J. P., & Daus, C. S. (1999). An examination of the joint effects of affective experiences and job beliefs on job satisfaction and variations in affective experiences over time. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 78, 1-24.
103. Williams, L. J., & Anderson, S. E. (1991). Job satisfaction and organizational commitment as predictors of organizational citizenship and in-role behaviors. Journal of Management, 17, 601-617.
104. Ziegler, R., Hagen, B., & Diehl, M. (2012). Relationship between job satisfaction and job performance: Job ambivalence as a moderator. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 42, 2019-2040. doi: 10.1111/j. 1559-1816.2012.00929.x
105. Ziegler, R., Schlett, C., & Diehl, M. (2011, September). Was fuhrt dazu, dass Beschäftigte ihre Arbeit gleichzeitig gut und schlecht finden? Kognitive und affektive Determinanten des Erlebens von Ambivalenz bezüglich der eigenen Arbeit. [What leads employees to both like and dislike their job? Cognitive and affective determinants of experienced job ambivalence]. Paper presented at the 7th Meeting of the Section Work, Organisational, and Business Psychology of the German Psychological Society, Rostock.