An episodic process model of affective influences on performance

Journal of Applied Psychology

Volumn 90, Issue 6, 2005, Pages 1054-1068

  Beal, Daniel J ^a,d   Weiss, Howard M ^a   Barros, Eduardo ^b,c   MacDermid, Shelley M ^a  

^a PURDUE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DE CHILE   (Chile)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CHILE   (Chile)

^d RICE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Emotion episodes; Emotion regulation; Performance; Performance episodes; Resource allocation

Indexed keywords

ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR; ATTENTION; EMOTION; HUMAN; INDIVIDUALITY; PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT; PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL; REVIEW; TASK PERFORMANCE;

ADAPTATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; ATTENTION; EMOTIONS; EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL; HUMANS; INDIVIDUALITY; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; TASK PERFORMANCE AND ANALYSIS;

EID: 29444457362     PISSN: 00219010     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.90.6.1054     Document Type: Review

References (119)

1. Ackerman, P. L. (1986). Individual differences in information processing: An investigation of intellectual abilities and task performance during practice. Intelligence, 10, 101-139.
2. Ackerman, P. L. (1987). Individual differences in skill learning: An integration of psychometric and information processing perspectives. Psychological Bulletin, 102, 3-27.
3. Ackerman, P. L. (1988). Determinants of individual differences during skill acquisition: Cognitive abilities and information processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 117, 288-318.
4. Alliger, G. M., & Williams, K. J. (1993). Using signal-contingent experience sampling methodology to study work in the field: A discussion and illustration examining task perceptions and mood. Personnel Psychology, 46, 525-549.
5. Anderson, K. J., & Revelle, W. (1994). Impulsivity and time of day: Is rate of change in arousal a function of impulsivity? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 334-344.
6. Ashforth, B. E., & Saks, A. M. (2002). Feeling your way: Emotions and organizational entry. In R. G. Lord, R. J. Klimoski, & R. Kanfer (Eds.), Emotions in the workplace: Understanding the structure and role of emotions in organizational behavior (pp. 331-369). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
7. Austin, J. T., & Vancouver, J. B. (1996). Goal constructs in psychology: Structure, process, and content. Psychological Bulletin, 120, 338-375.
8. Baldamus, W. (1961). Efficiency and effort: An analysis of industrial administration. London: Tavistock.
9. Barker, R. G. (1963). The stream of behavior as an empirical problem. In R. G. Barker (Ed.), The stream of behavior (pp. 1-22). New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
10. Barker, R. G. (1968). Ecological psychology: Concepts and methods for studying the environment of human behavior, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
11. Baumeister, R. F. (1998). The self. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (Vol. 1, 4th ed., pp. 680-740). New York: McGraw-Hill.
12. Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Muraven, M., & Tice, D. M. (1998). Ego depletion: Is the active self a limited resource? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1252-1265.
13. Baumeister, R. F., & Exline, J. J. (1999). Virtue, personality and social relations: Self-control as the moral muscle. Journal of Personality, 67, 1165-1194.
14. Baumeister, R. F., Muraven, M., & Tice, D. M. (2000). Ego depletion: A resource model of volition, self-regulation, and controlled processing. Social Cognition, 18, 130-150.
15. Baumeister, R. F., Twenge, J. M., & Nuss, C. K. (2002). Effects of social exclusion on cognitive processes: Anticipated aloneness reduces intelligent thought. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 817-827.
16. Beal, D. J., & Weiss, H. M. (2003). Methods of ecological momentary assessment in organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 6, 440-464.
17. Berkowitz, L. (1989). Frustration-aggression hypothesis: Examination and reformulation. Psychological Bulletin, 106, 59-73.
18. Bluedorn, A. C. (2002). The human organization of time: Temporal realities and experience. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
19. Brief, A. P., & Weiss, H. M. (2002). Organizational behavior: Affect in the workplace. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 279-307.
20. Brotheridge, C. M., & Grandey, A. A. (2002). Emotional labor and burn-out: Comparing two perspectives of "people work." Journal of Vocational Behavior, 60, 17-39.
21. Cannon, W. B. (1927). The James-Lange theory of emotions: A critical examination and an alternative theory. American Journal of Psychology, 39, 106-124.
22. Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1998). On the self-regulation of behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press.
23. Christianson, S. (1992). Emotional stress and eyewitness memory: A critical review. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 284-309.
24. Clore, G. L. (1994). Why emotions are felt. In P. Ekman & R. J. Davidson (Eds.), The nature of emotion (pp. 103-111). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
25. Craik, K. H. (2000). The lived day of an individual: A person-environment perspective. In W. B. Walsh, K. H. Craik, & R. H. Price (Eds.), Person-environment psychology (2nd ed., pp. 233-266). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
26. Crinella, F. M., & Yu, J. (1999). Brain mechanisms and intelligence. Psychometric g and executive function. Intelligence, 27, 299-327.
27. Csikszentmihalyi, M., & LeFevre, J. (1989). Optimal experience in work and leisure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56,815-822.
28. Deadrick, D. L., Bennett, N., & Russell, C. J. (1997). Using hierarchical linear modeling to examine dynamic performance criteria over time. Journal of Management, 23, 745-757.
29. DeNisi, A. S., & Shaw, J. B. (1977). Investigation of the uses of self-reports of abilities. Journal of Applied Psychology, 62, 641-644.
30. Dickman, H. R. (1963). The perception of behavioral units. In R. G. Barker (Ed.), The stream of behavior (pp. 23-41). New York: Appleton-Century- Crofts.
31. Dickman, S. J. (2002). Dimensions of arousal: Wakefulness and vigor. Human Factors, 44, 429-442.
32. Doerr, K. H., Mitchell, T. R., Klastorin, T. D., & Brown, K. A. (1996). Impact of material flow policies and goals on job outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 142-152.
33. Easterbrook, J. A. (1959). The effect of emotion on cue utilization and the organization of behavior. Psychological Review, 66, 183-201.
34. Fisher, C. D., & Noble, C. S. (2004). A within-person examination of correlates of performance and emotions while working. Human Performance, 17, 145-168.
35. Fitness, J. (2000). Anger in the workplace: An emotion script approach to anger episodes between workers and their superiors, co-workers and subordinates. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21, 147-162.
36. Fleeson, W. (2001). Toward a structure- and process-integrated view of personality: Traits as density distributions of states. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 1011-1027.
37. Forgas, J. P. (1995). Mood and judgment: The affect infusion model (AIM). Psychological Bulletin, 117, 39-66.
38. Forgas, J. P. (1998). On feeling good and getting your way: Mood effects on negotiation strategies and outcomes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 565-577.
39. Frankenhaeuser, M., Lundberg, U., Fredrikson, M., Melin, B., Tuomisto, M., Myrstern, A., et al. (1989). Stress on and off the job as related to sex and occupational status in white-collar workers. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 10, 321-346.
40. Frijda, N. H. (1993). Moods, emotion episodes and emotions. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 381-403). New York: Guilford Press.
41. Fritz, C., & Sonnentag, S. (2004). Recovery, health, and job performance: Effects of weekend experiences. Unpublished manuscript, Technical University of Braunschweig, Germany.
42. George, J. M. (1991). State or trait: Effects of positive mood on prosocial behaviors at work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 299-307.
43. George, J. M., & Brief, A. P. (1996). Motivational agendas in the work-place: The effects of feelings on focus of attention and work motivation. Research in Organizational Behavior, 18, 75-109.
44. George, J. M., & Zhou, J. (2002). Understanding when bad moods foster creativity and good ones don't: The role of context and clarity of feelings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 687-697.
45. Glomb, T. M., Steel, P. D. G., & Arvey, R. D. (2002). Office sneers, snipes, and stab wounds: Antecedents, consequences, and implications of work-place violence and aggression. In R. G. Lord, R. J. Klimoski, & R. Kanfer (Eds.), Emotions in the workplace: Understanding the structure and role of emotions in organizational behavior (pp. 227-259). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
46. Grandey, A. A. (2000). Emotional regulation in the workplace: A new way to conceptualize emotional labor. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5, 95-110.
47. Grandey, A. A. (2003). When "the show must go on": Surface and deep acting as determinants of emotional exhaustion and peer-rated service delivery. Academy of Management Journal, 46, 86-96.
48. Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2, 271-299.
49. Harackiewicz, J. M. Durik, A. M., & Barron, K. E. (2005). Multiple goals, optimal motivation, and the development of interest. In J. P. Forgas, K. D. Williams, & S. M. Lahan (Eds.), Social motivation: Conscious and unconscious processes (pp. 21-39). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
50. Hartig, T., Mang, M., & Evans, G. (1991). Restorative effects of natural environment experiences. Environment and Behavior, 23, 3-26.
51. Heckhausen, J., & Schulz, R. (1995). A life-span theory of control. Psychological Review, 102, 284-304.
52. Hirst, W., & Kalmar, D. (1987). Characterizing attentional resources. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 116, 68-81.
53. Humphreys, L. G. (1979). The construct of general intelligence. Intelligence, 3, 105-120.
54. Humphreys, M. S., & Revelle, W. (1984). Personality, motivation, and performance: A theory of the relationship between individual differences and information processing. Psychological Review, 91, 153-184.
55. Isen, A., & Baron, R. (1991). Positive affect as a factor in organizational behavior. In L. L. Cummings & B. M. Staw (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (Vol. 13, pp. 1-54). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
56. Isen, A. M., Daubman, K. A., & Nowicki, G. P. (1987). Positive affect facilitates creative problem solving. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 1122-1131.
57. James, W. (1884). What is an emotion? Mind, 19, 188-205.
58. Jett, Q. R., & George, J. M. (2003). Work interrupted: A closer look at the role of interruptions in organizational life. Academy of Management Review, 28, 494-507.
59. Kahneman, D. (1973). Attention and effort. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
60. Kane, J. S., & Lawler, E. E. (1979). Performance appraisal effectiveness: Its assessment and determinants. In B. Staw (Ed.), Research in organizational behavior (Vol. 1, pp. 425-478). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
61. Kanfer, R., & Ackerman, P. L. (1989). Motivation and cognitive abilities: An integrative aptitude-treatment interaction approach to skill acquisition. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 657-690.
62. Kanfer, R., Ackerman, P. L., Murtha, T. C., Dugdale, B., & Nelson, L. (1994). Goal setting, conditions of practice, and task performance: A resource allocation perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 826-835.
63. Kaplan, R. (2001). The nature of the view from home: Psychological benefits. Environment & Behavior, 33, 507-542.
64. Kelly, J. R., & Barsade, S. G. (2001). Mood and emotions in small groups and work teams. Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes, 86, 99-130.
65. Klinger, E. (1996). The contents of thoughts: Interference as the downside of adaptive normal mechanisms in thought flow. In I. G. Sarason, G. R. Pierce, & B. R. Sarason (Eds.), Cognitive interference: Theories, methods, and findings (pp. 3-23). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
66. Larsen, R. J. (2000). Toward a science of mood regulation. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 129-141.
67. Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Progress on a cognitive-motivational-relational theory of emotion. American Psychologist, 46, 819-834.
68. Lewis, K. M. (2000). When leaders display emotion: How followers respond to negative emotional expression of male and female leaders. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21, 221-234.
69. Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. A. (1990). Theory of goal setting and task performance. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
70. Lord, R. G., & Hanges, P. J. (1987). A control system model of organizational motivation: Theoretical development and applied implications. Behavioral Science, 32, 161-178.
71. Mabe, P. A., & West, S. G. (1982). Validity of self-evaluation of ability: A review and meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67, 280-296.
72. Madjar, N., Oldham, G. R., & Pratt, M. G. (2002). There's no place like home? The contributions of work and nonwork creativity support to employees' creative performance. Academy of Management Journal, 45, 757-767.
73. Martin, L. L., & Stoner, P. (1996). Mood as input: What we think about how we feel determines how we think. In L. L. Martin & A. Tesser (Eds.), Striving and feeling: Interactions among goals, affect, and self-regulation (pp. 279-301). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
74. Martin, L. L., & Tesser, A. (1996). Some ruminative thoughts. In R. S. Wyer, Jr. (Ed.), Advances in social cognition (Vol. 9, pp. 1-47). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
75. McCloy, R. A., Campbell, J. P., & Cudeck, R. (1994). A confirmatory test of a model of performance determinants. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 493-505.
76. Mellers, B. A. (2000). Choice and the relative pleasure of consequences. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 910-924.
77. Meyer, D. E., & Kieras, D. E. (1997). A computational theory of executive cognitive processes and multiple-task performance: I. Basic mechanisms. Psychological Review, 104, 3-65.
78. Morris, J. A., & Feldman, D. C. (1996). The dimensions, antecedents, and consequences of emotional labor. Academy of Management Review, 21, 986-1010.
79. Muraven, M., & Baumeister, R. F. (2000). Self-regulation and depletion of limited resources: Does self-control resemble a muscle? Psychological Bulletin, 126, 247-259.
80. Muraven, M., & Slessareva, E. (2003). Mechanisms of self-control failure: Motivation and limited resources. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 894-906.
81. Muraven, M., Tice, D. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (1998). Self-control as a limited resource: Regulatory depletion patterns. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 774-789.
82. Newtson, D. (1973). Attribution and the unit of perception of ongoing behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 28, 28-38.
83. Newtson, D., & Engquist, G. (1976). The perceptual organization of ongoing behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 12, 436-450.
84. Norman, D. A., & Bobrow, G. (1975). On data-limited and resource-limited processes. Cognitive Psychology, 7, 44-64.
85. Palmer, D. K., & Schoorman, F. D. (1999). Unpackaging the multiple aspects of time in polychronicity. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 14, 323-344.
86. Pashler, H. (1994). Dual-task interference in simple tasks: Data and theory. Psychological Bulletin, 116, 220-244.
87. Pelled, L. H., & Xin, K. R. (1999). Down and out: An investigation of the relationship between mood and employee withdrawal behavior. Journal of Management, 25, 875-895.
88. Pillutla, M. M., & Murnighan, J. K. (1996). Unfairness, anger, and spite: Emotional rejections of ultimatum offers. Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes, 68, 208-224.
89. Pintrich, P. R., & de Groot, E. V. (1990). Motivational and self-regulated learning components of classroom academic performance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82, 33-40.
90. Posner, M. I., & Snyder, C. R. (1975). Attention and cognitive control. In R. L. Solso (Ed.), Information processing and cognition (pp. 55-85). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
91. Pugh, S. D. (2001). Service with a smile: Emotional contagion in the service encounter. Academy of Management Journal, 44, 1018-1027.
92. Pugh, S. D. (2002). Emotional regulation in individuals and dyads: Causes, costs, and consequences. In R. G. Lord, R. J. Klimoski, & R. Kanfer (Eds.), Emotions in the workplace: Understanding the structure and role of emotions in organizational behavior (pp. 147-182). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
93. Ree, M. J., Earles, J. A., & Teachout, M. S. (1994). Predicting job performance: Not much more than g. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 518-524.
94. Richards, J. M., & Gross, J. J. (1999). Composure at any cost? The cognitive consequences of emotion suppression. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 1033-1044.
95. Richards, J. M., & Gross, J. J. (2000). Emotion regulation and memory: The cognitive costs of keeping one's cool. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 410-424.
96. Robinson, M. D., & Clore, G. L. (2002). Belief and feeling: Evidence for an accessibility model of emotional self-report. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 934-960.
97. Sarason, I. G. (1984). Stress, anxiety, and cognitive interference: Reactions to tests. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 929-938.
98. Schmeichel, B. J., Vohs, K. D., & Baumeister, R. F. (2003). Intellectual performance and ego depletion: Role of the self in logical reasoning and other information processing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 33-46.
99. Schneider, W., & Fisk, A. D. (1982). Concurrent automatic and control visual search: Can it be done without cost? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 8, 261-278.
100. Shah, J. Y., Friedman, R., & Kruglanski, A. W. (2002). Forgetting all else: On the antecedents and consequences of goal shielding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 1261-1280.
101. Sinclair, R. C. (1988). Mood, categorization breadth, and performance appraisal: The effects of order of information acquisition and affective state on halo, accuracy, information retrieval, and evaluations. Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes, 42, 22-46.
102. Smith, C. A., Haynes, K. N., Lazarus, R. S., & Pope, L. K. (1993). In search of the "hot" cognitions: Attributions, appraisals, and their relation to emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 916-929.
103. Smith, C. A., & Kirby, L. D. (2001). Affect and cognitive appraisal processes. In J. P. Forgas (Ed.), Handbook of social cognition (pp. 75-92). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
104. Smith, C. A., Organ, D. W., & Near, J. P. (1983). Organizational citizenship behavior: Its nature and antecedents. Journal of Applied Psychology, 68, 653-663.
105. Smith, R. E. (1996). Performance anxiety, cognitive interference, and concentration enhancement strategies in sports. In I. G. Sarason, G. R. Pierce, & B. R. Sarason (Eds.), Cognitive interference: Theories, methods, and findings (pp. 261-283). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
106. Sonnemans, J., & Frijda, N. H. (1994). The structure of subjective emotional intensity. Cognition & Emotion, 8, 329-350.
107. Sonnentag, S. (2003). Recovery, work engagement, and practice behavior: A new look at the interface between nonwork and work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 518-528.
108. Spector, P. E., & Fox, S. (2002). An emotion-centered model of voluntary work behavior: Some parallels between counterproductive work behavior and organizational citizenship behavior. Human Resource Management Review, 12, 269-292.
109. Speier, C., Valacich, J. S., & Vessey, I. (1999). The influence of task interruption on individual decision making: An information overload perspective. Decision Sciences, 30, 337-360.
110. Thompson, T., Webber, K., & Montgomery, I. (2002). Performance and persistence of worriers and non-worriers following success and failure feedback. Personality & Individual Differences, 33, 837-848.
111. Vancouver, J. B. (2000). Self-regulation in organizational settings: A tale of two paradigms. In M. Boekaerts, P. R. Pintrich, & M. Zeidner (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation (pp. 303-341). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
112. Weiss, H. M. (2002). Deconstructing job satisfaction: Separating evaluations, beliefs and affective experiences. Human Resource Management Review, 12, 173-194.
113. Weiss, H. M., Ashkanasy, N. M., & Beal, D. J. (2004). Attentional and regulatory mechanisms of momentary work motivation and performance. In J. P. Forgas, K. D. Williams, & S. M. Lahan (Eds.), Social motivation: Conscious and unconscious processes (pp. 314-331). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
114. Weiss, H. M., & Cropanzano, R. (1996). Affective events theory: A theoretical discussion of the structure, causes and consequences of affective experiences at work. Research in Organizational Behavior, 18, 1-74.
115. Weiss, H. M., Nicholas, J. P., & Daus, C. S. (1999). An examination of the joint effects of affective experiences and job beliefs on job satisfaction and variations in affective experiences over time. Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes, 78, 1-24.
116. Weiss, H. M., Suckow, K., & Cropanzano, R. (1999). Effects of justice conditions on discrete emotions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84, 786-794.
117. Westman, M., & Eden, D. (1997). Effects of a respite from work on burnout: Vacation relief and fade-out. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 516-527.
118. Yee, P. L., & Vaughan, J. (1996). Integrating cognitive, personality and social approaches to cognitive interference and distractibility. In I. G. Sarason, G. R. Pierce, & B. R. Sarason (Eds.), Cognitive interference: Theories, methods, and findings (pp. 77-98). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
119. Zapf, D. (2002). Emotion work and psychological well-being: A review of the literature and some conceptual considerations. Human Resource Management Review, 12, 237-268.