메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 5, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 722-728

Baicalein induces apoptosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells through modulation of the PI3K/Akt pathway

Author keywords

Baicalein; Cell apoptosis; Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; PI3K Akt signaling pathway

Indexed keywords

BAICALEIN; CASPASE 3; CASPASE 9; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; MAMMALIAN TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN; NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE RIBOSYLTRANSFERASE; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3 KINASE; PROCASPASE 3; PROCASPASE 9; PROTEIN BAX; PROTEIN KINASE B;

EID: 84871585110     PISSN: 17921074     EISSN: 17921082     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3892/ol.2012.1069     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (74)

References (47)
  • 1
    • 33646568784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns of cancer incidence, mortality, and prevalence across five continents: Defining priorities to reduce cancer disparities in different geographic regions of the world
    • Kamangar F, Dores GM and Anderson WF: Patterns of cancer incidence, mortality, and prevalence across five continents: defining priorities to reduce cancer disparities in different geographic regions of the world. J Clin Oncol 24: 2137-2150, 2006.
    • (2006) J Clin Oncol , vol.24 , pp. 2137-2150
    • Kamangar, F.1    Dores, G.M.2    Anderson, W.F.3
  • 2
    • 0034767957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cancer burden in the year 2000. The global picture
    • S4-66
    • Parkin DM, Bray FI and Devesa SS: Cancer burden in the year 2000. The global picture. Eur J Cancer 37: S4-66, 2001.
    • (2001) Eur J Cancer , vol.37
    • Parkin, D.M.1    Bray, F.I.2    Devesa, S.S.3
  • 3
    • 62549106168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EUROCARE-4. Survival of cancer patients diagnosed in 1995-1999. Results and commentary
    • EUROCARE Working Group
    • Sant M, Allemani C, Santaquilani M, Knijn A, Marchesi F, and Capocaccia R; EUROCARE Working Group: EUROCARE-4. Survival of cancer patients diagnosed in 1995-1999. Results and commentary. Eur J Cancer 45: 931-991, 2009.
    • (2009) Eur J Cancer , vol.45 , pp. 931-991
    • Sant, M.1    Allemani, C.2    Santaquilani, M.3    Knijn, A.4    Marchesi, F.5    Capocaccia, R.6
  • 4
    • 0242674621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic polymorphisms and susceptibility to esophageal cancer among Chinese population (review)
    • Xing D, Tan W and Lin D: Genetic polymorphisms and susceptibility to esophageal cancer among Chinese population (review). Oncol Rep 10: 1615-1623, 2003.
    • (2003) Oncol Rep , vol.10 , pp. 1615-1623
    • Xing, D.1    Tan, W.2    Lin, D.3
  • 5
    • 0035168386 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Etiology and chemoprevention of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
    • Stoner GD and Gupta A: Etiology and chemoprevention of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Carcinogenesis 22: 1737-1746, 2001.
    • (2001) Carcinogenesis , vol.22 , pp. 1737-1746
    • Stoner, G.D.1    Gupta, A.2
  • 8
    • 80054801886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antitumor and apoptosis-promoting properties of emodin, an anthraquinone derivative from Rheum officinale Baill, against pancreatic cancer in mice via inhibition of Akt activation
    • Wei WT, Chen H, Ni ZL, Liu HB, Tong HF, Fan L, Liu A, QiuMX, Liu DL, Guo HC, Wang ZH and Lin SZ: Antitumor and apoptosis-promoting properties of emodin, an anthraquinone derivative from Rheum officinale Baill, against pancreatic cancer in mice via inhibition of Akt activation. Int J Oncol 39: 1381-1390, 2011.
    • (2011) Int J Oncol , vol.39 , pp. 1381-1390
    • Wei, W.T.1    Chen, H.2    Ni, Z.L.3    Liu, H.B.4    Tong, H.F.5    Fan, L.6    Liu, A.7    Qiu, M.X.8    Liu, D.L.9    Guo, H.C.10    Wang, Z.H.11    Lin, S.Z.12
  • 10
    • 0019859429 scopus 로고
    • Studies on Scutellariae radix. III. Effects on lipid metabolism in serum, liver and fat cells of rats
    • Kimura Y, Kubo M, Tani T, Arichi S, Ohminami H and OkudaH: Studies on Scutellariae radix. III. Effects on lipid metabolism in serum, liver and fat cells of rats. Chem Pharm Bull 29: 2308-2312, 1981.
    • (1981) Chem Pharm Bull , vol.29 , pp. 2308-2312
    • Kimura, Y.1    Kubo, M.2    Tani, T.3    Arichi, S.4    Ohminami, H.5    Okuda, H.6
  • 11
    • 0029704787 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The anti-inflammatory activity of Scutellaria rivularis extracts and its active components, baicalin, baicalein and wogonin
    • Lin CC and Shieh DE: The anti-inflammatory activity of Scutellaria rivularis extracts and its active components, baicalin, baicalein and wogonin. Am J Chin Med 24: 31-36, 1996.
    • (1996) Am J Chin Med , vol.24 , pp. 31-36
    • Lin, C.C.1    Shieh, D.E.2
  • 12
    • 80054988897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Study of the chemical composition and antimicrobial activities of ethanolic extracts from roots of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi
    • Lu Y, Joerger R and Wu C: Study of the chemical composition and antimicrobial activities of ethanolic extracts from roots of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. J Agric Food Chem 59: 10934-10942, 2011.
    • (2011) J Agric Food Chem , vol.59 , pp. 10934-10942
    • Lu, Y.1    Joerger, R.2    Wu, C.3
  • 14
    • 20144387818 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Baicalein, a component of Scutellariae radix from Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Tang (HLJDT), leads to suppression of proliferation and induction of apoptosis in human myeloma cells
    • Ma Z, Otsuyama K, Liu S, Abroun S, Ishikawa H, Tsuyama N, Obata M, Li FJ, Zheng X, Maki Y, Miyamoto K and KawanoMM: Baicalein, a component of Scutellariae radix from Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Tang (HLJDT), leads to suppression of proliferation and induction of apoptosis in human myeloma cells. Blood 105: 3312-3318, 2005.
    • (2005) Blood , vol.105 , pp. 3312-3318
    • Ma, Z.1    Otsuyama, K.2    Liu, S.3    Abroun, S.4    Ishikawa, H.5    Tsuyama, N.6    Obata, M.7    Li, F.J.8    Zheng, X.9    Maki, Y.10    Miyamoto, K.11    Kawano, M.M.12
  • 15
    • 0034434206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Baicalein, a novel apoptotic agent for hepatoma cell lines: A potential medicine for hepatoma
    • Chen CH, Huang LL, Huang CC, Lin CC, Lee Y and Lu FJ: Baicalein, a novel apoptotic agent for hepatoma cell lines: a potential medicine for hepatoma. Nutr Cancer 38: 287-295, 2000.
    • (2000) Nutr Cancer , vol.38 , pp. 287-295
    • Chen, C.H.1    Huang, L.L.2    Huang, C.C.3    Lin, C.C.4    Lee, Y.5    Lu, F.J.6
  • 16
    • 17444390875 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Baicalein induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human lung squamous carcinoma CH27 cells
    • Lee HZ, Leung HW, Lai MY and Wu CH: Baicalein induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human lung squamous carcinoma CH27 cells. Anticancer Res 25: 959-964, 2005.
    • (2005) Anticancer Res , vol.25 , pp. 959-964
    • Lee, H.Z.1    Leung, H.W.2    Lai, M.Y.3    Wu, C.H.4
  • 17
    • 36749022239 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Baicalein induces cancer cell death and proliferation retardation by the inhibition of CDC2 kinase and survivin associated with opposite role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and AKT
    • Chao JI, Su WC and Liu HF: Baicalein induces cancer cell death and proliferation retardation by the inhibition of CDC2 kinase and survivin associated with opposite role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and AKT. Mol Cancer Ther 6: 3039-3048, 2007.
    • (2007) Mol Cancer Ther , vol.6 , pp. 3039-3048
    • Chao, J.I.1    Su, W.C.2    Liu, H.F.3
  • 18
    • 33645068853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Baicalin-induced apoptosis is mediated by Bcl-2-dependent, but not p53-dependent, pathway in human leukemia cell lines
    • Shieh DE, Cheng HY, Yen MH, Chiang LC and Lin CC: Baicalin-induced apoptosis is mediated by Bcl-2-dependent, but not p53-dependent, pathway in human leukemia cell lines. Am JChin Med 34: 245-261, 2006.
    • (2006) Am JChin Med , vol.34 , pp. 245-261
    • Shieh, D.E.1    Cheng, H.Y.2    Yen, M.H.3    Chiang, L.C.4    Lin, C.C.5
  • 19
    • 33847617031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ROS mediates baicalin-induced apoptosis in human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells through the expression of the Gadd153 and mitochondrial-dependent pathway
    • Lu HF, Hsueh SC, Ho YT, Kao MC, Yang JS, Chiu TH, HuamgSY, Lin CC and Chung JG: ROS mediates baicalin-induced apoptosis in human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells through the expression of the Gadd153 and mitochondrial-dependent pathway. Anticancer Res 27: 117-125, 2007.
    • (2007) Anticancer Res , vol.27 , pp. 117-125
    • Lu, H.F.1    Hsueh, S.C.2    Ho, Y.T.3    Kao, M.C.4    Yang, J.S.5    Chiu, T.H.6    Huamg, S.Y.7    Lin, C.C.8    Chung, J.G.9
  • 21
    • 27844445642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perturbations of the AKT signaling pathway in human cancer
    • Altomare DA and Testa JR: Perturbations of the AKT signaling pathway in human cancer. Oncogene 24: 7455-7464, 2005.
    • (2005) Oncogene , vol.24 , pp. 7455-7464
    • Altomare, D.A.1    Testa, J.R.2
  • 23
    • 79957846955 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The PTEN/PI3K/Akt pathway regulates stem-like cells in primary esophageal carcinoma cells
    • Li H, Gao Q, Guo L and Lu SH: The PTEN/PI3K/Akt pathway regulates stem-like cells in primary esophageal carcinoma cells. Cancer Biol Ther 11: 950-958, 2011.
    • (2011) Cancer Biol Ther , vol.11 , pp. 950-958
    • Li, H.1    Gao, Q.2    Guo, L.3    Lu, S.H.4
  • 24
    • 36148964068 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id-1 activation of PI3K/Akt/NFkappaB signaling pathway and its significance in promoting survival of esophageal cancer cells
    • Li B, Cheung PY, Wang X, Tsao SW, Ling MT, Wong YC and Cheung AL: Id-1 activation of PI3K/Akt/NFkappaB signaling pathway and its significance in promoting survival of esophageal cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 28: 2313-2320, 2007.
    • (2007) Carcinogenesis , vol.28 , pp. 2313-2320
    • Li, B.1    Cheung, P.Y.2    Wang, X.3    Tsao, S.W.4    Ling, M.T.5    Wong, Y.C.6    Cheung, A.L.7
  • 25
    • 70350704818 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id-1 promotes tumorigenicity and metastasis of human esophageal cancer cells through activation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway
    • Li B, Tsao SW, Li YY, Wang X, Ling MT, Wong YC, He QY and Cheung AL: Id-1 promotes tumorigenicity and metastasis of human esophageal cancer cells through activation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Int J Cancer 125: 2576-2585, 2009.
    • (2009) Int J Cancer , vol.125 , pp. 2576-2585
    • Li, B.1    Tsao, S.W.2    Li, Y.Y.3    Wang, X.4    Ling, M.T.5    Wong, Y.C.6    He, Q.Y.7    Cheung, A.L.8
  • 26
    • 84868099035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RhoE functions as a tumor suppressor in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and modulates the PTEN/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway
    • Zhao H, Yang J, Fan T, Li S and Ren X: RhoE functions as a tumor suppressor in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and modulates the PTEN/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Tumour Biol 33: 1363-1374, 2012.
    • (2012) Tumour Biol , vol.33 , pp. 1363-1374
    • Zhao, H.1    Yang, J.2    Fan, T.3    Li, S.4    Ren, X.5
  • 27
    • 70350770922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of 12-LOX and COX-2 reduces the proliferation of human epidermoid carcinoma cells (A431) by modulating the ERK and PI3K-Akt signalling pathways
    • Agarwal S, Achari C, Praveen D, Roy KR, Reddy GV and Reddanna P: Inhibition of 12-LOX and COX-2 reduces the proliferation of human epidermoid carcinoma cells (A431) by modulating the ERK and PI3K-Akt signalling pathways. Exp Dermatol 18: 939-946, 2009.
    • (2009) Exp Dermatol , vol.18 , pp. 939-946
    • Agarwal, S.1    Achari, C.2    Praveen, D.3    Roy, K.R.4    Reddy, G.V.5    Reddanna, P.6
  • 29
    • 79953324725 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sphingosine kinase-1 enhances resistance to apoptosis through activation of PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway in human non-small cell lung cancer
    • Song L, Xiong H, Li J, Liao W, Wang L, Wu J and Li M: Sphingosine kinase-1 enhances resistance to apoptosis through activation of PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway in human non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 17: 1839-1849, 2011.
    • (2011) Clin Cancer Res , vol.17 , pp. 1839-1849
    • Song, L.1    Xiong, H.2    Li, J.3    Liao, W.4    Wang, L.5    Wu, J.6    Li, M.7
  • 30
    • 0037134431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt pathway suppresses Bax translocation to mitochondria
    • Tsuruta F, Masuyama N and Gotoh Y: The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt pathway suppresses Bax translocation to mitochondria. J Biol Chem 277: 14040-14047, 2002.
    • (2002) J Biol Chem , vol.277 , pp. 14040-14047
    • Tsuruta, F.1    Masuyama, N.2    Gotoh, Y.3
  • 31
    • 0030702123 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Akt phosphorylation of BAD couples survival signals to the cell-intrinsic death machinery
    • Datta SR, Dudek H, Tao X, Masters S, Fu H, Gotoh Y and Greenberg ME: Akt phosphorylation of BAD couples survival signals to the cell-intrinsic death machinery. Cell 91: 231-241, 1997.
    • (1997) Cell , vol.91 , pp. 231-241
    • Datta, S.R.1    Dudek, H.2    Tao, X.3    Masters, S.4    Fu, H.5    Gotoh, Y.6    Greenberg, M.E.7
  • 33
    • 62449233322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NFκB signaling in carcinogenesis and as a potential molecular target for cancer therapy
    • Shen HM and Tergaonkar V: NFκB signaling in carcinogenesis and as a potential molecular target for cancer therapy. Apoptosis14: 348-363, 2009.
    • (2009) Apoptosis , vol.14 , pp. 348-363
    • Shen, H.M.1    Tergaonkar, V.2
  • 34
    • 84855773615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A small interfering RNA targeting NF-κB p65 alone or combined with 5-FU inhibits growth of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in nude mice
    • Tian F, Fan T, Jiang Y, Zhang X and Wang X: A small interfering RNA targeting NF-κB p65 alone or combined with 5-FU inhibits growth of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in nude mice. Pathol Res Pract 208: 32-38, 2012.
    • (2012) Pathol Res Pract , vol.208 , pp. 32-38
    • Tian, F.1    Fan, T.2    Jiang, Y.3    Zhang, X.4    Wang, X.5
  • 35
    • 33646723047 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nuclear factor-kB signaling pathway constitutively activated in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cell lines and inhibition of growth of cells by small interfering RNA
    • Tian F, Zang WD, Hou WH, Liu HT and Xue LX: Nuclear factor-kB signaling pathway constitutively activated in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cell lines and inhibition of growth of cells by small interfering RNA. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin 38: 318-326, 2006.
    • (2006) Acta Biochim Biophys Sin , vol.38 , pp. 318-326
    • Tian, F.1    Zang, W.D.2    Hou, W.H.3    Liu, H.T.4    Xue, L.X.5
  • 36
    • 80053176329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Different patterns of NF-κB and Notch1 signaling contribute to tumor-induced lymphangiogenesis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
    • Su C, Chen Z, Luo H, Su Y, Liu W, Cai L, Wang T, Lei Y and Zhong B: Different patterns of NF-κB and Notch1 signaling contribute to tumor-induced lymphangiogenesis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 30: 85, 2011.
    • (2011) J Exp Clin Cancer Res , vol.30 , pp. 85
    • Su, C.1    Chen, Z.2    Luo, H.3    Su, Y.4    Liu, W.5    Cai, L.6    Wang, T.7    Lei, Y.8    Zhong, B.9
  • 37
    • 0035379555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Akt stimulates the transactivation potential of the RelA/p65 Subunit of NF-kappa B through utilization of the Ikappa B kinase and activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase p38
    • Madrid LV, Mayo MW, Reuther JY and Baldwin AS Jr: Akt stimulates the transactivation potential of the RelA/p65 Subunit of NF-kappa B through utilization of the Ikappa B kinase and activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase p38. J Biol Chem 276: 18934-18940, 2001.
    • (2001) J Biol Chem , vol.276 , pp. 18934-18940
    • Madrid, L.V.1    Mayo, M.W.2    Reuther, J.Y.3    Baldwin Jr., A.S.4
  • 39
    • 0345732640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • mTOR controls cell cycle progression through its cell growth effectors S6K1 and 4E-BP1/eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E
    • Fingar DC, Richardson CJ, Tee AR, Cheatham L, Tsou C and Blenis J: mTOR controls cell cycle progression through its cell growth effectors S6K1 and 4E-BP1/eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E. Mol Cell Biol 24: 200-216, 2004.
    • (2004) Mol Cell Biol , vol.24 , pp. 200-216
    • Fingar, D.C.1    Richardson, C.J.2    Tee, A.R.3    Cheatham, L.4    Tsou, C.5    Blenis, J.6
  • 40
    • 0037097863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mammalian cell size is controlled by mTOR and its downstream targets S6K1 and 4EBP1/eIF4E
    • Fingar DC, Salama S, Tsou C, Harlow E and Blenis J: Mammalian cell size is controlled by mTOR and its downstream targets S6K1 and 4EBP1/eIF4E. Genes Dev 16: 1472-1487, 2002.
    • (2002) Genes Dev , vol.16 , pp. 1472-1487
    • Fingar, D.C.1    Salama, S.2    Tsou, C.3    Harlow, E.4    Blenis, J.5
  • 41
    • 2342559981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The TOR pathway: A target for cancer therapy
    • Bjornsti MA and Houghton PJ: The TOR pathway: a target for cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer 4: 335-348, 2004.
    • (2004) Nat Rev Cancer , vol.4 , pp. 335-348
    • Bjornsti, M.A.1    Houghton, P.J.2
  • 42
    • 1842852634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacogenomic profiling of the PI3K/PTEN-AKT-mTOR pathway in common human tumors
    • Xu G, Zhang W, Bertram P, Zheng XF and McLeod H: Pharmacogenomic profiling of the PI3K/PTEN-AKT-mTOR pathway in common human tumors. Int J Oncol 24: 893-900, 2004.
    • (2004) Int J Oncol , vol.24 , pp. 893-900
    • Xu, G.1    Zhang, W.2    Bertram, P.3    Zheng, X.F.4    McLeod, H.5
  • 43
    • 23844438209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activation of Akt and eIF4E survival pathways by rapamycin-mediated mammalian target of rapamycin inhibition
    • Sun SY, Rosenberg LM, Wang X, Zhou Z, Yue P, Fu H and Khuri FR: Activation of Akt and eIF4E survival pathways by rapamycin-mediated mammalian target of rapamycin inhibition. Cancer Res 65: 7052-7058, 2005.
    • (2005) Cancer Res , vol.65 , pp. 7052-7058
    • Sun, S.Y.1    Rosenberg, L.M.2    Wang, X.3    Zhou, Z.4    Yue, P.5    Fu, H.6    Khuri, F.R.7
  • 44
    • 34347331090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An activated mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cell lines and inhibition of the pathway by rapamycin and siRNA against mTOR
    • Hou G, Xue L, Lu Z, Fan T, Tian F and Xue Y: An activated mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cell lines and inhibition of the pathway by rapamycin and siRNA against mTOR. Cancer Lett 253: 236-248, 2007.
    • (2007) Cancer Lett , vol.253 , pp. 236-248
    • Hou, G.1    Xue, L.2    Lu, Z.3    Fan, T.4    Tian, F.5    Xue, Y.6
  • 45
    • 0037352170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Involvement of PI3K/Akt pathway in cell cycle progression, apoptosis, and neoplastic transformation: A target for cancer chemotherapy
    • Chang F, Lee JT, Navolanic PM, Steelman LS, Shelton JG, Blalock WL, Franklin RA and McCubrey JA: Involvement of PI3K/Akt pathway in cell cycle progression, apoptosis, and neoplastic transformation: a target for cancer chemotherapy. Leukemia 17: 590-603, 2003.
    • (2003) Leukemia , vol.17 , pp. 590-603
    • Chang, F.1    Lee, J.T.2    Navolanic, P.M.3    Steelman, L.S.4    Shelton, J.G.5    Blalock, W.L.6    Franklin, R.A.7    McCubrey, J.A.8
  • 46
    • 0034641918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The biochemistry of apoptosis
    • Hengartner MO: The biochemistry of apoptosis. Nature 407: 770-776, 2000.
    • (2000) Nature , vol.407 , pp. 770-776
    • Hengartner, M.O.1
  • 47
    • 1842767259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial regulation of apoptotic cell death
    • Orrenius S: Mitochondrial regulation of apoptotic cell death. Toxicol Lett 149: 19-23, 2004.
    • (2004) Toxicol Lett , vol.149 , pp. 19-23
    • Orrenius, S.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.