Linguistic processing of accented speech across the lifespan

Frontiers in Psychology

Volumn 3, Issue NOV, 2012, Pages

  Cristia, Alejandrina ^a   Seidl, Amanda ^b   Vaughn, Charlotte ^c   Schmale, Rachel ^d   Bradlow, Ann ^c   Floccia, Caroline ^e  

^a MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR PSYCHOLINGUISTICS   (Netherlands)

^b PURDUE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d NORTH PARK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF PLYMOUTH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Accent adaptation; Aging; Childhood; Infancy; Speech perception

Indexed keywords

EID: 84870884561     PISSN: None     EISSN: 16641078     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00479     Document Type: Article

References (145)

1. Adank, P., Evans, B., Stuart-Smith, J., and Scotti, S. (2009). Comprehension of familiar and unfamiliar native accents under adverse listening conditions. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 35, 520-529.
2. Adank, P., Hagoort, P., and Bekkering, H. (2010). Imitation improves language comprehension. Psychol. Sci. 21, 1903-1909.
3. Adank,P.,and Janse,E. (2010). Comprehension of a novel accent by young and older listeners. Psychol. Aging 25, 736-740.
4. Adank, P., and McQueen, J. M. (2007). "The effect of an unfamiliar regional accent on the speed of word processing," in Proceedings of the XVIth International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Saarbrücken, 1925-1928.
5. Alter, A. L., and Oppenheimer, D. M. (2009). Uniting the tribes of fluency to form a metacognitive nation. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Rev. 13, 219-235.
6. Assmann, P. F., Nearey, T. M., and Hogan, J. T. (1981). Vowel identification: orthographic, perceptual, and acoustic aspects. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 71, 975-989.
7. Bertelson, P., Vroomen, J., and de Gelder, B. (2003). Visual recalibration of auditory speech identification: a McGurk after effect. Psychol. Sci. 14, 592-597.
8. Best, C. T., Tyler, M. D., Gooding, T. N., Orlando, C. B., and Quann, C. A. (2009). Development of phonological constancy:Toddlers' perception of nativeand Jamaicanaccented words. Psychol. Sci. 20, 539-542.
9. Bialystok, E. (2010). Global-local and trail-making tasks by monolingual and bilingual children: beyond inhibition. Dev. Psychol. 46, 93-105.
10. Bradlow, A. R., and Bent, T. (2008). Perceptual adaptation to non-native speech. Cognition 106, 707-729.
11. Bradlow, A. R., Nygaard, L. C., and Pisoni, D. B. (1995). "On the contribution of instance-specific characteristics to speech perception," in Levels in Speech Communication: Relations and Interactions, eds C. Sorin, J. Mariani, H. Meloni, and J. Schoentagen (Amsterdam: Elsevier), 13-25.
12. Bresnahan, M., Ohashi, R., Nebashi, R., Liu, W., and Shearman, S. (2002). Attitudinal and affective response toward accented English. Lang. Commun. 22, 171-185.
13. Brunellière, A., Dufour, S., and Nguyen, N. (2011). Regional differences in the listener's phonemic inventory affect semantic processing: a mismatch negativity (MMN) study. Brain Lang. 117, 45-51.
14. Brunellière, A., Dufour, S., Nguyen, N., and Frauenfelder, U. H. (2009). Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence for the impact of regional variation on phoneme perception. Cognition 111, 390-396.
15. Burda, A. N., Scherz, J. A., Hageman, C. F., and Edwards, H. T. (2003). Age and understanding speakers with Spanish or Taiwanese accents. Percept. Mot. Skills 97, 11-20.
16. Bürki-Cohen, J., Miller, J. L., and Eimas, P. D. (2001). Perceiving nonnative speech. Lang. Speech 44, 149-169.
17. Butler, J., Floccia, C., Goslin, J., and Panneton, R. (2011). Infants' discrimination of familiar and unfamiliar accents in speech. Infancy 16, 392-417.
18. Chambers, J. K. (2002). Dynamics of dialect convergence. J. Socioling. 6, 117-130.
19. Church, B., and Schacter, D. L. (1994). Perceptual specificity of auditory priming: memory for voice intonation and fundamental frequency. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 20, 521-533.
20. Clarke, C. M., and Garrett, M. F. (2004). Rapid adaptation to foreignaccented English. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 116, 3647-3658.
21. Clopper, C. G., and Bradlow, A. (2008). Perception of dialect variation in noise intelligibility and classification. Lang. Speech 51, 175-198.
22. Clopper, C. G., and Pisoni, D. B. (2004a). Homebodies and army brats: some effects of early linguistic experience and residential history on dialect categorization. Lang. Var. Change 16, 31-48.
23. Clopper, C. G., and Pisoni, D. B. (2004b). Some acoustic cues for the perceptual categorization of American English regional dialects. J. Phon. 32, 111-140.
24. Creel, S. C., and Bregman, M. R. (2011). How talker identity relates to language processing. Lang. Linguist. Compass 5, 190-204.
25. Creelman, C. D. (1957). The case of unknown talker. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 29, 655.
26. Cutler, A., McQueen, J. M., Butterfield, S., and Norris, D. (2008). "Prelexically-driven perceptual retuning of phoneme boundaries," in Proceedings of Interspeech 2008, Brisbane, Australia, article 2056, eds J. Fletcher, D. Loakes, M. Wagner, and R. Goecke (Adelaide: Causal Productions). [CD-ROM].
27. Dahan, D., Drucker, S. J., and Scarborough, R. A. (2008). Talker adaptation in speech perception: adjusting the signal or the representations? Cognition 108, 710-718.
28. DeKeyser, R. (2000). The robustness of critical period effects in second language acquisition. Stud. Second Lang. Acquisition 22, 499-533.
29. Dufour, S., Brunellière, A., and Nguyen, N. (in press). To what extent do we hear phonemic contrasts in a non-native regional variety? Tracking the dynamics of perceptual processing with EEG. J. Psycholinguist. Res. doi:10.1007/s10936-012-9212-8
30. Dufour, S., Nguyen, N., and Frauenfelder, U. H. (2007). The perception of phonemic contrasts in a nonnative dialect. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 121, EL131-EL136.
31. Dufour, S., Nguyen, N., and Frauenfelder, U. H. (2010). Does training on a phonemic contrast absent in the listener's dialect influence word recognition? J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 128, EL43-EL48.
32. Evans,B. G.,and Iverson,P. (2007). Plasticity in vowel perception and production: a study of accent change in young adults. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 121, 3814-3826.
33. Ferguson, S. H., Jongman, A., Sereno, J. A., and Keum, K. A. (2010). Intelligibility of foreign-accented speech for older adults with and without hearing loss. J. Am. Acad. Audiol. 21, 153-162.
34. Flege, J. E. (1999). "Age of learning and second language speech," in Second Language Acquisition and the Critical Period Hypothesis, ed. D. Birdsong (Mahwah, NJ: Laurence Erlbaum), 101-132.
35. Flege,J. E. (2003)."Assessing constraints on second-language segmental production and perception," in Phonetics and Phonology in Language Comprehension and Production, Differences and Similarities, eds A. Meyer and N. Schiller (Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter), 319-355.
36. Floccia, C., Butler, J., Girard, F., and Goslin, J. (2009). Categorization of regional and foreign accent in 5to 7-year-old British children. Int. J. Behav. Dev. 33, 366-375.
37. Floccia, C., Delle Luche, C., Durrant, S., Butler, J., and Goslin, J. (2012). Parent or community? Where do 20-month-olds exposed to two accents acquire their representation of words? Cognition 124, 95-100.
38. Floccia, C., Goslin, J., Girard, F., and Konopczynski, G. (2006). Does a regional accent perturb speech processing? J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 32, 1276-1293.
39. Gass, S., and Varonis, E. (1984). The effect of familiarity on the comprehensibility of nonnative speech. Lang. Learn. 34, 66-85.
40. Girard, F., Floccia, C., and Goslin, J. (2008). Perception and awareness of accents in young children. Br. J. Dev. Psychol. 26, 409-433.
41. Goggin, J. P., Thompson, C. P., Strube, G., and Simental, L. R. (1991). The role of language familiarity in voice identification. Mem. Cognit. 19, 448-458.
42. Goh, W. D. (2005). Talker variability and recognition memory: instancespecific and voice-specific effects. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 31, 40-53.
43. Goldinger, S. D. (1996). Words and voices: episodic traces in spoken word identification and recognition memory. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 22, 1166-1183.
44. Goldinger, S. D., Pisoni, D. B., and Logan, J. S. (1991). On the nature of talker variability effects on recall of spoken word lists. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 17, 152-162.
45. Golomb, J. D., Peelle, J. E., and Wingfield, A. (2007). Effects of stimulus variability and adult aging on adaptation to time-compressed speech. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 121, 1701-1708.
46. Gordon-Salant, S., Yeni-Komshian, G. H., and Fitzgibbons, P. J. (2010a). Recognition of accented English in quiet by younger normal-hearing listeners and older listeners with normal-hearing and hearing loss. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 128, 444-455.
47. Gordon-Salant, S., Yeni-Komshian, G. H., and Fitzgibbons, P. J. (2010b). Recognition of accented English in quiet and noise by younger and older listeners. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 128, 444-455.
48. Gordon-Salant, S., Yeni-Komshian, G. H., Fitzgibbons, P. J., and Schurman, J. (2010). Short-term adaptation to accented English by younger and older adults. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 128, 200-204.
49. Goslin, J., Duffy, H., and Floccia, C. (2012). An ERP investigation of regional and foreign accent processing. Brain Lang. 122, 92-102.
50. Hallé, P., and de Boysson-Bardies, B. (1996). The format of representation of recognized words in infants' early receptive lexicon. Infant Behav. Dev. 19, 465-483.
51. Hay, J., and Drager, K. (2010). Stuffed toys and speech perception. Linguistics 48, 865-892.
52. Holtby, A. K. (2010). The Effect of Age and Exposure in the Development of L2 Accent Perception (PMC Working Paper series, 10-01). Edmonton, CA: Prairie Metropolis Centre.
53. Houston, D. M., and Jusczyk, P. W. (2000). The role of talker-specific information in word segmentation by infants. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 26, 1570-1582.
54. Houston, D. M., Jusczyk, P. W., Kuijpers, C., Coolen, R., and Cutler, A. (2000). Both Dutchand English-learning 9month-olds segment Dutch words from fluent speech. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 7, 504-509.
55. Impe, L., Geeraerts, D., and Speelman, D. (2008). Mutual intelligibility of standard and regional Dutch language varieties. Int. J. Humanit. Arts Comput. 2, 101-117.
56. Jacewicz, E., Allen Fox, R., and Salmons, J. (2010). Regional dialect variation in the vowel systems of typically developing children. J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. 54, 448-470.
57. Janse, E. (2009). Processing of fast speech by elderly listeners. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 125, 2361-2373.
58. Janse, E., and Adank, P. (2012). Predicting foreign-accent adaptation in older adults. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. 65, 1563-1585.
59. Jesse, A., and Janse, E. (2012). Audiovisual benefit for recognition of speech presented with single-talker noise in older listeners. Lang. Cogn. Process. 27, 1167-1191.
60. Jusczyk, P. W., and Aslin, R. N. (1995). Infants' detection of the sound patterns of words in fluent speech. Cogn. Psychol. 29, 1-23.
61. Kalikow, D. N., Stevens, K. N., and Elliott, L. L. (1977). Development of a test of speech intelligibility in noise using sentence materials with controlled word predictability. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 61, 1337-1351.
62. Kendall, T., and Fridland, V. (2012). Variation in perception and production of mid front vowels in the U.S. Southern Vowel Shift. J. Phon. 40, 289-306.
63. Kinzler, K. D., Corriveau, K. H., and Harris, P. L. (2011). Children's selective trust in nativeaccented speakers. Dev. Sci. 14, 106-111.
64. Kinzler, K. D., Dupoux, E., and Spelke, E. S. (2007). The native language of social cognition. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104, 12577-12580.
65. Kinzler, K. D., Shutts, K., DeJesus, J., and Spelke, E. S. (2009). Accent trumps race in guiding children's social preferences. Soc. Cogn. 27, 623-634.
66. Kitamura, C., Panneton, R., Deihl, M., and Notley, A. (2006). "Attuning to the native dialect: when more means less," in Proceedings of the 11th Australasian International Conference on Speech Science & Technology, eds P. Warren and C. I. Watson (Auckland: Australian Speech Science & Technology Association), 124-129.
67. Kovacs, A. M., and Mehler, J. (2009). Cognitive gains in 7-month-old bilingual infants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106, 6556-6560.
68. Kraljic, T., Brennan, S., and Samuel, A. G. (2008a). Accommodating variation: dialects, idiolects, and speech processing. Cognition 107, 51-81.
69. Kraljic, T., Samuel, A. G., and Brennan, S. E. (2008b). First impressions and last resorts: how listeners adjust to speaker variability. Psychol. Sci. 19, 332-338.
70. Kraljic, T., and Samuel, A. G. (2007). Perceptual adjustments to multiple speakers. J. Mem. Lang. 56, 1-15.
71. Labov, W. (1989). The child as a linguistic historian. Lang. Var. Change 1, 85-97.
72. Labov, W. (2007). Transmission and diffusion. Language 83, 344-387.
73. Labov, W., and Ash, S. (1997). "Understanding Birmingham," in Language Variety in the South Revisited, eds C. Bernstein, T. Nunnally, and R. Sabino (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press), 508-573.
74. Lev-Ari, S., and Keysar, B. (2010). Why don't we believe non-native speakers? The influence of accent on credibility. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 46, 1093-1096.
75. Lotto, A. J., Kluender, K. R., and Holt, L. L. (1997). "Animal models of speech perception phenomena," in Chicago Linguistic Society, Vol. 33, eds K. Singer, R. Eggert, and G. Anderson (Chicago, IL: Chicago Linguistic Society), 357-367.
76. Luce, P. A., and Lyons, E. A. (1998). Specificity of memory representations for spoken words. Mem. Cognit. 26, 708-715.
77. Magner, T. F. (1974). The study of foreign languages in China. Mod. Lang. J. 58, 384-391.
78. Magnuson, J. S., and Nusbaum, H. C. (2007). Acoustic differences, listener expectations, and the perceptual accommodation of talker variability. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 33, 391-409.
79. Major, R. C. (2007). Identifying a foreign accent in an unfamiliar language. Stud. Second Lang.Acquisition 29, 539-556.
80. Martin, C. S., Mullennix, J. W., Pisoni, D. B., and Summers, W. V. (1989). Effects of talker variability on recall of spoken word lists. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 15, 676-684.
81. Mason, H. M. (1946). Understandability of speech in noise as affected by region of origin of speaker and listener. Speech Monogr. 13, 54-68.
82. Mattys, S. L., Brooks, J., and Cooke, M. (2009). Recognizing speech under a processing load: dissociating energetic from informational factors. Cogn. Psychol. 59, 203-243.
83. Maye, J., Aslin, R. N., and Tanenhaus, M. K. (2008). The weckud wetch of the wast:lexical adaptation to a novel accent. Cogn. Sci. 32, 543-562.
84. McQueen,J. M.,Tyler,M. D.,and Cutler, A. (2012). Lexical retuning of children's speech perception: evidence for knowledge about words' component sounds. Lang. Learn. Dev. 8, 317-339.
85. Mitterer, H., and McQueen, J. M. (2009). Foreign subtitles help but native-language subtitles harm foreign speech perception. PLoS ONE 4, e7785. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007785
86. Mulak, K. E., Best, C. T., Tyler, M. D., Kitamura, C., and Irwin, J. (in press). Development of phonological constancy: 19-month-olds, but not 15-month-olds, identify familiar words spoken in a non-native regional accent. Child Dev.
87. Mullenix, J. W., and Pisoni, D. B. (1990). Stimulus variability and processing dependencies in speech perception. Percept. Psychophys. 47, 379-390.
88. Mullennix, J. W., Pisoni, D. B., and Martin, C. S. (1989). Some effects of talker variability on spoken word recognition. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 85, 365-378.
89. Munro,M. J.,and Derwing,T. G. (1995). Processing time, accent and comprehensibility in the perception of native and foreign-accented speech. Lang. Speech 38, 289-306.
90. Munro, M. J., Derwing, T. M., and Burgess, C. S. (2010). Detection of nonnative speaker status from content-masked speech. Speech Commun. 52, 626-637.
91. Nathan, L., Wells, B., and Donlan, C. (1998). Children's comprehension of unfamiliar regional accents: a preliminary investigation. J. Child Lang. 25, 343-365.
92. Nazzi, T., Goyet, L., Sundara, M., and Polka, L. (2012). Différences linguistiques et dialectales dans la mise en place des procédures de segmentation de la parole. Enfance 1,127-146.
93. Nazzi, T., Iakimova, G., Bertoncini, J., Fredonie, S., and Alcantara, C. (2006). Early segmentation of fluent speech by infants acquiring French: emerging evidence for crosslinguistic differences. J. Mem. Lang. 54, 283-299.
94. Nazzi, T., Jusczyk, P. W., and Johnson, E. K. (2000). Language discrimination by English-learning 5-month-olds. J. Mem. Lang. 43, 1-19.
95. Niedzielski, N. (1999). The effect of social information on the perception of sociolinguistic variables. J. Lang. Soc. Psychol. 18, 62-85.
96. Norris, D., McQueen, J. M., and Cutler, A. (2003). Perceptual learning in speech. Cogn. Psychol. 47, 204-238.
97. Nusbaum, H. C., and Morin, T. M. (1992). "Paying attention to differences among talkers," in Speech Perception, Speech Production, and Linguistic Structure, eds Y. Tohkura, Y. Sagisaka, and E. Vatikiotis-Bateson (Tokyo: OHM), 113-134.
98. Nygaard, L. C., and Pisoni, D. B. (1998). Talker-specific learning in speech perception. Percept. Psychophys. 60, 355-376.
99. Nygaard, L. C., Sommers, M. S., and Pisoni, D. B. (1994). Speech perception as a talker-contingent process. Psychol. Sci. 5, 42-46.
100. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. (2007). International Migration Outlook. Paris: OECD.
101. Palmeri, T. J., Goldinger, S. D., and Pisoni D. B. (1993). Episodic encoding of voice attributes and recognition memory for spoken words. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 19, 309-328.
102. Park, D. C., and Reuter-Lorenz, P. (2009). The adaptive brain: aging and neurocognitive scaffolding. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 60, 173-196.
103. Peelle, J. E., and Wingfield, A. (2005). Dissociations in perceptual learning revealed by adult age differences in adaptation to time-compressed speech. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 31, 1315-1330.
104. Perrachione, T. K., Pierrehumbert, J. B., and Wong, C. M. (2009). Differential neural contributions to nativeand foreign-language talker identification. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 35, 1950-1960.
105. Piske, T., MacKay, I. R. A., and Flege, J. E. (2001). Factors affecting degree of foreign accent in an L2: a review. J. Phon. 29, 191-215.
106. Polka, L., and Sundara, M. (2012). Word segmentation in monolingual infants acquiring Canadian English and Canadian French: native language, cross-dialect, and crosslanguage comparisons. Infancy 17, 198-232.
107. Preston, D. R. (2003). "Language with an attitude," in Handbook of Language Variation and Change, eds J. K. Chambers, P. Trudgill, and N. Schilling-Estes (Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing), 39-66.
108. Reinisch, E., Weber, A., and Mitterer, H.(2012). Listeners retunephoneme categories across languages. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. doi:10.1037/a0027979
109. Rieckmann,A.,and Bäckman,L. (2009). Implicit learning in aging: extant patterns and new directions. Neuropsychol. Rev. 19, 490-503.
110. Roberts, J. (1997a). Acquisition of variable rules: a study of (-t, d) deletion in preschool children. J. Child Lang. 24, 351-372.
111. Roberts, J. (1997b). Hitting a moving target: acquisition of sound change in progress by Philadelphia children. Lang. Var. Change 9, 249-266.
112. Roberts, J. (2005). "Acquisition of sociolinguistic variation," in Clinical Sociolinguistics, ed. M. J. Ball (Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing), 153-164.
113. Roberts,J.,and Labov,W. (1995). Learning to talk Philadelphian: acquisition of short a by preschool children. Lang. Var. Change 7, 101-112.
114. Rogers, C. L., Dalby, J., and Nishi, K. (2004). Effects of noise and proficiency level on intelligibility of Chinese-accented English. Lang. Speech 47, 139-154.
115. Rosenblum, L. D., Miller, R. M., and Sanchez, K. (2007). Lip-read me now, hear me better later. Psychol. Sci. 18, 392-396.
116. Rubin, D. L. (1992). Nonlanguage factors affecting undergraduates' judgments of non-native English speaking teaching assistants. Res. Higher Educ. 33, 511-531.
117. Samuel, A. G., and Kraljic, T. (2009). Perceptual learning for speech. Atten. Percept. Psychophys. 71, 1207-1218.
118. Schacter, D. L., and Church, B. (1992). Auditory priming: implicit and explicit memory for words and voices. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 18, 915-930.
119. Schmale, R., Cristià, A., and Seidl, A. (2012). Toddlers recognize words in an unfamiliar accent after brief exposure. Dev. Sci. doi:10.1111/j.14677687.2012.01175.x
120. Schmale, R., Cristià, A., Seidl, A., and Johnson, E. K. (2010). Infants' word segmentationacross dialects. Infancy 15, 650-662.
121. Schmale, R., Hollich, G., and Seidl, A. (2011). Contending with foreign accent in early word learning. J. Child Lang. 38, 1096-1108.
122. Schmale, R., and Seidl, A. (2009). Accommodating variability in voice and foreign accent: flexibility of early word representations. Dev. Sci. 12, 583-601.
123. Scott, D. R., and Cutler, A. (1984). Segmental phonology and the perception of syntactic structure. J. Verb. Learn. Verb. Behav. 23, 450-466.
124. Cristia et al. Accent perception across the lifespan Sebastián-Gallés, N. (2010). Bilingual language acquisition: where does the difference lie? Hum. Dev. 53, 245-255.
125. Shah, A. P., Schmidt, B. T., Goral, M., and Obler, L. K. (2005). "Age effects in processing bilinguals' accented speech," in ISB4: Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Bilingualism, eds J. Cohen, K. T. McAlister, K. Rolstad, and J. MacSwan (Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press), 2115-2121.
126. Singh, L. (2008). Influences of high and low variability on infant word recognition. Cognition 106, 833-870.
127. Singh, L., Morgan, J. L., and White, K. S. (2004). Preference and processing: the role of speech affect in early spoken word recognition. J. Mem. Lang. 51, 173-189.
128. Skoruppa, K., and Peperkamp, S. (2011). Adaptation to novel accents: feature-based learning of context sensitive phonological regularities. Cogn. Sci. 35, 348-366.
129. Sommers, M. S. (1996). The structural organization of the mental lexicon and its contribution to age-related declines in spokenword recognition. Psychol. Aging 11, 233-341.
130. Sommers, M. S., Nygaard, L. C., and Pisoni, D. B. (1994). Stimulus variability and spoken word recognition: I. Effects of variability in speaking rate and overall amplitude. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 96, 1314-1324.
131. Sumner, M., and Samuel,A. (2009). The effect of experience on the perception and representation of dialect variants. J. Mem. Lang. 60, 487-501.
132. Swingley, D., and Aslin, R. N. (2000). Spoken word recognition and lexical representation in very young children. Cognition 76, 147-166.
133. Tagliamonte, S. A., and Molfenter, S. (2007). How'd you get that accent? Acquiring a second dialect of the same language. Lang. Soc. 36, 649-675.
134. United States Census Bureau. (2008). The American Community Survey. Available at: http://www.census.gov/acs/www/
135. van Bezooijen, R. (2005). Approximant/r/in Dutch: routes and feelings. Speech Commun. 47, 15-31.
136. van Bezooijen, R., and Gooskens, C. (1999). Identification of language varieties: the contribution of different linguistic levels. J. Lang. Soc. Psychol. 18, 31-48.
137. van Heugten, M., and Johnson, E. K. (2012). Infants exposed to fluent natural speech succeed at crossgender word recognition. J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. 55, 554-560.
138. van Linden, S., and Vroomen, J. (2008). Audiovisual speech recalibration in children. J. Child Lang. 35, 809-822.
139. Weber, A., and Poellmann, K. (2010). "Identifying foreign speakers with an unfamiliar accent or in an unfamiliar language," in New Sounds 2010: Sixth International Symposium on the Acquisition of Second Language Speech (Poznan: Adam Mickiewicz University), 536-541.
140. Wells, J. C. (1982). Accents of English: An introduction. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.
141. Werker, J. F. (2012). Perceptual foundations of bilingual acquisition in infancy. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1251, 50-61.
142. White, K. S., and Aslin, R. N. (2011). Adaptation to novel accents by toddlers. Dev. Sci. 14, 372-384.
143. White, L., Mattys, S. L., and Wiget, L. (2012). Language categorization by adults is based on sensitivity to durational cues,not rhythm class. J. Mem. Lang. 66, 665-679.
144. Wingstedt, M., and Schulman, R. (1987). "Comprehension of foreign accents," in Phonologica 1984: Proceedings of the fifth International Phonology Meeting, ed. W. Dressler (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 339-345.
145. Winters,S. J.,Levi,S.V.,and Pisoni,D. B. (2008). Identification and discrimination of bilingual talkers across languages. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 123, 4524-4538.