Ground wars: Personalized communication in political campaigns

Ground Wars: Personalized Communication in Political Campaigns

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages

  Nielsen, Rasmus Kleis ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^b ROSKILDE UNIVERSITY   (Denmark)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84870416082     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (282)

1. Abbott, Andrew D. 1988. The System of Professions: An Essay on the Division of Expert Labor. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
2. Abramson, Paul R., John Herbert Aldrich, and David W. Rohde. 2010. Change and Continuity in the 2008 Elections. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press.
3. Aldrich, John H. 1995. Why Parties? The Origin and Transformation of Political Parties in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
4. Alexander, Herbert E. 1976. Financing Politics: Money, Elections, and Political Reform. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press.
5. Altheide, David L., and Robert P. Snow. 1979. Media Logic. Beverly Hills, Calif: Sage Publications.
6. Altschuler, Glenn C., and Stuart M. Blumin. 2000. Rude Republic: Americans and Their Politics in the Nineteenth Century. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
7. Ansolabehere, Stephen, and Shanto Iyengar. 1995. Going Negative: How Attack Ads Shrink and Polarize the Electorate. New York: Free Press.
8. Ansolabehere, Stephen, Shanto Iyengar, Adam Simon, and Nicholas Valentino. 1994. "Does Attack Advertising Demobilize the Electorate?" American Political Science Review 88 (4): 829-38.
9. Arnold, R. Douglas. 2004. Congress, the Press, and Political Accountability. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
10. Arceneaux, Kevin, and David W. Nickerson. 2009. "Comparing Negative and Positive Campaign Messages." American Politics Research 38 (1): 54-83.
11. Auyero, Javier. 2000. Poor People's Politics: Peronist Survival Networks and the Legacy of Evita. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.
12. Auyero, Javier. 2009. The Political Ethnographer's Compagnon. http://essays.ssrc.org/tilly/auyero.
13. Bacon, Perry. 2010. "As Elections Near, Voter Outreach Intensifies." Washington Post, November 1.
14. Bai, Matt. 2004. "The Multilevel Marketing of the President." New York Times Magazine, April 25.
15. Bai, Matt. 2006. "The Inside Agitator." New York Times Magazine, October 1.
16. Balz, Dan. 2003. "Getting the Votes-And the Kudos." Washington Post, January 1, sec. A.
17. Balz, Dan. 2004a. "DNC Chief Advises Learning from GOP." Washington Post, December 11, sec. A.
18. Balz, Dan. 2004b. "Campaign for DNC Chief Begins; Candidates Say Party Must Rebuild State Chapters, Offer Resounding Message." Washington Post, December 12, sec. A.
19. Balz, Dan, and David S. Broder. 2002. "Close Election Turns on Voter Turnout." Washington Post, November 1, sec. A.
20. Barber, Benjamin R. 2003. Strong Democracy: Participatory Politics for a New Age. Berkeley: University of California Press.
21. Barone, Michael. 2006. Almanac of American Politics. Washington, D.C: National Journal.
22. Bartels, Larry. 1992. "The Impact of Electioneering in the United States." In Electioneering: A Comparative Study in Continuity and Change, edited by David Butler and Austin Ranney. New York: Oxford University Press.
23. Beck, Paul Allen, Russell J. Dalton, Steven Green, and Robert Huckfeldt. 2002. "The Social Calculus of Voting: Interpersonal, Media, and Organizational Influences on Presidential Choices." American Political Science Review 96 (1): 57-73.
24. Beck, Paul Allen, and Erik Heidemann. 2010. Changing Strategies in Grassroots Canvassing: 1956-2008. Social Science Research Network. SSRN eLibrary (August 26). http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1666576.
25. Becker, Howard S. 1998. Tricks of the Trade: How to Think about Your Research While You're Doing It. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
26. Bennett, W. Lance, and Robert M. Entman, eds. 2001. Mediated Politics: Communication in the Future of Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.
27. Bennett, W. Lance, and Shanto Iyengar. 2008. "A New Era of Minimal Effects? The Changing Foundations of Political Communication." Journal of Communication 58 (4): 707-31.
28. Bennett, W. Lance 2009. "The Shifting Foundations of Political Communication: Responding to a Defense of the Media Effects Paradigm." Journal of Communication 60 (1): 35-39.
29. Bennett, W. Lance, and Jarol B. Manheim. 2006. "The One-Step Flow of Communication." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 608 (1): 213-32.
30. Bergan, Daniel E., Alan S. Gerber, Donald P. Green, and Costas Panagopoulos. 2005. "Grassroots Mobilization and Voter Turnout in 2004." Public Opinion Quarterly 69 (5): 760-77.
31. Berry, Jeffrey M. 1984. The Interest Group Society. Boston: Little, Brown.
32. Beunza, Daniel, and David Stark. 2004. "Tools of the Trade: The Socio-Technology of Arbitrage in a Wall Street Trading Room." Industrial and Corporate Change 13 (2): 369-400.
33. Bibby, John F. 1999. "Party Networks: National-State Integration, Allied Groups, and Issue Activists." In The State of the Parties, edited by John Clifford Green and Daniel M. Shea. Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield.
34. Blaemire, Bob. 2002. "Voter Files: Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow." Campaigns and Elections, June.
35. Blake, Reed H. 1972. "Medio Communication: A Conceptualization." Presented at the International Communication Association conference in San Francisco, April 19. http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=ED062785.
36. Blumberg, Melaine J., William C. Binning, Sarah K. Lewis, and John C. Green. 2009. "Party-on-the-Periphery." Presented at the State of the Parties: 2008 and Beyond conference in Akron, Ohio, October 15. http://www.uakron.edu/bliss/docs/Blumberg2009_State_of_the_Parties_Draft__Edited_.pdf.
37. Blumenthal, Sidney. 1980. The Permanent Campaign: Inside the World of Elite Political Operatives. Boston: Beacon Press.
38. Blumler, Jay G., and Dennis Kavanagh. 1999. "The Third Age of Political Communication: Influences and Features." Political Communication 16 (3): 209.
39. Boorom, Michael L., Jerry R. Goolsby, and Rosemary P. Ramsey. 1998. "Relational Communication Traits and Their Effect on Adaptiveness and Sales Performance." Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 26 (1): 16-30.
40. Born, Georgina. 2004. Uncertain Vision: Birt, Dyke, and the Reinvention of the BBC. London: Secker and Warburg.
41. Bourdieu, Pierre. 1992. An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
42. Bourdieu, Pierre. 2003. "Participant Objectivation." Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 9 (2): 281-94.
43. Bowers, Chris. 2008. "Dean Out, Fifty-State Strategy Likely Done." OpenLeft, November 10. http://www.openleft.com/showDiary.do?diaryId=9854.
44. Bowker, Geoffrey C., and Susan Leigh Star. 1999. Sorting Things Out: Classification and Its Consequences. Cambridge: MIT Press.
45. Broder, David S. 2000. "Democrats Tuning Up for Turnout; Nationwide Effort Set; Special Challenges Seen." Washington Post, August 21, sec. A.
46. Broder, David S. 2001. "Shoe Leather Politicking." Washington Post, June 13, sec. A.
47. Burawoy, Michael. 1998. "The Extended Case Method." Sociological Theory 16 (1): 4-33.
48. Cameron, Deborah. 2000. Good to Talk? Living and Working in a Communication Culture. London: Sage.
49. Campaign Finance Institute. 2006. Federal 527 Organizations in the 2004 Election Cycle. http://www.cfinst.org/pdf/federal/interestgroup/Federal527s_2004Cycle_Raising200K.pdf.
50. Cappella, Joseph N., and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. 1996. "News Frames, Political Cynicism, and Media Cynicism." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 546 (1): 71-84.
51. Carney, James. 2006. "The Republicans' Secret Weapon." Time, October 1.
52. Castells, Manuel. 2000. The Rise of the Network Society. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell.
53. Castells, Manuel. 2007. "Communication, Power, and Counter-power in the Network Society." International Journal of Communication 1: 238-66.
54. CBS. 2008. Americans Look Ahead with Optimism (poll). Press release. November 11. http://www.cbsnews.com/htdocs/pdf/NOV08B-postelection.pdf.
55. Chadwick, Andrew. 2007. "Digital Network Repertoires and Organizational Hybridity." Political Communication 24 (3): 283.
56. Cillizza, Chris. 2003. "Critics Slam 'Demzilla.'" Roll Call, June 5.
57. Cillizza, Chris. 2007. "Romney's Data Cruncher." Washington Post, July 5.
58. Cillizza, Chris. 2009. "Obama Announces Grass-Roots Lobby." Washington Post, January 19.
59. Clarke, Peter, and Susan H. Evans. 1983. Covering Campaigns: Journalism in Congressional Elections. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.
60. Clawson, Dan, and Mary Ann Clawson. 1999. "What Has Happened to the U.S. Labor Movement? Union Decline and Renewal." Annual Review of Sociology 25: 95-119
61. Clemens, Elisabeth S. 1993. "Organizational Repertoires and Institutional Change: Women's Groups and the Transformation of U.S. Politics, 1890-1920." American Journal of Sociology 98 (4): 755-98.
62. Clemens, Elisabeth S. 1997. The People's Lobby: Organizational Innovation and the Rise of Interest Group Politics in the United States, 1890-1925. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
63. Clifford, James, and George E. Marcus, eds. 1986. Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography. Berkeley: University of California Press.
64. Cook, Timothy E. 1998. Governing with the News: The News Media as a Political Institution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
65. Dalton, Russell J., and Martin P. Wattenberg, eds. 2000. Parties without Partisans: Political Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
66. Dark, Taylor E. 2001. The Unions and the Democrats: An Enduring Alliance. Ithaca: ILR Press.
67. DeLanda, Manuel. 2006. A New Philosophy of Society: Assemblage Theory and Social Complexity. London: Continuum.
68. Democratic National Committee. 2005. 50-state strategy. http://www.democrats.org/a/party/a_50_state_strategy.
69. Denver, David, Gordon Hands, and Iain MacAllister. 2004. "The Electoral Impact of Constituency Campaigning in Britain, 1992-2001." Political Studies 52 (2): 289-306.
70. Dickinson, Tim. 2008. "The Machinery of Hope." Rolling Stone, March 20.
71. Dinkin, Robert J. 1989. Campaigning in America: A History of Election Practices. New York: Greenwood Press.
72. Dulio, David A. 2004. For Better or Worse? How Political Consultants Are Changing Elections in the United States. Albany: State University of New York Press.
73. Duneier, Mitchell. 1999. Sidewalk. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
74. Duneier, Mitchell. 2002. "What Kind of Combat Sport Is Sociology?" American Journal of Sociology 107 (6): 1551-76.
75. Edsall, Thomas B. 2000. "Unions Mobilize to Beat Bush, Regain House." Washington Post, March 27, sec. A.
76. Edsall, Thomas B. 2005. "Soros-Backed Activist Group Disbands as Interest Fades." Washington Post, August 3, sec. A.
77. Edsall, Thomas B. 2006. Building Red America: The New Conservative Coalition and the Drive for Permanent Power. New York: Basic Books.
78. Edsall, Thomas B., and James V. Grimaldi. 2004. "On Nov. 2, GOP Got More Bang for Its Billion, Analysis Shows." Washington Post, December 30, sec. A.
79. Eggen, Dan. 2009. "Obama's Machine Sputters in Effort to Push Budget." Washington Post, April 6.
80. Eliasoph, Nina. 1998. Avoiding Politics: How Americans Produce Apathy in Everyday Life. Cambridge, U.K: Cambridge University Press.
81. Elmer, Greg. 2004. Profiling Machines: Mapping the Personal Information Economy. Cambridge: MIT Press.
82. Emerson, Robert M., Rachel I. Fretz, and Linda L. Shaw. 1995. Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
83. Entman, Robert M. 1989. Democracy without Citizens: Media and the Decay of American Politics. New York: Oxford University Press.
84. Erie, Steven P. 1988. Rainbow's End: Irish-Americans and the Dilemmas of Urban Machine Politics, 1840-1985. Berkeley: University of California Press.
85. Fantasia, Rick, and Kim Voss. 2004. Hard Work: Remaking the American Labor Movement. Berkeley: University of California Press.
86. Farhi, Paul. 2004. "Parties Square Off in a Database Duel." Washington Post, July 20, sec. A.
87. Federal Election Commission. 2007. "FEC to Collect $775,000 Civil Penalty from America Coming Together." August 29. Press release. http://www.fec.gov/press/press2007/20070829act.shtml.
88. Fenno, Richard F. 1978. Home Style: House Members in Their Districts. New York: HarperCollins.
89. Fiorina, Morris P. 1999. "Extreme Voices: A Dark Side of Civic Engagement." In Civic Engagement and American Democracy, edited by Theda Skocpol and Morris P. Fiorina, 395-425. New York: Brookings Institution Press.
90. Fiorina, Morris P., Paul E. Peterson, Bertram Johnson, and William G. Mayer. 2009. The New American Democracy. 6th ed. New York: Longman.
91. Fisher, Dana. 2006. Activism, Inc.: How the Outsourcing of Grassroots Campaigns Is Strangling Progressive Politics in America. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.
92. Franke-Ruta, Garance, and Harold Meyerson. 2004. "The GOP Deploys." American Prospect, February 1.
93. Galvin, Daniel. 2010. Presidential Party Building: Dwight D. Eisenhower to George W. Bush. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press.
94. Gamson, William A. 1992. Talking Politics. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
95. Gandy, Oscar H. 1993. The Panoptic Sort: A Political Economy of Personal Information. Critical Studies in Communication and in the Cultural Industries. Boulder, Colo: Westview.
96. Gandy, Oscar H. 2001. "Dividing Practices: Segmentation and Targeting in the Emerging Public Sphere." In Mediated Politics, edited by W. Lance Bennett and Robert M Entman, 141-59. New York: Cambridge University Press.
97. Gans, Herbert J. 1962. The Urban Villagers: Group and Class in the Life of Italian-Americans. New York: Free Press of Glencoe.
98. Gans, Herbert J. 1982. The Levittowners: Ways of Life and Politics in a New Suburban Community. New York: Columbia University Press.
99. Gans, Herbert J. 1989. "Sociology in America: The Discipline and the Public." American Sociological Association, 1988 Presidential Address. American Sociological Review 54 (1): 1-16.
100. Gans, Herbert J. 1999. "Participant Observation in the Era of 'Ethnography.'" Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 28 (5): 540-48.
101. Ganz, Marshall. 1993. "Voters in the Crosshairs." America Prospect, December 1.
102. Ganz, Marshall. 2009a. Why David Sometimes Wins: Leadership, Organization, and Strategy in the California Farm Worker Movement. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
103. Ganz, Marshall. 2009b. "Why Stories Matter." Sojourners, March.
104. Geertz, Clifford. 1973. The Interpretation of Cultures; Selected Essays. New York: Basic Books.
105. Geertz, Clifford. 1988. Works and Lives: The Anthropologist as Author. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.
106. Gerber, Alan S., and Donald P. Green. 2000. "The Effects of Canvassing, Telephone Calls, and Direct Mail on Voter Turnout: A Field Experiment." American Political Science Review 94 (3): 653-63.
107. Gerber, Alan S., Donald P. Green, and Christopher W. Larimer. 2010. "An Experiment Testing the Relative Effectiveness of Encouraging Voter Participation by Inducing Feelings of Pride or Shame." Political Behavior 32 (3): 409-22.
108. Gertner, Jon. 2004. "The Very, Very Personal Is the Political." New York Times Magazine, February 15.
109. Gillespie, A. 2010. "Canvasser Affect and Voter Response: Results from National Focus Groups." American Politics Research 38 (4): 718-58.
110. Girard, Monique, and David Stark. 2007. "Socio-Technologies of Assembly: Sense Making and Demonstration in Rebuilding Lower Manhattan." In Governance and Information Technology, edited by David Lazer and Viktor Mayer-Schoenberger, 145-76. New York: Oxford University Press.
111. Gitlin, Todd. 2001. Media Unlimited: How the Torrent of Images and Sounds Overwhelms Our Lives. New York: Metropolitan Books.
112. Godwin, R. Kenneth. 1988. One Billion Dollars of Influence: The Direct Marketing of Politics. Chatham, N.J: Chatham House.
113. Goffman, Erving. 1959. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. Garden City, N.Y: Doubleday.
114. Goffman, Erving. 1982. Interaction Ritual: Essays on Face-to-Face Behavior. New York: Pantheon Books.
115. Goffman, Erving. 1989. On Fieldwork. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 18 (2): 123-32.
116. Goldfield, Michael. 1986. "Labor in American Politics: Its Current Weakness." Journal of Politics 48 (1): 2-29.
117. Gosnell, Harold Foote. 1939. Machine Politics: Chicago Model. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
118. Graber, Doris A. 2006. Mass Media and American Politics. 7th ed. Washington, D.C: CQ Press.
119. Green, Donald P., and Alan S. Gerber. 2008. Get Out the Vote: How to Increase Voter Turnout. 2nd ed. Washington, D.C: Brookings Institution Press.
120. Green, John C., and Daniel J. Coffey, eds. 2007. The State of the Parties: The Changing Role of Contemporary American Politics. 5th ed. People, Passions, and Power. Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield.
121. Green, John C., and Rick Farmer, eds. 2003. The State of the Parties: The Changing Role of Contemporary American Parties. 4th ed. People, Passions, and Power. Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield.
122. Green, John C., and Daniel M. Shea, eds. 1996. The State of the Parties: The Changing Role of Contemporary American Parties. 2nd ed. People, Passions, and Power. Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield.
123. Green, John C. 1999. The State of the Parties: The Changing Role of Contemporary American Parties. 3rd ed. People, Passions, and Power. Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield.
124. Grimshaw, William J. 1992. Bitter Fruit: Black Politics and the Chicago Machine, 1931-1991. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
125. Gutmann, Amy, and Dennis Thompson. 2004. Why Deliberative Democracy? Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
126. Hamburger, Tom, and Peter Wallsten. 2006. One Party Country: The Republican Plan for Dominance in the 21st Century. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley and Sons.
127. Held, David. 2006. Models of Democracy. Cambridge, U.K.: Polity.
128. Herrnson, Paul S. 1988. Party Campaigning in the 1980s. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
129. Herrnson, Paul S. 1995. Congressional Elections: Campaigning at Home and in Washington. Washington, D.C: CQ Press.
130. Herrnson, Paul S. 2004. Congressional Elections: Campaigning at Home and in Washington. Washington, D.C: CQ Press.
131. Hibbing, John R., and Elizabeth Theiss-Morse. 2002. Stealth Democracy: Americans' Beliefs about How Government Should Work. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
132. Hillygus, D. Sunshine, and Todd G. Shields. 2008. The Persuadable Voter: Wedge Issues in Presidential Campaigns. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
133. Hindman, Matthew. 2008. The Myth of Digital Democracy. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
134. Hochschild, Arlie R. 1979. "Emotion Work, Feeling Rules, and Social Structure." American Journal of Sociology 85 (3): 551-75.
135. Hochschild, Arlie R. 1983. The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling. Berkeley: University of California Press.
136. Holbrook, Thomas M. 1996. Do Campaigns Matter? Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
137. Howard, Philip N. 2006. New Media Campaigns and the Managed Citizen. New York: Cambridge University Press.
138. Howard, Philip N., and Daniel Kreiss. 2009. "Political Parties and Voter Privacy: Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and United States in Comparative Perspective." World Information Access Project Paper. Seattle: University of Washington. http://www.wiareport.org/index.php/publications/working-papers.
139. Huckfeldt, R. Robert, and John D. Sprague. 1995. Citizens, Politics, and Social Communication: Information and Influence in an Election Campaign. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
140. Institute of Politics. 2002. Campaign for President: The Managers Look at 2000. New Hampshire: Hollis Publishing Company.
141. Institute of Politics. 2006. Campaign for President: The Managers Look at 2004. Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield.
142. Institute of Politics. 2007. Looking Ahead Discussion Sessions, Democrats. http://www.iop.harvard.edu/Programs/Campaign-2008-Looking-Ahead/Looking-Ahead-Discussion-Sessions-DEMS.
143. Institute of Politics. 2009. Campaign for President: The Managers Look at 2008. Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield.
144. Issenberg, Sasha. 2010. "How Behavioral Science Is Remaking Politics." New York Times Magazine, October 29.
145. Iyengar, Shanto, and Donald R. Kinder. 1987. News That Matters: Television and American Opinion. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
146. Jacobson, Gary C. 2009. The Politics of Congressional Elections. 7th ed. New York: Pearson/Longman.
147. Jacobson, Louise. 2006. "Ohio: Time for the Once-in-a-Generation Political Shake-up?" Roll Call, March 29.
148. James, William. 1995. Pragmatism. New York: Dover Publications.
149. Jamieson, Kathleen Hall, ed. 2001. Electing the President, 2000: The Insiders' View. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
150. Jamieson, Kathleen Hall. 2006. Electing the President, 2004: The Insider's View. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
151. Jamieson, Kathleen Hall. 2009. Electing the President, 2008: The Insiders' View. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
152. Jaquith, Waldo. 2006. "The Demzilla Downfall." Campaigns and Elections, May.
153. Jensen, Klaus Bruhn. 2010. Media Convergence: The Three Degrees of Network, Mass, and Interpersonal Communication. London: Routledge.
154. Johnson, Dennis W. 2007. No Place for Amateurs: How Political Consultants Are Reshaping American Democracy. New York: Routledge.
155. Johnson, Dennis W., ed. 2009. Routledge Handbook of Political Management. New York: Routledge.
156. Johnston, R., Michael Gray Hagen, and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. 2004. The 2000 Presidential Election and the Foundations of Party Politics. Houndmills, Basingstoke: Cambridge University Press.
157. Kamarck, Elaine. 2006. "Assessing Howard Dean's Fifty State Strategy and the 2006 Midterm Elections." Forum 4 (3): article 5.
158. Karpf, David A. 2009. "Unexpected Transformations: The Internet's Effects on Political Associations in American Politics." Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Pennsylvania.
159. Katz, Jack. 2001. "From How to Why: On Luminous Description and Causal Inference in Ethnography (Part 1)." Ethnography 2 (4): 443-73.
160. Katz, Jack. 2002. "From How to Why: On Luminous Description and Causal Inference in Ethnography (Part 2)." Ethnography 3 (1): 63-90.
161. Kerbel, Matthew. 2009. Netroots: Online Progressives and the Transformation of American Politics. Boulder, Colo.: Paradigm.
162. Key, V. O. 1949. Southern Politics in State and Nation. New York: A. A. Knopf.
163. Kiely, Kathy. 2002. "In the End, 'Ground Game' May Decide Closest Races." USA Today, November 4, sec. A.
164. Kolodny, Robin. 1998. Pursuing Majorities: Congressional Campaign Committees in American Politics. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
165. Kreiss, Daniel. 2009. "Developing the 'Good Citizen': Digital Artifacts, Peer Networks, and Formal Organization during the 2003-2004 Howard Dean Campaign." Journal of Information Technology and Politics 6 (3): 281-97.
166. Latour, Bruno. 1987. Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers through Society. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
167. Latour, Bruno. 2005. Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press.
168. Latour, Bruno, and Steve Woolgar. 1986. Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
169. Lazarsfeld, Paul Felix, Bernard Berelson, and Hazel Gaudet. 1948. The People's Choice: How the Voter Makes up His Mind in a Presidential Campaign. 2nd ed. New York: Columbia Univ. Press.
170. Leidner, Robin. 1993. Fast Food, Fast Talk: Service Work and the Routinization of Everyday Life. Berkeley: University of California Press.
171. Leidner, Robin. 1999. "Emotional Labor in Service Work." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 561 (1): 81-95.
172. Levitz, Jennifer. 2010. "To Protest Hiring of Nonunion Help, Union Hires Nonunion Pickets." wsj.com, July 16, sec. A-hed. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704288204575362763101099660.html.
173. Lichterman, Paul. 1996. The Search for Political Community: American Activists Reinventing Commitment. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
174. Ligas, Mark. 2004. "Personalizing Services Encounters: The Role of Service Provider Actions in Developing Customer Trust." Services Marketing Quarterly 25 (4): 33-51.
175. Lofland, John. 1995. "Analytic Ethnography: Features, Failings, and Futures." Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 24 (1): 30-67.
176. Magleby, David B., and J. Quin Monson, eds. 2004. The Last Hurrah? Soft Money and Issue Advocacy in the 2002 Congressional Elections. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
177. Magleby, David B., J. Quin Monson, and Kelly D. Patterson, eds. 2007. Dancing without Partners: How Candidates, Parties, and Interest Groups Interact in the Presidential Campaign. Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield.
178. Magleby, David B., and Kelly D. Patterson. 2006. "Stepping Out of the Shadows? Ground-War Activity in 2004." In The Election after Reform, edited by Michael J. Malbin, 161-84. Rowman and Littlefield.
179. Mahler, Matthew. Forthcoming. "The Day before Election Day." Ethnography.
180. Maisel, Louis Sandy. 2007. American Political Parties and Elections: A Very Short Introduction. Very Short Introductions. New York: Oxford University Press.
181. Malbin, Michael J, ed. 2006. The Election after Reform: Money, Politics, and the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act. Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield.
182. Malchow, Hal. 2003. The New Political Targeting. Washington, D.C.: Campaigns and Elections Press.
183. Malbin, Michael J. 2004. "Shattering Myths about Getting out the Vote." Campaigns and Elections.
184. March, James G., and Johan P. Olsen. 1989. Rediscovering Institutions: The Organizational Basis of Politics. New York: Free Press.
185. Marcus, George E. 1995. "Ethnography in/of the World System: The Emergence of Multi-sited Ethnography." Annual Review of Anthropology 24 (1): 95-117.
186. Marwell, Nicole P. 2007. Bargaining for Brooklyn: Community Organizations in the Entrepreneurial City. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
187. Masket, Seth E. 2009. "Did Obama's Ground Game Matter? The Influence of Local Field Offices during the 2008 Presidential Election." Public Opinion Quarterly 73 (5): 1023-39.
188. Mazeland, Harrie. 2004. "Responding to the Double Implication of Telemarketers' Opinion Queries." Discourse Studies 6 (1): 95-115.
189. Mazzoleni, Gianpietro, and Winfried Schulz. 1999. "'Mediatization' of Politics: A Challenge for Democracy?" Political Communication 16 (3): 247.
190. McAdam, Doug, Sidney G. Tarrow, and Charles Tilly. 2001. Dynamics of Contention. New York: Cambridge University Press.
191. McCarthy, John D., and Mayer N. Zald. 1977. "Resource Mobilization and Social Movements: A Partial Theory." American Journal of Sociology 82 (6): 1212-41.
192. McGerr, Michael E. 1986. The Decline of Popular Politics: The American North, 1865-1928. New York: Oxford University Press.
193. Medvic, Stephen K. 2001. Political Consultants in U.S. Congressional Elections. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.
194. Melber, Ari. 2010. "Year One of Organizing for America: The Permanent Field Campaign in a Digital Age." A TechPresident Special Report, http://techpresident.com/files/report_Year_One_of_Organizing_for_America_Melber.pdf.
195. Merton, Robert K. 1987. "Three Fragments from a Sociologist's Notebooks: Establishing the Phenomenon, Specified Ignorance, and Strategic Research Materials." Annual Review of Sociology 13: 1-29.
196. Meyerson, Harold. 2003. "Judging Terry." American Prospect, December 1.
197. Michels, Robert. 1915. Political Parties: A Sociological Study of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern Democracy. New York: Hearst's International Library Co.
198. Miller, Arthur H., Christopher Wlezien, and Anne Hildreth. 1991. "A Reference Group Theory of Partisan Coalitions." Journal of Politics 53 (4): 1134-49.
199. Mittal, Banwari, and Walfried M. Lassar. 1996. "The Role of Personalization in Service Encounters." Journal of Retailing 72 (1): 95-109.
200. Munson, Ziad W. 2008. The Making of Pro-Life Activists: How Social Movement Mobilization Works. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
201. Mutz, Diana C. 2002. "The Consequences of Cross-Cutting Networks for Political Participation." American Journal of Political Science 46 (4): 838-55.
202. Negrine, Ralph M., and James Stanyer, eds. 2007. The Political Communication Reader. London: Routledge.
203. Neuman, W. Russell. 1996. "Political Communications Infrastructure." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 546 (July): 9-21.
204. Neuman, W. Russell, Yong Jin Park, and Elliot Panek. 2009. "Tracking the Flow of Information into the Home: An Empirical Assessment of the Digital Revolution in the U.S. from 1960-2005." Presented at the International Communication Association conference in Chicago.
205. Newman, Katherine S. 1999. No Shame in My Game: The Working Poor in the Inner City. New York: Knopf and the Russell Sage Foundation.
206. Nickerson, David W. 2005. "Partisan Mobilization Using Volunteer Phone Banks and Door Hangers." The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 601 (1): 10-27.
207. Nickerson, David W. 2006. "Volunteer Phone Calls Can Increase Turnout: Evidence from Eight Field Experiments." American Politics Research 34 (3): 271-92.
208. Nickerson, David W. 2007. "Quality Is Job One: Professional and Volunteer Voter Mobilization Calls." American Journal of Political Science 51 (2): 269-82.
209. Nickerson, David W., and Todd Rogers. 2010. "Do You Have a Voting Plan?" Psychological Science 21 (2): 194-99.
210. Nielsen, Rasmus Kleis. 2009. "The Labors of Internet-Assisted Activism: Overcommunication, Miscommunication, and Communicative Overload." Journal of Information Technology and Politics 6 (3): 267-80.
211. Nielsen, Rasmus Kleis. 2010. "Mundane Internet Tools, Mobilizing Practices, and the Coproduction of Citizenship in Political Campaigns." New Media and Society 13 (5): 755-71.
212. Norris, Pippa. 2000. A Virtuous Circle: Political Communications in Postindustrial Societies. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
213. Ornstein, Norman J., and Thomas E. Mann, eds. 2000. The Permanent Campaign and Its Future. Washington, D.C: American Enterprise Institute.
214. Panagopoulos, Costas. 2009. "Partisan and Nonpartisan Message Content and Voter Mobilization." Political Research Quarterly 62 (1): 70-76.
215. Parks, James. 2010. "Trumka: Be Proud of Union GOTV Effort, Get Ready Again to Fight for Jobs." AFL-CIO Now Blog. http://blog.aflcio.org/2010/11/03/trumka-be-proud-of-union-gotv-effort-get-ready-again-to-fight-for-jobs.
216. Patterson, Thomas E. 1993. Out of Order. New York: A. Knopf.
217. Patterson, Thomas E. 2002. The Vanishing Voter: Public Involvement in an Age of Uncertainty. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
218. Pattie, Charles J., R. J. Johnston, and Edward A. Fieldhouse. 1995. "Winning the Local Vote: The Effectiveness of Constituency Campaign Spending in Great Britain, 1983-1992." American Political Science Review 89 (4): 969-83.
219. Perlstein, Rick. 2001. Before the Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus. New York: Hill and Wang.
220. Piore, Michael J., and Charles F. Sabel. 1984. The Second Industrial Divide: Possibilities for Prosperity. New York: Basic Books.
221. Plouffe, David. 2009. The Audacity to Win: The Inside Story and Lessons of Barack Obama's Historic Victory. New York: Viking.
222. Powell, Walter W. 1990. "Neither Market Nor Hierarchy: Network Forms of Organization." Research in Organizational Behavior 12: 295-336.
223. Prior, Markus. 2007. Post-Broadcast Democracy: How Media Choice Increases Inequality in Political Involvement and Polarizes Elections. New York: Cambridge University Press.
224. Putnam, Robert D. 2000. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon and Schuster.
225. Ragin, Charles C. 1992. "Casing" and the Process of Social Inquiry. In What Is a Case? Exploring the Foundations of Social Inquiry, edited by Charles C. Ragin and Howard S. Becker, 217-26. New York: Cambridge University Press.
226. Rose, Gary L. 1992. Connecticut Politics at the Crossroads. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America.
227. Rosenstone, Steven J., and John Mark Hansen. 1993. Mobilization, Participation, and Democracy in America. New York: Macmillan.
228. Rozell, Mark J., Clyde Wilcox, and David Madland. 2006. Interest Groups in American Campaigns. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press.
229. Sabato, Larry. 1981. The Rise of Political Consultants: New Ways of Winning Elections. New York: Basic Books.
230. Sabel, Charles F. 1991. "Moebius-Strip Organizations and Open Labor Markets: Some consequences of the Reintegration of Conception and Execution in a Volatile Economy." In Social Theory for a Changing Society, edited by Pierre Bourdieu and James S Coleman, 23-61. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
231. Salmore, Barbara G., and Stephen A. Salmore. 2008. New Jersey Politics and Government: The Suburbs Come of Age. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rivergate Books.
232. Saslow, Eli. 2009. "Grass-Roots Battle Tests the Obama Movement." Washington Post, August 23.
233. Sassen, Saskia. 2006. Territory, Authority, Rights: From Medieval to Global Assemblages. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
234. Schier, Steven E. 2000. By Invitation Only: The Rise of Exclusive Politics in the United States. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
235. Schudson, Michael. 1998. The Good Citizen: A History of American Civic Life. New York: Free Press.
236. Schudson, Michael. 2003. The Sociology of News. New York: Norton.
237. Schwartz, Barry. 1968. "The Social Psychology of Privacy." American Journal of Sociology 73 (6): 741-52.
238. Semiatin, Richard J., ed. 2008. Campaigns on the Cutting Edge. Washington, D.C: CQ Press.
239. Shea, Daniel M., and Michael J. Burton. 2006. Campaign Craft: The Strategies, Tactics, and Art of Political Campaign Management. Westport, Conn.: Praeger.
240. Shenk, David. 1997. Data Smog: Surviving the Information Glut. San Francisco: HarperEdge.
241. Skinner, Richard M. 2005. "Do 527's Add Up to a Party? Thinking about the 'Shadows' of Politics." Forum 3 (3): article 5. http://www.bepress.com/forum/vol3/iss3/art5.
242. Skocpol, Theda. 2003. Diminished Democracy: From Membership to Management in American Civic Life. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
243. Skocpol, Theda, Marshall Ganz, and Ziad Munson. 2000. "A Nation of Organizers: The Institutional Origins of Civic Voluntarism in the United States." American Political Science Review 94 (3): 527-46.
244. Snow, David A., Calvin Morrill, and Leon Anderson. 2003. "Elaborating Analytic Ethnography: Linking Fieldwork and Theory." Ethnography 4 (2): 181-200.
245. Sorauf, Frank J. 1992. Inside Campaign Finance: Myths and Realities. New York: Yale University Press.
246. Sosnik, Doug, Matthew J. Dowd, and Ron Fournier. 2006. Applebee's America: How Successful Political, Business, and Religious Leaders Connect with the New American Community. New York: Simon and Schuster.
247. Stark, David. 2009. The Sense of Dissonance: Accounts of Worth in Economic Life. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
248. Steffens, Lincoln. 1904. The Shame of the Cities. New York: McClure, Phillips and Co.
249. Suddes, Thomas. 2006. "NE Ohio Is Key to Senate Contest." Cleveland Plain Dealer, July 5, Metro.
250. Swanson, David L., and Paolo Mancini, eds. 1996. Politics, Media, and Modern Democracy: An International Study of Innovations in Electoral Campaigning and Their Consequences. Westport, Conn.: Praeger.
251. Techpresident. 2009. Quote of the Day. December 14. http://techpresident.com/blog-entry/quote-day.
252. Thomas, Evan. 2009. A Long Time Coming: The Inspiring, Combative 2008 Campaign and the Historic Election of Barack Obama. New York: PublicAffairs.
253. Thompson, John B. 1995. The Media and Modernity: A Social Theory of the Media. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.
254. Thurber, James A., and Candice J. Nelson, eds. 2000. Campaign Warriors: The Role of Political Consultants in Elections. Washington, D.C: Brookings Institution Press.
255. Tilly, Charles. 2008. Explaining Social Processes. Boulder: Paradigm.
256. Trent, Judith S., and Robert V. Friedenberg. 2008. Political Campaign Communication: Principles and Practices. Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield.
257. Turow, Joseph. 1997. Breaking Up America: Advertisers and the New Media World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
258. Turow, Joseph. 2006. Niche Envy: Marketing Discrimination in the Digital Age. Cambridge: MIT Press.
259. Tynan, Daniel. 2004. "GOP Voter Vault Shipped Overseas." PC World, September 24. http://www.pcworld.com/article/117930/gop_voter_vault_shipped_overseas.html.
260. Ubertaccio, Peter N. 2009. "Network Marketing and American Political Parties." In Routledge Handbook of Political Management, edited by Dennis W Johnson, 509-23. New York: Routledge.
261. Van Maanen, John. 1988. Tales of the Field: On Writing Ethnography. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
262. Varon, Elana. 2004. "Election 2004: IT on the Campaign Trail." CIO Magazine, June 1. http://www.cio.com/article/32314.
263. Venkatesh, Sudhir. 2002. "'Doin' the Hustle': Constructing the Ethnographer in the American Ghetto." Ethnography 3 (1): 91-111.
264. Verba, Sidney, Kay Lehman Schlozman, and Henry E Brady. 1995. Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
265. Walker, Jack L. 1991. Mobilizing Interest Groups in America: Patrons, Professions, and Social Movements. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
266. Wallsten, Peter. 2008. "A GOP Machine Sits Silent." LA Times, June 9. http://articles.latimes.com/2008/jun/09/nation/na-ohio9.
267. Wallsten, Peter. 2010. "Chief of Staff Draws Fire From Left as Obama Falters." wsj.com, January 26, sec. Politics and Policy. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703808904575025030384695158.html?mod=WSJ_latestheadlines#printMode.
268. Walsh, Katherine C. 2004. Talking about Politics: Informal Groups and Social Identity in American Life. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
269. Ware, Alan. 1985. The Breakdown of Democratic Party Organization, 1940-1980. Oxford, U.K: Clarendon Press.
270. Warren, Mark R. 2001. Dry Bones Rattling: Community Building to Revitalize American Democracy. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press.
271. Wattenberg, Martin P. 1991. The Rise of Candidate-Centered Politics: Presidential Elections of the 1980s. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
272. Wattenberg, Martin P. 1996. The Decline of American Political Parties, 1952-1994. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
273. Weber, Max. 1968. Economy and Society; an Outline of Interpretive Sociology. New York: Bedminster Press.
274. Weir, Margaret, and Marshall Ganz. 1997. "Reconnecting People and Politics." In The New Majority, edited by Stanley B. Greenberg and Theda Skocpol. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
275. Whiteley, P., and P. Seyd. 2003. "How to Win a Landslide by Really Trying: The Effects of Local Campaigning on Voting in the 1997 British General Election." Electoral Studies 22 (2): 301-24.
276. Wielhouwer, Peter W. 2003. "In Search of Lincoln's Perfect List: Targeting in Grassroots Campaigns." American Politics Research 31 (6): 632-69.
277. Williamson, Vanessa, Theda Skocpol, and John Coggin. 2011. "The Tea Party and the Remaking of Republican Conservatism." Perspectives on Politics 9 (1): 25-43.
278. Wilson, James Q. 1962. The Amateur Democrat: Club Politics in Three Cities. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
279. Wilson, James Q. 1995. Political Organizations. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
280. Wittgenstein, Ludwig. 1991. Philosophical Investigations. Oxford, U.K.: Blackwell.
281. Zaller, John. 1999. A Theory of Media Politics. Unpublished manuscript, dated October 24, 1999. http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/polisci/faculty/zaller/media%20politics%20book%20.pdf.
282. Zeleny, Jeff. 2010. "Democrats Counting on Strength of Obama's Network." New York Times, October 26, A17.