Development of pbpk models for pfoa and pfos for human pregnancy and lactation life stages

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health - Part A: Current Issues

Volumn 76, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 25-57

  Loccisano, Anne E ^a   Longnecker, Matthew P ^b   Campbell, Jerry L ^a   Andersen, Melvin E ^a   Clewell, Harvey J ^a  

^a HAMNER INSTITUTES FOR HEALTH SCIENCES   (United States)

^b NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DRINKING WATER; PERFLUOROOCTANESULFONIC ACID; PERFLUOROOCTANOIC ACID; WATER;

ARTICLE; BREAST MILK; CHEMICAL PARAMETERS; DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FEMALE; HUMAN; LACTATION; MATERNAL PLASMA; MOTHER; PARTITION COEFFICIENT; PREDICTION; PREGNANCY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK ASSESSMENT; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; SIMULATION;

ADULT; ALKANESULFONIC ACIDS; ANIMALS; CAPRYLATES; COMPUTER SIMULATION; FEMALE; FLUOROCARBONS; HAPLORHINI; HUMANS; INFANT, NEWBORN; KIDNEY; LACTATION; MATERNAL EXPOSURE; MATERNAL-FETAL EXCHANGE; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; PREGNANCY; PROTEIN BINDING; RATS; RISK FACTORS;

ANIMALIA; RATTUS;

EID: 84869849846     PISSN: 15287394     EISSN: 10872620     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2012.722523     Document Type: Article

References (107)

1. Abbott, B. D., Wolf, C. J., Schmid, J. E., Das, K. P., Zehr, R. D., Helfant, L., Nakayama, S., Lindstrom, A. B., Strynar, M. J., and Lau, C. 2007. Perfluorooctanoic acid induced developmental toxicity in the mouse is dependent on expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-alpha. Toxicol. Sci 98:571-581. (Pubitemid 47244825)
2. Alcorn, J., and McNamara, P. J. 2003. Pharmacokinetics in the newborn. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 55:667-686. (Pubitemid 36428679)
3. And ersen, M. E., Butenhoff, J. L., Chang, S. C., Farrar, D. G., Kennedy, G. L., Lau, C., Olsen, G. W., Seed, J., and Wallace, K. B. 2008. Perfluoroalkyl acids and related chemistries-Toxicokinetics and modesl of action. Toxicol. Sci. 102:3-14. (Pubitemid 351250465)
4. and ersen, M. E., Clewell, H. J., Tan, Y.-M., Butenhoff, J. L., and Olsen, G. 2006. Pharmacokinetic modeling of saturable, renal absorption of perfluoroalkylacids in monkeys-Probing the determinants of long plasma half-lives. Toxicology 227:156-164. (Pubitemid 44404227)
5. Apelberg, B. J., Witter, F. R., Herbstman, J. B., Calafat, A. M., Halden, R. U., Needham, L. L., and Goldman, L. R. 2007. Cord serum concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluooctanoate (PFOA) in relation to weight and size at birth. Environ. Health. Perspect. 115:1670.
6. Bartell, S. M., Calafat, A. M., Lyu, C., Kato, K., Ryan, P. B., and Steenl and , K. 2010. Rate of decline in serum pfoa concentrations after granular activated carbon filtration at two public water systems in Ohio and West Virginia. Environ. Health Perspect. 118:222-228.
7. Beall, M. H., van den Wijngaard, J. P. H. M., van Gemert, M. J. C., and Ross, M. G. 2007. Regulation of amniotic fluid volume. Placenta 28:824-832. (Pubitemid 47074379)
8. Beesoon, S., Webster, G. M., Shoeib, M., Harner, T., Benskin, J. P., and Martin, J. W. 2011. Isomer profiles of perfluorochemicals in matched maternal, cord, and house dust samples: Manufacturing sources and transplacental transfer. Environ. Health Perspect. 119:1659-1664.
9. Benskin, J. P., De Silva, A. O., Martin, L. J., Arsenault, G., McCrindle, R., Riddell, N., Mabury, S. A., and Martin, J. W. 2009. Disposition of perfluorinated acid isomers in Sprague-Dawley rats; Part 1: Single dose. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 28:542-554.
10. Brown, R. P., Delp, M. D., Lindstedt, S. L., Rhomberg, L. R., and Beliles, R. P. 1997. Physiological parameter values for physiologically based pharmacokinetic models. Toxicol. Ind. Health 13:407-484. (Pubitemid 27314117)
11. Calafat, A. M., Wong, L.-Y., Kuklenyik, Z., Reidy, J. A., and Needham, L. L. 2007. Polyfluoroalkyl chemicals in the U. S. Population: Data from the national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES) 2003-2004 and comparisons with NHANES 1999-2000. Environ. Health. Perspect. 115:1596-1602.
12. Case, M. T., York, R. G., and Christian, M. S. 2001. Rat and rabbit oral developmental toxicology studies with two perfluorinated compounds. Int. J. Toxicol. 20:101-109. (Pubitemid 32422315)
13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2002. 2000 CDC growth charts for the United States: Methods and development. In Vital and health statistics, Series 11, Number 246. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Available at http://www. cdc. gov/growthcharts/clinical-charts. htm
14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2004. Trends in intake of energy and macronutrients-United States, 1971-2000. Morbid. Mortal Weekly Rep. 53:80-82.
15. Cha, S. H., Sekine, T., Kusuhara, H., Yu, E., Kim, J. Y., Kim, D. K., Sugiyama, Y., Kanai, Y., and Endou, H. 2000. Molecular cloning and characterization of multispecific organic anion transporter 4 expressed in the placenta. J. Biol. Chem. 275:4507-4512. (Pubitemid 30094696)
16. Clewell, H. J., Gearhart, J. M., Gentry, P. R., Covington, T., VanL and ingham, C. B., Crump, K. S., and Shipp, A. 1999. Evaluation of the uncertainty in an oral reference dose for methylmercury due to interindividual variability in pharmacokinetics. Risk Anal. 19:547-558. (Pubitemid 29493850)
17. Davies, B., and Morris, T. 1993. Physiological parameters in laboratory animals and humans. Pharm. Res. 10:1093-1095. (Pubitemid 23211439)
18. Dewey, K. G., Heinig, M. J., Nommsen, L. A., and Lonnerdal, B. 1991. Adequacy of energy intake among breast-fed infants in the darling study: Relationships to growth velocity, morbidity, and activity levels. J. Pediat. 119:538-547.
19. Dunlop, W. 1979. Renal physiology in pregnancy. Postgrad. Med. 55:329-332. (Pubitemid 9203611)
20. Dunlop, W. 1981. Serial changes in renal hemodynamics during normal human pregnancy. Br. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 88:1-9. (Pubitemid 11184002)
21. Duvekot, J. J., Cheriex, E. C., Pieters, F. A. A., Menheere, P. P. C. A., Schouten, H. J. A., and Peeters, L. L. H. 1995. Maternal volume homeostasis in early pregnancy in relation to fetal growth restriction. Obstet. Gynecol. 85:361-367.
22. Ehresman, D. J., Froehlich, J. W., Olsen, G. W., Chang, S.-C., and Butenhoff, J. L. 2007. Comparison of human whole blood, plasma, and serum matrices for the determination of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), and other fluorochemicals. Environ. Res. 103: 176-184. (Pubitemid 46123314)
23. Emmett, E. A., Shofer, F. S., Zhang, H., Freeman, D., Desai, C., and Shaw, L. M. 2006. Community exposure to perfluorooctanoate: Relationships between serum concentrations and exposure sources. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 48:759-770. (Pubitemid 44221830)
24. Ershow, A. G., Brown, L. M., and Cantor, K. P. 1991. Intake of tapwater and total water by pregnant and lactating women. Am. J. Public Health 81:328-334.
25. Fei, C., McLaughlin, J. K., Tarone, R. E., and Olsen, J. 2007. Perfluorinated chemicals and fetal growth: A study within the Danish national birth cohort. Environ. Health. Perspect. 115:1677.
26. Fenton, S. E., Reiner, J. L., Nakayama, S. F., Delinsky, A. D., Stanko, J. P., Hines, E. P., White, S. S., Lindstrom, A. B., Strynar, M. J., and Petropoulou, S.-S. E. 2009. Analysis of pfoa in dosed CD-1 mice. Part 2: Disposition of PFOA in tissues and fluids from pregnant and lactating mice and their pups. Reprod. Toxicol. 27:365-372.
27. Fiserova-Bergerova, V. 1975. Biologicalmathematical modeling of chronic toxicity. Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory.
28. Fromme, H., Mosch, C., Morovitz, M., Alba-Alej and re, I., Boehmer, S., Kiranoglu, M., Faber, F., Hannibal, I., Genzel-Boroviczeny, O., Koletzko, B., and Volkel, W. 2010. Pre and postnatal exposure to perfluorinated compounds (PFCs). Environ. Sci. Technol. 44:7123-7129.
29. Fromme, H., Tittlemier, S. A., Volkel, W., Wilhelm, M., and Twardella, D. 2009. Perfluorinated compounds-Exposure assessment for the general population in Western countries. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 212:239-270.
30. Gentry, P. R., Covington, T., And ersen, M. E., and Clewell, H. J. 2002. Application of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for isopropanol in the derivation of a reference dose and reference concentration. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 36:51-68. (Pubitemid 36160144)
31. Gentry, P. R., Covington, T., and Clewell, H. J. 2003. Evaluation of the potential impact of pharmacokinetic differences on tissue dosimetry in offspring during pregnancy and lactaton. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 38:1-16. (Pubitemid 36873799)
32. Gortner, E. G. 1981. Oral teratology study of t-2998coc in rats. St. Paul, MN: Riker Laboratories, Inc., subsidiary of 3M.
33. Grasty, R. C., Bjork, J. A., Wallace, K. B., Lau, C., and Rogers, J. M. 2005. Effects of prenatal perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) exposure on lung maturation in the perinatal rat. Birth Defects Res. Part B 74:405-416. (Pubitemid 41579584)
34. Han, X., Nabb, D. L., Russell, M. H., Kennedy, G. L., and Rickard, R. W. 2012. Renal elimination of perfluorocarboxylates (PFCAs). Chem. Res. Toxicol. 25:35-46.
35. Han, X., Snow, T. A., Kemper, R. A., and Jepson, G. W. 2003. Binding of perfluorooctanoic acid to rat and human plasma proteins. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 16:775-781. (Pubitemid 36736609)
36. Hanssen, L., Rollin, H., Odl , J. O., Moe, M. K., S and anger, T. M. 2010. Perfluorinated compounds in maternal serum and cord blood from selected areas of South Africa: Results of a pilot study. J. Environ. Monitor. 12:1355-1361.
37. Harada, K., Inoue, K., Morikawa, A., Yoshinaga, T., Saito, N., and Koizumi, A. 2005. Renal clearance of perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoate in humans and their species-specific excretion. Environ. Res. 99:253-261.
38. Haug, L., Huber, S., Becher, G., and Thomsen, C. 2011. Characterization of human exposure pathways to perfluorinated compounds-Comparing exposure estimates with biomarkers of exposure. Environ. Int. 37:687-693.
39. Hinderliter, P. M., Mylchreest, E., Gannon, S. A., Butenhoff, J. L., and Kennedy, G. L., Jr. 2005. Perfluorooctanoate: Placental and lactational transport pharmacokinetics in rats. Toxicology 211:139-148. (Pubitemid 40603635)
40. Holzer, J., Midasch, O., Rauchfuss, K., Kraft, M., Reupert, R., Angerer, J., Kleeschulte, P., Marschall, N., and Wilhelm, M. 2008. Biomonitoring of perfluorinated compounds in children and adults exposed to perfluorooctanoate- contaminated drinking water. Environ. Health Perspect. 116:651-657. (Pubitemid 351864282)
41. Inoue, K., Okada, F., Ito, R., Kato, S., Sasaki, S., Nakajima, S., Uno, A., Saijo, Y, Sata, F., Yoshimura, Y., Kishi, R., and Nakazawa, H. 2004. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and related perfluorinated compounds in human maternal and cord blood samples: Assessment of pfos exposure in a susceptible population during pregnancy. Environ. Health. Perspect. 112:1204-1207. (Pubitemid 39157624)
42. Johnson, J. D., Gibson, S. J., and Ober, R. E. 1984. Cholestyramine- enhanced fecal elimination of carbon-14 in rats after administration of ammonium [14c]perfluorooctanoate or potassium [14c]perfluorooctanesulfonate. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 4:972-976. (Pubitemid 15182587)
43. Karrman, A., Ericson, I., van Bavel, B., Darnerud, P. O., Aune, M., Glynn, A., Lignell, S., and Lindstrom, G. 2007. Exposure of perfluorinated chemicals through lactation: Levels of matched human milk and serum and a temporal trend, 1996-2004, in Sweden. Environ. Health. Perspect. 115:226-230.
44. Katakura, M., Kudo, N., Tsuda, T., Hibino, Y., Mitsumoto, A., and Kawashima, Y. 2007. Rat organic anion transporter 3 and organic anion transporting polypeptide 1 mediate perfluorooctanoic acid transport. J. Health Sci. 53:77-83. (Pubitemid 46219371)
45. Kato, Y., Kuge, K., Kusuhara, H., Meier, P. J., and Sugiyama, Y. 2002. Gender differences in the urinary excretion of organic anions in rats. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 302:483-489. (Pubitemid 34787210)
46. Kerstner-Wood, C., Coward, L., and Gorman, G. 2003. Protein binding of perfluorobutane sulfonate, perfluorohexane sulfonate, perfluorooctane sulfonate, and perfluorooctanoate to plasma (human, rat, and monkey) and various human-derived plasma protein fractions. Birmingham, AL: Southern Research Corporation.
47. Kim, S.-K., Lee, K. T., Kang, C. S., Tao, L., Kannan, K., Kim, K.-R., Kim, C.-K., Lee, J. S., Park, P. S., Yoo, Y. W., Ha, J. Y., Shin, Y.-S., and Lee, J.-H. 2011a. Distribution of perfluorochemicals between sera and milk from the same mothers and implications for prenatal and postnatal exposures. Environ. Pollut. 159:169-174.
48. Kim, S., Choi, K., Ji, K., Seo, J., Kho, Y., Park, J., Kim, S., Park, S., Hwang, I., Jeon, J., Yang, H., and Giesy, J. P. 2011b. Trans-placental transfer of thirteen perfluorinated compounds and relations with fetal thyroid hormones. Environ. Sci. Technol. 45:7465-7472.
49. Krauer, B., Krauer, F., and Hytten, F. E. 1980. Drug disposition and pharmacokinetics in the maternal-placental-fetal unit. Pharmacol. Ther. 10:301-328.
50. Kudo, N., Katakura, M., Sato, Y., and Kawashima, Y. 2002. Sex hormone-regulated renal transport of perfluorooctanoic acid. Chem. Biol. Interact. 139:310-316.
51. Kudo, N., Sakai, A., Mitsumoto, A., Hibino, Y., Tsuda, T., and Kawashima, Y. 2007. Tissue distribution and hepatic subcellular distribution of perfluorooctanoic acid at low doses are different from those at high doses. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 30:1535-1540. (Pubitemid 47282215)
52. Kuslikis, B. I., V and en Heuvel, J. P., and Peterson, R. E. 1992. Lack of evidence for perfluorodecanoyl-or perfluorooctanoylcoenzyme a formation in male and female rats. J. Biochem. Toxicol. 7:25-29.
53. Lau, C. 2009. Perfluoroalkyl acids: Recent activities and research progress. Reprod. Toxicol. 27:209-211.
54. Lau, C., Anitole, K., Hodes, C., Lai, D., Pfahles-Hutchens, A., and Seed, J. 2007. Perfluoroalkyl acids: A review of monitoring and toxicological findings. Toxicol. Sci. 99:366-394. (Pubitemid 351753056)
55. Lau, C., Butenhoff, J. L., and Rogers, J. M. 2004. The developmental toxicity of perfluoroalkyl acids and their derivatives. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 198:231-241. (Pubitemid 38952836)
56. Lau, C., Thibodeaux, J. R., Hanson, R. G., Narotsky, M. G., Rogers, J. M., Lindstrom, A. B., and Strynar, M. J. 2006. Effects of perfluorooctanoic acid exposure during pregnancy in the mouse. Toxicol. Sci. 90:510-518.
57. Lau, C., Thibodeaux, J. R., Hanson, R. G., Rogers, J. M., Grey, B. E., Stanton, M. E., Butenhoff, J. L., and Stevenson, L. A. 2003. Exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate during pregnancy in rat and mouse. 2. : Postnatal evaluation. Toxicol. Sci. 74:382-392. (Pubitemid 36958307)
58. Lindstrom, A. B., Strynar, M. J., and Libelo, E. L. 2011. Polyfluorinated compounds: Past, present, and future. Environ. Sci. Technol. 45:7954-7961.
59. Liu, J., Li, J., Liu, Y., Chan, H. M., Zhao, Y., Cai, Z., and Wu, Y. 2011. Comparison on gestation and lactation exposure of perfluorinated compounds for newborns. Environ. Int. 37:1206-1212.
60. Llorca, M., Farre, M., Pico, Y., Teijon, M. L., Alvarez, J. G., and Barcelo, D. 2010. Infant exposure to perfluorinated compounds: Levels in breast milk and commercial baby food. Environ. Int. 36:584-592.
61. Loccisano, A. E., Campbell, J. L., And ersen, M. E., and Clewell, H. J. 2011. Evaluation and prediction of pharmacokinetics in the monkey and human using a PBPK model. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 59:157-175.
62. Loccisano, A. E., Campbell, J. L., Butenhoff, J. L., And ersen, M. E., and Clewell, H. J. 2012a. Evaluation of placental and lactational pharmacokinetics of PFOA and PFOS in the pregnant, lactating, fetal, and neontal rat using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model. Reprod. Toxicol. 33:468-490.
63. Loccisano, A. E., Campbell, J. L., Butenhoff, J. L., And ersen, M. E., and Clewell, H. J. 2012b. Comparison and evaluation of pharmacokinetics of PFOA and PFOS in the adult rat using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model. Reprod. Toxicol. 33:452-467.
64. Lou, I., Wambaugh, J. F., Lau, C., Hanson, R. G., Lindstrom, A. B., Strynar, M. J., Zehr, R. D., Setzer, R. W., and Barton, H. A. 2009. Modeling single and repeated dose pharmacokinetics of PFOA in mice. Toxicol. Sci. 107:331-341.
65. Luebker, D. J., Case, M. T., York, R. G., Moore, J. A., Hansen, K. J., and Butenhoff, J. L. 2005a. Two-generation reproduction and cross-foster studies of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) in rats. Toxicology 215: 126-148. (Pubitemid 41423659)
66. Luebker, D. J., York, R. G., Hansen, K. J., Moore, J. A., and Butenhoff, J. L. 2005b. Neonatal mortality from in utero exposure to perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) in Sprague-Dawley rats: Dose-response, and biochemical and pharmacokinetic parameters. Toxicology 215:149-169. (Pubitemid 41423660)
67. Midasch, O., Drexler, H., Hart, N., Beckmann, M. W., and Angerer, J. 2007. Transplacental exposure of neonates to perfluorooctanesulfonate and perfluorooctanoate: A pilot study. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 80:643-648. (Pubitemid 46722213)
68. Milman, N., Bergholt, T., Byg, K-E., Eriksen, L., and Graudal, N. 1999. Iron status and iron balance during pregnancy. A critical reappraisal of iron supplements. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Sc and. 78:749-757. (Pubitemid 29486047)
69. Monroy, R., Morrison, K., Teo, K., Atkinson, S., Kubwabo, C., Stewart, B., and Foster, W. G. 2008. Serum levels of perfluoroalkyl compounds in human maternal and umbilical cord blood samples. Environ. Res. 108:56-62.
70. Nakagawa, H., Hirata, T., Terada, T., Jutabha, P., Miura, D., Harada, K., Inoue, K., Anzai, N., Endou, H., Inui, K., Kanai, Y., and Koizumi, A. 2007. Roles of organic anion transporters in the renal excretion of perfluorooctanoic acid. Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 103:1-8.
71. Nakagawa, H., Terada, T., Harada, K. H., Hitomi, T., Inoue, K., Inui, K., and Koizumi, A. 2009. Human organic anion transporter hoat4 is a transporter of perfluorooctanoic acid. Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 105:136-138.
72. Neville, M. C., and Morton, J. 2001. Physiology and endocrine changes underlying human lactogenesis ii. J. Nutr. 131:3005S-3008S.
73. Noorl and er, C. W., van Leeuwen, S. P. J., t Biesebeek, J. D., Mengelers, M. J. B., and Zeilmaker, M. J. 2011. Levels of perfluorinate compounds in food and dietary intake of PFOS and PFOA in The Netherl and s. J. Agric. Food Chem. 59:7496-7505.
74. Notarianni, L. J. 1990. Plasma protein binding of drugs in pregnancy and neonates. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 18:20-36. (Pubitemid 20040336)
75. Olsen, G. W., Burris, J. M., Ehresman, D. J., Froehlich, J. W., Seacat, A. M., Butenhoff, J. L., and Zobel, L. R. 2007. Half-life of serum elimination of perfluorooctanesulfonate, perfluorohexanesulfonate, and perfluorooctanoate in retired fluorochemical production workers. Environ. Health Perspect. 115:1298-1305. (Pubitemid 47471253)
76. Olsen, G. W., Butenhoff, J. L., and Zobel, L. R. 2009. Perfluoroalkyl chemicals and human fetal development: An epidemiologic review with clinical and toxicological perspectives. Reprod. Toxicol. 27:212-230.
77. Olsen, G. W., Mair, D. C., Church, T. R., Ellefson, M. E., Reagen, W. K., Boyd, T. M., Herron, R. M., Medhdizadehkashi, Z., Nobiletti, J. B., Rios, J. A., Butenhoff, J. L., and Zobel, L. R. 2008. Decline in perfluorooctane sulfonate and polyfluoroalkyl chemicals in American red Cross adult blood donors, 2000-2006. Environ. Sci. Technol. 42:4989-4995. (Pubitemid 351956443)
78. Ophaug, R. H., and Singer, L. 1980. Metabolic h and ling of perfluorooctanoic acid in rats. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 163:19-23. (Pubitemid 10142318)
79. Otten, J. J., Hellwig, J. P., and Myers, L. D. (Eds. ). 2006. Dietary reference intakes: The essential guide to nutrient requirements. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
80. Paul, A. G., Jones, K. C., and Sweetman, A. J. 2009. A first global production, emission, and environmental inventory for perfluorooctane sulfonate. Environ. Sci. Technol. 15:386-392.
81. Perucca, E., and Crema, A. 1982. Plasma protein binding of drugs in pregnancy. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 7:336-352. (Pubitemid 12020223)
82. Post, G. B., Cohn, P. D., and Cooper, K. R. 2012. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), an emerging drinking water contaminant: A critical review of recent literature. Environ. Res. 116:93-117.
83. Prevedouros, K., Cousins, I. T., Buck, R. C., and Korzeniowski, S. H. 2006. Sources, fate, and transport of perfluorocarboxylates. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40:32-43.
84. Raymer, J. H., Michael, L. C., Studabaker, W. B., Olsen, G. W., Sloan, C. S., Wilcosky, T., and Walmer, D. K. 2012. Concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and their associations with human semen quality measurements. Reprod. Toxicol. 33:419-427.
85. Rodriguez, C. E., Setzer, R. W., and Barton, H. A. 2009. Pharmacokinetic modeling of perfluorooctanoic acid during gestaiton and lactation in the mouse. Reprod. Toxicol. 27:373-386.
86. Salas, S. P., Marshall, G., Gutierrez, B. L., and Rosso, P. 2006. Time course of maternal plasma volume and hormonal changes in women with preeclampsia or fetal growth restriction. Hypertension 47:203-208. (Pubitemid 43189764)
87. Seacat, A. M., Thomford, P. J., Hansen, K. J., Olsen, G. W., Case, M. T., and Butenhoff, J. L. 2002. Subchronic toxicity studies on perfluorooctanesulfonate potassium salt in Cynomolgus monkeys. Toxicol. Sci. 68:249-264. (Pubitemid 34785246)
88. Sims, E. A. H., and Krantz, K. E. 1958. Serial studies of renal function during pregnancy and the puerperium in normal women. J. Clin. Invest. 37:1764-1774.
89. Sisson, T. R. C., Lund, C. J., Whalen, L. E., and Telek, A. 1959. The blood volume of infants 1. The full-term infant in the first year of life. J. Pediat. 55:163-179.
90. Tan, Y.-M., Clewell, H. J., and And ersen, M. E. 2008. Time dependencies in perfluorooctylacids disposition in rat and monkeys: A kinetic analysis. Toxicol. Lett. 177:38-47.
91. Tatum-Gibbs, K., Wambaugh, J. F., Das, K. P., Zehr, R. D., and Strynar, M. J. 2011. Comparative pharmacokinetics of perfluorononanoic acid in rat and mouse. Toxicology 281:48-55.
92. Thibodeaux, J. R., Hanson, R. G., Rogers, J. M., Grey, B. E., Barbee, B. D., Richards, J. H., Butenhoff, J. L., Stevenson, L. A., and Lau, C. 2003. Exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate during pregnancy in rat and mouse. 1. : Maternal and prenatal evaluations. Toxicol. Sci. 74:369-381. (Pubitemid 36958306)
93. Thomsen, C., Haug, L. S., Stigum, H., Froshaug, M., Broadwell, S. L., and Becher, G. 2010. Changes in concentrations of perfluorinated compounds, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and polychlorinated biphenyls in Norwegian breast-milk during twelve months of lactation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 15:9550-9560.
94. Tittlemier, S. A., Pepper, K., Seymore, C., Moisey, J., Bronson, R., Cao, X. L., and Dabeka, R. W. 2007. Dietary exposure of canadians to perfluorinated carboxylates and perfluorooctane sulfonate via consumption of meat, fish, fast foods, and food items prepared in their packaging. J. Agric. Food Chem. 55:3203-3210. (Pubitemid 46668336)
95. Tittlemier, S. A., Ryan, J. J., and Van Oostdam, J. 2004. Presence of anionic perfluorinated organic compounds in serum collected from Northern Canadian populations. Organohalogen Compounds 66: 3959-3964.
96. Trudel, D., Horowitz, L., Wormuth, M., Scheringer, M., Cousins, I. T., and Hungerbuhler, K. 2008. Estimating consumer exposure to PFOS and PFOA. Risk Anal. 28:251-269. (Pubitemid 351550587)
97. V and en Heuvel, J. P., Kuslikis, B. I., Rafelghem, M. J., and Peterson, R. E. 1991. Tissue distribution, metabolism, and elimination of perfluorooctanoic acid in male and female rats. J. Biochem. Toxicol. 6:83-92.
98. Vestergren, R., and Cousins, I. T. 2009. Tracking the pathways of human exposure to perfluorocarboxylates. Environ. Sci. Technol. 43:5565-5575.
99. Vestergren, R., Cousins, I. T., Trudel, D., Wormuth, M., and Scheringer, M. 2008. Estimating the contribution of precursor compounds in consumer exposure to PFOS and PFOA. Chemosphere 73:1617-1624.
100. Volkel, W., Genzel-Boroviczeny, O., Demmelmair, H., Gebauer, C., Koletzko, B., Twardella, D., Raab, U., and Fromme, H. 2008. Perfluorooctane sulphonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in human breast milk: Results of a pilot study. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 211:440-446. (Pubitemid 351847848)
101. von Ehrenstein, O. S., Fenton, S. E., Kato, K., Kuklenyik, Z., Calafat, A. M., and Hines, E. P. 2009. Polyfluoroalkyl chemicals in the serum and milk of breastfeeding women. Reprod. Toxicol. 27:239-245.
102. Washino, N., Saijo, Y, Sasaki, S., Kato, S., Ban, S., Konishi, K., Ito, R., Nakata, A., Iwasaki, Y., Saito, K., Nakazawa, H., and Kishi, R. 2009. Correlations between prenatal exposure to perfluorinated chemicals and reduced fetal growth. Environ. Health. Perspect. 117:660-667.
103. Weaver, Y. M., Ehresman, D. J., Butenhoff, J. L., and Hagenbuch, B. 2009. Roles of rat renal organic anion transporters in transporting perfluorinated carboxylates with different chain lengths. Toxicol. Sci. 113: 305-314.
104. White, S. S., Calafat, A. M., Kuklenyik, Z., Villanueva, L., Zehr, R. D., Helfant, L., Strynar, M. J., Lindstrom, A. B., Thibodeaux, J. R., Wood, C., and Fenton, S. E. 2007. Gestational PFOA exposure of mice is associated with altered mammary gl and development in dams and female offspring. Toxicol. Sci 96:133-144. (Pubitemid 46323216)
105. Wosje, K. S., and Kalkwarf, H. J. 2004. Lactation, weaning, and calcium supplementation: Effects on body composition in postpartum women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 80: 423-429. (Pubitemid 41080017)
106. Yang, C.-H., Glover, K. P., and Han, X. 2010. Characterization of cellular uptake of perfluoroctanoate via organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1a2, organic anion transporter 4, and urate transporter 1 for their potential roles in mediating human renl reabsorption of perfluorocarboxylates. Toxicol. Sci. 117:294-302.
107. Yang, C., Glover, K. P., and Han, X. 2009. Organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATp) 1a1-mediated perfluorooctanoate transport and evidence for a renal reabsorption mechanism of oatp1a1 in renal elimination of perflurocarboxylates in rats. Toxicol. Lett. 190:163-171.